Community Dynamics of Stabilized Dune Xerophytic Shrubs

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Community Dynamics of Stabilized Dune Xerophytic Shrubs UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA FACULDADE DE CIÊNCIAS Community dynamics of stabilized dune xerophytic shrubs Doutoramento em Biologia Especialidade de Ecologia Sergio Chozas Vinuesa Tese orientada por: Doutor Joaquín Hortal Professora Doutora Otília Correia Documento especialmente elaborado para a obtenção do grau de doutor 2016 i This study was funded by Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT), through a PhD grant (SFRH/BD/65659/2009) and the project COMDUNES FCT- EXPL/BIA-BIC/2311/2013. ii iii Nota Prévia A presente tese apresenta resultados de trabalhos já publicados ou em preparação para publicação (capítulos 2 a 5), de acordo com o previsto no nº 2 do artigo 25º do Regulamento de Estudos Pós-Graduados da Universidade de Lisboa, publicado no Diário da República II série nº 57 de 23 de março de 2015. Tendo os trabalhos sido realizados em colaboração, o candidato esclarece que participou integralmente na conceção dos trabalhos, obtenção dos dados, análise e discussão dos resultados, bem como na redação dos manuscritos. Lisboa, janeiro de 2016 Sergio Chozas Vinuesa iv v A Ssm A mis padres vi vii Agradecimentos Há mais de uma década enquanto ajudava uma amiga no campo a carregar toneladas de terra comentei que os agradecimentos seriam das partes mais extensas da sua tese de doutoramento. Agora chegou a minha vez de agradecer a todas as pessoas que me ajudaram a carregar as minhas particulares toneladas de terra. Primeiro gostava de agradecer aos meus orientadores, Joaquín Hortal e Professora Otília Correia, pela orientação, apoio e paciência. Ao Joaquín e à Sofia, sem a teimosia deles nunca teria concorrido a uma bolsa de doutoramento aos trinta e tais anos. Ao Miguel, cujos “no R é muito fácil” e “eu só sei fazer isso no R” me empurraram (literalmente) ao mundo “cool” do R. À Ana Júlia, Catarina, Ninda e Filipa pelos dias de trabalho de campo. A Rosa e à Guida, também pelo Comdunes. À Adelaide, à Ana, à Ana Catarina, ao Luís, à Sofia, à Teresa D e à Teresa M pelas revisões finais. À Patrícia e ao Luís, que me adotaram quando cheguei a Portugal e me ajudaram a perceber que as endomicorrizas são giras, mas não para mim. Ao resto de cotas, Adelaide, Graça, Lena e Ana Catarina (sim, também já és cota), obrigado por terem sido também uma presença contínua nesta minha vida lusitana. Ao pessoal de vegetal (Alice N, Andreia A, Artur S, Cristina A, Cristina B, Cristina C, Cristina M, Lena, Miguel P., Patrícia F, Paula M, Pedro P, Ricardo C, Silvana M, Teresa D, Teresa M) e animal (Ana L, Ana R, Christoph M., Miguel R, Nuno C, Ricardo M, Tatá), pelos cafés, almoços, lanches e belas conversas que, às vezes, viii até foram científicas. À Ana pelo outline, pelas palavras de ânimo nos momentos chave e pelas loooongas conversas sobre as nossas crianças. À Lena, pelos atalhos e truques de Excel. Aos amigos, de aqui y de allí, os que fazem parte do meu dia a dia y a los que están lejos apenas fisicamente. A Margarita Acón, una firma cambió mi vida. A Portugal, pela oportunidade dada. A mis padres, por todo, pero sobre todo por la ¿inconsciente? libertad de pensamiento y espíritu crítico. A Sara y a Gus, mis hermanitos. A mis abuelos, porque ellos dieron, con sudor y sacrificio, los primeros pasos de este trayecto. A Sofia, por tudo, pelo presente, pelo passado e pelo futuro. Esta tese simplesmente não seria sem ti, sem matizes. A Sara y Miguel, por el privilegio de sentir un amor tan primario y tan desinteresado. The financial support for the development of this work is acknowledged to the Portuguese Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia - FCT, for PhD grant SFRH/BD/65659/2009 Parts of this work were also supported by the FCT through the project COMDUNES FCT-EXPL/BIA-BIC/2311/2013 ix "Arenales que copas tan verdes le dan al aire ¿Serán arenales?" Francisco Pino (1910-2002) x xi Table of Contents Agradecimentos .......................................................................................................... viii Abstract ...................................................................................................................... xvi Resumo .................................................................................................................... xviii Chapter 1 ...................................................................................................................... 1 1 General Background ............................................................................................ 3 1.1 Organization of ecological communities. Successional and individualistic processes ............................................................................................ 3 1.2 Biotic interactions and succession of species and traits ..................... 10 1.3 Community composition and functional diversity ................................ 12 1.4 Ecological niche and species geographic distributions ....................... 13 1.5 Study system ..................................................................................... 15 1.6 Objectives and structure of the Thesis ............................................... 23 Chapter 2 .................................................................................................................... 35 2 Local and regional-scale factors drive xerophytic shrub community dynamics on Mediterranean stabilized dune ........................................................................... 37 2.1 Abstract .............................................................................................. 37 2.2 Introduction ........................................................................................ 38 2.3 Methods ............................................................................................. 40 2.4 Results ............................................................................................... 48 2.5 Discussion.......................................................................................... 54 Supporting Information................................................................................. 65 Chapter 3 .................................................................................................................... 73 3 Dynamics of functional and trait structure during succession in xerophytic shrub communities on Mediterranean stabilized dunes ............................................... 75 xii 3.1 Abstract .............................................................................................. 75 3.2 Introduction ........................................................................................ 75 3.3 Methods ............................................................................................. 78 3.4 Results ............................................................................................... 83 3.5 Discussion.......................................................................................... 88 Supporting Information................................................................................. 99 Chapter 4 .................................................................................................................. 107 4 Environmental niche divergence among three dune shrub sister species with parapatric distributions ..................................................................................... 109 4.1 Abstract ............................................................................................ 109 4.2 Introduction ...................................................................................... 110 4.3 Methods ........................................................................................... 112 4.4 Results ............................................................................................. 116 4.5 Discussion........................................................................................ 123 Supporting Information............................................................................... 134 Chapter 5 .................................................................................................................. 141 5 A geographically consistent succession mediated by different environmental factors across regions ...................................................................................... 143 5.1 Abstract ............................................................................................ 143 5.2 Introduction ...................................................................................... 144 5.3 Methods ........................................................................................... 146 5.4 Results ............................................................................................. 154 5.5 Discussion........................................................................................ 159 Supporting Information............................................................................... 168 Chapter 6 .................................................................................................................. 173 6 General Discussion .......................................................................................... 175 6.1 A conceptual model of xerophytic shrub communities on stabilized dune dynamics ...................................................................................................... 175 xiii 6.2 Geographic distribution of species and communities ........................ 181 6.3 Refining the taxonomy of Stauracanthus Link. ................................
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