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Bi-Unitary Multiperfect Numbers, I
Notes on Number Theory and Discrete Mathematics Print ISSN 1310–5132, Online ISSN 2367–8275 Vol. 26, 2020, No. 1, 93–171 DOI: 10.7546/nntdm.2020.26.1.93-171 Bi-unitary multiperfect numbers, I Pentti Haukkanen1 and Varanasi Sitaramaiah2 1 Faculty of Information Technology and Communication Sciences, FI-33014 Tampere University, Finland e-mail: [email protected] 2 1/194e, Poola Subbaiah Street, Taluk Office Road, Markapur Prakasam District, Andhra Pradesh, 523316 India e-mail: [email protected] Dedicated to the memory of Prof. D. Suryanarayana Received: 19 December 2019 Revised: 21 January 2020 Accepted: 5 March 2020 Abstract: A divisor d of a positive integer n is called a unitary divisor if gcd(d; n=d) = 1; and d is called a bi-unitary divisor of n if the greatest common unitary divisor of d and n=d is unity. The concept of a bi-unitary divisor is due to D. Surynarayana [12]. Let σ∗∗(n) denote the sum of the bi-unitary divisors of n: A positive integer n is called a bi-unitary perfect number if σ∗∗(n) = 2n. This concept was introduced by C. R. Wall in 1972 [15], and he proved that there are only three bi-unitary perfect numbers, namely 6, 60 and 90. In 1987, Peter Hagis [6] introduced the notion of bi-unitary multi k-perfect numbers as solu- tions n of the equation σ∗∗(n) = kn. A bi-unitary multi 3-perfect number is called a bi-unitary triperfect number. A bi-unitary multiperfect number means a bi-unitary multi k-perfect number with k ≥ 3: Hagis [6] proved that there are no odd bi-unitary multiperfect numbers. -
Finslerian Geometries Fundamental Theories of Physics
Finslerian Geometries Fundamental Theories of Physics An International Book Series on The Fundamental Theories of Physics: Their Clarification, Development and Application Editor: ALWYN VAN DER MERWE, University of Denver, U.S.A. Editorial Advisory Board: LAWRENCE P. HORWITZ, Tel-Aviv University, Israel BRIAN D. JOSEPHSON, University of Cambridge, u.K. CLIVE KILMISTER, University of London, U.K. PEKKA J. LAHTI, University of Turku, Finland GUNTER LUDWIG, Philipps-Universitiit, Marburg, Germany NATHAN ROSEN, Israel Institute of Technology, Israel ASHER PERES, Israel Institute of Technology, Israel EDUARD PRUGOVECKI, University of Toronto, Canada MENDEL SACHS, State University of New York at Buffalo, U.S.A. ABDUS SALAM, International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste, Italy HANS-JURGEN TREDER, Zentralinstitut fur Astrophysik der Akademie der Wissenschaften, Germany Volume 109 Finslerian Geometries A Meeting of Minds edited by P.L. Antonell i DeJXlrlmem of Mathematical Sciences, University ofAlberta, EdmonlOn. Alberta, Canada SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V. A C .I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN 978-94-010-5838-4 ISBN 978-94-011-4235-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-4235-9 Printed an arid1ree paper AH Rights Reserved © 2000 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by K!uwer Academic Publishers in 2000 Soticovcr repri Il! of the hardcover l s( cd ition in 20()(} No part of the material protected by this copyright natice may be reproduced Of utilized in any farm Of by any means, electronic or mechanical, induding pholocopying, recording or by any informat ion slorage and relrieval system, withoUI wrinen permissian from the copyright owner. -
On the Largest Odd Component of a Unitary Perfect Number*
ON THE LARGEST ODD COMPONENT OF A UNITARY PERFECT NUMBER* CHARLES R. WALL Trident Technical College, Charleston, SC 28411 (Submitted September 1985) 1. INTRODUCTION A divisor d of an integer n is a unitary divisor if gcd (d9 n/d) = 1. If d is a unitary divisor of n we write d\\n9 a natural extension of the customary notation for the case in which d is a prime power. Let o * (n) denote the sum of the unitary divisors of n: o*(n) = £ d. d\\n Then o* is a multiplicative function and G*(pe)= 1 + p e for p prime and e > 0. We say that an integer N is unitary perfect if o* (N) = 2#. In 1966, Sub- baro and Warren [2] found the first four unitary perfect numbers: 6 = 2 * 3 ; 60 = 223 - 5 ; 90 = 2 * 325; 87,360 = 263 • 5 • 7 • 13. In 1969s I announced [3] the discovery of another such number, 146,361,936,186,458,562,560,000 = 2183 • 5^7 • 11 • 13 • 19 • 37 • 79 • 109 * 157 • 313, which I later proved [4] to be the fifth unitary perfect number. No other uni- tary perfect numbers are known. Throughout what follows, let N = 2am (with m odd) be unitary perfect and suppose that K is the largest odd component (i.e., prime power unitary divisor) of N. In this paper we outline a proof that, except for the five known unitary perfect numbers, K > 2 2. TECHNIQUES In light of the fact that 0*(pe) = 1 + pe for p prime, the problem of find- ing a unitary perfect number is equivalent to that of expressing 2 as a product of fractions, with each numerator being 1 more than its denominator, and with the denominators being powers of distinct primes. -
Types of Integer Harmonic Numbers (Ii)
Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Bra¸sov • Vol 9(58), No. 1 - 2016 Series III: Mathematics, Informatics, Physics, 67-82 TYPES OF INTEGER HARMONIC NUMBERS (II) Adelina MANEA1 and Nicu¸sorMINCULETE2 Abstract In the first part of this paper we obtained several bi-unitary harmonic numbers which are higher than 109, using the Mersenne prime numbers. In this paper we investigate bi-unitary harmonic numbers of some particular forms: 2k · n, pqt2, p2q2t, with different primes p, q, t and a squarefree inte- ger n. 2010 Mathematics Subject Classification: 11A25. Key words: harmonic numbers, bi-unitary harmonic numbers. 1 Introduction The harmonic numbers introduced by O. Ore in [8] were named in this way by C. Pomerance in [11]. They are defined as positive integers for which the harmonic mean of their divisors is an integer. O. Ore linked the perfect numbers with the harmonic numbers, showing that every perfect number is harmonic. A list of the harmonic numbers less than 2 · 109 is given by G. L. Cohen in [1], finding a total of 130 of harmonic numbers, and G. L. Cohen and R. M. Sorli in [2] have continued to this list up to 1010. The notion of harmonic numbers is extended to unitary harmonic numbers by K. Nageswara Rao in [7] and then to bi-unitary harmonic numbers by J. S´andor in [12]. Our paper is inspired by [12], where J. S´andorpresented a table containing all the 211 bi-unitary harmonic numbers up to 109. We extend the J. S´andors's study, looking for other bi-unitary harmonic numbers, greater than 109. -
A Study of .Perfect Numbers and Unitary Perfect
CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by SHAREOK repository A STUDY OF .PERFECT NUMBERS AND UNITARY PERFECT NUMBERS By EDWARD LEE DUBOWSKY /I Bachelor of Science Northwest Missouri State College Maryville, Missouri: 1951 Master of Science Kansas State University Manhattan, Kansas 1954 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of .the requirements fqr the Degree of DOCTOR OF EDUCATION May, 1972 ,r . I \_J.(,e, .u,,1,; /q7Q D 0 &'ISs ~::>-~ OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY AUG 10 1973 A STUDY OF PERFECT NUMBERS ·AND UNITARY PERFECT NUMBERS Thesis Approved: OQ LL . ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to express my sincere gratitude to .Dr. Gerald K. Goff, .who suggested. this topic, for his guidance and invaluable assistance in the preparation of this dissertation. Special thanks.go to the members of. my advisory committee: 0 Dr. John Jewett, Dr. Craig Wood, Dr. Robert Alciatore, and Dr. Vernon Troxel. I wish to thank. Dr. Jeanne Agnew for the excellent training in number theory. that -made possible this .study. I wish tc;, thank Cynthia Wise for her excellent _job in typing this dissertation •. Finally, I wish to express gratitude to my wife, Juanita, .and my children, Sondra and David, for their encouragement and sacrifice made during this study. TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. HISTORY AND INTRODUCTION. 1 II. EVEN PERFECT NUMBERS 4 Basic Theorems • • • • • • • • . 8 Some Congruence Relations ••• , , 12 Geometric Numbers ••.••• , , , , • , • . 16 Harmonic ,Mean of the Divisors •. ~ ••• , ••• I: 19 Other Properties •••• 21 Binary Notation. • •••• , ••• , •• , 23 III, ODD PERFECT NUMBERS . " . 27 Basic Structure • , , •• , , , . -
Can Croatia Join Europe As Competitive Knowledge-Based Society by 2010?
Editorial Can Croatia Join Europe as Competitive Knowledge-based Society by 2010? Mladen Petrovečki1, Vladimir Paar2, Dragan Primorac1 1Ministry of Science, The 21st century has brought important changes in the paradigms of eco- Education and Sports of the nomic development, one of them being a shift toward recognizing knowl- Republic of Croatia, Zagreb, Croatia edge and information as the most important factors of today. The European 2Croatian Academy of Union (EU) has been working hard to become the most competitive knowl- Sciences and Arts, edge-based society in the world, and Croatia, an EU candidate country, has Zagreb, Croatia been faced with a similar task. To establish itself as one of the best knowl- edge-based country in the Eastern European region over the next four years, Croatia realized it has to create an education and science system correspon- dent with European standards and sensitive to labor market needs. For that purpose, the Croatian Ministry of Science, Education, and Sports (MSES) has created and started implementing a complex strategy, consisting of the following key components: the reform of education system in accordance with the Bologna Declaration; stimulation of scientific production by sup- porting national and international research projects; reversing the “brain drain” into “brain gain” and strengthening the links between science and technology; and informatization of the whole education and science sys- tem. In this comprehensive report, we describe the implementation of these > Correspondence to: measures, whose coordination with the EU goals presents a challenge, as well as an opportunity for Croatia to become a knowledge-based society Mladen Petrovečki Assistant Minister for Science by 2010. -
Introduction to Soliton Theory: Applications to Mechanics Fundamental Theories of Physics
Introduction to Soliton Theory: Applications to Mechanics Fundamental Theories of Physics An International Book Series on The Fundamental Theories of Physics: Their Clarification, Development and Application Editor: ALWYN VAN DER MERWE, University of Denver, U.S.A. Editorial Advisory Board: GIANCARLO GHIRARDI, University of Trieste, Italy LAWRENCE P. HORWITZ, Tel-Aviv University, Israel BRIAN D. JOSEPHSON, University of Cambridge, U.K. CLIVE KILMISTER, University of London, U.K. PEKKA J. LAHTI, University of Turku, Finland ASHER PERES, Israel Institute of Technology, Israel EDUARD PRUGOVECKI, University of Toronto, Canada FRANCO SELLERI, Università di Bara, Italy TONY SUDBURY, University of York, U.K. HANS-JÜRGEN TREDER, Zentralinstitut für Astrophysik der Akademie der Wissenschaften, Germany Volume 143 Introduction to Soliton Theory: Applications to Mechanics by Ligia Munteanu Institute of Solid Mechanics, Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania and Stefania Donescu Technical University of Civil Engineering, Department of Mathematics, Bucharest, Romania KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS NEW YORK, BOSTON, DORDRECHT, LONDON, MOSCOW eBook ISBN: 1-4020-2577-7 Print ISBN: 1-4020-2576-9 ©2005 Springer Science + Business Media, Inc. Print ©2004 Kluwer Academic Publishers Dordrecht All rights reserved No part of this eBook may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, recording, or otherwise, without written consent from the Publisher Created in the United States of America Visit Springer's eBookstore at: http://ebooks.kluweronline.com and the Springer Global Website Online at: http://www.springeronline.com Contents Preface ix Part 1. INTRODUCTION TO SOLITON THEORY 1. MATHEMATICAL METHODS 1 1.1 Scope of the chapter 1 1.2 Scattering theory 1 1.3 Inverse scattering theory 12 1.4 Cnoidal method 17 1.5 Hirota method 25 1.6 Linear equivalence method (LEM) 31 1.7 Bäcklund transformation 39 1.8 Painlevé analysis 46 2. -
Relativity in Rotating Frames Fundamental Theories of Physics
Relativity in Rotating Frames Fundamental Theories of Physics An International Book Series on The Fundamental Theories of Physics: Their Clarification, Development and Application Editor: ALWYN VAN DER MERWE, University of Denver, U.S.A. Editorial Advisory Board: JAMES T. CUSHING, University of Notre Dame, U.S.A. GIANCARLO GHIRARDI, University of Trieste, Italy LAWRENCE P. HORWITZ, Tel-Aviv University, Israel BRIAN D. JOSEPHSON, University of Cambridge, U.K. CLIVE KILMISTER, University of London, U.K. PEKKA J. LAHTI, University of Turku, Finland ASHER PERES, Israel Institute of Technology, Israel EDUARD PRUGOVECKI, University of Toronto, Canada TONY SUDBURY, University of York, U.K. HANS-JÜRGEN TREDER, Zentralinstitut für Astrophysik der Akademie der Wissenschaften, Germany Volume 135 Relativity in Rotating Frames Relativistic Physics in Rotating Reference Frames Edited by Guido Rizzi Politecnico di Torino and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Torino, Italy and Matteo Luca Ruggiero Politecnico di Torino and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Torino, Italy SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V. A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN 978-90-481-6514-8 ISBN 978-94-017-0528-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-0528-8 Printed on acid-free paper All Rights Reserved © 2004 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2004 No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. -
Integer Sequences
UHX6PF65ITVK Book > Integer sequences Integer sequences Filesize: 5.04 MB Reviews A very wonderful book with lucid and perfect answers. It is probably the most incredible book i have study. Its been designed in an exceptionally simple way and is particularly just after i finished reading through this publication by which in fact transformed me, alter the way in my opinion. (Macey Schneider) DISCLAIMER | DMCA 4VUBA9SJ1UP6 PDF > Integer sequences INTEGER SEQUENCES Reference Series Books LLC Dez 2011, 2011. Taschenbuch. Book Condition: Neu. 247x192x7 mm. This item is printed on demand - Print on Demand Neuware - Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 141. Chapters: Prime number, Factorial, Binomial coeicient, Perfect number, Carmichael number, Integer sequence, Mersenne prime, Bernoulli number, Euler numbers, Fermat number, Square-free integer, Amicable number, Stirling number, Partition, Lah number, Super-Poulet number, Arithmetic progression, Derangement, Composite number, On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Catalan number, Pell number, Power of two, Sylvester's sequence, Regular number, Polite number, Ménage problem, Greedy algorithm for Egyptian fractions, Practical number, Bell number, Dedekind number, Hofstadter sequence, Beatty sequence, Hyperperfect number, Elliptic divisibility sequence, Powerful number, Znám's problem, Eulerian number, Singly and doubly even, Highly composite number, Strict weak ordering, Calkin Wilf tree, Lucas sequence, Padovan sequence, Triangular number, Squared triangular number, Figurate number, Cube, Square triangular -
Universitatis Scientiarum Budapestinensis De Rolando Eötvös Nominatae Sectio Computatorica
ANNALES Universitatis Scientiarum Budapestinensis de Rolando Eötvös Nominatae sectio computatorica TOMUS XXXIV. REDIGIT I. KÁTAI ADIUVANTIBUS N.L. BASSILY, A. BENCZÚR, BUI MINH PHONG, Z. DARÓCZY, J. DEMETROVICS, R. FARZAN, S. FRIDLI, J. GALAMBOS, J. GONDA, Z. HORVÁTH, K.-H. INDLEKOFER, A. IVÁNYI, A. JÁRAI, J.-M. DE KONINCK, A. KÓSA, M. KOVÁCS, L. KOZMA, L. LAKATOS, P. RACSKÓ, F. SCHIPP, P. SIMON, G. STOYAN, L. SZILI, P.D. VARBANETS, L. VARGA, F. WEISZ 2011 Jarai´ Antal RESULTS ON CLASSES OF FUNCTIONAL EQUATIONS TRIBUTE TO ANTAL JARAI´ by J´anos Acz´el and Che Tat Ng While individual noncomposite functional equations in several variables had been solved at least since d’Alembert 1747 [9] and Cauchy 1821 [8], results on broad classes of such equations began appearing in the 1950’s and 1960’s. On general methods of solution see e.g. Acz´el [1] and for uniqueness of solutions Acz´el [2, 3], Acz´el and Hossz´u [6], Miller [20], Ng [21, 22], followed by several others. – Opening up and cultivating the field of regularization is mainly J´arai’s achievement. By regularization we mean assuming weaker regularity condi- tions, say measurability, of the unknown function and proving differentiability of several orders, for whole classes of functional equations. Differentiability of the unknown function(s) in the functional equation often leads to differential equations that are easier to solve. For example, in Acz´el and Chung [5] it was shown that locally Lebesgue integrable solutions of the functional equation n m fi(x + λiy)= pk(x)qk(y) i=1 k=1 holding for x, y on open real intervals, with appropriate independence between the functions, are in fact differentiable infinitely many times. -
Introduction to Soliton Theory: Applications to Mechanics Fundamental Theories of Physics
Introduction to Soliton Theory: Applications to Mechanics Fundamental Theories of Physics An International Book Series on The Fundamental Theories of Physics: Their Clarification, Development and Application Editor: ALWYN VAN DER MERWE, University of Denver, U.S.A. Editorial Advisory Board: GIANCARLO GHIRARDI, University of Trieste, Italy LAWRENCE P. HORWITZ, Tel-Aviv University, Israel BRIAN D. JOSEPHSON, University of Cambridge, U.K. CLIVE KILMISTER, University of London, U.K. PEKKA J. LAHTI, University of Turku, Finland ASHER PERES, Israel Institute of Technology, Israel EDUARD PRUGOVECKI, University of Toronto, Canada FRANCO SELLERI, Università di Bara, Italy TONY SUDBURY, University of York, U.K. HANS-JÜRGEN TREDER, Zentralinstitut für Astrophysik der Akademie der Wissenschaften, Germany Volume 143 Introduction to Soliton Theory: Applications to Mechanics by Ligia Munteanu Institute of Solid Mechanics, Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania and Stefania Donescu Technical University of Civil Engineering, Department of Mathematics, Bucharest, Romania KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS NEW YORK, BOSTON, DORDRECHT, LONDON, MOSCOW eBook ISBN: 1-4020-2577-7 Print ISBN: 1-4020-2576-9 ©2005 Springer Science + Business Media, Inc. Print ©2004 Kluwer Academic Publishers Dordrecht All rights reserved No part of this eBook may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, recording, or otherwise, without written consent from the Publisher Created in the United States of America Visit Springer's eBookstore at: http://ebooks.kluweronline.com and the Springer Global Website Online at: http://www.springeronline.com Contents Preface ix Part 1. INTRODUCTION TO SOLITON THEORY 1. MATHEMATICAL METHODS 1 1.1 Scope of the chapter 1 1.2 Scattering theory 1 1.3 Inverse scattering theory 12 1.4 Cnoidal method 17 1.5 Hirota method 25 1.6 Linear equivalence method (LEM) 31 1.7 Bäcklund transformation 39 1.8 Painlevé analysis 46 2. -
Tables of Aliquot Cycles
5/29/2017 Tables of Aliquot Cycles http://amicable.homepage.dk/tables.htm Go FEB MAY JUN f ❎ 117 captures 02 ⍰ ▾ About 28 May 2002 ‑ 2 May 2014 2012 2014 2015 this capture Tables of Aliquot Cycles Click on the number of known cycles to view the corresponding lists. Sociable Sociable Numbers Amicable Numbers Numbers Perfect Numbers of order four Type of other orders Known Last Known Last Known Last Known Last Cycles Update Cycles Update Cycles Update Cycles Update 28Sep 01Oct 13Nov 11Sep Ordinary 11994387 142 10 44 2007 2007 2006 2006 28Sep 20Nov 14Jun 14Dec Unitary 4911908 191 24 5 2007 2006 2005 1997 28Sep 28Sep 20Nov 28Sep Infinitary 11538100 5034 129 190 2007 2007 2006 2007 Exponential (note 3089296 28Sep 371 20Nov 38 15Jun 12 06Dec 2) 2007 2006 2005 1998 05Feb 08May 18Oct 11Mar Augmented 1931 2 0 note 1 2002 2003 1997 1998 05Feb 06Dec 06Dec Augmented Unitary 27 0 0 2002 1998 1998 Augmented 10Sep 06Dec 06Dec 425 0 0 Infinitary 2003 1998 1998 15Feb 18Oct 18Oct 11Mar Reduced 1946 0 1 0 2003 1997 1997 1998 Reduced Unitary 28 15Feb 0 06Dec 0 06Dec http://web.archive.org/web/20140502102524/http://amicable.homepage.dk/tables.htm 1/3 5/29/2017 Tables of Aliquot Cycles http://amicable.homepage.dk/tables.htm2003 1998 Go 1998 FEB MAY JUN f ❎ 117 captures 10Sep 06Dec 06Dec 02 ⍰ Reduced Infinitary 427 0 0 ▾ About 28 May 2002 ‑ 2 May 2014 2003 1998 1998 2012 2014 2015 this capture Note 1: All powers of 2 are augmented perfect numbers; no other augmented perfect numbers are known.