Indian J. Applied & Pure Bio. Vol. 27(1), 1-10 (2012).

Aphids (Insecta) damaging medicinal and aromatic plants of Jammu and Kashmir State (India): An updated checklist and biodiversity

R.C. Bhagat*

Department of Zoology, University of Kashmir Hazratbal, Srinagar, Kashmir (J&K), 190006 (India) E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

A total of 63 species, belonging to 29 genera of family , stretched over three subfamilies , Eriosomatinae and Lachninae, have been found to damage more than 92 species, under 61 genera of medicinal and aromatic plants, distributed over 31 plant families, in diverse areas of Jammu and Kashmir region. The dominant genus of aphid was Aphis, having 10 species, infesting 34 plant species. Rosa spp., found to be damaged by highest number of aphid species as 10, followed by Artemisia, Chrysanthemum and Berberis damaged by 6, 6 and 5 aphid species respectively. The highly polyphagous aphid species found to be Myzus persicae, damaging 9 host-plant species, followed by Aphis craccivora and Aphis gossypii, with 7 host-plant species each. The family Asteraceae, having 21 species, dominated in having highest number of aphid infestations species as 20. An updated checklist of and Host-plant-Aphid species catalogue, have also been incorporated.

Aphids are small and soft-bodied medicinal and aromatic plants in vast areas commonly known as plant-lice or and localities of J&K State, of great zoogeogra- greenflies belonging to order , sub- phical significance in north-west-Himalaya. order stenorrhyncha, super-family Aphididea and family aphididae. These are one of the Majority of aphid species existing in dominant groups of in Jammu and this region are more or less monophagous but Kashmir, showing rich biodiversity, occurring in many species are polyphagous. The life-cycle abundance and damaging diverse types of of the aphids is not only varied but also complex,

*Address for correspondence: P.O. Box No.1250, G.P.O Residency Road, Srinagar, Kashmir (J & K), 190001, India. (2) having alteration of parthenogenetic and sexual and aromatic plants, belonging to 61 genera, generation, with wingless form (apterous) and distributed over 31 plant families. For the winged (alate). Because of their tremendous purpose of updation of database pertaining to power of reproduction, aphids colonise on aphid-fauna of medicinal and aromatic plants, leaves, foliage, shoots and branches of medicinal/ Eastop & Hille Ris Lambers6, Remaudiere & aromatic plants in this region. As sap-feeders, Remaudiere10 and Holman7, have been dense colonies of aphids cause damage to these followed. valuable plants, in the form of wilting, leaf- curling and also stunting, besides as vectors of viral diseases. Till-to-date, a total of 63 aphid species, under 29 genera is known to occur in Jammu Mathur and Anand8, were the ealiest and Kashmir region, damaging 92 species of workers to study damage caused by aphid pest, medicinal and aromatic plants, the dominant Myzus persicae in J&K to medicinal plant sub-family Aphidinae of family Aphididae of (Hyoscyamus niger). Thereafter, Verma13,14 the aphids, incorporated as many as 60 speices, reported the occurrence of aphids damaging belonging to 27 genera, whereas sub-family medicinal plants, viz. Berberis spp., Mentha Eriosomatinae and Lachninae, having 1 species spp. and Polygonum hydropiper. Mathur and (Igen.) and 2 species(lgen.) respectively.The 9 Srivastava , for the first time gave a detailed two tribes of sub-family Aphidinae as account of various insects damaging medicinal and , included 13 species and aromatic plants,including aphids (18 spp.) under 4 genera and 47 species (23 genera) of J&K State. In eighties, through the papers respectively (Tables-1 & 2). of Rishi & Bhagat11, Srivastava12, Bhagat1-4 more than 16 species of aphids, damaging more The dominant genus of aphid, has than 17 species of medicinal and aromatic plants of Jammu region, were known. Later, been found to be Aphis, having 10 species, Bhat and Bali5, recorded six species of aphids, followed by Uroleucon, with 7 species, Macro- damaging 6 medicinal plants of Udhampur siphoniella 5 spp., Chaetosiphon 4 spp., in Jammu region. Liosomaphis and Macrosiphum, 3 spp. each. Other aphid genera, viz. Brevicoryne, Capito- In the present communication, an phorous, Cavariella, Myzaphis, Myzus, updated consolidated information is provided Nasonovia, Ovatus and Protrama, having 2 on the systematic position, nomenclatural spp. each. The rest of the 15 genera, having, changes, host-plant diversity and aphid 1 species each genus (see table-1). species richness of 63 aphids, belonging to 29 genera of family Aphididae, under three The dominant aphid-infesting medicinal/ subfamilies: Aphidinae, Eriosomatinae and aromatic plants, with more than one associated Lachninae, damaging 92 species of medicial aphid species, are given as under:- (3)

Plant genera Total no. and A. gossypii, each damaging 6 different (no.of species) (family) of aphid aromatic and medicial plants, and so on and so species / forth (see table below). Rest of the aphid genera species i.e., 44, have been found to be attacking Rosa (8) (Rosaceae) 10 (4) single aromatic/medicinal plant species, as Artemisia (5) (Asteraceae) 06 (2) monophagous species. The polyphagous Berberis (4) (Berberidaceae) 05 (2) aphid species and their host species richness are Chrysanthemum (4) (Asteraceae) 06 (3) given as under:- Mentha (3) (Lamiaceae) 03 (2) Sonchus (3) (Asteraceae) 04 (2) Number Pergularia (2) (Asclepiadaceae) 02 (2) of host - Rumex (2) (Polygonaceae) 03 (2) Aphid species plant Solanum (2) (Solanaceae) 03 (2) species affected The above table shows the highest Myzus persicae 9 number of aphid species i.e., 10, covering 4 Aphis nerii 7 different genera, damaging 8 species of genus Aphis sp. 7 Rosa, both cultivated as well as wild, in various Aphis craccivora 6 regions of J&K. The genus Artemisia, having 5 Aphis gossypii 6 species was found infested with 6 aphid species, Aphis fabae solanella 4 with high population densities in wide areas and localities of J&K State. Next dominant aphid- Macrosiphum sp. 4 infested medicinal plants, have been encountered Macrosiphoniella oblonga 4 in case of genus Chrysanthemum and Berberis, Uroleucon sp. 4 covering 4 species each, respectively infested Lisomaphis himalayensis 3 with 6 and 5 aphid species. 3 species each of Macrosiphum rosae 3 Mentha and Sonchus, were found to be damaged Cavariella biswasi 2 by 3 and 4 aphid species respectively. The Chaetosiphon tetrarhodum 2 genera-Pergularia, Rumex and Solanum, Hyadaphis coriandri 2 having 2 spp. each, showed infestations of 2, 3 Hyalopterus pruni 2 and 3 aphid species respectively. Remaining 52 Liosomaphis atra 2 genera were found to be damaged by one species of aphid each. (Tables-1&2). Macrosiphoniella sp. 2 Ovatus crataegarius 2 The host-plant species richnees of Rhopalosiphum nympheae 2 polyphagous aphid species, has been found in case of aphid pest, viz. Myzus persicae, as The various families of medicinal / highly polyphagous aphid, having as many as 9 medicinal/aromatic plant species as hosts, aromatic plants, covering more than one plant followed by Aphis nerii and Aphis sp., each with species, in order of dominance, with total number 7 hosts. Other major aphid pests-Aphis craccivora of associated aphid species, are given below:- (4)

Host plant family No. of Total No. The medicinal/aromatic plant species host- of asso- affected by more than one (multiple) aphid plant ciated species, are enumerated as under:- species aphid species No.of aphid Asteraceae 21 20 Host plant species species damaging Rosaceae 09 11 host Lamiaceae 07 07 Rosa macrophylla 04 Solanaceae 06 03 Rosa webbiana 04 Asclepiadaceae 05 02 Artemisia absinthium 03 Apiaceae 04 05 Berberis lycium 03 Brassicaceae 04 04 Chrysanthemun sp. 03 Berberidaceae 04 05 Rumex nepalensis 03 Fabaceae 04 03 Solannum nigrum 03 Polygonaceae 03 04 Artemisia princeps 02 Apocynaceae 02 02 Artemisia sp. 02 Dioscoreaceae 02 03 Chrysanthemum morifolium 02 Nympheaceae 02 02 Foeniculum vulgare 02 Poaceae 02 02 Mentha longifolium 02 Total 14 families 75 species Rosa indica 02 Salvia moorcroftiana 02 The highest number of aphid species i.e. 20, infesting 21 species of medicinal/ aromatic Solannm miniatum 02 plants, have been found to be belonging to the Sonchus asper 02 family Asteraceae, followed by Rosaceae, having Sonchus oleraceous 02 9 species, damaged by 11 aphid species, so on and so forth, given in the above table. For rest Rest of the plant species i.e, 75 are of the plant families i.e. 17, incorporating 1 found to be infested with one aphid species species each of plant, found to be attacked each. by one species each of aphid. (5)

Table-1. Systematic checklist of Aphids (1) Hyalopterus: (Aphididae) damaging medicinal and aromatic Hyalopterus pruni (Geoffroy): Hosts- plants of Jammu and Kashmir regions Berberis pseudoumbellatus, Phragmites (India) australis(= communis) Subfamily 1 Aphidinae (2) Rhopaloisphum: Tribe 1. Aphidini Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae (Linnaeus): Subtribel Aphidina Hosts- Nymphaea alba, N. candida, Aphid and Host-plant species Tribe 2. Macrosphini (1) Aphis: (1) Aulacorthum : A. (A.) affinis del Guercio: Hosts- Aulacorthum sp.: Host- Dioscorea deltoidea Epilobium hirsutum, Mentha aquatica, (2) Brachycaudus M. longifolia (Syn.=M. sylvestris). A. (A.) Brachycaudus (B.) helichrysi (Kaltenbach): craccivora Koch : Hosts-Cissampelos pariera, Host- Notonia grandiflora Dolichos lablab, Rumex acetosa, Solanum (3) Brevicorynae miniatum, S. nigrum and Tephrosia candida. Brevicoryne brassicae Linnaeus: Hosts- A. (A.) gossypii Glover: Hosts- Abroma augusta, Descurainea sophia, Brevicoryne sp. and Buddeleja asiatica, Dioscorea bulbifera, Capsella bursa-pestoris Melia azedarach, Plumbago zeylanica and Vicia (4) Capitophorus major. A. (A.) kurosawai Takahashi: Host-. Daphne Capitophorus elaeagni (del Guercio): Hosts- oleoides. Aphis nerii (Boyer de Fonscolombe): Salvia moorcroftiana., C.hippohaes and Hosts-Asclepias curassavica, Calotropis Polygonum hydropiper gigantea, C. procera, Nerium indicum, Pergularia (5) Cavariella daemia, Kalanchoea pinnata and Vebascum Cavariella aquatica: Host- Hordeum thapsus. A.(Bursaphis) grossulariae Kaltenbach: vulgare. C.biswasi Ghosh, Basu and Hosts- Epilobium hirsutum. A.(A.) ? salviae Raychaudhuri : Hosts-Ferula jaeschkena, Walker: Host- Salvia moorcroftiana. A. (A) Heracleum candicans.Cavariella sp. : fabae solanella Theobald: Hosts-Astragalis Host- F.vulgare polycanthus, Rumex nepalensis, Solanum (6) Chaetosiphon miniatum, S. nigrum. Aphis sp.: Hosts- Chaetosiphon(C.) chaetosiphon (Nevsky): Cyanoglossum glachidiatum, Dioscorea Host- Rosa macrophylla. Chaetosiphon deltoidea., Ferula jaeschkeana, Inula racemosa, gracilicorne David: Host- Rosa webbiana. Origanum ?arvensis, Nepeta salvifolia, Chaetosiphon (Pentatrichopus) tetrarhodum Senecio chrysanthemoides. (Walker) : Hosts- Rosa canina, R.macrophylla. (2) Ephedraphis: Chaetosiphon sp.: Hosts- R.macrophylla, Ephedraphis (Ephedrae) ephedrae R.webbiana and Rosa sp. (Nevsky): Host- Ephedra sp. (7) Coloradoa Subtribe 2. Rhopalosiphina Coloradoa indica Verma: Hosts-Artemisia (6)

sp. C. rufomaculata (Wilson):host- Chrysa- Megoura dorasis Ghosh and Raychaudhuri nthemum sp. (Syn.=Neomegouropsis dorasis Ghosh and (8) Dysaphis Raychaudhuri): Host- Indigofera heterantha Dysaphis(D.)rumecicola (Hon): Host- (16) Myzaphis Rumex nepalensis Myzaphis rosarum (Kaltenbach). Hosts- (9) Eumyzus Rosa webbiana. M.tuarnica Nevsky: Host- Eumyzus sp.: Host- Nepeta cataria Rosa sp. (10) Hyadaphis (17) Myzus: Hyadaphis coriandri (Das): Hosts- Anethum Myzus (Nectarosiphum) persicae (Sulzer): graveolens and Coriandrum sativum Hosts-Atropa belladonna, Datura stramonium, (11) Impatientinum Descurainea sophia, Hyoscyamus niger, Impatientinum (Impatientinum) as datum H. muticus, Kalanchoe pinnata, Pergularia dalhousiensis Verma (syn.=I.(I.) dalhousiensis extensa, Sisymbrium irio and Solanum (Verma): Host- Impatiens sp. nigrum. Myzus umecola Shinji: Host- Rubia (12) Liosomaphis cordifolia. Liosomaphis atra Hille Ris Lambes: Hosts- (18) Nosonovia : Berberis lycium and B.pseudoumbellatus. Nosonovia (Hypermyzus) lactucae (Linnaeus): L. himalayensis Basu: Hosts-B. pseudo- Host- Sonchus oleraceous. Nosonovia umbellatus, B.zebbiliana and Berberis sp. (Nosonovia) jammuensis Verma : Host- (13) Macrosiphoniella Delphinium denudatum Macrosiphoniella (M) artemisiae (Boyer (19) Ovartus: de Fons colombe): Host-Artemisia miyazakii Ovatus (Ovatus) crataegarius (Walker): Bhagat (undescribed): Host- Artemisia Hosts- Mentha longifolia (Syn.=Mentha princeps (Syn. =A.indica). M.oblonga sylvestris), Mentha sp. Ovatus menthae (Mordvilko): Host- A.absinthium, A.princeps, (Buckton): Host-Mentha sp. A.vulgaris and Artemisia sp. M.(M.) (20) Phorodon: sanborni (Gellette): Hosts-Chrysanthemum Phorodon cannabis Passerini (Syn.= morifolium and Chrysanthemum sp. Diphorodon cannabis, Paraphorodon M. yomogifoliae (Shinji): Host- A. absinthium., cannabis) : Host- Cannabis sativa Macrosiphoniella sp.: Host- Achillea (21) Sitobion: millefolium and Chrysanthemum sp. Sitobion rosaeiformis Das (Syn.= Macrosiphum (14) Macrosiphum rosaeiformis Das): Host-Rosa damascena Macrosiphum (Sitobion) avenae Fabricius: (22) Semiaphis: Host- Cymbopogan nardus.Macrosiphum Semiaphis heraclei (Takahashi): Host- (M.) rosae (Linnaeus):Hosts- Rosa chinensis, Foeniculum vulgare R. indica, R.webbiana. Macrosiphum sp. (23) Uroleucon: Hosts- R.brunoni, R. indica R.macrophylla, Uroleucon (Uromelan) compositae (Theobald) Rosa sp. (Syn.= Dactynotus (uromelon) compositae (15) Megoura Theobald): Host-Carthamus tinctorius. U.(U.) (7)

fotedari Bhagat (undescribed) : Host- Mcrosiphoniella artemisiae, M. pseudo- Sonchus asper. U.(U.) gobonis (Matsumura): artemiase, M. yomogifoliae Host- Chrysanthemum cinerarifolium. U. Artemisia princeps (Syn.=A. indica) (Japanese (U.) Raychaudhuri Bhagat (undescribed): mugwort) (4) Host-Aster diplostephioides. Uroleucon M. miyazakii and M.pseudoartemisae sonchi (Linnaeus): Sonchus oleraceous, Artemisia vestita (4) Sonchus sp. Uroleucon tanaceti (Linnaeus): Macrosphoniella oblonga Hosts- Chrysanthemum leucanthium. Artemisia vulgaris (Common worm wood, Uroleucon sp.:Hosts-Chaenonomeles mugwort) (4) japonica, Chrysanthemum morifolium, Macrosiphoniella pseudoartemisiae Saussurea lappa and Sonchus asper Artemisia sp. (4) Coloradoa indica, Macrosiphoniella Subfamily 2. Eriosomatinae pseudortemisiae Tribe 1. Pemphigini Asclepias curassavica (Blood flower) (3) (1) Prociphilus Aphis nerii Prociphilus micheliae Hille Ris Lambers: Aster diplostephioides (Starwort) (4) Host- Michelia champa Uroleucon raychaudhurii Subfamily 3. Lachninae Asragalis polycanthus (14) Tribe 1. Tramini Aphis fabae solanella (1) Protrama Atropa belladonna (Indian Belladona) (29) Protrama penecaea Stryon : Host-Helianthus Myzus persicae tuberosus. Protrama longitarsus sclerodensis Buddleja asiatica (White butterfly bush) (9) Kumar (Syn=Protrama salviaeRishi and Aphis gossypii Bhagat): Host- Salvia moorcraftiana Berberis pseudoumbellatus (Barberry) (6) Hyalopterus pruni, Liosamphis atra and Table-2. Host-plant-aphid species catalogue L. himalayensis (Numbers given in Paraentheses indicate Berberis lycium (Barberry/Jaundice berry) (6) family of host plant; Syn. =Synonyms of host Liosomaphis atra plant species) Berberis zebbiliana (6) Host -plant species/common name, with family Liosomaphis sp. and aphid species Berberis sp. (6) Achillea millefollium (Bloodwort. Milfoiol) (4) Liosomaphis sp. Macrosiphonienlla sp. Cannabis sativa (Hemp, Hashish plant) (10) Abroma augusta (Devil's cotton) (30) Phorodon cannabis Aphis gossypii Capsella bursa-pestoris (Shepherd’s purse) (8) Anethum graveolens (Dill) (1) Brevicoryne sp. Hyadaphis coriandri Carthamus tinctorius (American saffron) (4) Artemisia absinthium (Grand worm wood) (4) Uroleucon compositae (8)

Chaenomeles japonica (Flowering quince, Dioscorea deltoidea (Wild yam, Colic root) (12) Japanese flowering quince) (26) Aphis sp., Aulocorthum Uroleucon sp. Dolichos lablab (Hyacinth bean) (14) Chrysanthemum cinerarifolium (Pyrethrum, Aphis craccivora Pyrethrum daisy) (4) Ephedra sp. (13) Uroleucon gobonis Ephedraphis ephedrae Chrysanthemum leucanthium (Ox-eye daisy) (4) Epilobium hirsutum (Fire weed, Blooming sally) (20) Uroleucon tanaceti Aphis grossulariae Chrysanthemum morifolium (Florist chrysa- Ferula jaeschkeana (Giant fennel) (1) nthemum, Spoon mum) (4) Aphis sp. and Cavariella biswasi Macrosiphoniella sanborni, Uroleucon sp. Foeniculum vulgare (Sweet fennel, Wild fennel) (1) Chrysanthemum sp. (4) Cavariella sp. and Semiaphis heraclei Colarodo rufamaculata, Mcrosiphoniella Helianthis tuberosus (Jerusalem antichoke) (4) sanborni and Macrosiphoniella sp. Protrama penecaea Cissamelos pariera (Ice vine) (18) Heracleum candicans (Kaindal (21) Aphis craccivora Cavariella biswasi Calotropis gigantea (Crown flower, Swallow Hyoscyamus muticus (Egyptian henbane) (29) wort) (3) Myzys persicae Aphis nerii Hyoscyamus niger (Devil’s eye, Hog Bean) (2) Calotropis procera (Rooster treem, Giant Myzus persicae swallow wort) (3) Impatiens sp. (5) Aphis nerii Impatientinum asciatum dalhousiensis Coriandrum sativum (Coriander) (1) Indigofera heterantha (Himalyan indigo) (14) Megoura dorasis Hyadaphis coriandri Inula racemosa (Sweet- rooted inula, Horse Cymbopogon nardus (Citronella, Nardus grass) (22) heal) (4) Macrosiphum avenae Aphis sp. Cynoglossum glochidiatum (Hound’s tongue) (7) Kalanchoe pinnata (Air plant, Good- luck leaf) (11) Aphis sp. Myzus persicae Daphne oleoides (Olive-leaved daphne) (31) Melia azedarach (China berry) (17) Aphis kurosawai Aphis gossypii Datura stramonium (Apple of Peru, Stink weed) (29) Mentha aquatica (Water mint) (15) Myzus persicae Aphis affinis Delphinium denudatum (Lark spur) (25) Mentha longifolia (Horse mint, Wild mint, Nosanovia jammunensis Habak mint, Biblical mint) (15) Descurainea sophia (8) Aphis affinis and Ovatus crataegarius Brevicoryne brassicae, Myzus persicae Mentha sp. (15) Dioscorea bulbifera (Bitter yam, Yam potato) (12) Ovatus menthae Aphis gossypii Michelia champaca (Golden champa, Fragrant (9) champa (16) Rosa macrophylla (Wild rose) (26) Prociphilus micheliae Chaetosiphon chaetosiphon, C. terarho- Nepeta cataria (Cat mint) (15) dum. Chaetosiphon and Macrosiphum sp. Eumyzus sp. Rosa webbiana (The Himalayan wild rose) (26) Nepeta salvifolia (15) Chaetosiphon gracilicorn, Chaetosiphon Aphis sp. sp., Macrosiphum rosae, Myzaphis rosarum Nerium indicum (Red/Sweet scented oleander) (2) Rosa sp. (26) Aphis nerii Chaetosiphon chaetosiphon, Chaetosiphon Notonia grandiflora (Common fleshy ragweed) glaber, Chaetosiphon sp., Macrosiphum (4) rosae, Macrosiphum sp. Myzaphis rosarum, Brachcaudus helichrysi Myzaphis rosarum Nymphaea alba (White water lily (19) Rubia cordifolia (Indian Madder) (27) Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae Myzus umecola Nymphaea candida (Dwarf white water lily) (19) Rumex acetosa (Sheep sorrel) (23) Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae Aphis craccivora Origanum ? arvensis (19) Rumex nepalensis (Broad- leaved dock) (23) Aphis sp. Aphis craccivora, Aphis fabae solanella, Pergularia extensa (Pergularia) (3) Dysaphis rumecicola Myzus persicae Salvia moorcraftiana (Sage) (15) Pergularia daemia (Trellis-vine) (3) Capitophorus elaeagni, Protrama longitarsus Aphis nerii sclerodensis Phragmites australis (=communis) (22) Saussurea lappa (Costus, Kut root) (4) Hyalopterus pruni Uroleucon sp. Plumbago zeylanica (White Leadwort) (24) Senecio chrysanthemoides (Rag wort) (4) Aphis gossypii Aphis sp. Polygonum hydropiper (White pepper, Smartweed) Sisymbrium irio (Wild mustard) (8) (23) Myzus persicae Capitophorus hippohaes Sisymbrium sp. (8) Rosa brunonii (Musk rose) (26) Myzus sp. Macrosiphum sp. Solanum miniatum (29) Rosa canina (Wild dog rose) (26) Aphis craccivora, Aphis fabae solanella Chaetosiphoin tetrarhodum Solanum nigrum (Black nightshade) Rosa chinensis (China / Garden rose) (26) Aphis craccivora, Aphis fabae solanella Macrosiphum rosae and Myzus persicae Rosa damascena (Damask rose) (26) Sonchus asper (Spiny sowthistle, Pricky sowthistle) Macrosiphum rosae (4) Rosa indica (Cyme rose) (26) Uroleucon fotedari Bhagat, Uroleucon sp. Macrosiphum rosae, Macrosiphum sp. Sonchus oleraceous (Common sowthistle) (4) (10)

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