Relativity in Rotating Frames Fundamental Theories of Physics
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Relativity in Rotating Frames Fundamental Theories of Physics An International Book Series on The Fundamental Theories of Physics: Their Clarification, Development and Application Editor: ALWYN VAN DER MERWE, University of Denver, U.S.A. Editorial Advisory Board: JAMES T. CUSHING, University of Notre Dame, U.S.A. GIANCARLO GHIRARDI, University of Trieste, Italy LAWRENCE P. HORWITZ, Tel-Aviv University, Israel BRIAN D. JOSEPHSON, University of Cambridge, U.K. CLIVE KILMISTER, University of London, U.K. PEKKA J. LAHTI, University of Turku, Finland ASHER PERES, Israel Institute of Technology, Israel EDUARD PRUGOVECKI, University of Toronto, Canada TONY SUDBURY, University of York, U.K. HANS-JÜRGEN TREDER, Zentralinstitut für Astrophysik der Akademie der Wissenschaften, Germany Volume 135 Relativity in Rotating Frames Relativistic Physics in Rotating Reference Frames Edited by Guido Rizzi Politecnico di Torino and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Torino, Italy and Matteo Luca Ruggiero Politecnico di Torino and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Torino, Italy SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V. A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN 978-90-481-6514-8 ISBN 978-94-017-0528-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-0528-8 Printed on acid-free paper All Rights Reserved © 2004 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2004 No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Contents Preface xi Contributing Authors xv Introduction xix Acknowledgments xxiii Part I Historical Papers 1 Uniform Rotation of Rigid Bodies and the Theory of Relativity 3 Paul Ehrenfest 2 The existence of the luminiferous ether demonstrated by means of the 5 effect of a relative ether wind in an uniformly rotating interferometer M. Georges Sagnac 1 Principles of the Method 5 2 Optical vortex effect 6 Part II Papers 1 The Sagnac Effect in the Global Positioning System 11 Neil Ashby 1 Introduction 11 2 Local Inertial Frames 12 3 The GPS 13 4 Relativity of Simultaneity 15 5 Time Transfer with the GPS 18 6 GPS Navigation Equations and the ECEF Frame 20 7 Sagnac-like effects due to rotation of the ECEF frame 25 8 Summary 27 v vi Contents 2 Space, Time and Coordinates in a Rotating World 29 Dennis Dieks 1 Introduction 29 2 The rotating frame of reference 31 3 Rods and clocks 32 4 Space and time without rods and clocks 33 5 Accelerating measuring devices 35 6 Space and time in the rotating frame 37 7 Simultaneity, slow clock transport and conventionality 38 8 The rotating Ehrenfest cylinder 40 3 The Hypothesis of Locality and its Limitations 43 Bahram Mashhoon 1 Introduction 43 2 Background 45 3 Length measurement 47 4 Discussion 53 Appendix: Null acceleration 54 4 Sagnac effect: end of the mystery 57 Franco Selleri 1 History: 1913 - 2003 57 2 The Sagnac Correction on the Earth Surface 60 3 Rotating Platforms 63 4 Absolute simultaneity in inertial systems 67 5 The impossible defense of orthodoxy 69 6 New proofs of absolute simultaneity 71 Appendix: A - The Equivalent Transformations 73 Appendix: B - The Inertial Transformations 74 5 Synchronization and desynchronization on rotating platforms 79 Guido Rizzi and Alessio Serafini 1 Introduction 80 2 The many choices of synchronization in a physical reference frame 84 3 Sagnac effect and its universality 89 4 The time-lag as a “theoretical artefact” 89 5 The time-lag as an observable desynchronization 92 6 Exploiting Selleri gauge freedom 97 7 Conclusions 99 Appendix 100 6 Toward a Consistent Theory of Relativistic Rotation 103 Robert D. Klauber 1 Traditional Analysis Conundrums 104 2 Resolution of the Conundrums: Differential Geometry and Non- time-orthogonality 114 3 Experiment and Non-time-orthogonal Analysis 122 Appendix: Deriving Sagnac Result from the Lab Frame 129 Contents vii 7 Elementary Considerations of the Time and Geometry of Rotating 139 Reference Frames Thomas A. Weber 1 Introduction 139 2 Time synchronization on rotating systems 140 3 Time and space coordinates on a rotating disk 142 4 Paradoxes 146 5 Synchronization and the Brillet and Hall experiment 149 6 Conclusion 151 8 Local and Global Anisotropy in the Speed of Light 155 Francesco Sorge 1 Introduction 155 2 Light Speed, Locality and Lorentz-invariance 157 3 The Byl et al. Experiment 158 4 The Byl et al. Experiment Revisited 159 5 Discussion 162 6 Concluding Remarks 164 9 Isotropy of the velocity of light and the Sagnac effect 167 José-Fernando Pascual-Sánchez Angel San Miguel Francisco Vicente 1 Introduction 167 2 The rotating disk and the Sagnac effect 169 3 Measurement of relative speeds in Minkowski space-time 171 4 Equivalent formulation of the problem 172 5 Reduction to the Minkowskian plane 174 6 Concluding remarks 177 10 The relativistic Sagnac effect: two derivations 179 Guido Rizzi Matteo Luca Ruggiero 1 Introduction 179 2 A little historical review of the Sagnac effect 181 3 Direct derivation: Sagnac effect for material and light particles 185 4 The Sagnac effect from an analogy with the Aharonov-Bohm effect 196 5 Conclusions 204 Appendix: Space-Time Splitting and Cattaneo’s Approach 205 11 Inertial forces: the special relativistic assessment 221 Donato Bini and Robert T. Jantzen 1 Introduction 221 2 Inertial forces in classical mechanics 223 3 Inertial forces geometrized 229 4 Application to rotating observers in Minkowski spacetime 233 5 Conclusions 236 Appendix: Adapted spacetime frames 237 12 Eppur, si muove ! 241 viii Contents Lluís Bel 1 Galilean frames of reference 242 2 Uniformly rotating frames of reference 247 3 The Wilson and Wilson experiment 254 4 The Michelson-Morley experiment 258 13 Does anything happen on a rotating disk? 261 Angelo Tartaglia 1 Introduction 261 2 Posing and defining the problem 262 3 Local measurements 263 4 Global measurements 266 5 Conclusion 271 14 Proper co-ordinates of non-inertial observers and rotation 275 Hrvoje Nikoli´c 1 Proper non-inertial co-ordinates 275 2 Application to rotation 279 Appendix 282 15 Space geometry in rotating reference frames: A historical appraisal 285 Øvynd Grøn 1 Introduction 285 2 The discussion of 1910 and 1911 in Physikalische Zeitschrift 286 3 Einstein’s realization that the geometry on the rotating disk is non Euclidean 288 4 Spatial geodesics on the rotating disk 297 5 Relativity of simultaneity and coordinates in rotating frames 298 6 What is the effect of the Lorentz contraction upon a disk that is put into rotation? 301 7 Curved space and discussion of Einstein’s and Eddington’s analysis of the rotating disk 305 8 Uniform contra rigid rotation 306 9 Relativistically rigid motion and rotation 307 10 The theory of elastic media applied to the rotating disk 309 11 The metric in a rotating frame as solution of Einstein’s field equa- tions 314 12 Kinematical solution of Ehrenfest’s paradox 315 13 Energy associated with tangential stress in a rotating disk 316 14 A rotating disk with angular acceleration 318 15 A rolling disk 320 16 The rotating disk and the Thomas precession 323 17 Contracted rotating disk 324 18 Conclusion 326 16 Quantum Physics in Inertial and Gravitational Fields 335 Giorgio Papini 1 Introduction 335 2 Quantum phases 336 3 Inertial fields in particle accelerators 344 Contents ix 4 Maximal acceleration 350 5 Conclusions 355 17 Quantum Mechanics in a Rotating Frame 361 Jeeva Anandan and Jun Suzuki 1 Introduction 361 2 Lorentz and Galilei transformations in Quantum Mechanics 362 3 Non Relativistic Aspects of the Rotating Frame 364 4 Relativistic Aspects of the Rotating Frame 366 5 Conclusion 367 Appendix: Conventions and Notations 368 Jeeva Anandan (1948-2003) 369 18 On rotating spacetimes 371 Fernando de Felice 1 Introduction 371 2 A rotating spacetime 372 3 Basic measurements 373 4 The radial motion 374 5 The time-like geodesic motion 376 6 The behaviour of light 377 7 Conclusions 379 Part III Round Table I Dialogue on the velocity of light in a rotating frame 383 II Dialogue on synchronization and Sagnac effect 396 III Dialogue on the measurement of lengths in a rotating frame 411 IV Dialogue on the Brillet-Hall experiment 432 V Dialogue on quantum effects in rotating systems 438 VI Dialogue on non uniform motions and other details about Klauber’s and Selleri’s challenges 443 Index 449 Preface For today’s physicist, steeped in the Newtonian and post-Newtonian tradi- tions, it takes a real effort of the imagination to realize that, for by far the longest stretch of time, the prevailing scientific efforts to understand the uni- verse (to say nothing of pre- or non-scientific views, past or contemporary) were based on the concept that uniform circular motion is higher, nobler, and more natural than any other form of motion. Michel Blay has well described the situation: Since Antiquity and more precisely since the elaboration of the Aristotelian conceptual outlook, circular motion was conceived as both the prime motion and the natural motion. This motion, for example that of the stars, proceeded from an internal principle and, contrary to violent motion, such as that of a stone that is thrown, did not presuppose the action of some exterior motor in order to continue. In the Aristotelian Cosmos, divided into two worlds, the movement of the stars belonged to the celestial sphere of perfect motions and incorruptible bodies, the motion of a thrown stone belonged to the sublunar sphere (the earth and its surrounding space) of more or less chaotic motions and bodies subject to decay.