Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics

10 MALAYSIA PLAN (10MP) CROP DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME MECHANICS

Name of Programme: Agricultural Diversification Programme (ADP)

Section 1 – Background

1 Current Status

1.1 Vegetables

Vegetables are parts of herbaceous plants which form important component of our daily diet that contributes to our well being. These vegetables supply rich in protein, fibres, minerals like iron and calcium to our body. They also give us phytonutrients like carotenoids, vitamins and folic acid. Consumption of fresh vegetables can help to prevent numerous diseases such as heart disease and stroke, high blood pressure, cancer, cataract and vision loss.

Currently Sarawak is a net importer of vegetables as our local production does not meet our State‟s requirement. Sarawak is producing about 20,663.8 metric ton of leafy vegetables and 22,626.2 metric ton of fruits vegetables annually (Agriculture Statistics of Sarawak 2009), as against our state‟s requirement of about 80,000 metric ton. This means that we are only about 50 percent self- sufficient. By the year 2015, it is expected that the state will achieve 60 percent self-sufficiency level in fresh vegetables.

In Sarawak, over 40 types of vegetables are planted, comprising leafy vegetables, fruit vegetables and root vegetables. The main vegetable growing areas are in the Districts of Kuching, Siburan, Asajaya, Serian, Sarikei, Sibu, Miri, Bintulu and Limbang. An estimated 962 ha are planted yearly with vegetables. Sarawak also possesses a range of unique indigenous vegetables, such as „Terung Mas‟ and miding that can be marketed as niche products locally and overseas.

The common practices of vegetables growing in the state are characterized by scattered smallholders using traditional farming methods which result in low production, unstable supply and doubtful quality and safety. Most vegetable farms are small, usually less than 0.5 ha in size, except for few entrepreneur farmers in the periurban areas who planted between 2 and 10 ha of vegetables under net house. In 2009, the State importation of vegetables was valued at RM164,159,791 while its export value was only RM 2,003,258. The main imports are onion, shallot, fresh & chilled vegetables, dried chili, mushroom, carrot and potato.

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1.2 Field Crops

An estimated 2,500 ha are planted yearly with field crops, mostly under maize (including sweet corn, baby corn, and grain corn) and tapioca. Other field crops include taro, sweet potato, tapioca, ground nut and sugar cane. Maize planting is mainly for sweet corn and baby corn.

Field crops are generally planted as an off-season crop in wet paddy areas or as an intercrop in hill paddy farms. Production is smallholder-based and targeted at the local fresh markets. Tapioca sweet type and taro are for food processing.

The single major import of field crops is potato which in 2009 amounted to 7,807 metric ton with a value of RM22,138,709. This is followed by groundnut and its products (RM6,631,339), and sweet corn (RM2,409,922).

1.3 Perennial Crops

Perennial crops consist of coffee, sugarcane, roselle, etc. The estimated area planted under coffee and sugar cane in 2009 was 216 hectares and 269 hectares respectively. The estimated production of coffee and sugar cane in 2009 was 38 and 3,982 metric tons.

The main coffee growing areas are Simunjan (76.5 ha) and Marudi (67.4 ha) districts, Kuching district is the main growing area for sugar cane (138.9 ha). There was no record on the area planted with roselle.

The import of coffee beans and products in the year 2009 was 4,175.12 metric tons (RM50,907,200) while the export figure was 6.08 metric tons (RM85,322).

1.4 Herbs and Spices

Herbs are all the useful plants that can be used or manipulated for health care, culinary, flavoring, fragrances and cosmetic purposes. There is a keen interest world-wide in herbal products. Currently kacangma has been marketed as a herbal drink.

In 2009, the estimated area grown under ginger was 304 hectares and the production in metric tons was 2,570. The area for clove was 9 hectares and the production was 7 metric tons. Other herbs and spices include serai, kacangma, bunga kantan, misai kucing etc.

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The import of spices in 2009 was 4,298.67 metric tons valued at RM20,956,708, and export figure was 19.01 metric tons (RM74,269).

2. Policy Objectives

2.1 Development goals of DOA

(i) To increase and sustain the contribution of the food production sector towards the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the state of Sarawak. (ii) To develop the food production industry into one that can generate good incomes for the primary producers, processors and businesses that are involved in the industry. (iii) To promote food safety and sustainable development principles in the pursuit of economic growth for the food production and agriculture sector.

2.2 The objectives of the Agricultural Diversification Programmes under 10MP are specified by the respective programme components.

2.2.1 Vegetables Planting Project

(i) To promote the commercial production of high quality and pesticide-safe vegetables to meet demand from both the domestic and export markets and to reduce the import of vegetables. (ii) To promote and implement the Enclosed (Controlled Environment) production system for growing selected high value vegetables for import substitution. (iii) To produce selected quality indigenous vegetables which have the potential for export-market (iv) To encourage more farms to practice GAP and be certified under SALM and SOM. (v) To support the production of quality and pesticide safe vegetables for home consumption in the rural areas (vi) To promote the development for downstream processing such as terung mas.

2.2.2 Field Crop Planting Project

(i) To promote the commercial production of field crops to meet the demand by the local market

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(ii) To promote the commercial production of field crops that has the potential for value-added processing for the export market or the local livestock feed industry. (iii) To encourage the involvement of the private sector in field crop production, processing and marketing. (iv) To support the production of field crops for home consumption by smallholders in the rural areas.

2.2.3 Perennial Planting Project (PPP)

The main objective of PPP is to encourage commercial planting of perennial food crops such as coffee, sugar cane, roselle etc as a source of cash income for the small holder farmers.

2.2.4 Herbs and Spices Planting Project

To promote the planting of herbs and spices used in the production of traditional remedies and health supplements. It is encouraged as short term cash crop intercropping in orchards, rubber and coconut holdings as well as pure stand cropping. This will ensure adequate supply of raw materials for the herb industry.

2.2.5 Support Services Programme

The purpose is to strengthen the essential services and activities that support the programme (projects) implementation.

3 Broad/Strategic Objectives of DOA in 10MP

(i) To support the food production industry in increasing local food production and reducing the food trade deficit (ii) To develop agriculture entrepreneurs within the smallholder sector as a means of commercializing smallholder agriculture (iii) To increase rural farm incomes to a level at least above the poverty line (iv) To support the sustained growth of the agriculture sector for increased economic growth (v) To facilitate the participation of private sector in agriculture production (vi) To develop skilled and knowledgeable human resource within the agriculture sector (vii) To promote the conservation and sustainable use of natural resources for agriculture production, and

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(viii) To promote the adoption of quality assurance systems in agriculture production

Section II – Programme Components

1. Purpose Purpose of ADP Programme are as follow:

(i) To diversify the economic base of the farm families and to maximize income from agriculture through efficient utilization of resources. (ii) To assist small holder farmers in establishing their farming enterprise (iii) To reduce the food trade deficit (iv) To develop agriculture entrepreneurs within the small holder sector as a mean of commercializing small holder agriculture (v) To promote recommended and appropriate technologies in food production

2. Programme Components 2.1 Programme Components

In 10MP the ADP is classified into nine components, vis-a-vis Nethouse Production System, Organic Vegetables (SOM), Open System (VCS/SALM participants), Open System (non-VCS/SALM participants), Open System (Indigenous vegetables), Field Crops Planting Projects, Perennials Planting Projects, Herbs and Spices Planting Projects and Support Services. The detailed classifications are as follow:

2.1.1 Nethouse Production System (i) This system entails vegetable growing under nethouse structures (ii) The scheme participant will gradually be accredited under the DOA VCS programme, which later might lead to SALM accreditation once the participant had been exposed and trained on GAP practices. (iii) Priority will be given to existing SALM / VCS participants (iv) Reduced usage of pesticides will result in the production of pesticides-safe vegetables.

2.1.2 Enclosed (Controlled Environment) System (i) Grown under rain shelter (plastic roofing) environment (ii) It is suitable for all weather production (iii) Vegetables produced are pesticides-safe (iv) Vegetables produced are of high quality

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(v) Able to produce selected high value vegetables for import substitution.

2.1.3 Organic Vegetables (SOM) (i) It is an environment-friendly production system (ii) Organic farm is certified under SOM (iii) Vegetables produced are free from chemical (pesticides, inorganic fertiliser) usage (iv) Vegetables produced are especially aimed at niche market and health conscious consumers.

2.1.4 Open System (existing VCS/SALM participants) (i) This system entails vegetable growing in open fields (ii) It is an environmental friendly system and the produces are pesticide-safe (iii) This system can increase production by practicing GAP

2.1.5 Open System (non-VCS/SALM participants) (i) The scheme is to support the production of vegetables for home consumption as well as access for sale in the rural areas. (ii) This is a traditional system but practising proper agronomic practices like fertilizer application and judicious use of pesticides (iii) This system can contribute towards increased vegetables production (iv) This is especially suitable to cater for rural and small-scale farmers.

2.1.6 Open System (Indigenous vegetables) (i) This system can take advantage of the uniqueness of certain indigenous vegetables which have overseas market potential such as terung mas, miding, timun dayak, etc. (ii) The production of indigenous vegetables can cater for niche markets both locally and overseas. (iii) Produce such as terung mas has great potential for branding as Sarawak niche product and it has an attractive fruit vegetable and is of high value. (iv) Potential for down-stream processing eg. terung in syrup, terung pickle

2.1.7 Field Crop Planting Project (i) It is a short term cash crop that includes sweet corn, baby corn, grain corn, sweet potatoes, taro, tapioca, groundnut etc.

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(ii) For maize and baby corn, it is an off-season crop. (iii) Crops such as tapioca, taro and sweet potato are raw materials for the food cottage industry.

2.1.8 Perennial Crop Planting Projects (i) Includes the planting of coffee, sugar cane, rosselle etc (ii) This can cater for the needs of the local market (iii) It can increase small holder income such as in the sale of fresh cane juice

2.1.9 Herbs and Spices Planting Project / Development of Area and Supply of Input for Herbs and Spices Planting

(i) The selected herbs included ginger, kacangma, misai kucing, bunga kantan, lemon grass and other herbal plants.

2.1.10 Support Services The proposed budget for support services programme is around 10% of the 10MP ADP ceiling, and will be utilized to fund the following activities.

(1) Extension and Technology Promotion The training and visit (T&V) system is to be adopted in this program. Fund will be used for:

(a) Upgrading the knowledge and skills of both the staff and farmers. They need to be exposed to current knowledge and technologies via training courses, seminars, conferences and study tours.

(b) Procurement of appropriate extension and communication materials and equipment required for the transfer of technologies to the target groups by the extension agents.

(2) Farm (Verification) Trials/Research and Demonstration Plots

This is an essential activity to assess the in-situ effectiveness and adoption of the new technology under the actual farmer‟s managed condition. The R&D works cover mainly farm productions and to some extent, post-harvest handling and value adding processing.

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Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics

(3) Promotion of New Products Fund is used for the following activities: (a) R&D and promoting the use of machinery and equipment in the farm (b) For promoting new products in the markets as well as establishing its market information system (c) R&D in the products development (new or value-added products)

(4) Quality Assurance Activity Fund is used for the following activities: (a) Purchase of farm produce for laboratory analysis (b) Handling and transportation of samples (c) Laboratory consumables

(5) Implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the projects. Funds will be utilized for the implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the projects.

3. Target Group

The target groups are: (i) smallholders (ii) entrepreneurs (iii) Schools (projects for student) and (iv) private investors,

Owners of the successful existing ADP projects (own planting or assisted under governments grant, subsidies etc) shall be given higher priority in selecting the scheme participant, should they wish to expand their enterprises.

4. Eligibility / Selection Criteria

The eligibility / selection criteria for ADP projects are as stipulated below and they are the same for all the programme components:

4.1 An applicant must be Malaysian citizen domiciled in Sarawak, between the age of 18 to 65 years.

4.2 An applicant must be a full time farmer who owns titled/NCR/rented lands. For Land under NCR, the application

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must be endorsed by Superintendent of Land and Survey Department OR a Tuai Rumah/Ketua Kampung; and if the applicant is a Tuai Rumah/Ketua Kampung, the application must be countersigned by a Penghulu.

4.3 An applicant is preferably a member of the nearest PPK / participants of Taman Kekal Pengeluaran Makanan (TKPM)

4.4 Nethouse project – priority should be given to those interested farmers who had not received any nethouse project assistance before, and those who are in the category of below poverty line. Other category of farmers will be assisted with half of the total allocation (RM 84,000 per hectare).

4.5 Have access to suitable land of adequate size

4.6 An applicant must have sufficient labour to carry out the farm activities

4.7 Have some experience in the projects applied

4.8 They must be able to find their own market outlet for their produce

4.9 Willing to top up the financial assistance given by the Governments

4.10 The project participants are required to follow the Departmental instructions and guidance.

5. Project Value The value of assistance is determined by the different components of the programme, the details are as illustrated below:

5.1 Net-house Production System Farm size : Minimum - 0.1 ha per participant Maximum - 0.2 ha per participant

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Table 5.1 - Breakdown of Entitlement for Net-house Production System

0.1 ha No Items (RM) 1 Concrete Post / Belian Post 5,700 2 Nettings 3,000 3 Irrigation 3,500 Machinery (e.g. mini rotovator, 4 1,500 farm tools) 5 Planting Materials 800 6 Fertilizer 2,000 7 Pest & Disease Control 300 Total 16,800

Note: The value of each item indicated in Table 5.1 above only serves as a guideline.

Inter-purchase of items is only permitted with the approval from Jawatankuasa Perancangan dan Pembangunan Bahagian Tanaman Ibu Pejabat.

5.2 Enclosed (Controlled Environment) System

Farm size : Minimum – 1 unit {6m (wide) x 30m (long) x 2.5m (high)} per participant Maximum – 2 units if implemented for the purpose of model project by Research Branch.

Table 5.2 - Breakdown of Entitlement for Enclosed (Controlled Environment) System

No Items 1 Unit (RM) 1 Rain Shelter 42,600 2 Fertigation System 15,500 3 Planting Materials 600 4 Pest & Disease Control 150 Total 58,850

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Note: The value of each item indicated in Table 5.2 above only serves as a guideline.

Inter-purchase of items is only permitted with the approval from Jawatankuasa Perancangan dan Pembangunan Bahagian Tanaman Ibu Pejabat.

5.3 Organic Vegetables (SOM)

Farm size : Minimum – 1 ha (including buffer zone and compost area per participant) Maximum – 2 ha (including buffer zone and compost area per participant)

Table 5.3 - Breakdown of Entitlement for Organic Vegetables (SOM)

No Items 1 ha (RM)* 1 Machinery (e.g. brush cutter, mini rotovator etc) 5,000 Composting Incentives (Composting Shed = 2 18,000 RM10,000 / Shredding machine = RM8,000) 3 Irrigation 7,000 4 Planting Materials (non-GMO) 1,500 5 Pest & Disease Control (bio-pesticides) 500 Total 32,000

Note: The value of each item indicated in Table 5.3 above only serves as a guideline.

Inter-purchase of items is only permitted with the approval from Jawatankuasa Perancangan dan Pembangunan Bahagian Tanaman Ibu Pejabat.

5.4 Open System (existing VCS/SALM participant) Farm size: Minimum – 0.5 ha per participant Maximum – 2.0 ha per participant

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Table 5.4 - Breakdown of Entitlement for Open System (existing VCS/SALM participant)

No Items 1 ha (RM)* 1 Machinery (e.g. brush cutter, mini rotovator etc) 5,500 2 Irrigation 7,000 3 Planting Materials 1,500 4 Fertilizer 6,000 5 Pest & Disease Control 1,000 Total 21,000

Note: The value of each item indicated in Table 5.4 above only serves as a guideline. Inter-purchase of items is only permitted with the approval from Jawatankuasa Perancangan dan Pembangunan Bahagian Tanaman Ibu Pejabat.

5.5 Open System (Non-VCS/SALM participant)

Farm size: Minimum – 0.5 ha per participant Maximum – 2.0 ha per participant

Table 5.5 - Breakdown of Entitlement for Open System (Non- VCS/SALM participant) No Items 1 ha (RM)* Machinery (e.g. brush cutter, mini 1 5,000 rotovator,sprayer,small farm tools) 2 Planting Materials 1,500 3 Fertilizer 6,000 4 Pest & Disease Control 1,000 Total 13,500

Note: The value of each item indicated in Table 5.5 above only serves as a guideline.

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Inter-purchase of items is only permitted with the approval from Jawatankuasa Perancangan dan Pembangunan Bahagian Tanaman Ibu Pejabat.

5.6 Open System (indigenous vegetables)

Farm size: Minimum – 0.5 ha per participant Maximum – 2.0 ha per participant

Table 5.6 - Breakdown of Entitlement for Open System (indigenous vegetables)

No Items 1 ha (RM)* Packaging & Post-harvest materials (vacuum-pack for 1 5,000 miding, etc.) 2 Machinery (e.g. farm tools) 5,000 3 Planting Materials 500 4 Fertilizer 4,000 5 Pest & Disease Control 500 Total 15,000 Note: The value of each item indicated in Table 5.6 above only serves as a guideline.

Inter-purchase of items is only permitted with the approval from Jawatankuasa Perancangan dan Pembangunan Bahagian Tanaman Ibu Pejabat.

5.7 Field Crop Planting Project

Farm size : Minimum – 0.5 ha per participant Maximum – 2.0 ha per participant Table 5.7 – Breakdown of Entitlement for Field Crop Planting Project

No Items 1 ha (RM)* 1 Planting materials 1,500 2 Pest & disease control 1,000 3 Fertilizer 2,000 4 Farm Implements 500 Total 5,000

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Note: The value of each item indicated in Table 5.1 above only serves as a guideline.

Inter-purchase of items is only permitted with the approval from Jawatankuasa Perancangan dan Pembangunan Bahagian Tanaman Ibu Pejabat.

5.8 Perennial Crop Planting Project

Farm size : Minimum – 0.5 ha per participant Maximum – 2.0 ha per participant Table 5.8 - Breakdown of Entitlement for Perennial Crop Planting Project

1 ha (RM)* Total No Items Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 (RM)* 1 Planting materials 900 0 0 900 2 Pest & disease control 1,000 650 650 2,300 3 Fertilizer 700 250 250 1,200 4 Farm Implements 600 0 0 600 Total 3,200 900 900 5,000

Note: The value of each item indicated in Table 5.1 above only serves as a guideline.

Inter-purchase of items is only permitted with the approval from Jawatankuasa Perancangan dan Pembangunan Bahagian Tanaman Ibu Pejabat.

5.9 Herbs and Spices Planting Project / Development of Area and Supply of Input for Herbs and Spices Planting.

Farm size : Minimum – 0.5 ha per participant Maximum – 2.0 ha per participant

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Table 5.9 - Breakdown of Entitlement for Herbs and Spices Planting Project

1 ha (RM)* No. Items Total (RM) Year 1 Year 2 1 Planting materials 900 0 900 2 Pest/disease control 400 300 700 3 Fertilizer 700 500 1,200 4 Farm Implements 900 0 900 Total 2,900 800 3,700 Note: The value of each item indicated in Table 5.1 above only serves as a guideline.

Inter-purchase of items is only permitted with the approval from Jawatankuasa Perancangan dan Pembangunan Bahagian Tanaman Ibu Pejabat.

5.10 Support Services / Implementation, Monitoring and Evaluation

The value of assistance will be much depending on the services and activities requested and the availability of fund, and the guidelines are as follows:

5.10.1 Extension and Technology Promotion

The farmers who are attending the formal residential short courses/ training at ATCs and in-situ training at farm/District Office are NOT eligible for pocket money allowance. They are ONLY provided with food and refreshment at the rate of RM30.00 per person per night (for overnight course/training) and RM20.00 per person per day (for day-trip course/training). In cases where the transport is NOT provided by the Department, the farmers are eligible to claim the transportation allowance at the rate of RM15.00 from home to ATC/farm/District Office and RM15.00 from ATC/farm/District Office back home.

The farmers who are going for study tour are eligible for food allowance at the rate of RM40.00 per person per day. They are also eligible for hotel accommodation at the rate RM50.00/person/night in Sarawak and Sabah while as in Semenanjung the rate is RM70.00/person/night.

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The farmers who are attending farmers‟ dialogue and seminars are eligible to claim the transportation, food and drink allowance at the rate of RM15.00 per person per session.

(i) Pocket Money and Lodging (hotel) for Farmers‟ Study Tour, Farmers‟ In-situ Training, Conferences and Seminar

Transportation Food Refreshment per Allowance Incentives person Types of training Per Person Person/session Overnight Day Trip (RM) (RM) (RM) (RM) 1. In-situ Training at - - 30.00 20.00 Farm/District

2. Farmers‟ Dialogue and - 15.00 - - Seminars

3. Formal Training at 30.00 - 30.00 20.00 ATC

Hotel Rate Hotel Rate in in Sarawak Semenanjung 4. Farmers‟ Tour & Sabah

- 40.00 50.00 70.00

(ii) Procurement of appropriate extension and communication materials and equipment

The fund allocated for the procurement of appropriate extension and communication materials and equipment are based on the actual current prices of the goods/services available in the market.

5.9.2 Farm (Verification) Trials/Research and Demonstration Plots

The expenses would be based on the actual current prices of the goods/services available and also the availability of fund.

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5.9.3 Promotion of New Products/Technology

Promotion of new product/technology will be carried out if the fund is available.

5.9.3 Quality Assurance Activity

Fund is used for the transportation of farm produce for laboratory analysis.

5.9.4 Implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the projects.

Funds will be allocated for the implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the projects.

6 Implementation Method

The detailed work process and scheduling for the planning and implementation of ADP will follow the procedures prescribed in the DOA Operation Manual for Crop Planting Programmes. Project approval shall be vested with the Divisional Planning and Development Committee (DvPDC).

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Section III – Agronomic Practices, Crop Protection and Harvesting

This section includes: site selection, land preparation, recommended varieties, planting/transplanting, seeds rate, fertilizer application, symptom of diseases & pest, IPM, harvesting etc for certain components in ADP programme.

AGRONOMIC PRACTICES AND CROP PROTECTION

1 Vegetables

General Introduction to Vegetable Growing:

1.1 Selection of Site

An ideal site is an open area with fairly flat terrain or gently sloping land. A fairly deep well-drained loam rich in organic matter is most suitable for vegetable crops. Poor soils can be made fertile by adding organic amendments (compost and manure) and lime. Humified peat soils are also good for vegetable production.

Buffer zone under organic farming is essential.

Minimum buffer distance for different types of barriers

Elevation of organic farm Minimum Barrier crops or Barrier type in relation to the buffer distance structures convention farm (m) Crops eg. banana, 10 m tall Organic and conventional 2 gliricidia, bamboo with dense farm are on same level canopy Organic farm on higher 2 ground than conventional farm Organic farm on lower 5 ground than conventional farm Structures eg. 10 m tall Organic and conventional 2 concrete or zinc farm are on same level wall or fence Organic farm on higher 2 ground than conventional farm Organic farm on lower 5 ground than conventional farm

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Pond, stream, Organic and conventional 10 road, grass, farm are on same level empty land Organic farm on higher 5 ground than conventional farm Organic farm on lower 15 ground than conventional farm

1.2 Preparing Vegetable Plots

Clear all vegetation (jungle growth, trees and weeds). Tilt the soil to a depth of about 30cm, removing all the roots. Leave the ground to „weather‟ for about a fortnight to allow the birds to eat any insect pests.

Form beds about 1 - 1.2m wide and 15 - 30cm high. The beds should be about 50cm apart. When preparing the beds, incorporate well decomposed animal manure at 1-2 kg/m2 or 3-5kg of compost per square metre. Sprinkle about 100-200gm limestone or dolomite to every square metre of the bed. Wood ash may be used as an alternative.

1.3 Raising Seedlings

Plants may be established in beds either by direct sowing or through nursery and transplanting.

In direct planting, seeds are sown and later thinned to the required population. Vegetables grown by this method are generally short term types such as beans, cai xin, kangkong and bayam.

For those crops which are transplanted, the seedlings are raised either in nursery beds, boxes or seeding trays filled with good friable top soil and decayed compost mixed in equal proportion. Coarse sand may be added to heavy soil. About 50 gm CIRP or TSP may be mixed with 1 m2 bed area. Vegetables such as chilli, brinjal, tomato and kailan may be grown in this way.

1.4 Transplanting

Transplant the seedlings when they are 10 – 15 cm high. Discard week seedlings. Transplanting should be done when the weather is not hot. Water the beds an hour or two before the seedlings are planted. Place a thin mulch of semi-decayed compost between the seedlings to conserve soil moisture.

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1.5 Manuring

A good manure is a well composted manure. The chicken manure can be stored under cover for its composting process. The chicken manure provides nutrients as well as a conditioning effect on the soil. The recommended rate is 1-2kg per square metre of the bed.

Chicken manure may be applied as a liquid fertiliser.

The addition of one part Superphosphate to eight parts of chicken manure will improve the nutrient value and prevent loss of nitrogen. This mixture of SSP and chicken manure is applied at 60 kg for 20 meters of bed.

Guano is also a useful organic fertilizer. It supplies nitrogen and phosphorus to the plants. It is used at 110 g per metre bed or soaked in 18 liters of water and watered onto the plants.

The above organic manures can be supplemented with inorganic fertilizers to supply the nutrients to the plants.

(i) NITROGEN

This is important for leafy vegetables. For every running meter of bed, supply either 75 g of sulphate of ammonia (SA) or 35 g of urea.

(ii) PHOSPHORUS

This is important for seedlings and fruit vegetables. The source of phosphorus is in the form of Superphosphate. It is applied at 75 – 105 g per metre2 bed.

(iii) POTASSIUM

Burnt earth or wood ash contains potassium. The source of potassium is muriate of potash (MOP). It is applied at 35-75 g per metre2 bed.

(iv) COMPOUND OR MIXED FERTILIZERS

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Formulations of 15: 15 : 15 (NPK) and 12: 12: 17: 2 + TE (NPK + trace elements) are commonly used at 100g per metre2 bed.

1.6 Weed Control

Weed competition is very crucial in vegetable production. Hand weeding for one to two rounds was necessary in the early stages of crop growth to reduce weed competition and to offer optimum growing conditions for the plants. Weeds can also be controlled by mulching with dried paddy straw or plastic mulch cover.

1.7 Pest and Disease Control

Pests and diseases can be managed by practising integrated pest management (IPM), which is a combination of preventive and curative measures. The preventive measures are a priority and pesticides to be used as the last option. The preventive measures include crop rotation, crop fallow, proper planting density, proper soil tillage and proper farm sanitation i.e. removal of crop residues and infested plants. The crop residues and infested plants can be used for composting. The plant growth should be managed properly. A healthy plant can resist pest and disease.

2 Field Crops

2.1 SWEET CORN/ BABY CORN

2.1.1 Site selection

Sweet corn/baby corn can be grown on most soils provided the drainage is good but usually it performs best on deep loams and silt loams containing an abundance of organic matter and well supplied with available nutrients. Sweet corn/baby corn can also be grown on moderately acid soils ( as low as pH 5.0), but pH range of 6.0 to 7.0 is the most favourable. An ideal site for planting sweet corn/baby corn is an open of flat or gently sloping land.

Continuous planting with sweet corn/baby corn is not recommended. Crop rotation wherein sweet corn/baby corn is grown alternatively with groundnut, soy bean, sweet potato, and other crops is very beneficial in terms of crop production and soil management.

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2.1.2 Land preparation

Land preparation includes felling, burning and tilling, and in low-lying land, the construction of drains to remove excess water. Land tilling can be done either manually using hoe (cangkul) or mechanized using a pedestrian power tiller.

A reasonably smooth and firm ploughed area provides favorable soil condition for germination and seedling development. Too much tillage, however, may destroy the soil structure and result in soil compaction which should be avoided.

2.1.3 Planting

When land preparation has been completed, 2 seeds are dibbled in each planting hole. The plants are spaced 60 cm between rows and 60 cm in the row. This spacing would require seedling rate of 10-12 kg/ha seed. Planting distance for baby corn is 45 cm x 45 cm and about 20-25kg/ha seed is required.

2.1.4 Varietal recommendation

Sweet corn: Hybrid no.5, Masmadu and Thai Super Sweet Baby corn: Thai Super Sweet

2.1.5 Isolation

Sweet corn should not be planted together with grain corn or different varieties of sweet corn as this will affect the quality of sweetness of fresh cobs.

2.1.6 Weeding

Sweet corn/baby corn does not tolerate strong weed competition. It is important that the field be kept free from any weeds during the first one month. Weed control can be done manually or mechanically whereas in large plantation, it is necessary to use herbicides or the mechanical method to control weeds.

A very good herbicide to use is Atrazine 80 WP at 5.6 kg/ha sprayed twice, the first spray is to be applied as a pre-emergence and the later spray at one or one and a half month after sowing.

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2.1.7 Fertilizer

It is suggested to apply fertilizer 12:12:17:2 at the rate of 600 kg/ha prior to planting or during planting and then to be top dressed with 150 kg urea/ha at about 5-6 weeks after planting.

Organic manures such as chicken manure, cow manure and compost at 1-2 m.t./ha can also be used as basal dressing.

2.1.8 Harvesting

For sweet corn, harvests as soon as the kernels are well-filled (65-75 days after planting). For baby corn, harvest 2-3 days after silking (45- 50 days after planting).

It is important to note that sweet corn can loses its sweetness rapidly and should be marketed and consumed immediately after harvest.

2.1.9 Pests 2.1.9.1 Stem Borer

Larva feeds on leaves, leaf tissue or even leaf whorl and stem causing retarded growth and poor yield.

Control:

(i) Remove and burn all sweet corn/baby corn stubble or stalk after harvesting

(ii) One month after planting and three subsequent applications at fortnightly interval if field condition warrants it.

2.1.9.2 Cob borer

Major attack is generally at the flowering and fruiting periods. Larva feeds on leaves or tender cobs. It bores and lives inside the cob, thus impairing the formation of cobs

Control:

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Difficult to control but Carbaryl (0.1 % a.i.) and Dimethoate (0.03% a.i.) spray could be carried out where necessary.

2.1.10 Diseases 2.1.10.1 Leaf Blight

Lesion on leaves begin as light brown oval spot of 2.5cm in size. Enlargement by coalescence of spots result in „blight‟ patches. Severely attacked leaves dried out and the sweet corn/baby corn will die. The fungus spreads rapidly in damp weather when gray black spores are liberated from the lesions.

Control:

(i) Grow more resistant varieties. (ii) Practise crop rotation and proper field sanitation before sowing (iii) Seed dressing with fungicides: Thiram or Captan at 12 teaspoon per 1.36 kg of seeds

2.1.10.2 Common Smut

Gall like swellings on cobs and other aerial parts. At first, gals are silver-white but later on split to produce masses of dark brown to black spores or smut.

Control: (i) Remove and burn all diseased materials (ii) Seed treatment with Thiram 80% at 5g/100g seeds

2.1.10.3 Bacterial wilt

Diseased plants show dropping of top portion rapidly. Cross-section of lower stem brown wound. Dipping cut ends in water will excrete a slimy white sticky liquid typical of bacterial „ooze‟.

Control: (i) Sanitation by removing and burning of diseased materials

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(ii) Practise crop rotation and do not to plant in the infested soil 2.1.10.4 Rust

Mature leaves, particularly the under surfaces, are covered with small raised blister-like pustules containing millions of orange rust spores.

Control:

(i) Plantvax & Vitavax @ 0.01 % a.i. spray may offer some control (ii) Burn all sweet corn/baby corn debris after harvest. (iii) 2.1.10.5 Sheath Blight

Initially elongated, grey lesions occur on the leaf sheaths. These enlarge, turn lighter in colour and develop blackish- brown margins. Brown, globose or irregular seed-like sclerotia (1-3 mm) may develop on the parts attacked.

Control:

(i) Remove and burn all affected plants parts (ii) Practise crop rotation (iii) Avoid mechanical injuries which provide infection sites for the pathogen (iv) Spray benomyl (80% a.i) 18 g in 18 litres water may reduce the disease incidence

2.1.10.6 Bacterial Stalk Rot

Plants are attacked at the internodes which become brown, water-soaked, soft and slimy in appearance. Diseased stem collapse and become twisted. Rotted areas often give off a disagreeable odour.

Control: (i) Remove and burn all plant debris after harvest (adopt good cultural practices) (ii) Choose well drained soil and avoid water-logging and poor aeration

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2.2 GROUNDNUT

2.2.1 Site Selection

Although groundnut thrives best on light sandy loam soil with good organic content, a wide range of soil types would be suitable. However, heavy clays should be avoided as these soils impede root penetration and pod development. It also makes harvesting difficult.

2.2.2 Land Preparation

Since groundnut is a deep-rooting plant, sufficient depth fine, crumbled soil after ploughing is needed for growth. Well-prepared land is especially flavourable to the growth of this crop especially for its root penetration and pod development.

In low-lying and flat areas, an efficient drainage system is necessary. It is advisable to construct ridges in areas liable to flood.

2.2.3 Fertilizers

For every hectare of cultivated land, 1-2 metric tons of ground limestone is applied 3 weeks prior to planting. In addition, a fertilizer combination of 170 kg sulphate of ammonia and 90 kg of triple superphosphate or 300 g/ha 15:15:15 is recommended for every hectare of groundnut planted on soils of average fertility. Fertilizers are applied during or after planting.

2.2.4 Planting

Seeds are planted to a depth of 2 cm, 2-3 weeks after liming. The planting distance is at 45 cm x 15 cm interval. This would require a total of 135-150 kg seeds per hectare.

2.2.5 Weed Control

Spraying of pre-emergent herbicide, Lasso at 4.2 litres/ha before or just after sowing of the seed is recommended. Manual weeding, in lieu of the emergent chemical can be carried out two to four weeks after planting. Weeding after 6 weeks can be detrimental to the crop.

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2.2.6 Harvesting

The crop is ready for harvesting 100 to 110 days after sowing, by then, the beans are fully matured. For boiled nut-in-the shell, earlier harvesting, e.g. after 95 days, is recommended.

2.2.7 Storage

Groundnuts used for seeds must be fully matured and dried to 12% moisture in the shell and stored in dry and cool place in airtight containers.

2.2.8 Pests (i) Pod Borer The larvae bore and tunnel in the young pods Control: Spray with diazinon (@ 0.1 a.i) or chlorpyrifos (2% a.i.)

(ii) Caterpillar Generally, the leaves are eaten although the young stems may also be damaged. Control: Spray with pyrethroid insecticide (cypermethrin @ 0.01 % a.i.) if necessary.

(iii) Aphid They suck sap from the flowers, pods and shoots. Damage to the young shoots result in curled leaves and stunted growth of plants.

Control: Spray with white oil, dimethoate or malathion if necessary.

2.2.9 Diseases 1. Cercospora Leaf Spot

Cercospora lesions are easily detected on leaves. The appearance of minute, pale yellow spots on the upper surfaces of older leaves indicate the early stage of Cercospora infection. These spots later develop into circular or irregular lesions. The lesion is reddish brown in color and may have a narrow yellow halo. Dark elongated lesions with indistinct margin also occur on petioles, stems and pegs. Wet weather condition favors the growth and sporulation of the fungi.

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Control: (i) The following fungicides can be used for spraying:  Benomyl (50% a.i) at 18 g in 18 litres water, at 2-3 week intervals.  Mancozeb (80% a.i) at 30-45 g in 18 litres water, 7-10 day intervals.  Daconil (50% a.i) at 36 g in 18 litres water, 7-10 day intervals. (ii) Remove crop residues and volunteer plants (iii) Practise crop rotation with non-host crop

2. Leaf Rust

Severe leaf defoliation and the death of many groundnut plants, is manifested by circular lesions on the leaves. The lesions are surrounded by dull green or light brown leaf tissues. On the under-surface of these leaves, orange-red pustules are visible. The pustules will eventually turn dark brown and infection sites may become coalesced. Normally the leaf tissues around the infection sites die and dry out in irregular patches. Severely infected leaflets curl and drop off.

Control  Spray benomyl (Benlate) 0.02-0.04 a.i and alternate with copper oxychloride 0.1 to check the disease.  Spray with Oxycarboxin (Plantvax) .5% a.i + chlorothalonil (Daconil) 1% a.i or carboxin (vitavax) 0.05% a.i + chloro thalonil (daconil) 0.1% a.i

3. Stem Rot

White fungal threads are seen over affected plant tissues. Normally only a light web of the fungus is seen on the affected parts of the stem or just below soil level. Under very humid conditions the fungus grows very fast and often the fungal mat spreads over the adjacent soil and may then infect other plants.

Diseased areas on the stem, petioles and leaves of the affected plant turn dark brown and small round bodies, about the size of a mustard seed, are produced on the surface. The small round bodies, known as sclerotia, are initially white in color, however, they turn dark brown and shiny with increased length of time.

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Control:  Control weeds and volunteer groundnut plants  Use PCNB (pentachloronitrobenzene) as preplanting, soi incorporated treatment  Apply gypsum at the time of peak flowering  Practise proper sanitation by removing crop residues and fallen leaves

4. Bacterial Wilt

Infected plants appear unhealthy, chlorotic and wilt under water stress. The xylem tissue in the stem turns dark brown. If the stem is cut across at soil level, a grey slimy liquid can be pressed out of the vascular bundles.

Control:  Long crop rotation with non-host crop is important  Sterilize the infested soil before planting.  Remove and destroy infected plants and other Solanum sp.

2.3 SWEET POTATO 2.3.1 Site selection

Sweet potatoes tolerate wide range of soils, although a sandy loam is preferred. Heavier soils may be used but should be well tilled and ridged to provide good drainage. Planting on beds or ridges also makes harvesting much easier.

In general sweet potato should not be grown on land that has produced a root crop the previous season. However, continuous planting is possible if there is no serious disease, insect and nematode attack.

2.3.2 Land preparation

The land must be plough and turned over. Generally, one ploughing and turning over is sufficient. Planting bed of 60 cm wide and 30 cm high is prepared.

2.3.3 Recommended variety

Gendut & Cina variety – For fresh consumption

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Unggu variety – For making kerepek

2.3.4 Planting materials

Sweet potato can be propagated in two ways: by its tuber and its cuttings. Cuttings are cheaper and easier. To obtain planting materials of about the same age, propagation period required is 50-60 days. Then the stems are cut at 20-30 cm for field planting.

2.3.5 Field Planting

The cuttings are planted at an angle (slanting), with about 20 cm of the cutting under the soil and 10 cm above the soil surface. Planting distance recommended is 1.0m x 0.3m. If the weather is very hot and dry, water the newly planted cuttings once a day. The creeping plants should be collected and placed onto the beds at monthly interval to avoid the roots from growing from the nodes along the stems. If this is allowed, small tubers will be produced at the main stem.

2.3.6 Weed control

Weeds control is important for vigorous crop growth. Since pre- emergent weedicide does not endanger the newly planted cuttings, it is advisable to carry out this praying before planting.

2.3.7 Manuring

Liming at the rate 1.0 mt/ha is necessary 3 weeks before planting. Initial top dressing at the rate of 600 kg of 15:15:15 per hectare is applied one week after planting. This is followed b the subsequent top dressing at one month later at the same rate.

The fertilizer is applied around each plant. Additional fertilizer at a reasonable rate is applied if the growth is not encouraging. An imbalanced manuring can cause the plant to produce more leaves and less tubers.

2.3.8 Harvesting

Sweet potatoes can be harvested at 4 months after planting.

2.3.9 Disease

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The Elsinoe batatas causes scab disease. The recommended control is by planting a more resistant variety if any, and to spray fungicide (Benlate - @ 200 g/100 litre water), Copper oxychloride & Maneb).

2.3.10 Pest

Sweet potato beetle (Cylas formicarius) is the most dangerous pest causing serious damages to sweet potato plant, which attacks all parts of the plant: tubers or roots, stems and leaves. The recommended control is crop rotation, use pest-free planting material; planting material should be treated before every cropping and to harvest timely upon maturity.

2.4 TAPIOCA

Recommended Varieties

Sawah variety – Fresh consumption Putih variety – Tapioca chips

Site Selection

The suitable soil for tapioca planting is a light, sandy loam soil of medium fertility. Good drainage is also important. On clay or poorly drained soils, root growth is poor, so that tuber-to-shoot ratio is considerably decreased. Moreover, the poor soil aeration under such conditions causes the few tubers formed to rot readily. Gravelly or stony soils tend to hinder root penetration and are therefore unsuitable. Saline soils are also unsuitable. Tapioca can grow and yield reasonably well on soils of low fertility where production of most other crops would be uneconomical. Under condition of very high fertility, tapioca tends to produce excessive vegetation at the expense of tuber formation.

Land Preparation

One round of disc ploughing, followed by one round of harrowing or rototilling is generally adequate. Planting beds of 60 cm wide and 20 cm high is prepared. This will facilitate weed and water flow control.

Planting material

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Cutting should be taken from mature stem portions, preferably from plants at least 6 - 8 months old, free from pests and diseases and the cuttings should be taken from the middle of the stem. If possible, cuttings should be collected from plants which have received sufficient fertilizers in the previous season.

Planting/Transplanting

Stem cuttings, 30 cm long are planted in a slant position at an angle of 40o – 45o, burying half their length and the buds facing upwards. Planting holes are spaced at 1 m X 1 m. The planting rate is 10,000 cuttings per hectare.

Fertilizer Application

As a general guidance tapioca requires 450 – 1,000 kg/ha of a 12:12:17:2 complete fertilizer. The fertilizer is applied at planting and the second application is two months after planting. Spot placement of fertilizer within or just beside the planting hole is effective.

Harvesting

The exact time, in terms of months after planting, when it is best to harvest tapioca depends very much on the variety. Some varieties, particularly the sweet types, are ready for harvesting in about 9 – 12 months. Sawah variety requires 10 months before it is ready for harvesting. Meanwhile Putih variety is best harvested for making tapioca chips or kerepek at 9 – 10 months after planting. Yields vary greatly according to the variety, soil, climate, age at harvesting, etc.

2.5 SUGARCANE

Recommended Variety

Tebu Kuning (sugarcane juice )

Site Selection

Sugarcane grows on a wide variety of soil types but does well on sandy loam. In the absence of irrigation, a well distributed rainfall of 125 – 200 cm per annum is ideal. Three to five months dry season with less than 5 cm per month facilitates ripening and efficient preparatory tillage work. A well marked dry season favours ratooning.

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Land Preparation

Optimum tillage is essential for good germination of sugarcane setts and subsequently for satisfactory growth of the crop.

When a piece of land is designated for sugarcane cultivation, it is necessary to clear forest and undergrowth and to remove the stumps and timber before proceeding to actual land preparation. Land preparation is carried out during transitional period between wet and dry months with appropriate scheduling for planting. Land is prepared by various combinations of ploughing, harrowing and rotortilling, depending on the condition of the land.

Normally, land preparation starts with two rounds of ploughing to expose the top soil and to break up the large clods. The frequency and the depth of ploughing vary according to the soil conditions. For lighter soil, it is necessary to plough to a depth of 10 – 20 cm, while a minimum of 30 cm is desired for a heavier soil. For juice cane production, the land is ploughed once to a depth of 20 – 25 cm.

Planting material

Use disease free planting material from immature canes 5 – 7 months old. The canes should be cut into small setts each containing 3 – 4 buds. The upper, immature part of the cane can also be used for planting. Cover canes for planting lightly with small trash for a few days before planting. This practice improves germination.

Planting/Transplanting

Insert setts in the soil to a depth of 15 – 20 cm leaving about 5 – 10 cm above the soil. Press the soil firmly. The planting distant is 1 m X 2 m. Such an arrangement should accommodate 5,000 points per hectare.

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Fertilizer Application

Fertilizer application for first crop and ratoon

Type of Rate of Method of Time of fertilizer fertilizer application application Sulphate of (1) 650 kg/ha Fertilizer mix with Basal dressing Amonia top soil and placed in the planting hole.

(2) 650 kg/ha Broadcasting around 2 months after the plant. planting Sulphate of (3) 650 kg/ha Broadcasting around 10 months after Amonia the plant. first harvesting. Sulphate of (4) 650 kg/ha Broadcasting around 10 months after Amonia the plant. second harvesting. Nitrophoska green

2.6 TARO

Recommended variety

Thailand variety

Climate and Soil Requirement

he plant grows well in warm and moist soil deep, friable loams rich in organic matter with high water table having pH 5.5 to 7.8. The ability of the plant to transport oxygen from the leaves to the roots make the plant adaptable to water-logged soils. So, the plant can be planted both on dry-land and wet land.

Planting Material

Suckers are used as planting material. The suckers with about 20 – 30 cm of petioles are planted on prepared ridges or beds. The leaves had to be cut before planting to the field.

Field Preparation

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Selected sites are cleared of vegetation by means of herbicides or slash-and- burn. Either beds or ridges are prepared for the planting.

Planting and Spacing

The suckers are planted to the prepared beds by first digging small holes of 5 – 7 cm deep each then putting in the suckers and covering them with soil. The rows may be 90 – 120 cm apart with between plants spacing of 30 – 45 cm on raised beds.

Manuring

Taro responds well to fertilization. Fertilizers at 30 g of 15:15:15 are applied per point during planting and another 30 g at 3 – 4 months later. Weeding up to 3 months is necessary. Irrigation and some fertilizing are necessary to enhance yield.

Harvesting

Taro can be harvested 8 – 12 months after planting depending on variety. For “Thailand” variety it can be harvested 9 – 12 months after planting. As mature corms or cormels are fully formed, they may be harvested either by pulling or digging up with the hoe. The leaves may be removed by cutting and then the corms and cormels may be selected.

3.0 Herbs and Spices - AGRONOMIC PRACTICES

3.1 MISAI KUCING (Orthosiphon stamineus Benth)

Misai Kucing or Java Tea originated from South Asia such as Thailand, Indonesia, Phillipines including the Malay archipelagos, Malaysia. It had been used in traditional medicine to cure urinary bladder stone, kidney problems, gall bladder, rheumatism, diabetes and fever. Misai Kucing had been identified as the potential commercial herb because of its medicinal value and easy to plant.

Climate and soils suitability

Misai Kucing is suitable for planting in wide range of soils including sandy and alluvial soils. It requires average monthly rainfall of 180-200 cm. Irrigation would be necessary during drier season. It can stands

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Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics waterlogged condition within 24 hours. It needs moist soil for vigorous vegetative growth.

Land Preparation

The planting area should be rotovated one month before planting to get rid of weeds. Liming using Ground Magnesium Limestone (GML) is applied during first rotovation allowing better mixing with the soil. The rate of liming is depending on the soil‟s pH. The optimum soil pH for Misai Kucing are between 5.5 to 6.0.

Planting Material

Planting materials are prepared by stem cuttings. The stem cuttings start to root, two weeks after planting in the polybags. Rooted cuttings could be transplanted to the field at the age of 4-5 weeks in the nursery.

Spacing

Recommended spacing is 1.5m between rows and 0.45m within row and planting density of 14,800/ha.

Fertiliser application

Sandy Soils

Basal dressing of 10 tonne dried chicken dung broadcast and mixed to the soil three days before field planting and 6 months later. Alternatively organic based fertilizer N:P:K at the ratio of 10:10:10 could be applied at the rate of 1,000kg/ha every six months interval.

Alluvial Soils

The same for sandy soils but at reduced rate of 5 tonne/ha and organic based fertiliser at the rate of 500kg/ha.

Irrigation System

Depending on the soils type and water source, over head sprinkler could be used for commercial production or dripped irrigation would be more appropriate when silvery black plastic mulch is used.

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Weed Control

Weed control is critical during the early stage of establishment. Later the canopy could suppress weeds growth. However silver black plastic cover could be used to control weeds and at the same time to prevent soils and chicken dung fertilizer splash to the leaves.

Pest Management

There is no serious pest and disease occurrence yet.

Shading

40 – 50% shading is only required for sandy soils especially during drier months. Shading mat or shading crops/trees could be planted as inter crop using hedge planting or traditional square planting system.

Harvesting

Manual cutting is usually practice. The first harvesting could be done10 weeks after field planting. About 30 cm of the twig is cut once in two weeks interval. The average yield would be 5-6 tonne/ha/year dried leaves at 10% moisture content.

3.2 KACANGMA (Leonurus sibiricus L)

Kacangma or Chinese Motherwart also known as Serating, Tebung Aga or Padang Deman belongs to Labiatae family. It is a biennial herb used for many conditions, especially those affecting women. The whole plant and seeds can be used. Traditionaly it can be used as:  Postnatal and as tonic  The pink-flowered form is good for enriching the blood while the white- flowered form is good for improving vigour.  Raw seeds with the husk removed are a good tonic drink. It increases strength, promotes blood circulation, enriches the bone marrow, soothes the lungs and stops thirst.  Regulates menses, for diuretic and anti-swelling.

Climate and soils suitability

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Kacangma is a hairy annual herb of about 1m high. It prefers damp soils by river banks and in paddy fields. There are two types of plant namely, pink- flowered and white-flowered forms.

Land Preparation

The planting area should be rotovated. Raised beds of 1 meter wide are prepared. Liming using Ground Magnesium Limestone (GML) is applied during rotovation allowing better mixing with the soil. The rate of liming is depending on the soil‟s pH. The optimum soil pH is between 5.5 to 6.0.

Planting Material

Propagation is by seeds which germinate about one week after sowing. Seeds could be sown direct to the raised beds. The recommended rate is 2gm of dry seeds per square meter of planting bed. The seeds are mixture with equal weight of dry sand for even distribution of seeds on the surface of planning bed.

Spacing

Raised beds are spaced about 40-60cm apart.

Fertiliser application

Basal dressing of 2kg/square meter of dried chicken dung and 100gm/square meter of N:P:K compound fertilizer (15:15:15 broadcast and mixed to the soil three days before seeds are sown.

Irrigation System

Over head sprinkler could be used for commercial production.

Weed Control

Weed control is critical during the early stage of establishment. Regular weeding is necessary. Plastic cover could be used to control weeds in between beds.

Pest Management

There is no serious pest and disease occurrence yet.

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Harvesting

From seedlings to maturity, the plants undergo numerous phase changes. During the first month, the plant is a rosette of ovate and coarsely crennulatedentate leaves on elongated petioles. In the second month of growth, a single stem shoot up and cauline leaves developed. The stem begins to bear flowers in the third month of growth. Usually the plants are harvested after about two months of growth. Under local climatic conditions, production can be all year round giving at least 4-5 rounds of harvest per year. Some lants are allowed to grow for seed production for the next round of planting. The fresh foliar yield is about 2.2 kg//square meter which is approximately 20 tonne/ha.

3.3 SERAI MAKAN/LEMON GRASS (Cymbopogen citratus (DC.) Staf.)

Serai makan (Lemon grass) originated from Sri Lanka and had been distributed to wide area in the tropic such as Malaysia, Indonesia, Tanzania, Brazil, Guatemala and China. Locally lemon grass is planted as backyard planting mainly used as food flavouring. The extracts from lemon grass could be used in cosmetic industry.

Climate and soils suitability

Lemon grass is suitable for planting in tropical climate, with sufficient sunshine and rain. The best yearly rainfall ranged between 2,500 to 3,000 mm. It can grow well on wide range of soils except heavy clay soils with poor drainage. The best soil for lemon grass is sandy loam.

Land Preparation

Weedicide could be sprayed prior to ploughing of the land area. The planting area should is then ploughed and rotovated. Liming using Ground Magnesium Limestone (GML) is applied during rotovation allowing better mixing with the soil. The rate of liming is depending on the soil‟s pH. The optimum soil pH for is between 5.5 to 6.0.

Planting Material

Planting materials are prepared by using rooted suckers. The rooted suckers are obtained from mature clump of 8-9 months old. Only healthy and larger

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Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics size suckers are used for planting. Leaves are cut leaving the stem of 20-25cm for field planting.

Planting and Spacing

One or two rooted suckers are planted per planting hole. Recommended spacing is 1.0m between rows and 0.5m within row giving the planting density of 20,000 clump/ha.

Crop Management

Fertiliser application

Main Crop: Compound fertiliser (N:P:K at ratio of 15:15:15) applied between the rows in three split application at the rate of 400kg/ha. First application is at the first month after planting at the rate of 100kg/ha. Second fertilizer application is at the third months after planting at the rate of 150 kg/ha and the third application is at the fifth month after planting at the rate of 150 kg/ha.

Ratoon Crop: N:P:K(15:15:15) applied after harvesting at the rate of 10 kg/ha. Second application is at the first month after harvesting at the rate of 150 kg/ha and third application is at the third month after harvesting at the rate of 150 kg/ha.

Irrigation System Tolerant to light drought and irrigation is not necessary, however it is advisable that planting should be done at the beginning of rainy season for better growth.

Weed Control Weeds are controlled manually during the early stage of establishment. At later age when plants are larger size contact weedicide such as paraquat dichloride can be used if necessary however spraying should be done cautiously.

Pest Management

There is no serious pest and disease occurrence yet.

Harvesting

Fresh Use

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Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics

Harvesting could be done 6-8 months after field planting. Clumps are dug by hoe. Roots and leaves are cut leaving a clean stem of 15-20cm long. At planting density of 20,000 clumps/ha, one clump can produce 25-30 stems. Therefore for one hectare planting the total clean stems produce would be 500,000- 600,000 this is equivalent to about 16.6-20 tonne/ha (based on 30 stems/kg) of fresh stem. Replanting is necessary for the next harvest.

Production of essential oils (“minyak pati”)

First harvesting could be done 6-8 months after field planting. Leaves are cut 10cm above ground level. The clumps are allowed to grow and reproduce. Fertilisers are applied and harvesting could be done once in 3-4 months. 12-15 tonne/ha of fresh leaves could be harvested per round depending on age of the crop and soil fertility. In the first year fresh leaves yield is about 24-30 tonne/ha (2 harvests) and in the second and subsequent years is about36-45 tonne/ha (three harvests). Yield reduction usually observed in the 4-5 years after planting and replanting should be done at this time.

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PEST AND DISEASES CONTROL Table 1. Insect pests of common vegetables and their control measures

Crop Insect Pests Damage caused Control measures

Leafy and root Diamondback moth Larvae feed on underside of leaves, Integrated Pest Management (IPM) for Nethouse vegetables (Plutella xylostella) leaving skeletal remains Vegetables

Crucifers Preventive Measures Cabbage Centre grub Young larvae feed on leaves. Older  Use of netted structure to exclude adults of the Chinese cabbage (Hellula undalis) larvae bore into growing points larger insects Sawi bunga  Practice crop rotation to disrupt the pest life cycles Sawi putih  Practice proper sanitation measures such as Sawi pahit Cluster caterpillar Young larvae feed on leaves and removal and disposal of insect-infested plant parts Sawi hijau (Crocidolomia young shoots. Webbing accompanies and crop residues Sawi kerinting binotalis) damage  Use of flame thrower as surface soil treatment to kill Lettuce the pests on the residual crops and the soil surface, Carrot weed and grass seed Cutworm Young larvae feed on masses initially  Practice proper planting density. A dense or (Spodoptera litura) then on leaves, shoots and stem, overcrowded crop prevents good coverage during sometimes stripping them bare spraying of insecticides and also provide hiding places for the pests

 Observe of fallow period to break the pest life cycles Flea beetle Adult chew many holes on leaves and to prevent build up of pest population (Phyllotreta sp.) many windows. Grubs feed on roots  Practice proper tillage to expose and kill pests in soil

such as flea beetle

Earwig Both nymph and adult feed by nibbing  Use of yellow sticky traps for monitoring (Chelisoches morio) on the young parts of the plants causing scaring and dirtying the Curative Measures remaining leaves  Bio-pesticides are safe to the users and the environment (eg. Tuba root extracts and Bacillus Aphid Adults and nymphs suck sap from thuringiensis) (Aphis gossypii) young leaves and shoots resulting in  Biological control (Myzus persicae) distortion of the foliage and stunting Control of pests by natural enemies growth of the plant  Beneficial lady bird beetle feeding on aphids  Assassin bug feeding on insect larva  Adult Cotesia, parasitoid of diamond back moth Leaf miner Larvae mine leaves to form white  Spider feeding on insect larva (Liriomyza sp.) blisters  Chemical control Use only products recommended for the target pests and crops. The user is encouraged to use products with the ‘WHITE’ colour bands and ‘BLUE’ colour bands on the labels. (For list of insecticides, which are allowed, refer to Table 4)

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Table 2 : Insect pests of field crops and their control measures

Crops Insect pest Damage Control measure

Maize/swe Maize borer Newly emerged larva may feed on Cultural: et corn/ (Ostrinia salientalis) the leaf tissue causing small Practice proper sanitation. baby corn transparent patches, or bore Remove and burn all maize/sweet/baby corn stubble through the leaf whorls resulting in or stalk before planting horizontal rows of holes on the Chemical: unfolded leaf. The larva may also (For list of insecticides, which are allowed, refer migrate downwards to bore into the to Table 4) stem

Aphid

Aphids suck sap from the shoots Biological: Natural enemies of aphid are lady bird beetle and syrphid

Taro Cutworm Larvae feed on leaves, causing Biological: (Spodoptera litura) many holes Assasin bugs are natural predators Cultural: Hawk moth Pluck off infested leaves and destroy the larvae which (Ytreta nessus) are usually found in clusters

Larvae feed on the leaves Cultural: Handpick the larvae

Tapioca Scale

Sweet Weevils Larvae burrow in the stems and Cultural: potato (Cylas formicasius) tubers thus reducing the yield and Crop rotation, quality Use pest-free planting material, harvest timely upon maturity. Plant the stems deep in the bed, raise the height of the bed

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Stem borer Cultural: Remove all crop residues before planting, (Omphisa anastomosalis) Larvae bore in the petioles and good weed control stalks and tunnel downwards into the tubers causing the plant to wilt Tortoise beetle Grubs feed and tunnel in the tubers

Groundnut Cutworm Larvae feed on leaves Chemical: (Spodoptera litura) (For list of insecticides, which are allowed, refer to Table 4)

Leaf miner Young larvae mine the leaves and (Aproaerema modicella) later instars exit the mine to web together several leaflets. Chemical: Damaged leaves become (For list of insecticides, which are allowed, refer brownish, rolled and wilt to Table 4)

(Photo: www.infonet-biovision.org)

Ginger Yellow peach moth Larva feeding in the centre of the Cultural: (Dichocrocis punctiferalis) stem causes death of the ‘heart’, Practice proper sanitation. Remove all infested which is visible when the terminal materials from the field for destruction shoot is wilting

(Photo: Book of Crop Pests and Their Management in Malaysia)

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Table 3 : Insect pests of perennial crop and their control measures

Crop Insect pest Damage Control measure Sugar Aphid Adults and nymphs may cause Biological: cane (Ceratovacuna lanigera dessication of the leaves Parasitic wasps keep aphids under natural control Zehntn.)

Sugarcane borer Larvae bore into and feed on the Chemical: (Phragmataecia spp.) stem of the sugarcane (For list of insecticides, which are allowed, refer to Table 4)

(Eucosma isogramma Meyr.) Larvae bore into and feed on the stem of the sugarcane

(Proceras sacchariphagus ) Larvae bore into and feed on the Chemical: stem of the sugarcane (For list of insecticides, which are allowed, refer to Table 4)

(Photo: Book of Crop Pests and Their Management in Malaysia)

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Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics

Safe Use of Pesticides

Pesticide is a general name used to cover the group of products that include acaricides, fungicides, herbicides, insecticides, molluscicides, nematicides and rodenticides. Pesticides must be handled and used in accordance with the manufacturer‟s recommendation. Growers are advised to follow the instructions as stated on the labels of the pesticide packing. Instructions on the label should be closely followed to ensure effective application and to avoid risks to operators, consumers and the environment. This is also to ensure that the farm produce, when marketed both locally and internationally is safe for human consumption.

All pesticide applications should be regarded as technical operations. There is no room for casual approach to pesticide application. The requirements for good agriculture practices on pesticides include the following: choice of pesticides, advice on pesticides usage, records of application, safety, training and instructions, protective clothing and gears, pre-harvest interval, spray equipment, disposal of surplus spray mix, pesticide storage, disposal of empty pesticide containers and disposal of obsolete pesticides (Department of Agriculture, Malaysia; 2005).

1 Choice of Pesticides

Growers should only use pesticides that are officially registered under the Pesticide Act. The pesticides used should be appropriate for a particular crop and specific targeted pest or disease and which have minimal effect on populations of beneficial organisms, aquatic life, workers, consumers and the environment. An anti-resistance strategy should be adopted to avoid reliance on any one chemical. In other words, crop producers are encouraged to practice alternate use of different types of pesticides. In selecting a pesticide for a pest problem, it is important to choose the least hazardous product that is

cost-effective against the targeted pest. As a general guide, the larger the LD50 values, the least toxic the product is to the spraying operators (Table 1).

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Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics

WHO pesticide classification and their associated mammalian toxicity values

LD50 for rat (mg/kg body weight) Colour Class Hazardous level Oral Dermal coding Solids* Liquids* Solids* Liquids* 1a Extremely hazardous 5 or less 20 or less 10 or less 40 or less Ib Highly hazardous 5 - 50 20 - 200 10 - 100 40 - 400 II Moderately hazardous 50 - 500 200 - 2000 100 - 1000 400 - 4000 III Slightly hazardous 500 - 5000 2000 - 20000 1000 - 10000 4000 - 40000 Unlikely to present a IV Over 5000 Over 20000 Over 10000 Over 10000 hazard * The term solids and liquids refer to the physical state of the active ingredient being classified

2 Advice on Pesticide Usage

Growers could seek advice on pesticide usage from agriculture officers and other competent authorities. Perspective users of pesticides must identify their pest or disease problem, in order to avoid unnecessary use of the products. There may be circumstances where the use of pesticides would not be appropriate, such as where cultural or biological methods of control are more effective. IPM is the best option and using pesticides is the last resort.

3 Records of Application

Growers are advised to keep farm records for traceability purposes. The lists of product that are used on the crops should be recorded. The record should also include date of application, reasons for application, trade name of pesticide used, dosage, method of application and name of operator.

4 Safety, Training and Instructions

Spray operators should be trained on safe and proper use of pesticides. Each area of application should be field marked with appropriate warning signs.

5 Protective Clothing and Gears

In order to understand how to protect against the hazards of pesticides, it is important to know how they might enter the body. There are three routes; via the mouth (oral), the skin (dermal) and by breathing into the lungs via the nose or mouth (inhalation). In most spraying operations, exposure to the skin is the most likely route of contamination because of spillage, splashes or spray

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Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics

contact. Thus, the emphasis is on how to minimise skin contact. The head is a sensitive area due to a higher rate of absorption of products via the hair follicles. The eyes are particularly sensitive and require special attention.

Spray operators should be equipped with suitable protective clothing and equipment, in order to minimize health risk and safety. The minimum requirement includes the wearing of long sleeve shirt, long pants, apron, cap, face mask, hand glove and long boot (Fig. 5 a). Due to our humid environment, spraying activities should be carried during the early morning or late evening. Protective clothing and gears should be cleaned after use and stored separately from pesticides (Fig. 5 b). This is also to meet the requirements for farm workers under the Occupational Safety and Health regulations.

(a) Proper safety attire during spraying (b) Proper storage of aprons and face mask

OSHA model (c) Protective clothing and gears

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Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics

6 Pre-harvest Interval

Pre-harvest interval is the period of time which must elapse between the application of a pesticide and the harvesting of a crop, to ensure that pesticide residues on the produce are within permissible limits. Pre-harvest intervals as prescribed on pesticide labels should be strictly adhered. This is very important to avoid the pesticide residues on farm produce.

7 Spray Equipment

Spray equipment should be suitable for use on the crop and farm in question and should be kept in good working condition (Fig. 7a). Calibration should be carried out as and when necessary to ensure accurate delivery of the required quantity of spray. When mixing pesticides, the correct quantity of spray mix for the crop to be treated and the proposed treatment type should be calculated and accurately prepared.

(a) Proper storage of sprayers, & Spray equipment

7.1 Measuring and Mixing

The recommended dose rates and dilutions on the labels should be adhered to. Higher dosage will not produce better results while the lower dosage will be less effective. The method adopted for measuring and preparation for use will vary according to the product and the scale of use. Ready-to-use solid products, such as dusts and granules, can be tipped or scooped from their packs directly into the hoppers of the sprayers. Concentrates which mix easily with water, can be measured out and then poured directly into sprayer tanks partly filled with water. Wettable powders should be premixed with a little water before pouring into a partly-filled sprayer tank. The tank should then be filled with water to the correct level, and mixed well. Importantly, never use hands for mixing.

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Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics

8 Disposal of Surplus Spray Mix

Surplus spray mix and tank washings should be sprayed over an untreated part of the crop as long as the recommended dosage has not been exceeded or on designated fallow land. Records should be kept of such spraying.

9 Pesticide Storage

Pesticides are valuable products which may deteriorate and become useless and perhaps hazardous if they are not stored under proper conditions. There are rules and regulations on storage of pesticides, be it at the sale outlet or at farm level. Pesticides must be stored in a sound, secured, water resistant, well- ventilated and well-lit location away from other materials. All shelvings should be of non-absorbent material. The pesticide store should be able to retain spillage. We should never place containers of pesticides directly on the floor. Use bricks or timber under the containers so that leaks may be discovered easily. Keys and access to the store should be limited to workers with adequate training in the handling of pesticides. All pesticides should be stored in their original packing and only those registered for use on the crops on the farm should be stored. Pesticides in powder form are stored on shelves above those in liquid form (Fig. 9 a). Herbicides are normally placed on the lowest shelf. There is a need to place warning signs of potential danger on access doors (Fig. 9 b). There should be adequate facilities for measuring and mixing pesticides and emergency facilities, e.g. plenty of clean water and bucket of sand (Fig. 9 c), to deal with contamination and accidental spillage.

(a) Proper storage of pesticides

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Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics

(b) Placing of a danger sign on door (c) Bucket of sand in store of pesticide store

10 Disposal of Empty Pesticide Containers

Empty pesticide containers should not be re-used. They should be disposed in a manner that avoids exposure to human and contamination of the environment. There is a triple rinsing technique for the washing of these empty containers. The three times rinsing with water is done in three positions each (Fig. 10 a - c) and the washings are returned to the spray tank (Fig. 10 d). These rinsed containers should be pierced to prevent reuse. They should also be securely kept until disposal is possible (Fig. 10 e). In the absence of a collection and disposal service for empty pesticide containers, these containers could be buried in disposal pits away from dwellings, water sources and crops. These disposal pits should be properly labeled.

(a) (b) (c)

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Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics

(a) (e) (f)

Disposal of empty pesticide container

(a) Step 1 of triple rinsing of an empty pesticide container (b) Step 2 of triple rinsing of an empty pesticide container (c) Step 3 of triple rinsing of an empty pesticide container (d) Return of washing from triple rinsing into the spray tank (e) Proper storage of empty pesticide containers (f) disposal pit, away from dwellings, water sources and crops and properly labeled.

11 Disposal of Obsolete Pesticides

Obsolete pesticides should only be disposed through an approved chemical waste contractor, in accordance with the standing environmental regulations.

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Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics

Table 4. List of insecticides and molluscicides, which are allowed for use on leafy and fruit vegetables

TANAMAN PEROSAK BAHAN AKTIF NAMA DAGANGAN Kailan Siput metaldehyde Elatus, Snail Tox, Sluggo M-5 Achatina fulica

Ulat pangkas chlorfluazuron Atabron 5EC Agrotis ipsilon deltamethrin Decis Minitab Cylex 16 EC, Deploy 5.5 EC, Flick 5.5 EC, Garrison 5.5 EC, cypermethrin Kutu daun Kencis 1600, Ken-Cyper 1600, Aphis sp. Omega 5.5 EC, Trounce 16 EC dimethoate + Cyperdim 220 EC cypermethrin Kutu daun cypermethrin Kencis 1600, Ken-Cyper 1600 Lipaphis sp. Kutu daun cypermethrin Halex Cypermethrin Myzus persicae chlorfluazuron Atabron dimethoate + Cyperdim 220 EC Ulat Hellula cypermethrin Hellula undalis deltamethrin Decis Minitab

trichlorphon Dipterex

Lintah bulan metaldehyde Elatus, Snail Tox, Sluggo M-5 Limax sp. Kabuh lenting deltamethrin Decis Minitab Phyllotreta sp. Ulat inti daun dimethoate + Cyperdim 220 EC Phytomyza sp. cypermethrin Abatin 1.8 EC, Agrimec 1.9 EC, Ulat plutella Ancotin 018, Habamec 1.8 EC, abamectin Plutella xylostella Halex Abamectin 1.8 EC, Mectin 1.8 EC, Mutant, Vegegard

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Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics

TANAMAN PEROSAK BAHAN AKTIF NAMA DAGANGAN Kailan Ulat plutella fenvalerate AGR Fenrate 20 EC, AGR Plutella Fenrate 35 EC xylostella chlorfluazuron Atabron 5 EC Bacillus thuringiensis Betee 32K, Florbac, Protect subsp.Aizawai BT, Sentari WG, Xentari Bacillus thuringiensis Biobit subsp.kurstaki (3A,3B)strain HD-1 diafenthiuron Kalos SC, Pengasus 250 SC, Agus 24SC emamectin benzoate Proclaim 019 EC, Proclaim B indoxacarb Steward, Tatum Ulat ratus indoxacarb Steward, Tatum Spodoptera exigua Ulat ratus chlorfluazuron Atabron 5 EC Spodoptera deltamethrin Decis Minitab litura trichlorphon Dipterex emamectin benzoate Proclaim 019 EC, Proclaim B indoxacarb Steward, Tatum Ulat ratus spinosad Success 25 SC Spodoptera sp. Hamama merah abamectin Abatin 1.8 EC, Brightin, Tetranychus Mectin 1.8 EC, Mutant, urticae Vegegard flufenoxuron Cascade 2 EC, Cascade 5.3 EC profenofos Cleaver 45.0 EC, Clout 45.0 EC, Fenop, Seron Hamama merah chlorfenapyr Kotetsu SC Tetranychus quinalphos Minalphos urticae fenpyroximate Ortus 5% SC diafenthiuron Pegasus 250 SC pyridaben Sanmite 20 WP

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Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics

TANAMAN PEROSAK BAHAN AKTIF NAMA DAGANGAN Kailan Hamama merah clarified hydrophobic Tripper Tetranychus extract of neem oil + urticae d-limonene Kangkong Siput metaldehyde Meta 5G Achatina sp. Lintah bulan Limax sp. Brokoli Ulat plutella Bacillus thuringiensis B.tis, Bagone, Crymac Plutella subsp.kurstaki xylostella Bacillus thuringiensis Betee 32 K subsp.Aizawai Ulat jengkal Bacillus thuringiensis B.tis, Bagone, Crymac Trichoplusia ni subsp.kurstaki

Bayam Siput metaldehyde Elatus, Metarex 5G, Snail Achatina fulica Tox Ulat pangkas fenvalerate Sumitower 303 Agrotis ipsilon Kutu daun dimethoate Vita Dimethoate Aphis sp. Kutu daun chlorpyrifos Mission 400 Myzus sp. Lintah bulan metaldehyde Elatus, Snail Tox Deroceras sp. Limax sp. Ulat hellula dimethoate Vita Dimethoate Hellula undalis Pelombong dimethoate Vita Dimethoate daun Phyllocnistis citrella Ulat ratus cypermethrin Salithion 16% Spodoptera fenvalerate Sumitower 303 litura Hamama merah dimethoate Vita Dimethoate Tetranychus sp. Kutu trip chlorpyrifos Mission 400 Thrips sp. dimethoate Vita Dimethoate

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Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics

TANAMAN PEROSAK BAHAN AKTIF NAMA DAGANGAN Kubis Cina Ulat pangkas deltamethrin Decis Minitab Agrotis ipsilon fenvalerate Sumitower 303

Kutu daun cartap Cartap 98 SP Aphis sp. hydrochloride Kutu daun permerthrin Arsato Brevicoryne brassicae Kutu daun fenvalerate Fenditox 20EC Myzus persicae Ulat hellula Decis, Decis 250, Decis deltamethrin Hellula undalis Minitab fenvalerate Sumicidin 10% WP

abamectin Zabamec 20

Kabuh lenting deltamethrin Decis Minitab Phyllotreta sp. fenvalerate Sumicidin 10 WP Ulat plutella Agrimec 1.9 EC, Habamec Plutella abamectin 1.8 EC, Halex Abamectin 1.8 xylostella EC Bacillus Beetee 32K thuringiensis subsp.Aizawai Decis, Decis 250, Decis deltamethrin Minitab chlorfenapyr Kotetsu, Kotetsu SC emamectin Proclaim 019 EC, Proclaim benzoate B Sumicidin, Sumitower 303 fenvalerate

Ulat ratus Carbacide 85 Spodoptera carbaryl litura Spodoptera cartap Cartap 98 SP, Tadan 50 WP litura hydrochloride deltamethrin Decis Minitab Fenditox 20 EC, Sumicidin fenvalerate 10% WP, Sumitower 303 Proclaim 019 EC, Proclaim emamectin B benzoate

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Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics

TANAMAN PEROSAK BAHAN AKTIF NAMA DAGANGAN Kubis bunga Ulat pangkas deltamethrin Action 250, Omelin 250 Agrotis ipsilon Ulat pangkas Lonsat deltamethrin Agrotis sp. Kutu daun dimethoate + Cyperdim 220 EC, Decor,

Aphis sp. cypermethrin Konsep 550 cypermethrin Satria 5.5 EC Tamet 40 dimethoate

Kutu daun Brevicoryne permethrin Arsato, Parasect 100 brassicae Barrix 55, Bost 999, Chicop- S161, Cidoff 110, Cidoff 55, cypermethrin Cypersan, Cypersect , Kontek, Larvin, Oltex 55, Racer 55, Unithrin 5 EC chlorpyrifos + cypermethrin Gaya 505

Kutu daun dimethoate Fezmet, Fezmet 40 Lipaphis sp. lambda- Recca 280, Trekker 28

cyhalothrin Kutu daun diazinon Basudin EW Myzus persicae Dimet 40, Dimeto 400, dimethoate Roction 400 Kutu daun Rothion Myzus sp. dimethoate

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Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics

TANAMAN PEROSAK BAHAN AKTIF NAMA DAGANGAN Ulat Kubis bunga crocidolomia lambda- Recca 280, Trekker 28 Crocidolomia cyhalothrin binotalis Ulat hellula deltamethrin Catch Hellula undalis dimethoate + Cyperdim 220 EC cypermethrin chlorpyrifos + Decor, Gaya 505, Konsep 550 cypermethrin Dimet 40, Dimeto 400, Rocthion dimethoate 400, Rothion Kabuh lenting diazinon Basudin EW Phyllotreta sp. Ulat inti daun dimethoate + Cyperdim 220 EC Phytomyza sp. cypermethrin Rothion dimethoate

Ulat pieris lambda- Recca 280, Trekker 28 Pieris rapae cyhalothrin Ulat plutella Action 250, Catch, Lonsat, Plutella deltamethrin Omelin 250, Permit, Sonic 2.5 EC xylostella Bacillus thuringiensis Beetee 32K subsp.Aizawai diafenthiuron Kalos SC, Agus 24SC chlorpyrifos + Konsep 550, Decor cypermethrin lambda- Recca 280, Trekker 28 cyhalothrin indoxacarb Steward, Tatum diflubenzuron + alphacypermethrin Trap

Ulat ratus Steward, Tatum Spodoptera indoxacarb

exigua Action 250, Catch, Deltarin 280, Ulat ratus Omelin 250, Permit, Sonic 2.5 EC Spodoptera deltamethrin

litura

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Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics

TANAMAN PEROSAK BAHAN AKTIF NAMA DAGANGAN

Delta 1.4 EC, Delta 2.5 EC, Ulat pangkas deltamethrin Deltafos 1.4 EC Agrotis ipsilon

Ulat pangkas deltamethrin Lonsat Agrotis sp. Lalat putih Aleurodicus dimethoate Vita Dimethoate dispersus Lalat putih dimethoate Dimeto 400, Roction 400 Aleurodicus sp. Lalat putih dimethoate Dimet 40 Bemisia tabaci Halex Dimethoate 38 EC, Kutu daun dimethoate Lexide 400 EC Aphis sp. diazinon Mapa Diazinon 60 Action 250, Decis, Decis 250, Pelombong daun deltamethrin Kacang panjang Chromatomyia Decis Minitab, Omelin 250 horticola cyromazine Trigard 75 WP Pelombong daun Decis, Decis 250, Decis deltamethrin Liriomyza sp. Minitab diazinon Pelombong daun Mapa Diazinon 60

Phyllocnistis citrella dimethoate Vita Dimethoate

Pelombong daun Phytomyza diazinon Basudin EW atricornis Pelombong daun dimethoate Lexide 400 EC Phytobia sp. Lelompat daun acetamiprid Mospilan 3% EW Empoasca fabae Kumbang kura- kura dimethoate Lexide 400 EC Epilachna sp.

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Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics

TANAMAN PEROSAK BAHAN AKTIF NAMA DAGANGAN Kacang panjang Pengorek kacang carbaryl CH Carbaryl 85 Euchrysops cnejus Chichop-S161, Cidoff 10, cypermethrin Cidoff 55, Clik, Kemiron, Salithion 16%, Satria 5.5 EC deltamethrin Desec 140, Desec 280

Pengorek kacang Barrix 55, Bost 999, Cypersan, cypermethrin Euchrysops sp. Cypersect, Oltex 55, Racer 55 Pengorek buah cypermethrin Cyper 50 EC Euchrysops meruca Ulat kuntum/ Ulat pengorek kacang cyfluthrin Baythroid 5 EC Helicoverpa armigera Bacillus thuringiensis subs.kurstaki (3A,3B) Biobit strain HD-1 betacyfluthrin Bulldock 025 EC

cypermethrin Chipthrin 5.5 Bacillus thuringiensis Dipel subsp. kurstaki lambda-chyalothrin Karate Zeon

lufenuron Match 050 EC Ulat pengorek buah cypermethrin Cypersing 550, Farmsect 550 Helicoverpa assulta lufenuron Exodus 5.1 EC Ulat pengorek buah Kontek, Mythrin, Nong Dat cypermethrin Helicoverpa sp. 500 Ulat pengorek buah cypermethrin Kontex Maruca sp. Pengorek buah/ pucuk lufenuron Match 050 EC Leucinodes sp. Pengorek lengai cypermethrin ACM Cyberthrin 10.5, ACM Maruca testulalis Cyberthrin 5.5, Apture 5.5 EC, Bina Cyper 10.5 EC, Bina Cyper 5.5 EC, BL Cyper 10.5 EC, BL Cyper 5.5 EC, BM Cythrin, Chipthrin 5.5, Cyperact 10.5 EC, Cyper-Axe, Cyper-EC, Cypersing 550, Farmsect 550, Kemiron

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Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics

TANAMAN PEROSAK BAHAN AKTIF NAMA DAGANGAN Kacang panjang Pengorek lengai deltamethrin Action 250, Binadelta 1.4 EC, Maruca testulalis Binadelta 2.8 EC, BL Delta 1.4 EC, BL Delta 2.8 EC, Catch, Decis, Decis 250, Decis Minitab, Dentafos 2.8, Desec 140, Shieldmate 2.8 EC betacyfluthrin Bulldock 025 EC flufenoxuron Cascade 2 EC beta-cypermethrin Chix imidacloprid + Confidor Matrix cyfluthrin lambda-cyhalothrin Karate lufenuron Match 050 EC acetamiprid Mospilan 20% WSC, Mospilan 3% EC Pengorek lengai cypermethrin Mythrin, Nong Dat 500, Maruca testulalis Salithion 16%, Salithion 550 methoxyfenozide Runner 240 SC

indoxacarb Steward, Tatum

gamma-cyhalothrin Vantex Kutu trip imidacloprid Admire 200 SL, Confidor, Megalurothrips ConfIdor 200 SL, Indigo, usitatus Provado 200 SL cypermethrin Bugster Kutu trip Thrips palmi imidacloprid Confidor, Indigo

mercaptodimethur Mandate 50, Snapshot 50 diafenthiuron Pegasus 250 SC Kutu trip deltamethrin Decis Minitab Thrips sp. dimethoate Lexide 400 EC, Vita Dimethoate mercaptodimethur Mesurol 50 WP Lalat kacang Melanagromyza dimethoate Dimet 40 phaseoli Ulat daun diazinon WA Diazinon EC Omiodes sp. Ulat inti daun diazinon Dianet, SH Diazinon, WA Phytomyza sp. Diazinon dimethoate Lexide 400 EC

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Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics

BAHAN TANAMAN PEROSAK NAMA DAGANGAN AKTIF Kacang Hamama Pegasus 250 SC diafenthiuron panjang Polyphagotarsonemus sp. sulfur Microthiol 80 WG Hamama merah amitraz Comatec 21.6, Mitac Tetranychus sp. Roction 400, Vita dimethoate dimethoate Hamama merah diafenthiuron Pegasus 250 SC Tetranychus urticae Ulat ratus lambda- Karate Zeon Spodoptera exigua cyhalothrin Decis Minitab, Delta 1.4 deltamethrin EC, Delta 2.5 EC, Deltafos Ulat ratus 1.4 EC, Fujita B Spodoptera litura Salithion 16%, Salithion cypermethrin 550

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Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics

BAHAN TANAMAN PEROSAK NAMA DAGANGAN AKTIF Kacang Lalat putih buncis Aleurodicus dimethoate Vita Dimethoate dispersus Lalat putih abamectin Abamec 018, Avemec 018 Bemisia tabaci dimethoate Dimet 40 Kutu daun dimethoate Halex Dimethoate 38 EC Aphis sp. Action 250, Decis, Decis 250, Decis Pelombong daun deltamethrin Minitab, Omelin 250 Chromatomyia Brent 75 WP, Frontier 75 WP, horticola cyromazine Trigard 75 WP Pelombong daun deltamethrin Decis, Decis 250, Decis Minitab, Liriomyza sp. Pelombong daun dimethoate Vita Dimethoate Phyllocnistis citrella Chicop-S161, Cidoff 110, Cidoff 55, Pengorek kacang cypermethrin Clik, Kemiron, Salithion 16%, Euchrysops cnejus Salithion 550 Pengorek kacang Barrix 55, Bost 999, Cypersan, cypermethrin Euchrysops sp. Cypersect, Oltex 55, Racer 55 Pengorek buah cypermethrin Cyper 50 EC Euchrysops meruca cyfluthrin Baythroid 5 EC Bacillus Ulat kuntum/Ulat thuringiensis pengorek subsp.kurstaki Biobit Helicoverpa (3A,3B)strain armigera HD-1 Betacyfluthrin Bulldock 025 EC

Pengorek lengai deltamethrin Action 250, Binadelta 1.4 EC, Maruca testulalis Binadelta 2.8 EC, BL Delta 1.4 EC, BL Delta 2.8 EC, Catch, Decis, Decis 250, Decis Minitab, Desec, Desec 280, Omelin 250, Shielmate 1.4 EC, Shielmate 2.8 EC lambda-cyhalothrin Vente 25

betacyfluthrin Bulldock 025 EC

imidacloprid + Confidor Matrix cyfluthrin

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Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics

BAHAN TANAMAN PEROSAK NAMA DAGANGAN AKTIF Kacang Buncis Cypergard 10 EW, Pengorek lengai Cyperway 10 EW, cypermethrin Maruca testulalis Kemiron, Salithion 16%, Salithion 550 Kutu trip Megalurothrips usitatus imidacloprid Confidor, Indigo Thrips palmi deltamethrin Decis Minitab Kutu trip Logor, Logor Blu, Vita Thrips sp. dimethoate Dimethoate deltamethrin Decis Minitab

diazinon Dianet, SH Diazinon Lalat kacang Logor, Logor Blu, Vita Melanagromyza phaseoli dimethoate Dimethoate Tritex 95 SP trichlorphon

Lalat kacang dimethoate Dimet 40 Ophiomyia phaseoli Kabuh lenting deltamethrin Decis, Decis 250 Phyllotreta sinuata Kabuh lenting deltamethrin Decis Minitab Phyllotreta sp. Ulat inti daun Dianet, SH Diazinon diazinon Phytomyza sp. deltamethrin Decis Minitab Ulat ratus Salithion 16%, Salithion Spodoptera litura cypermethrin 550 Arthur 21.7 EC, Comatec amitraz 21.6, Mirax 216, Mitac, Hamama merah Vintage 21.7 EC Tetranychus sp. Logor, Logor Blu, Vita dimethoate Dimethoate

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Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics

BAHAN TANAMAN PEROSAK NAMA DAGANGAN AKTIF Lalat putih thiamethoxam Actara 25WG Aleurodicus dispersus thiamethoxam Actara 25WG imidacloprid + cyfluthrin Confidor Matrix Lalat putih abamectin Dyna-Mec 19 Bemisia tabaci buprofezin Lanmertin diafenthiuron Pengasus 250 SC cypermethrin CyMac, Cym-H, Cyperten Kutu daun acetamiprid Dekker, Mospilan 3% EC Aphis gossypii Mastin 88, Meothin 500, permethrin Parasect 100 carbofuran Campaign 3G, Carbosip 3G CH Malaxion 570E, CH malathion Malaxion 84.0, Teraxion 1000E Kutu daun Dimet 40, Fezmet, Fezmet Aphis sp. dimethoate 40, Lexide 400EC, Rogor L- Terung 40 Kencis 1600, Ken-Cyper cypermethrin 1600 fenvalerate Sumicidin 10%WP Kumbang daun CH Malaxion 570E, Teraxion malathion Aulacophora sp. 1000E thiamethoxam Actara 25WG Lelompat daun Fusilier 18.3SL, Imida 200, Empoasca fabae imidacloprid Kendor, Nexus 18.3SL, Pack-It 200 Lelompat daun chlorfenapyr Kotetsu, Kotetsu SC Empoasca sp. Hamama propargite Omite 57EC Eotetranychus sp. trichlorphon CH Trichlorphon 95

Kumbang kura-kura deltamethrin Decis, Decis 250 Epilachna indica Dimeto 400, Fezmet, dimethoate Fezmet 40, Roction 400, Rogor L-40

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Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics

BAHAN TANAMAN PEROSAK NAMA DAGANGAN AKTIF

Kumbang kura-kura deltamethrin Decis Minitab, Permit Epilachna sp. dimethoate Halex Dimethoate 38EC, Lexide 400EC Chicop-S161, Cypersect, Kontek, cypermethrin alithion 16% deltamethrin Desec 140, Desec 280

lufenuron Match 050 EC Ulat kuntum/ulat pengorek Helicoverpa armigera permethrin Parasect 100 lambda-cyhalothrin Recca 280, Trekker 28

methoxyfenozide Runner 240 SC Terung fenvalerate Sumicidin 10% WP, Sumitox 3.0 ACM Cyberthrin 10.5, ACM Cyberthrin 5.5, Apture 5.5EC, Barrix 55, Bina Cyper 10.5EC, Bina Cyper 5.5EC, BL Cyper 10.5EC, BL Cyper 5.5EC, BM Cythrin, Bost 999, Chicop-S161, Chipthrin 5.5, Cidoff 110, Cidoff 55, Clik, Cylex 16EC, Pengorek buah/pucuk cypermethrin CyMac, Cym-H, Cyperact 10.5EC, Leucinodes orbonalis Cyperin 550, Cypersan, Cypersect, Cypersing 550, Cyperten, E- Lita, Farmsect 550, Flick 5.5 EC, Garrison 5.5 EC, Ha Zhong Mah 50, Halex Cypermethrin, Kemiron, Kontek, Methrin 101, Mythrin, Nong Dat 500,

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Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics

BAHAN TANAMAN PEROSAK NAMA DAGANGAN AKTIF Action 250, Binadelta 1.4EC, Binadelta 2.8EC, BL Delta 1.4EC, BL Delta 2.8 EC, Catch, Decis, Decis deltamethrin 250, Decis Minitab, Omelin 250, Permit, Shieldmate 1.4EC, Shieldmate 2.8 EC AGR Agflow 10 EC, AGR Pilar 10 EC, AGR Porex 10 EC, Agrivo 10 EC, Arsato, Binasect 10EC, BL-Met 10 permethrin EC, Kenbush, Kilsect 10EC, Kilsect 20EC, Mastin 88, Meothin 500, Parasect 100, Perkill Alpha-Thrin, Atis, Orca alpha-cypermethrin 030 EC, Pengorek buah/pucuk Avin 85, Boly 85% WP, CH Leucinodes orbonalis carbaryl Carbaryl 85, Rebel 85%WP, Wesco Carbaryl 85 Terung cyfluthrin Baythroid 5 EC Bacillus thuringiensis Brightflo subsp.aizawai strain NB20 beta-cyfluthrin Bulldock 025 EC thiocyclam-hydrogen Evisect S oxalate lambda-cyhalothrin Karate, Vente 25

carbofuran Pofer 3G

methoxyfenozide Runner 240 SC

indoxacarb Steward, Tatum

fenvalerate Sumicidin 200 diflubenzuron + alpha- Trap cypermethrin carbofuran Campaign 3G, Carbosip 3G Pengorek buah/pucuk cypermethrin Citrinex, Cyper 50 EC, Leucinodes sp. Slithion 16% lufenuron Match 050 EC

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Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics

TANAMA PEROSAK BAHAN AKTIF NAMA DAGANGAN N Kutu daun Kencis 1600 cypermethrin Lipaphis sp. Ken-Cyper 1600 Pengorek lengai lufenuron Match 050 EC Maruca testulalis Kabuh lentinf cypermethrin Cyper 50 EC Phyllotreta sp. Pelombong daun Phytobia sp. dimethoate Lexide 400EC Ulat inti daun Phytomyza sp. Hamama amitraz Amatic 20 EC Polyphagotarsonemus Pengasus 250 SC latus diafenthiuron

Hamama Polyphagotarsonemus sulfur Micrithiol 80WG sp. Kutu trip fipronil Regain 500 Scirtothrips sp. Terung Ulat ratus methoxyfenozide Runner 240 SC Spodptera exigua Ulat ratus Binadelta 1.4EC, Spodptera litura Binadelta 2.8EC, BL Delta 1.4EC, BL Delta 2.8 deltamethrin EC, Decis Minitab, Shieldmate 1.4 EC, Shieldmate 2.8 EC, Ulat ratus Catch, Deltarex 140, Spodptera sp. deltamethrin Deltatox 140, FC Delta 140, Lonsat cypermethrin Cyper 50 EC

lambda-cyhalothrin Recca 280, Trekker 28

Hamama merah bifenthrin Brigade 25 EC Tetranychus sp. CH Malaxion 570E, CH malathion Malaxion 84.0 amitraz Comatec 21.6, Mitac

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Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics

BAHAN TANAMAN PEROSAK NAMA DAGANGAN AKTIF Dimet 40, Dimeto 400, dimethoate Roction 400 spirodiclofen Envidor Hamama merah sulfur Microthiol 80WG Tetranychus urticae propargite Omite Recca 280, Trekker 28 lambda-cyhalothrin

diafenthiuron Pengasus 250 SC Admire 200 SL, Confidor, Confidor 100 SL, Confidor 200 SL, Confidor 70 WG, imidacoprid Elektra, Fantasia, Indigo, Mafidor, Mattador, Provado 200 SL chlorfluazuron „Atabron‟ 5EC

Kutu trip imidacloprid + Confidor Matrix Terung Thrips palmi cyfluthrin chlorfenapyr Kotetsu, Kotetsu SC

carbosulfan Marshal 20SC, Marsk

diafenthiuron Pengasus 250 SC

fipronil Regim 5SC

Spinosad Success 25SC

acetamiprid Tips CH Malaxion 570E, CH malathion Malaxion 84.0, SK Malathion, Teraxion 1000E Kutu trip acetamiprid Dekker Thrips sp. dimethoate Lexide 400EC lambda-cyhalothrin Recca 280, Trekker 28 fipronil Regain 500, Regent 50 SC Lalat putih Trialeurodus abamectin Abamec 018, Avemec 018 vaporariorum

69

Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics

BAHAN TANAMAN PEROSAK NAMA DAGANGAN AKTIF cypermethrin Bugster Confidor, Fusilier 18.3 SL, Imida 200, Indigo, Nascent 18.2 SL, Nexus 18.3 SL, imidacloprid Pack-It 200, Palisade 18.2 SL, RH Imidacloprid, SK Imidacloprid Kutu daun Cothrin, Cracko, Deltam, Aphis gossyphii deltamethrin Destin 1.4 EC, Detin, Vancis, Vanthrin 1.4 EC Dewana Cyperchlor 505, chlorpyrifos + Dragon 505, Energy 505, cypermethrin Naga 505 chlorpyrifos Logic 75

esfenvalerate Sumi-Alpha 28 AGR Cylac 10 EC, AGR Cyma 10 EC, AGR Jola 10 EC, Chipthrin 5.5, Consult 5 EC, Contest 50 EC, Cosmo 35, Cili Crescent 5 EC, Cyper 50 EC, Cyperin 550, Cypersing 550, cypermethrin Farmsect 550, Kencis 1600, Ken-Cyper 1600, larvin, Mythrin, Nong Dat 500, Nullecide 10 EC, Unicide 5.5 EC, Unithrin 5 EC, Zattack Kutu daun 150 Aphis sp. BM Malathion 84, Hextar Malathion 57, Maladion 84 malathion E, Mapa Malathion 57, WA Malathion 84, ZA Malathion 84 EC Dimet 40, Dimexion 40, Fezmet, Fezmet 40, Halex Dimethoate 38 EC, Kenlogo, dimethoate lexide 400 EC, Logor, Logor Blu, Vita Dimethoate Sumicidin 10% WP, Sumitox fenvalerate 3.0

70

Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics

BAHAN TANAMAN PEROSAK NAMA DAGANGAN AKTIF Kutu daun Kencis 1600, Ken-Cyper cypermethrin Lipaphis sp. 1600 Kutu daun azadirachtin AZ, Fortune Aza 3% Myzus persicae chlorpyrifos + Accurate-Ace, Pyriban SP cypermethrin AGR Cylac 10 EC, AGR Cyma 10 EC, AGR Jola 10 EC, Consult cypermethrin 5 EC, Lalat buah Cosmo 35, Cresent 5 EC, Bactrocera sp. Cyper 50 EC, Nullecide 10 EC chlorpyrifos Bodyguard

flufenoxuron Cascade 2EC

deltamethrin Lonsat Confidor, Fusilier 18.3 Cili SL, Imida 200, Lalat putih Indigo, Nascent 18.2 SL, imidacloprid Bemisia tabaci Nexus 18.3 SL, Pack-It 200, Palisade 18.2 SL Lalat putih Duxon Insecticide potassium oleate Trialeurodus sp. Concentrate Lalat putih Abamec 018, Avemec abamectin Trialeurodus vaporariorum 018 Kumbang kura-kura dimethoate Lexide 400 EC Epilachna sp. Kutu trip fipronil Regim 5SC Haplothrips floricola Chipthrin 5.5, Nong Dat cypermethrin 500 Kutu trip deltamethrin Deltatox 140 Scirtothrips dorsalis imidacloprid RH Imidacloprid, SK Imidacloprid

71

Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics

BAHAN TANAMAN PEROSAK NAMA DAGANGAN AKTIF Kutu trip fipronil Regain 500 Scirtothrips sp. Kutu trip Admire 200 SL, Confidor, Confidor Thrips palmi 100 SL, Confidor 200 SL, Elektra, Fantasia, imidacloprid Fusilier 18.3 SL, Imida 200, Indigo, Mafidor, Mattador, Nascent 18.2 SL, Nexus 18.3 SL, Pack-It 200, Palisade 18.2 SL, Provado 200 SL minyak bawang putih Bralic 12.5 EC

imidacloprid + cyfluthrin Confidor Matrix

deltamethrin Cothrin, Detin, Vanthrin 1.4 EC

cypermethrin Cypercing 550

chlorpyrifos Logic 75

acetamiprid Mospilan 20% WSC Cili diafenthiuron Pegasus 250 SC

spinosad Success 25 SC

lambda-cyhalothrin ZA Lambda Kutu trip Accurate-Ace, Pyriban SP, Agent 505, Thrips sp. chlorpyrifos + Dewana Cyperchlor 505, Dragon 505, cypermethrin Energy 505, Kayak 505, Naga 505, Starfos 505 AGR Cylac 10 EC, AGR Cyma 10 EC, AGR Jola 10 EC, Consult 5 EC, Cosmo 35, Crescent 5 EC, cypermethrin Farmsect 550, Larvin, Nullecide 10 EC, Unithrin 5 EC, Zattack 150 Kutu trip carbosulfan Brightage 25 EC, Synton 25 EC Thrips sp. Delta 1.4 EC, Delta 2.5 EC, deltamethrin Deltafos 1.4 EC, Destin 1.4 EC, Fujita B, Lonsat, Wesilin 1.40

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Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics

BAHAN TANAMAN PEROSAK NAMA DAGANGAN AKTIF Dimeto 400, Dimexion 40, Fezmet, dimethoate Fezmet 40, Lexide 400 EC, Roction 400, Vita Dimethoate Kutu trip Thrips sp. chlorpyrifos Lorsban 40 EC lambda-cyhalothrin Regain 500, Regent 50 SC

malathion SK Malathion

fenvalerate Sumitox 3.0 Action 250, Binadelta 1.4 EC, Binadelta 2.8 EC, BL Delta 1.4 EC, BL Delta 2.8 EC, Brightis, Catch, Craco, Decis, Decis 250, Decis Minitab, Deltafos deltamethrin 2.8, Cili Deltam, Deltis 1.4 EC, Desec 140, Desec 280, FC Delta 140, Omelin 250, Ulat kuntum / Ulat Shieldmate 1.4 EC, pengorek Shieldmate 2.8 EC, Helicoverpa armigera Vancis, Wesilin 1.40 AGR Cylac 10 EC, AGR Cyma 10 EC, AGR Jola 10 EC, Bugster, Consult 5 EC, Cosmo 35, Crescent 5 EC, Cyper 50 EC, Cyper H20, cypermethrin Cyper-axe, Cyper-EC, Farmsect 550, Mythrin, Nong Dat 500, Nullecide 10 EC, Ripcord 505, WA Cyperin 100

73

Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics

BAHAN TANAMAN PEROSAK NAMA DAGANGAN AKTIF Bacillus thuringiensis Bactospeine WG, subsp. kurstaki Dipel WG, (3A,3B) Lepicide WG cyfluthrin Baythroid 5 EC Bacillus thuringiensis subsp.kurstaki Biobit (3A,3B) strain HD-1 Bodyguard, Lorsban chlorpyrifos 40 EC fenpropathrin Danitol 10 SC Ulat kuntum / Ulat Bacillus thuringiensis Dipel pengorek subsp.kurstaki Helicoverpa armigera Karate, Karate Zeon, Karate Zeon lamda-cyhalothrin B, Recca 280, Siloco 280, Trekker 28, ZA Lambda Cili lufenuron Match 050 EC emamectin benzoate Pictor 019

methoxyfenozide Runner 240 SC

indoxacarb Steward, Tatum Pelombong daun dimethoate Lexide 400 EC Phytobia sp. Pelombong daun fenpropathrin Scea Danitol 10 SC Liriomyza sp. Ulat inti daun dimethoate Lexide 400 EC Phytomyza sp. Pengorek lengai lufenuron Match 050 EC Maruca testulalis Ulat jengkal esfenvalerate Sumi-Alpha 28 Plusia chalcites Hamama spirodiclofen Envidor Polyphagotarsonemus fenpyroximate Ortus 5% SC

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Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics

BAHAN TANAMAN PEROSAK NAMA DAGANGAN AKTIF diafenthiuron Pegasus 250 SC

fenpyroximate + propargite Scoremite

Sulfur Microthiol 80 WG Arthur 21.7 EC, Comatec 21.6, amitraz Mirax 216, Mitac, Vintage 21.7 EC BM Malathion 84, Hextar Hamama merah Malathion 57, Maladion Tetranychus sp. malathion 84E, Mapa Malathion 57, ZA Malathion 84 EC Dimet 40, Dimeto 400, dimethoate Roction 400 sulfur Microthiol 80 WG

lambda-cyhalothrin Recca 280, Trekker 28 Cili flufenoxuron Cascade 2EC Kalos SC, Pegasus 250 diafenthiuron SC

Ulat ratus methoxyfenozide Runner 240 SC Spodoptera exigua indoxacarb Steward, Tatum

deltamethrin Catch, Decis Minitab Ulat ratus cypermethrin Cypersing 550 Spodoptera litura indoxacarb Steward, Tatum

Ulat ratus esfenvalerate Sumi-Alpha 28 Spodoptera litura gamma-cyhalothrin Vantex Kutu trip fipronil Regain 500 Scirtothrips sp.

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Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics

BAHAN TANAMAN PEROSAK NAMA DAGANGAN AKTIF Ulat ratus Cili lambda-cyhalothrin Recca 280, Trekker 28 Spodoptera litura Kutu daun azadirachtin AZ, Fortune AZA 3% Myzus persicae Admire 200 SL, Cili manis Kutu trip imidacloprid Confidor 200 SL, Thrips palmi Provado 200 SL carbosulfan Marshal 20 SC Kutu daun Aphis sp. Labu dimethoate Tamet 40 Hamama merah Tetranychus sp. Ulat pangkas chlorpyrifos Embark 5G Agrotis ipsilon Ulat pangkas chlorpyrifos Logic 75 Jagung Agrotis sp. Kutu daun Kencis 1600, Ken- Aphis sp. cypermethrin Cyper 1600 Lipaphis sp. Ulat kuntum/ betacyfluthrin Bulldock 025 EC Ulat pengorek Bacillus thuringiensis Helicoverpa subsp. kurstaki Dipel ES armigera (3A,3B) Ulat kuntum/ Ulat pengorek cypermethrin Kemiron Jagung Helicoverpa assulta Ulat pengorek buah lufenuron Match 050 EC Helicoverpa sp. Ulat pengorek Proclaim 019 EC, tongkol emamectin benzoate Proclaim B Ostrinia furnacalis

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Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics

BAHAN TANAMAN PEROSAK NAMA DAGANGAN AKTIF chlorpyrifos Adex, Daisai, Direct, Perri

Ulat pengorek batang betacyfluthrin Bulldock 025 EC Ostrinia salentialis trichlorphon Dipterex profenofos Selecron 500 EC, Vegecron

Ulat pengorek chlorpyrifos Logic 75 Ostria sp. lufenuron Match 050 EC Ulat pengorek batang profenofos Selecron 500 EC Jagung Sesamia inferens chlorpyrifos Adex, Daisai, Direct, Perri

Ulat ratus cypermethrin Kemiron Spodoptera litura quinalphos Relay, Relay 250, Zephos 250

profenofos Selecron 500 EC

Ulat ratus cypermethrin Cyper 50 EC Spodoptera sp. quinalphos Rid-Off Ulat pangkas esfenvalerate Sumi-Alpha 28 Agrotis ipsilon Ulat pangkas deltamethrin Lonsat Agrotis sp.

Kutu daun acetamiprid Amani, Dekker Aphis gossypii Timun dimethoate Rogor L-40 malathion CH Malaxion 570E Dimet 40, Fezmet, Fezmet 40, Kutu daun dimethoate Kenlogo, Logor, Logor Blu, Aphis sp. Tamet 40 fenvalerate Sumicidin 10%WP

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Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics

BAHAN TANAMAN PEROSAK NAMA DAGANGAN AKTIF Kumbang daun malathion CH Malaxion 570E Aulacophora sp. cypermethrin Cyper 50EC Decis, Decis 250, deltamethrin Decis Minitab, Desec 140, Desec 280 fenvalerate Sumicidin 10%WP Lalat buah fenvalerate Fenditox 20EC Bactrocera cucurbitae Lalat buah Ch Fenthion 50, Bactrocera sp. fenthion Lebaycid 550EC, Split 50EC cypermethrin Cyper Lalat putih Abamec 018, Abatin Bemisia tabaci. 1.8 EC, Attic, abamectin Timun Avemec 018, Brightin, Mectin 1.8 EC Lalat putih minyak bawang putih Bralic 12.5 EC Trialeurodus vaporariorum Ulat timun carbaryl Carbacide 85 Diaphania sp. Ulat kuntum esfenvalerate Sumi-Alpha 28 Helicoverpa assulta Ulat gulung daun acetamiprid Mospilan 20%WSC Margaronia indica Ulat jengkal esfenvalerate Sumi-Alpha 28 Plusia chalcites Hamama diafenthiuron Pengasus 250SC Polyphagotarsonemus Hamama merah malathion CH Malaxion 570E Tetranychus sp. Dimet 40, Kenlogo, dimethoate Logor, Logor Blu, Tamet 40

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Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics

BAHAN TANAMAN PEROSAK NAMA DAGANGAN AKTIF Hamama merah dicofol Meto Tetranychus sp. propargite Omite 30W Hamama merah dicofol Trithane Tetranychus truncatus Hamama merah diafenthiuron Pengasus 250SC Tetranychus urticae Ulat ratus deltamethrin Decis Minitab Spodoptera litura Kutu trip Timun chlorfenapyr Kotetsu, Kotetsu SC Thrips palmi mercaptodimethur Mandate 50

carbosulfan Marshal 20SC

diafenthiuron Pengasus 250 SC Kutu trip CH Malaxion 570E, malathion Thrips sp. SK Malathion mercaptodimethur Mesurol 50 WP Lelompat daun chlorfenapyr Kotetsu, Kotetsu SC Empoasca sp. Kutu daun dimethoate Perfekthion, Suction Aphis sp. Ulat akar carbofuran Furadan 3G Diabrotica sp. Kacang tanah Pelombong daun diflubenzuron + Trap Liriomyza sp. alphacypermethrin Hamama merah dimethoate Perfekthion, Suction Tetranychus sp. Kutu daun Cafuran 3G, Serbaco carbofuran Aphis sp. G33, Tri-Furan 3G Tebu Kutu daun Kenfuran, Kenfuran carbofuran Oregma sp. 3G

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Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics

BAHAN TANAMAN PEROSAK NAMA DAGANGAN AKTIF Pengorek batang Carboran, Furatox 3G, Eucosma Kenfuran, Kenfuran 3G, isogramma carbofuran MM Furan 3G, Naga 3G, Pofer 3G, Serbaco G33, Systemic 3G Pengorek batang Cafuran 3G, Campaign Eucosma sp. carbofuran 3G, Carbosip 3G, Tri- Furan 3G Anai-anai fipronil Regim 3G Macrotermes sp. Lelompat daun Cafuran 3G, Kenfuran, Perkinsiella sp. carbofuran Kenfuran 3G, Serbaco G33, Tri-Furan 3G Pengorek batang carbofuran Furadan, Serbaco Phragmataecia sp. Tebu Pengorek batang Proceras carbofuran Agritox 3G, Furadan 3G sacchariphagus Pengorek batang carbofuran Cafuran 3G, Tri-Furan 3G Proceras sp. Tikus chlorophacinone Drat Bait Rattus argentiventer diphacinone Yasodion warfarin Yasomin Tikus chlorophacinone Drat Bait Rattus diardii Tikus Tikumin 1000, Tikumin warfarin Rattus sp. 500 Hamama merah tetradifon Tedion V-18 Tetranychus sp. Siput Racun siput berbutir, metaldehyde Tanaman Achatina fulica Siputox, Snail Pellet Ladang Lintah bulan Racun Siput Berbutir, metaldehyde Deroceras sp. Snail Pellet

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Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics

Diseases Control

Type of Vegetables Symptoms Disease Control measures Infected leaves collapse, Leaf blight Remove and burn infected turning dull grey-green leaves. Thin out to reduce Causal organism: humidity and leaf contact. When Rhizoctonia solani planting in the nethouse, try to avoid water and heat stress.

Pathogen usually attacks Leaf rot Similar as above. leaves and young stem. Area infected is covered with grey Causal organism: sporangiosphores with black Choanephora heads. cucurbitarum

rucifers

Dark brown spots with Leaf spot This disease is of minor concentratic rings (with darker importance, but can reduce the colour) on leaves. Causal organism: cosmetic value of vegetables. If Corynespora necessary, spray with fungicides. casiicola Irregular yellow spots on Downy mildew If necessary, spray with upper surface with fungicides. corresponding brown spots on Causal organism: under surface of leaves. Peronospora parasitica

Leaves rot till the entire plant Soft rot Practise crop rotation. Avoid dies crop injury. Mulching would Causal organism: reduce rain splashing and Erwinia caratovora damage on leaves. Insect control reduces infection. Crucifers (cauliflower or brocolli)

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Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics

Type of Vegetables Symptoms Disease Control measures V-shaped lesions on the leaves Black rot Practise crop rotation. Remove and blackening of veins, infected leaves. Disease is seed extending to the core. Causal organism: borne, therefore, treat seeds Xanthomonas before sowing with hot water at campestris 52oC for 30 minutes. Remove plant residues to reduce infection in the next season. Crucifers (cabbage) Core of cabbage rots, due to Heart rot Similar as above. soft or black rot Causal organism: Erwinia caratovora or Xanthomonas campestris

Small, white blister on under White blister / Remove and burn infected surface of leaf. white rust leaves. Problem is more serious Amaranths and during rainy season. If necessary, kangkung Causal organism: spray undersides of leaves with Albugo sp. copper fungicides.

Infected leaves rot Leaf rot Avoid over-crowding and over watering. Plants should be spaced Causal organism: properly. Amaranths Rhizoctonia sp.

On ratoon crop, shoots turn Shoot dieback Remove all infected plants and yellow and defoliate. Necrosis burn. Use separate knife for new usually occurs on one side of crop and ratoon crop, after Cangkok manis shoot. harvesting, sterilise knife in 10% Chlorox. Select for resistant varieties.

Dark brown target spots with Target leaf spot If necessary, use fungicides. yellow halo Causal organism: Corynespora Cangkok manis cassiicola

Downy mildew Use resistant or tolerant varieties. Cucurbits Numerous light brown spots If necessary, protect leaves with occur on leaf, leading to Causal organism: fungicides. leaves drying up Pseudoperonospor a cubensis

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Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics

Type of Vegetables Symptoms Disease Control measures

Mosaic leaves patterns on Zuccini Yellow Destroy affected plants. Use leaves and growth is stunted. Mosaic Virus disease free seeds. Control of the Fruits are malformed aphids (vector) is important.

White powdery spots on both Powdery mildew Avoid over applying of Nitrogen. upper and lower surface of In big planting, examine 5 mature leaves. When majority of Causal organism: leaves once a week for powdery foliage is infected, plant is Erysiphe mildew infection, and apply weakened and fruit ripens cichoracearum fungicide when a single spot of prematurely. powdery mildew is first seen.

Bitter Gourd Irregular brown spots with Leaf spot Use fungicide if necessary. yellow margins on leaves Causal organism: Corynespora sp.

Legumes Plants become stunted and Wilt Avoid planting long beans at wilt. The xylem tissues and the same place where disease roots become discoloured Causal organism: was detected. Use only brown Fusarium tolerant varieties. oxysporum

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Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics

Type of Vegetables Symptoms Disease Control measures Circular, reddish brown Leaf spot Spray with fungicide if spots occur on leaves. necessary. Causal organism: Cercospora sp.

Affected leaves rot Leaf rot Spray with fungicide if Causal organism: necessary Rhizoctonia sp.

Brown pustules surrounded Leaf rust Use fungicide if necessary. by yellow halo develop on leaves. The affected leaves Causal organism: wither prematurely. Uromyces phaseolii

Yellow-orange pustules on False rust Remove affected plants. undersurface of leaves and pods. This disease is most Causal organism: common on mature plants Uromyces phaseoli

Legumes (Winged-bean)

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Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics

Type of Vegetables Symptoms Disease Control measures Malvaceous (Lady’s Black mould occurs on Leaf mould Remove affected older leaves. Fingers) undersurface of leaf which Maintain good growth. later turning yellow and Causal organism: drying up Cercospora fuligena

Solanaceous Pale brown rot on fruit, stem and Blight Plant resistant or tolerant varieties. Use branches. Infected branch wilts seeds from disease-free plants. Causal organism: Practise crop rotation. Prune, remove Phomopsis sp. and burn infected fruits and branches. Spray with copper fungicides.

Chilli Sunken lesions are found on stalk Anthracnose Remove and burn infected fruits. Spray and fruit and fungal spores are with fungicides if necessary. produced in concentric rings Causal organism: Colletotrichum gloeosporiodes or C. capsici

Circular dark brown spots on leaves. Leaf spot Maintain healthy plant growth. When severely infected, the leaves can drop Causal organism: Cercospora sp.

Young leaves show mottling along Virus Aphids are the vector. Control aphids. veins with mosaic patterns. The Use disease-free seeds. Intercrop with leaves are stunted and crinkled other crops such as maize as barriers.

Tomato and brinjal Sudden wilt occurs while leaves are Bacterial wilt Plant resistant or tolerant varieties. still green. Avoid planting at the places already infected with disease. Practise crop rotation. Sterilise soil before planting, if possible.

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Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics

Type of Vegetables Symptoms Disease Control measures Tomato Irregular crackling of skin near the Regulate water and calcium uptake in fruit stalk plant. Use varieties that have less tendency to crack.

The blossom end of the fruit rots. Regulate water and calcium uptake in plant.

Small brown spots are seen on Leaf spot Maintain healthy plant growth. leaves Causal organism: Corynespora sp.

Brinjal Sunken lesions can be seen on Anthracnose Use fungicides if necessary. fruits. Fungal spores develop in concentric circles Causal organism: Colletotrichum sp.

Lobak putih Tuber rots and leaves eventually wilt Practise crop rotation. The rot is more evident when plant is injured. Mulching would reduce rain splash and damage on leaves. Insect control reduces infection.

Ginger Affected plants wilt and leaves turn Bacterial wilt Plant resistant or tolerant varieties. yellow and dry up, finally dying Practise crop rotation. Avoid planting in Causal organism: the same infected area. Ralstonia solanacearum

Yam Disease begins as purple-brown Leaf blight Use clean planting materials, avoid water-soaked lesions on the leaf. planting at high density, practise crop Lesions then enlarge, join together Causal organism: rotation and intercropping. and eventually destroy the entire Phytophthora leaf in 10-20 days. colocasiae

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Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics

Type of Vegetables Symptoms Disease Control measures Tapioca Small brown spots occur on upper Brown leaf spot Select healthy stem cuttings for leaf surfaces. Under severe attack, planting. the infected leaves become yellow, Causal organism: dry and die prematurely. Cercospora sp.

Maize Appearance of elongated spots on Leaf blight Before sowing new crops, remove old older leaves. Unlikely to cause maize debris. Practise crop rotation. severe damages unless it attacks Causal organism: Grow resistant or moderately resistant during seedling or immature stage. Drechslera maydis varieties.

The first symptom is occurrence of Sheath blight Remove and burn infected leaves. Thin elongated and grey lesions on leaf out to reduce humidity and leaf contact. sheaths. The lesions will then Causal organism: Avoid water and heat stress. Spray with enlarge, the colour turn lighter and Rhizoctonia solani fungicides if necessary. develop blackish-brown margins. On the parts attacked, brown and seed- like sclerotia will from. In severe infections, the rotting spreads to inner leaf sheaths. Disease is often serious during the first crop.

Gall-like swelling on the cobs and Boil smut Avoid heavy applications of nitrogenous other above ground parts of the fertilisers. Avoid physical damage to plant. Initially, the galls are silver Causal organism: plants. As soon as the smut appears, white in colour, later it split to Ustilago maydis remove and burn the galls. produce masses of dark brown to black spores.

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Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics

Type of Vegetables Symptoms Disease Control measures

Initially, light, chlorotic areas appear Leaf rust The only practical control measure is on leaf surface, then become light through planting resistant varieties. orange-brown lesions, consisting of Causal organism: Sweetcorn hybrids tend to be most individual small cone-shaped Puccinia graminis susceptible. pustules. When mature, they appear as bright-orange, always in clusters.

Greyish, elongated lesions appear Leaf blight Plant resistant varieties. If necessary, on leaf surfaces, and may also use protective fungicidies. develop on sheaths, stalks, husks, Causal organism: ears and cobs. Helminthosporium maydis

Pale yellow to white stripes or Downy mildew Remove affected plant debris. Spray streaks appear at the base of the 3rd fungicide, if necessary. to 6th oldest leaves. Plants may be Causal organism: distorted with small, poorly filled Peronosclerospora ears with mis-shapen tassels. Zinc sacchari deficiency predisposes plants to infection.

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Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics

The chemical control for each individual crop listed above is as follows:

Type of Disease and Causal Active Ingredient Trade Name of Chemical Vegetables Organism of Chemical Leaf blight Citara 10SC, Response 250, difenoconazole Rhizoctonia solani Zesco 250 hexaconazole Conza 50, Hexacon 5 SC Crucifers flutolanil Moncut 15%EC (Sawi Hijau) Leaf spot Camp DP copper hydroxide Alternaria brassicae Leaf spot Citara 10SC, Respon 250, difenoconazole Alternaria sp. Zesco 250 Leaf spot Audix 70 WP, Vesta 700 propineb Curluvaria sp. Crucifers Downy mildew Ridomil G MZ 68 WP (Sawi Putih) Peronospora metalaxyl-M + mancozeb parasitica Anthracnose mancozeb Dithane GR Colletotrichum sp. maneb CH Maneb Downy mildew CH Maneb Peronospora maneb parasitica Downy mildew Agrozeb 80WP, Dithane GR, Peronospora sp. D-Tane 80WP, Magamex M- mancozeb 45, Mancozeb M-45, Nufarm Mancozeb 80WP Leaf blight Conza 50, Hexacon 5 SC hexaconazole Rhizoctonia solani Leaf spot BM Mancozeb mancozeb Corynespora casiicola Amaranths White rust UCB Thionic WG ziram (Bayam) Albugo occidentalis Leaf spot Agrozeb 80WP, BM Cercospora sp. Mancozeb, Dithane M45, Dithane NT, Dithane Yellow SC, D-Tane 80WP, Euro SC, Halex Mancozeb 80WP, HM Mancozeb 80WP, Insure 80, mancozeb Karbomate 80WP, Mancozan M45, Miller M- 45, Nufarm Mancozeb 80WP, Penncozeb 80WP, Spiro M-45, Trimanoc 80WP, Vondozeb 420 metalaxyl + mancozeb Teem 648

89

Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics

Type of Disease and Causal Active Ingredient Trade Name of Chemical Vegetables Organism of Chemical maneb Trineb 80WP Leaf spot Cercospora propineb Antari 007, Antracol 70 WP brassicicola Leaf spot Alternaria brassicae propineb Antracol 70WP Anthracnose

Crucifers Colletotrichum sp. (Kailan) Seedling blight Phytophthora sp. Downy mildew Antracol 70 WP, Audix 70 Peronospora propineb WP, Vesta 700 parasitica Leaf blight hexaconazole Conza 50, Hexacon 5 SC Rhizoctonia solani Leaf spot Alternaria brassicae Downy mildew Crucifers Peronospora copper hydroxide Camp DP (Brocolli) parasitica Bacterial leaf spot Xanthomonas campestris Alternaria blight propineb Antracol 70 WP Altenaria solani Fruit rot mancozeb Dithane GR Altenaria sp. Botrytis rot iprodione Rovral Botrytis cinerea Leaf spot Ancom propineb, Audix 70 Cercospora capsici propineb WP, Foyer 70 WP, Haneb 70 WP, Vesta 700 Barb 23.0 EC, Bond 25.0 EC, Chilli Boulder 25.0 EC, Coral 25.0 difenoconazole EC, Dawat, Fena 250, Score, Sikor 250 copper hydroxide Camp DP Leaf spot Halex Thalonil 50 WP Cercospora chlorothalonil cucurbitarium Leaf spot Agrozeb 80 WP, Blue Cercospora sp. mancozeb Manzeb 80, BM Mancozeb, Dithane M45, Dithane M45,

90

Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics

Type of Disease and Causal Active Ingredient Trade Name of Chemical Vegetables Organism of Chemical Dithane Yellow SC, D-Tane 80 WP, Euro SC, Grozeb 80WP, Karbomate 80WP, Nufarm Mancozeb 80WP, Red Mancozeb 80, Redozeb 80 carbendazim Benzim SC, Kazim SC, Mero 50D, Myzim SC, Occidor 42.5 SC, Vimax 50D, Zimlate SC copper hydroxide Blue Shield difenoconazole Citara 10 SC, Resspon 250, Tekno 23.8EC, Zesco 250 chlorothalonil Daconil 500, Daconil S, Delcotac 500, Ke An Nin, Roconil 500, Rovaltac SPS, Rovaltac 50 WP, Rovaltac SC, Rover 500 FW, Sar-Tek 23 SC, Teconil 500, Viro 75 WG thiophanate-methyl Thiosin M-70, Topcide M70

maneb Trineb 80WP Shoot blight copper hydroxide Bluemax, Humibox GX37, Choanephora Kocide 101, Kocide 2000, cucurbitarum Kocide 4.5 LF, Parasol chlorothalonil Delconac 500, Roconil 500, Rovaltac 50 WP, Rovaltac SC, Rovaltac SPS trifloxystrobin Flint Anthracnose mancozeb Agrozeb 80 WP, CH Colletotrichum capsici Mancozeb, Comet M45, Dithane Yellow SC, D-Tane 80WP, Euro SC, Mancothane 80WP, Mancothane M-75WG, Mancozeb M45, Manzate 200, MZ-45, Nufarm Mancozeb 80WP, Sabero M-75WG, Trimanoc 80 WP, Vondozeb 420 azoxystrobin Amistar, Ortiva

91

Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics

Type of Disease and Causal Active Ingredient Trade Name of Chemical Vegetables Organism of Chemical Ancom propineb, Antari 007, Antraneb, BCS propineb Propineb 70WP, Catalyst 70WP, Lontari, Pineb, Sabre 70WP Anconil, Daconil WP, Daconil 500, Daconil S, Delcotac 500, Etanil WP, Odyssey 500, Roconil 500, chlorothalonil Rovaltac 50WP, Rovaltac SC, Rovaltac SPS, Rover 500 FW, Sar-Tek 23 SC, Spectus 500, Teconil 500 Anthracnose Blue shield, Bluemax, copper hydroxide Colletotrichum capsici Kocide 2000, Parasol prochloraz zinc complex Carabin 50 WP

maneb CH Maneb

tribasic copper sulphate Cuproxat FL Dawat, Fena 250, Score, difenoconazole Sikor 250 mancozeb + carbendazim Delsene MX-200 trifloxystrobin Flint

tebuconazole Folicur Funong, Thiosin M-70, thiophanate-methyl Topcide M70, To-Plaz M70, Topsin M cupric hydroxide Kocide 101

copper sulphate Nufarm Mancozeb 80WP clarified hydrophobic TripperAntracol WG extract of neem oil + d- limonene Anthracnose propineb Antracol WG Colletotrichum Blue Manzeb 80, Grozeb gloeosporioides mancozeb 80WP, Red Mancozeb, Mancozeb 80, Redozeb 80 carbendazim Derosal 50D Powdery mildew sulfur Uniflow sulfur Leveillula taurica Fruit rot mancozeb Ancob MX80, Blucozeb M-

92

Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics

Type of Disease and Causal Active Ingredient Trade Name of Chemical Vegetables Organism of Chemical Phytophthora capsici 45, Blu Manzeb 80, BM Mancozeb, CH Mancozeb, Comet M45, Cozeb-MZ, Dithane M45, Dithane NT, Dithane Yellow SC, Emthane M-45, Encozeb M- 45, Euro SC, Grozeb 80WP, Insure 80, Kencozeb M45, Magamex M-45, Mancothane 80WP, Mancozan M45, Mancozeb M45, Miller M-45, MZ-45, Nufarm Mancozeb 80WP, Red Mancozeb 80, Redozeb 80, Socozeb, Spiro M-45, Trimanoc 80WP, Vondozeb 420 propineb Audix 70WP, Vesta 700 propamocarb Bricur, Mocarb hydrochloride copper hydroxide Camp DP, Humibox Gx37 chlorothalonil Conil 50 FW, Delcotac 500, Odyssey 500, Roconil 500, Rover 500 FW, Spectus 500 cupric hydroxide Kocide 101 Phytopthora blight propineb Antracol 70WP Phytopthora sp. Seedling blight captan ACM captan 50%WP Pythium sp. propamocarb Previcur N hydrochloride Seedling blight propamocarb Bricur, Mocarb Pythium ultimum hydrochloride Root rot Rhizoctonia sp. carbendazim Vimax 50D Stem rot Sclerotium rolfsii Stem rot tolclofos-methyl Rizolex 50WP Sclerotium sp. Bacterial leaf blight Bluemax, Camp DP, Kocide Xanthomonas copper hydroxide 2000 campestris Bacterial leaf spot copper hydroxide Kocide 4.5 LF

93

Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics

Type of Disease and Causal Active Ingredient Trade Name of Chemical Vegetables Organism of Chemical Xanthomonas sp. cupric hydroxide Kocide 101 Leaf blight Helminthosporium maydis tebuconazole Folicur Rust Maize Pucciana sorghi Seedling blight Pythium sp., thiram Imas-Thiram 80 Rhizoctonia sp. Powdery mildew Lady’s Fingers Erysiphe sulfur Uniflow sulfur cichoracearum Leaf spot mancozeb Blue Manzeb 80, Grozeb Altenaria sp. 80WP, Insure 80, Miller M- 45, Nufarm Mancozeb 80WP, Redmancozeb 80, Redozeb 80, Spiro M-45 iprodione Rovral

carbendazim Vimax 50D

Leaf spot mancozeb Dithane Yellow SC, Euro SC Alternaria citrullina carbendazim D-Shield Leaf spot copper hydroxide Camp DP Alternaria cucumerina Leaf spot carbendazim Bastin 50WP, Crop-care Cercospora citrullina 500 SC, Difotan 50, D- Cucurbits Shield, Vimax 50D (Cucumber) mancozeb Blue Manzeb 80, Dithane Yellow SC, Euro SC, Nufarm Mancozeb 80WP, Redmancozeb 80, Redozeb 80 thiophanate-methyl Thiosin M-70, Topcide M70 Leaf spot mancozeb Agrozeb 80WP, D-Tane Cercospora sp. 80WP Anthracnose mancozeb Ancob MX80, Blucozeb M- Colletotrichum 45, Blu Manzeb 80, CH lagenarium Mancozeb, Comet M45, Dithane M45, Dithane NT, Encozeb M-45, Euro SC, Grozeb 80WP, Insure 80, Magamex M-45, Mancozeb

94

Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics

Type of Disease and Causal Active Ingredient Trade Name of Chemical Vegetables Organism of Chemical M45, Miller M-45, Nufarm Mancozeb 80WP, Red Mancozeb 80, Redozeb 80, Spiro M-45, Vondozeb 420, Disan 45, Dithane GR, Halex Mancozeb 80WP, HM Mancozeb 80WP, Karbomate 80WP, Penncozeb 80WP, Sancozeb 80WP propineb Antari 007, Audix 70WP, Lontari, Vesta 700 carbendazim Bavistin FL, Cropdazim 50WP, Halex Carbendazim 50WP maneb BM Maneb, Trineb

copper hydroxide Camp DP, Kocide 4.5 LF chlorothalonil Cha Othanil, Daconil 2787, Daconil 500, Delcotac 500, Dynam 500, Falcon 700, Passport, Roconil 500, Rovaltac 50WP, Rovaltac SC, Rovaltac SPS, Teconil 500 cupric hydroxide Kocide 101 thiophanate-methyl Rally, Thiosin M-70, Topcide M70, To-Plaz M70, Top-Plus M70 difenoconazole Score Anthracnose mancozeb Cozeb-M45 Colletotrichum lindemuthianum Anthracnose mancozeb Agrozeb 80WP, D-Tane Colletotrichum sp. 80WP maneb CH Maneb

difenoconazole Respon 250, Zesco 250

chlorothalonil Rover 500 FW, Viro 75WG Leaf spot chlorothalonil Daconil 500, Teconil 500 Corynespora citrulina Powdery mildew hexaconazole Anvest, Anvil, Rostigo,

95

Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics

Type of Disease and Causal Active Ingredient Trade Name of Chemical Vegetables Organism of Chemical Erysiphe Samprol, Vantil, Xzole 50 cichoracearum carbendazim Bavistin FL, Cropdazim 50WP, Derosal 50D, Halex Carbendazim 50WP, D- Shield, Vimax 50D tridemorph Calixin

difenoconazole Dawat, Fena 250 thiophanate-methyl Rally, Thiosin M-70, Topsin M, Funong sulfur Kumulus DF, Uniflow Sulfur Powdery mildew carbendazim Mero 50D Erysiphe sp. Fusarium wilt carbendazim Cropdazim 50WP Fusarium oxysporium Root rot chlorothalonil Passport, Rovaltac 50WP Fusarium sp. Downy mildew trifloxystrobin Flint Peronospora cubensis cymoxanil + mancozeb Keeper 706 Seedling blight mancozeb Ancob MX80, Blucozeb M- Phytophthora sp. 45, Blu Manzeb 80, Dithane M45, Dithane NT, Encozeb M-45, Euro SC, Grozeb 80WP, Insure 80, Magamex M-45, Mancozeb M45, Miller M-45, Nufarm Mancozeb 80WP, Red Mancozeb 80, Redozeb 80, Spiro M-45, Vondozeb 420, Disan 45, Dithane GR, Halex Mancozeb 80WP, HM Mancozeb 80WP, Karbomate 80WP, Penncozeb 80WP, Cozeb- M45, Dithane Yellow SC, Mancozan M45, Red Mancozeb 80, Trimanoc 80WP metalaxyl + mancozeb Teem 648

maneb Trineb 80WP Bacterial leaf spot copper hydroxide Kocide 4.5 LF, Kocide 2000,

96

Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics

Type of Disease and Causal Active Ingredient Trade Name of Chemical Vegetables Organism of Chemical Pseudomonas slachrymans

Bacterial leaf spot copper hydroxide Camp DP Pseudomonas sp. Downy mildew azoxystrobin Amistar, Ortiva Pseudomonas chlorothalonil Anconil 500, Daconil 2787, cubensis Delcotac 500, Dynam 500, Falcon 700, Passport, Roconil 500, Rovaltac SPS, Brightconil 75WP, Cha Othanil, Daconil 720, Daconil S, Ke An Nin, Macconil 75WP propineb Antracol 35WP, Audix 70WP, Vesta 700 carbendazim Benzim SC, Carflo 42 SC, Kazim SC, Meizim 50WP, Myzim SC, Zimec SC, Zimlate SC mancozeb Blue Manzeb 80, CH Mancozeb, Comet M45, Disan 45, Dithane GR, Dithane M45, Dithane NT, Dithane Yellaw SC, Euro SC, Grozeb 80WP, Magamex M-45, Halex Mancozeb 80WP, Insure 80, Karbomate 80WP, Mancozan M45, Mancozeb M-45, Manzate 200, Miller M-45, Nufarm Mancozeb 80WP, Penncozeb 80WP, Red Mancozeb 80, Redozeb 80, Sancozeb 80WP, Spiro M-45, Trimanoc 80WP, Vondozeb 420, HM Mancozeb 80WP copper hydroxide Blue Shield, Blumax, Camp DP, Funguran-OH, Humibox GX37, Kocide 2000, Kocide 4.5 LF, Parasol

97

Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics

Type of Disease and Causal Active Ingredient Trade Name of Chemical Vegetables Organism of Chemical maneb BM Maneb, CH Maneb, Trineb 80WP

metalaxyl + mancozeb BM Metalaxyl MZ, Galaxy 58WP, Ridozeb 58WP, Serbamil MZ 58WP, Teem 648 metalaxyl-M + mancozeb Ridomil GMZ68WP copper oxychloride Copcide, Copper 85WP, Coc 85 tribasic copper sulphate Cuproxat FL cymoxanil + mancozeb Edition 72WP, Vamos, Pingo, Spaco famoxadone + cymoxanil Equation metalaxyl-M + Folio G chlorothalonil cupric hydroxide Kocide 101

copper sulphate Nufarm Cuproxat Flowable

zineb Perosin 800

propamocarb + fosetyl Previcur 840 propamocarb Previcur N, Proplant hydrochloride benalaxyl + mancozeb Tairel-M Downy mildew zineb Zinacol Pseudoperonospora parasitica Downy mildew mancozeb Agrozeb 80WP, D-Tane Pseudoperonospora 80WP sp. chlorothalonil + oxadixyl Cleanhitter

cymoxanil + mancozeb Curzate M chlorothalonil Rover 500FW, Teconil 720, Viro 75WG Downy mildew Pseudoperonospora copper hydroxide Camp DP syringae Stem rot Bastin 50WP, Difotan 50, carbendazim Rhizoctonia solani Vimax 50D Benex, Besuto, Mendate benomyl 50WP

98

Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics

Type of Disease and Causal Active Ingredient Trade Name of Chemical Vegetables Organism of Chemical Stem rot Sclerotium rolfsii carbendazim Vimax 50D

Powdery mildew trifloxystrobin Score Sphaerotheca fuligena Powdery mildew difenoconazole Reexpon 250, Zesco 250 Sphaerotheca sp. Leaf spot mancozeb Insure 80, Miller M-45, Altenaria sp Spiro M-45 Anthracnose maneb BM Maneb, Trineb 80WP Colletotrichum mancozeb Euro SC, Insure 80, lagenarium Mancozan M45, Miller M- 45, Penncozeb 80WP, Spiro M-45, Vondozeb 420 Powdery mildew tridemorph Calixin Erysiphe cichoracearum maneb Trineb 80WP Cucurbits Root rot mancozeb Insure 80, Mancozan M45, (Pumpkin) Phytophthora sp. Miller M-45, Penncozeb 80WP, Spiro M-45, Trimanoc 80WP metalaxyl + mancozeb Teem 648

maneb Trineb 80WP

Downy mildew maneb BM Maneb Pseudoperonospora mancozeb Insure 80, Mancozan M45, cubensis Miller M-45, Penncozeb 80WP, Manzate 200, Trimanoc 80WP metalaxyl + mancozeb Teem 648 Leaf spot Alternaria solani Leaf spot Cercospora capsici Brinjal copper hydroxide Fruit rot Camp DP

Phytophthora capsici Phytophthora blight

Phytophthora parasitica Phytophthora blight maneb CH maneb, Trineb 80WP Phytophthora sp. Leaf spot propineb Audix 70WP, Vesta 700

99

Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics

Type of Disease and Causal Active Ingredient Trade Name of Chemical Vegetables Organism of Chemical Curvularia sp.

Ascochyta blight maneb BM Maneb, Trineb 80 WP Ascochyta phaseolorum tribasic copper sulphate Cuproxat FL Leaf spot Dithane M45, Dithane NT, Cercospora canescens Euro SC, Halex Mancozeb 80 WP, Karbomate 80 WP, Mancozan M45, Nufarm mancozeb Mancozeb 80 WP, Penncozeb 80 WP, Trimanoc 80 WP, Vondozeb 420 carbendazim Vimax 50 D Leaf spot propineb Audix 70 WP, Vesta 700 Cercospora sp difenoconazole Dawat

tebuconazole Folicur Shoot blight Funguran-OH, Parasol copper hydroxide Choanephora sp.

Legumes Anthracnose Encozeb M-45, Vondozeb (Long bean) Colletotrichum mancozeb 420 lagenarium

Anthracnose Ancob MX80, Bluecozeb Colletotrichum M-45, Cozeb-M45, Dithane lindemuthianum M45, Dithane NT, Euro SC, Insure 80, Karbomate mancozeb 80WP, Mancozan M45, Miller M-45, Nufarm Mancozeb 80 WP, Penncozeb 80 WP, Spiro M-45 propineb Audix 70 WP, Vesta 700 BASF Metiram, metiram Polyram WG maneb BM Maneb Derosal 500, Mero 50 D, carbendazim Vimax 50 D Lonacol 75 WP, Perozin zineb 800, Zinacol copper oxychloride Oxytox 84, Pipertox 84.0

100

Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics

Type of Disease and Causal Active Ingredient Trade Name of Chemical Vegetables Organism of Chemical Rovaltac SC, Rovaltac SPS, chlorothalonil Rover 500 FW, Viro 75 WG

Anthracnose Agrozeb 80 WG, Dithane Colletotrichum sp. GR, D-Tane 80 WP, mancozeb Magamex M-45, Mancozeb M-45, Sancozeb 80 WP difeconazole Dawat Powdery mildew tridemorph Calixin Erysiphe poligoni difenoconazole Dawat Powdery mildew sulfur Uniflow Sulfur Oidium sp. Seedling blight mancozeb Halex mancozeb 80 WP, Pythium sp. HM Mancozeb 80 WP Rust mancozeb Agrozeb 80 WP, Ancob MX Uromyces 80, Blucozeb M-45, Cozeb- appendiculates M45, Dithane GR, Dithane M45, Dithane NT, D-Thane 80 WP, Encozeb M-45, Euro SC, Insure 80, Karbomate 80 WP, Magamex M-45, Mancozan M45, Manzate 200, Miller M-45, Nufarm Mancozeb 80 WP, Penncozeb 80 WP, Sancozeb 80 WP, Spiro M- 45, Trimanoc 80 WP, Vondozeb 420 propineb Antracol 35 WP difenoconazole Barb 23.0 EC, Bond 25.0 EC, Boulder 25.0 EC, Caral 25.0 EC, Dawat, Perano 250, Score BASF Metiram, Polyram metiram WG Bluemax, Funguran-OH, copper hydroxide Kocide 2000, Parasol copper oxychloride Coc 85, Copcide

tribasic copper sulphate Cuproxat FL Daconil 500, Rovaltac SC, chlorothalonil Rovaltac SC, Teconil 500 zineb Lonacol 75 WP, Perozin

101

Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics

Type of Disease and Causal Active Ingredient Trade Name of Chemical Vegetables Organism of Chemical 800, Zinacol copper sulphate Nufarm Cuproxat Flowable

oxycarboxin Plantvax trifloxystrobin Score Rust propineb Audix 70WP, Vesta 700 Uromyces sp. maneb BM Maneb Resppon 250, Tekno 23.8EC, difenoconazole Zesco 250 chlorothalonil Rover 500 FW, Viro 75WG myclobutanil Systhane

Rust hexaconazole Anvil Uromyces vignae mepronil Basitac

tebuconazole Folicur Legumes (French Ascochyta blight bean) Ascochyta maneb BM Maneb, Trineb 80 WP phaseolorum Leaf spot mancozeb Euro SC, Karbomate 80 WP, Cercospora canescens Pencozeb 80 WP, Trimanoc 80 WP, Vondozeb 420, Mancozan M45 carbendazim Vimax 50 D

Leaf spot propineb Audix 70 WP, Vesta 700 Cercospora sp. difenoconazole Fena 250

tebuconazole Folicur Shoot blight copper hydroxide Funguran-OH Choanephora sp. Anthracnose Colletotrichum mancozeb Vondozeb 420 lagenarium Anthracnose mancozeb Ancob MX80, Bluecozeb Colletotrichum M-45, Cozeb-M45, Euro lindemuthianum SC, Insure 80, Karbomate 80WP, Mancozan M45, Miller M-45, Penncozeb 80 WP, Spiro M-45, Encozeb M-45 chlorothalonil Anconil 500, Etarul WP, Rovaltac SC, Rovaltac SPS, Rover 500 FW, Viro 75 WG

102

Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics

Type of Disease and Causal Active Ingredient Trade Name of Chemical Vegetables Organism of Chemical propineb Antraneb, Audix 70 WP, Pineb, Vesta 700 maneb BM Maneb carbendazim Derosal 50 D, Mero 50 D, Vimax 50 D, zineb Lonacol 75 WP, Perozin 800, Zinacol Powdery mildew difenoconazole Fena 250 Erysiphe poligoni Powdery mildew sulfur Uniflow Sulfur Oidium sp. Phytophthora blight Phytophthora phaseoli copper hydroxide Camp DP Downy mildew Pseudoperonospora syringae Bacterial blight Pseudomonas copper hydroxide Kocide 4.5 LF phaseolicola Bacterial blight copper hydroxide Kocide 101 Pseudomonas sp. Agrozeb 80 WP, Ancob MX80, Blucozeb M-45, Cozeb M-45, D-Tane 80 WP, Encozeb M-45, Euro mancozeb SC, Insure 80, Karbomate 80 WP, Mancozan M45, Miller M-45, Penncozeb 80 WP, Spiro M-45, Trimanoc 80 WP, Vondozeb 420 Rust propineb Antracol 35 WP Uromyces Bluemax, Funguran-OH, appendiculates copper hydroxide Humbox GX37, Kocide 2000, Kocide 4.5 LF copper oxychloride Coc Fena 250, Perano 250, difenoconazole Score Lonacol 75WP, Perozin 800, zineb Zinacol oxycarboxin Plantvax Rust tebuconazole Folicur

103

Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics

Type of Disease and Causal Active Ingredient Trade Name of Chemical Vegetables Organism of Chemical Uromyces vignae

Bacterial leaf spot Xanthomonas copper hydrocide Camp DP campestris Bacterial blight Xanthomonas cupric hydroxide Kocide 101, Kocide 4.5 LF phaseoli Tomato Brown spot chlorothalonil Kenconil 500 Alternaria alternata ACM Captan 50%WP, captan Criptan 50WP Agrozeb 80WP, Ancozeb, BG Ancozeb 80, Blue Manzeb 80, BM Mancozeb, CH Mancozeb, Comet M45, Disan 45, Dithane M45, Dithane NT, Dithane Yellow SC, D-Tane 80WP, Euro SC, Grozeb 80WP, Halex mancozeb Mancozeb 80WP, HM Mancozeb 80WP, Insure 80, Carbomate 80WP, Kenkozeb, Kenkozeb M45, Ken-Manco, Miller M-45, Alternaria blight Nufarm Mancozeb 80WP, Alternaria solani Procozeb Code 45, Red Mancozeb 80, Redozeb 80, Socozeb, Spiro M-45 Ancom Propineb, Antari 007, Antracol 35WP, propineb Antracol 70WP, BCS Propineb 70WP, Catalyst 70WP, Lontari, Sabri 70WP Attila, Dawat, Fena 250, difenoconazole Sikor 250, Sonata Blue Shield, Blumax, Camp DP, Kocide 101, Kocide copper hydroxide 2000, Kocide 4.5LF, Parasol, Humibox GX37, Funguran- OH maneb BM Maneb, Trineb

104

Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics

Type of Disease and Causal Active Ingredient Trade Name of Chemical Vegetables Organism of Chemical Cha Othanil, Daconil 2787, Daconil 720, Daconil S, Dynam 500, Falcon 700, Farmconil 500, Farmon 500, Halex Thalonil 50WP, chlorothalonil Passport, Proconil 500, Rovoltac 50WP, Rovoltac SC, Rovoltac SPS, Rover 500FW, Spectus 500, Viro 75WG, Odyssey 500 chlorothalonil + oxadixyl Cleanhitter Coc 85, Copside, Copper copper oxychloride 85WP, Coppertol 870 tribasic copper sulphate Cuproxat FL

tebuconazole Fulicur Lonacol 75WP, Perozin 800, zineb Zinacol copper sulphate Nufarm Cuproxat Flowable

flutriafol Pointer

iprodione Rovral

trifloxystrobin Score

ziram Thionic 80WP, Thionic WDG clarified hydrophobic extract of neem oil + d- Tripper limonene carbendazim Vimax 50D

Alternaria blight metiram BASF Metiram, Polyram WG Alternaria sp. maneb CH Maneb Citara 10SC, Zesco 250, difenoconazole Resspon 250, Tekno 23.8EC cymoxanil + mancozeb Curzate M, Pingo, Vamos Dithane GR, Magamex M- mancozeb 45, Mancozeb M-45, Sancozeb 80WP chlorothalonil Teconil 720 Vamos cymoxanil + mancozeb

105

Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics

Type of Disease and Causal Active Ingredient Trade Name of Chemical Vegetables Organism of Chemical Botrytis rot Bastin 50WP, Carben-50, Botrytis cinerea carbendazim Cropdazim 50WP, Derosal 50D, D-Shield Funong, Rally, To-Plaz M70, thiophanate-methyl Top-Plus M70, Topsin M iprodione Rovral Botrytis rot Bavistin FL, Crop-Care Botrytis sp. 500SC, Difotan 50, Halex carbendazim Carbendazim 50WP, Mero 50D, Occidor 42.5SC, Vimax 50D Leaf mildew Brightconil 75WP, Macconil Cercospora fuligena chlorothalonil 75WP

carbendazim Halex Carbendazim 50WP

mancozeb Karbomat 80WP Leaf spot Ancob MX80, Blucozeb M- Cercospora sp. mancozeb 45, Cozeb-M45, Encozeb M- 45, Vitazeb 88 Leaf mildew Bastin 50WP, Cakera 50WP, Cladosporium fulvum carbendazim Derosal 50D, Difotan 50, Rapture 50WP, Vimax 50D mancozeb Dithane Yellow SC Leaf mildew carbendazim D-Shield, Mero 50D Cladosporium sp. Anthracnose Blue Manzeb 80, BM Colletotrichum capsici Mancozeb, CH Mancozeb, Comet M45, Dithane M45, Dithane Yellow SC, Euro SC, Grozeb 80WP, Halex mancozeb 80WP, HM Mancozeb 80WP, Karbomat mancozeb 80WP, Mancothane 80WP, Mancozan M45, MZ-45, Nufarm Mancozeb 80WP, Penncozeb 80WP, Red Mancozeb 80, Redozeb 80, Trimanoc 80WP, Vondozeb 420 carbendazim Carben-50, Cropdazim 50WP, D-Shield, Halex Carbendazim 50WP

106

Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics

Type of Disease and Causal Active Ingredient Trade Name of Chemical Vegetables Organism of Chemical chlorothalonil Delcotac 500, Proconil 500, Roconil 500 copper hydroxide Parasol

metalxyl + mancozeb Teem 648

Thiophanate-methyl Thiosin M-70, Topcide M70

maneb Trineb 80WP Fruit rot mancozeb Blue Manzeb, BM Colletotrichum Mancozeb, Grozeb 80WP, phomoides Nufarm Mancozeb 80WP, Red Mancozeb 80, Redozeb, carbendazim Cakera 50WP, Rapture 50WP chlorothalonil Odyssey 500, Spectus 500 Anthracnose mancozeb Ancob MX80, Blucozeb M- Colletotrichum sp. 45, Cozeb-M45, Dithane GR, Encozeb M45, Insure 80, Magamex M-45, Mancozeb M-45, Miller M-45, Sancozeb 80WP, Spiro M- 45, Vitazeb 88 propineb Antracol 70WP carbendazim Bavistin FL, Derosal 50D, Occhidor 42.5SC, Vimax 50D Leaf spot chlorothalonil Daconil 500, Daconil 720, Corynespora casiicola Delcotac 500, Roconil, Teconil 500 Leaf spot chlorothalonil Teconil 720 Corynespora sp. Fusarium wilt carbendazim Cropdazim 50WP Fusarium oxysporum Downy mildew cymoxanil + mancozeb Keeper 706 Peronospora sp. Phytophthora blight ACM Captan 50%WP, captan Phytophthora Criptan 50WP, infestans Agrozeb 80WP, Ancob MX80, Blucozeb M-45, Blue Manzeb 80, BM Mancozeb, mancozeb CH Mancozeb, Comet M45, Cozeb-M45, Disan 45, Dithane Yellow SC

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Type of Disease and Causal Active Ingredient Trade Name of Chemical Vegetables Organism of Chemical azoxystrobin Amistar chlorothalonil Anconil 500, Brightconil 75WP, Conil 50 FW, Daconil 500, Daconil 720, Daconil S, Delcotac 500, propineb Antari 007, Audix 70WP, BCS Propineb 70WP, Metiram BASF Metiram Copper hydroxide Blue Shield, Bluemax, Camp DP maneb BM Maneb

Metalaxyl + mancozeb BM Metalaxyl MZ,

Chlorothalonil + oxadixyl Cleanhitter Copper oxychloride Copcide, Copper 85WP,Coppertol 870, Coprantol 870, Tribasic copper sulphate Cuproxat FL

Mancozeb + carbendazim Delsene MX-200

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Section IV – Supervision, Monitoring and Reporting 1.0 Supervision, Monitoring and Reporting

Project implementation involves not only field supervision but also includes monitoring and reporting, evaluation and record-keeping. The responsibility for project supervision lies at all levels of the DOA organization, starting from the project level, through to the Station, Subdistrict, District, Divisional and HQ levels. The centres for monitoring and reporting at the HQ, Divisional and District levels of DOA organization are their respective Unit Perolehan dan Bekalan (UPB). The UPB is expected to perform the role of Scheme/project and Project Secretariat, coordinating the management of project and scheme information at their respective levels.

An effective monitoring and reporting system is a critical part of scheme/project supervision Regular reports on physical and financial progress are essential. The monitoring formats are specific and format below are recommended to be used:

a) Monthly Work Reports of Project Supervisor b) Monthly Progress Reports of Crop Development Project/Scheme by Project Supervisor (PS)/Area Staff (AS) c) Monthly Progress Reports of Crop Development Program by District and Divisional UPB d) Annual Assessment Reports by SAAO/AAO

Proper records must be maintained and updated for the implementation of schemes and projects. The detailed records are to be kept at the District level. The PS/AS will have the primary responsibility for keeping the current scheme/project records. The main records to be maintained at the District/Sub-District level include.

a) Register of Project/Scheme Application b) Schedule of Recommended/Approved, Reserve and Rejected list c) Project File d) Project/Scheme record card

The individual Project File shall be used to keep copies of the following records: a) Project application form b) Letter of approval, Letter of Acceptance by the participant c) Project development plan d) Project Annual Operational Plan (AOP) & budget

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e) Reminder and warning notice f) Certificate of Withdrawal, transfer and cancellation g) Project Record Card h) Acknowledgment Receipts of project materials i) Other correspondence relating to specifically to the project.

Regular checks must be carried out by the UPB at District, Divisional and HQ levels on the project/scheme Record Cards.

Details of Supervision, Monitoring and Reporting are as spelt out in the Operation Manual for Crop Planting Programmes.

Section V – Farm Inputs Procurement and Delivery

To follow procedures designed by the Procurement and Supply Unit (PSU) HQ.

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Appendices Appendix 1 BENEFITS OF THE PROGRAMME

Based on the funds allocated in the year 2011 (taking the allocation in year 2011 as yearly average figure), a total of about 3,080 participants from various categories of the industry are expected to benefit from the Agricultural Diversification Programme in the 10 MP.

The benefits of the Agricultural Diversification Programme are as follows:- (1) Create direct investment opportunity to agropreneurs & private sectors interested in the food production programme (2) Optimise land use for food production (3) To maximize food production by adopting modern agricultural technology, such as nethouse vegetable production system. (4) The nethouse system will ensure a continuous supply of quality pesticide-safe vegetables for the local market. (5) This program is expected to benefit about 480 vegetables farm families. This can increase farmers net income to RM 2,000 per ha per month (nethouse crucifer vegetable). (6) This program will help to ensure a stable price of fresh vegetables for the consumers (7) The volume of imported vegetables will be reduced and at the same time the export value of indigenous vegetables will contribute to the State economy. (8) Uplifting of the socio-economic status of ADP participants and at the same time contributing towards stable income. (9) Provide direct and indirect employment opportunities for farming community (10) With the Federal assistance, the Department Of Agriculture Sarawak will be able to increase its food production programme in the State. In the 10 MP, the Dept. will accelerate the process of agriculture transformation from its present small scale production to that of market oriented commercial food production in order to stay competitive. (11) This ADP is one of the strategies to diversify the economic base of the small holder farmers. This will help to reduce the poverty rate in the State. This can be achieved by providing opportunities for them to be involved in the commercial planting of vegetable, field crops, perennials and herbs & spices.

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Summary of the Details of Expected Participants, Physical Target & Budgeting for different components

Value Expected no Expected Expected No. Components per ha of physical Location budget (RM) participants target (ha) (RM) 1 Nethouse 168,000 75 7.5 1,260,000 2 Organic 32,000 25 25 800,000 vegetables 3 Open system 21,000 40 20 420,000 (VCS / SALM) 4 Open system (non-VCS/ 13,500 300 200 2,700,000 SALM) 5 Open system 15,000 40 20 300,000 (indigenous) 6 Field crops 5,000 800 410 2,050,000 7 Perennial 5,000 800 440 2,200,000 crops 8 Herbs and 3,700 1,000 540 1,998,000 spices Total 3080 1,662.5 11,728,000

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Appendix 2

Summary of Project Size

The maximum and minimum project size entitled for each applicant is very much influenced by the types of programme components. The general guidelines are as indicated in the table below:

Minimum and Maximum of Project Size:

Eligibility per participant (Ha) No Programme Components Minimum Size Maximum Size Vegetables Planting Projects (i) Nethouse Production System 0.1 0.2 {(33m x 33m) = 0.1 ha.} (ii) Organic Vegetables (SOM) 0.5 2.0 1 (iii) Open System (VCS/SALM) 0.5 2.0 (iv) Open System (non VCS/SALM) 0.5 2.0 (v) Open System (Indigenous 0.5 2.0 vegetables) 2 Field Crop Planting Project 0.5 2.0 3 Perennial Planting Project 0.5 2.0 4 Herbs and Spices Planting Project 0.5 1.0

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Appendix 3a

Drawing Design of Compost Shed

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Appendix 3b

Sketch Drawing of Nethouse

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Appendix 3c

Nethouse Specifications A) Materials

1. Net mesh transparent/ colourless net Mesh sizes; 16 x 16; 24 x 24; 32 x 32 2. Recommend HDPE with UV resins stabilized 3. Net length 100 ft/200 ft x 12 ft wide HDPE 4. HDPE Black Cord 1.8 mm, 4 mm (or steel cable of equivalent strength) 5. Sawn hardwood posts: 3-4” x 4” x 12 ft or equivalents eg: pepper post 6. 3-4 ft x 3-4 “ x 3-4” wooden stakes for reinforcement slanting net at sides 7. Used plastic containers for covering post-ends

B) Nethouse Standards

1. Unit size: Box shape : Height x width x length of nethouse – 10 ft (H) x 96 ft (W) x 100 ft (approx. 30 m x 30 m) (Sarawak standard) 2. Slanting net at sides with ends buried 1 ft in grounf 3. Doors: Double net door 3-4 ft x 3-4 ft: open outside for exterior dooe and open inwards for interior door –Stitching 4. Siting: well drain flat to gentle hill slope with friabe soils 5. Net mesh: 16 x `6; 24 x 24; 32 x 32 6. Strainer peg: 3-4” x 3-4” x 3-4 ft wooden peg 7. Drain: Open drains 1ft x 0.5-1 ft 8. Bed size: 1.2 m wide x 16 m long 9. Stitch net using 1.8 mm black cord as in sewing 10. Irrigation: sprinkler / tape / mist / spray 11. Cropping system: All in all out (All/none system) 12. Crop rotation and fallow: rotational with resting/ fallow period: 14 days or more 13. Cultivation: To comply with MS-GAP

C) Installation of Structure Netting

1. Erect and position of the post according to plan as in figure 1 below 2. Tie and tighten all the supporting UV wire for all the post structures before install the netting (Fig. 2,3, & 4) 3. Tie and tighten PV rope (4mm) across the top roofing with 25 ft distance 4. Use 8 roll netting for roofing, 1.8 mm PV rope for sewing netting before install to the top roofing. 5. Use 4 roll netting for wall and door, bury the end of the netting into the ground.

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Appendix 4 FARM ACCREDITED SCHEME OF MALAYSIA Skim Amalan Ladang Baik Malaysia ( SALM )

INTRODUCTION

SALM is a national program implemented by Department of Agriculture to recognize and accredited farms which adopts good agricultural practices (GAP), operated in an environmentally friendly way and yielding products that are of quality, safe and sustainable for human consumption.

The SALM Standard on GAP is a document that sets out performance levels of agricultural production, which must be achieved and are encouraged among the producers. It is designed to encourage producers to go through the following practices: (a) understand the current situation on the ground relative to the performance levels they are required to meet, (b) planning how to get from the current to the future situation, (c) implementing the plans to conform to the requirements of the standard, (4) monitoring whether the plans are being implemented and whether they are working. The rules of the standard are not prescriptive approaches to manage agricultural production but rather an approach which combines defined performance targets with the freedom for users to decide themselves how to achieve the target.

The SALM Standard of GAP is essentially based on the Malaysian Standard MS 1784 : 2005 Crop Commodities – Good Agricultural Practices (GAP). In addition, the SALM Standard also encompasses rules or criteria which are derived from: (a) specific legal provisions of national laws to control the hazards that impact the environment, food safety and worker‟s health and safety, and (2) EurepGAP Protocol for Fruits and Vegetables that are not defined in MS-GAP.

PROCESS OF ACCREDITATION

Accreditation is achieved through visitations by inspectors/auditors to the participating farms. The inspectors/auditors inspect the farms and evaluate the farming practices carried out by the farmer to manage his farms. All the farming practices must conform to the stipulated conditions imposed by standards, guidelines and regulations currently in place under SALM Standard.

FORMS OF RECOGNITION

The inspectors/auditors make recommendation to the State/National SALM Committee which farms are eligible be given recognition on the GAP. Farms conforming to the

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SCOPE OF EVALUATION

During their visit to the farms, inspectors/auditors will evaluate three major aspects, covering different conditions of conformance before a farm is accredited. Most of the conditions evaluated are similar to those listed under MS 1784 Crop Commodities- Good Agricultural Practices, EUREGAP Protocol for Fresh Fruits and Vegetables and the CODEX Code of Hygienic Practices for Primary Production and Packaging of Fresh Fruits and Vegetables.

The three aspects are conditions relating to (a) the environmental setting of a farm, (b) farmer‟s adherence to good agricultural practices and (c) safety of the produces. Data and information required for the purpose of this evaluation are sourced from site investigations, farm records, field observations, interview the farmer, and through sampling of products for analysis.

ELEMENTS EVALUATED UNDER SALM STANDARD

1. Environmental Setting of the Farm - Legality of the farm - Altitude above sea level - Previous use or history of the land - Soil type and suitability of the farm - Slope and terrain of the farm - Soil erosion risk factor - Source and quality of irrigation water and farm use - Source and distances from pollution centers.

2. Verifications of Farm Practices

- Farm records of activities undertaken - Soil and substrate preparation and management (including soil fumigation, if any) - Selection of planting materials (variety, root stock, clones, etc) - Crop nutrition or fertilizer program - Crop pest management system (pesticides usage, IPM, etc) - Harvesting techniques and field transport - Post harvest treatment, grading and packaging - Storage of farm inputs and products

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- Farm waste disposal system (empty pesticide containers and other non- degradeble products) - Farm workers legal status, welfare and safety training of farm operatives

3. Safety of Farm Products Physical and chemical analysis of ex-farm gate produces covering:  Physical quality of produce such as appearance, infestation from pests and taste.  Levels of pesticide residue in the produce covering groups such as dithiocarbamates, organo-chlorine, organo-phosphates and synthetic pyrethroids  Contamination of heavy metals such as arsenic, lead, mercury and cadmium

THE MAJOR MUST OF ACCREDITATION FOR A FARM UNDER SALM STANDARD The minimum standards of conditions that must be fulfilled before accreditation is given to the farm are as follows:

1. The farm is a legal entity. 2. The farm has a soil inspection report. 3. The soil and terrain is suitable for the intended crop. 4. The farm is situated at an elevation less than 1000 meters above sea level. However, exemption is given to the farms operated before 2002. 5. The farm practices sound soil conservation measures. 6. The farm maintains up-to-date records of activities (17 types, using forms JP BEST 4(1-17). 7. Sewage or industrial sludge is not permitted for fertilization. 8. Genetically modified planting materials are not permitted. 9. The pesticides used are legally registered by the Pesticide Boards. 10. The farm practices integrated pest management (IPM). 11. The farm possesses a proper storage area for pesticides and fertilizers. 12. The farm workers use personal protective clothing when applying pesticides. 13. The farm possesses a proper waste disposal plan. 14. The farm practices good harvesting techniques, handling and transport. 15. The farm employs worker that are legal, with ages more than 16 years. 16. Pesticide residues in the farm produce are less than the Maximum Residue Limits (MRL) of Schedule 16 of the Food Act 1983. 17. Contents of heavy metal below the permissible limits of Schedule 14 of the Food Act, 1983.

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Appendix 5 MALAYSIAN ORGANIC SCHEME (SOM)

Introduction

Malaysian Organic Scheme (SOM) is a certification program implemented by Department of Agriculture to recognize farms which cultivate crops organically according to the criteria and requirements spelt out in SOM Standard.

The Standard of Organic Agriculture for SOM is essentially based on the Malaysian Standard, MS 1529:2001 – The production, proc essing, labeling and marketing of plant based organically produced foods.

In addition to this, the SOM Standard also encompasses rules or criteria which are derived from specific legal provisions of national laws to control the hazards that impact the environment, food safety, workers‟ health and safety.

Basis for certification of organic farm. The SOM Standard applies to farms of unprocessed plants and plant products which are intended to carry a descriptive labeling referring to organic production methods. It does not cover the downstream processed products which are derived from unprocessed plants and plant products.

Certification for organic production under SOM is attained if the farm confirms to the requirements of SOM Standard. The requirements of the SOM Standard are listed below.

1. Traceability

Organic produce shall be traceable to the farm where it has been originally produced. In other words, the produce shall be tagged and labelled prior to the delivery to the marketing outlets.

2. Record keeping

All records kept by the farm shall be up to date and maintained, with all esswential elements captured. The farm record shall include:

 Area palted and types of crops  Purchased and usage of farm inputs  Maintenance of machine and equipment  Crop yield, total production and sale

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3. General production management

Cultivation shall be carried out in accordance to land, soil, water, fertility and pesticide management to avoid a negative impact on crops, land quality and the environment.

4. Responsibility for organic integrity

Operators are responsible for the integrity of their organic production and products throughout the entire chain of custody within the scope of their management.

5. Conversion period from conventional farming to organic farming

Farms must undergo a conversion period at least two years of organic production from conventional farming and at least one year for virgin jungle and organic farming.

6. Buffer crop and buffer distance

Operators shall take action to prevent or minimize the risk of contamination of prohibited or undesirable materials used on lands next to registered organic fields or crops.

7. Land and soil management

Farm layout should be prepared for the farm, which can then be used to plan rotations, planting and growing programs. Operators shall take reasonable and appropriate measures to minimize loss of topsoil through minimal tillage, contour plowing, crop selection, mainrenance of cover crops and other management practices that conserve soil.

8. Water management

Operators shall take reasonable and appropriate measures to prevent the pollution of ground and surface water. Organic handlers shall install systems that permit the responsible use and recycling of water without pollution or conatamination either by chemicals, or b animal or human pathogens.

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9. Crop production

Use of genetically modified organisms (GMO) and products thereof is prohibited in all aspects of organic production and handling without exception. Seeds and vegetative reproductive material should be from plants grown in accordance with the provisions of this standard for at least one generation or in the case of perennial crops, two growing seasons.

10. Handling, packaging, transporting and storage of produce

Waste from handling shall be managed so as to have minimum effect on the environment. Where appropriate, organic waste shall be used for nutrient recycling in production fields. Organic producde shall not be kept in containers, packaging or wrapping material in which conventional produce have previously been kept, unless these have been carefully cleaned. Transportation of organic products shall not be done together with non-organic products unless they can be clearly identified and labelled, separated and adequate measures are in place to prevent contamination or mixing. Operators shall be responsible for all storage and handling within and outside the operator‟s unit up to the time of sale. Organic products must be protected and labelled at all times from co- mingling with non-organic products.

11. Workers’ health, safety and welfare

Workers and operators should receive basic training in hygiene requirements for the handling of organic produce. First Aid Box shall be available at permanent sites on the farm. Workers shall have access to clean toilet and washing facioities in the viinity of their work. They shall be made aware of the requirement should they contract any tranferable diseases, which may render them unfir to work in the vicinity of produce destined for human consumption.

12. Analysis of produce

All products shall be analysed for pesticide residue and heavy metal content. Similarly, water for irrigation and post harvest washing shall be analysed for contamination.

13. Waste management

Having identified wastes and pollutants, a plan shoul;d be developed and implemented to avoid or reduce wastage and pollution. Whenever possible, avoid land filling or burning, the wastes should be recyled through composting.

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14. Record of complaints

Records of complaints on all produce not in compliance with the requirements in the SOM Standard and their remedial actions shall be made avcailable on the site.

Benefits of SOM

Products which have been produced by a certified organic farm can be labelled as organic. The producer is entitled to use the logo of Malaysian Organic Scheme (SOM) on all of his products. Labelled as such, the products may be marketed as organic produce at appropriate prices.

The scheme give assurance the consumers that organic products purchased are actually organically produced and do not contain unwanted chemical residues. In the absence of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in organic farming, contamination to environment and cases of worker poisoning are drastically reduced.

Who can participate?

The scheme is open to all growers who are engaged in the primary production of fresh organic produce. The APLICATION FORM and the SOM Standard may be obtained from:

Secretariat, Malaysian organic Scheme (SOM), Agriculture Research Centre Semonggok Department of Agriculture Kuching, Sarawak

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Appendix 6

Organic Farming

Introduction

The environmental cost incurred through modern, chemical-intensive farming are no longer acceptable. Rampant pesticide use, soil depletion and genetic homogenization of crops threaten the air we breathe, the water we drink and the land we depend on for food and habitat. Organic, sustainable agriculture is a realistic and necessary alternative to those practices.

Organic farming is production system which evades the use of synthetic (inorganic) fertilizers and pesticides. Apart from this, the farmer also takes steps to protect the environment and conserve biodiversity. Compost, animal wastes, leguminous plants, green manure and organic fertilizers are used to improve soil fertility and plant growth. Mechanical and physical methods as well as cultural practices including rotational cropping and biological control are used to tackle the problem of pests, diseases and weeds. Therefore, the products from systematic organic farms are safe from undesirable chemical pesticide residues.

In the supermarkets, you can see that there are fruits and vegetables labeled “organic”. Both the organic and non-organic fruits and vegetables look fresh and plump, but the organic food costs almost twice as much. Then, you ask a question, can I trust the label “organic food”? Only the fruits and vegetables which have been produced by a certified organic farm can be labeled as organic.

Certification of Organic Farm

Malaysian Organic Scheme (SOM) is a certification program which is implemented by DOA Sarawak, to accredit the farmer who operates his farm in compliance with the standard conditions set by the national organic standard, MS 1529:2001. The standard sets out guidelines concerning:

 suitability of planting site,  transition period from conventional to organic system production,  pesticide residue and heavy metal,  crop buffer and buffer zone  soil fertility management,  good water management,  use of seed and plant materials,  use of fertilizers, soil conditioners, and pest and disease control measures,

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 management of weeds, pests and diseases,  wrapping, storage and transport of farm products,  direct sale, and  record keeping.

Farm inspection is carried out by the inspector from DOA and the decision to certify whether a farm is organic or not is made by a Certification Committee comprising of members from various government departments/agencies.

Organic Products

Products which have been produced by a certified organic farm can be labeled as organic. The producer is entitled to use the logo of Organik Malaysia on all of his products. Labeled as such, the products may be marketed as organic products at appropriate prices.

The consumer is assured that organic products that he buys are truly organic and safe from undesirable chemical residues as they have been produced in compliance with the national organic standard (SOM).

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Appendix 7

Bayam (Chinese Spinach) - Kos pengeluaran dan Pendapatan

Anggaran kos pengeluaran bayam/ha/musim Jarak penanaman : 8 cm x 10 cm Kepadatan : 166 667 pokok/ha Masa memungut hasil : 28-30 hari selepas menanam

Jumlah Jenis kerja/bahan/harta tetap Kontrak/harga Tenaga keluarga kos bahan/susut nilai (RM) Hari (RM) tenaga* Kos (RM)

Biji benih1 280.00 - - 280.00 Penyediaan tanah dan batas (kontrak) 700.00 - - 700.00 Menanam - 4 100.00 100.00 Membaja2 2 132.00 6 150.00 2 282.00 Merumput - 10 250.00 250.00 Menjarang - 14 350.00 350.00 Mengawal musuh, penyakit3 390.59 4 100.00 490.59 Minyak diesel untuk enjin pam air4 100.00 - - 100.00 Penyelenggaraan sistem pemercik dan 50.00 - - 50.00 enjin pam air5 Memungut hasil - 60 1 500.00 1 500.00 Jumlah kecil 3 652.59 98 2 450.00 6 102.59 Cukai tanah6 1.52 - - 1.52 Susut nilai** Sistem pengairan pemercik 116.67 - - 116.67 Pam air 6.67 - - 6.67 Enjim pam air 43.33 - - 43.33 Penyembur galas 3.33 - - 3.33 Cangkul 1.20 - - 1.20 Stor dan bangsal 41.67 - - 41.67 Jumlah kecil 214.39 - - 214.39 Jumlah besar 3 866.98 98 2 450.00 6 316.98

Nota: 1Benih 7kg @ RM40.00/kg 2Nitrophoska green (NPK 15:15:15) 0.6t @ RM61.00/50kg (RM 1220.00/t) Tahi ayam, 4 t @ RM200.00/t Baja daun 4 L @ RM10.00/L Kapur (GML) 4 t @ RM 140.00/t 3Racun musuh dan penyakit (mengikut jenis musuh & penyakit), thiram 21 g @ RM28.00/1000g 41 bulan @ RM100.00/bulan

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51 bulan @ RM50.00/bulan 61 bulan @ Rm18.20/ha/tahun *1 hari tenaga = RM25.00

Pendapatan

Anggaran pendapatan daripada bayam/ha/musim

Hasil Pendapatan Pendapatan pada 3 peringkat harga jualan di ladang

RM0.80 kg RM0.85/kg RM0.90/kg

Rendah Kasar 9600.00 10200.00 10800.00

(12 000) Bersih 3283.02 3883.02 4483.02

Buruh keluarga 5733.02 6333.02 6933.02

Sederhana Kasar 11200.00 11900.00 12600.00

(14 000) Bersih 4883.02 5583.02 6283.02

Buruh keluarga 7333.02 8033.02 8733.02

Tinggi Kasar 12000.00 12750.00 13500.00

(15 000) Bersih 5683.02 6433.02 7183.02

Buruh keluarga 8133.02 8883.02 9633.02

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Appendix 8 Anggaran Kos Pengeluaran dan Pendapatan Jagung sayur/ha/musim

Jarak penanaman : 30 cm x 11 cm Kepadatan : 160 000 pokok/ha Masa memungut hasil : 50 hari selepas menanam

Tenaga keluarga Jumlah Jenis kerja/bahan/harta tetap Kontrak/harga Hari Kos kos (RM) tenaga* (RM) Biji benih1 78.00 - - 78.00 Penyediaan tanah dan batas (kontrak) 700.00 - - 700.00 Mengapur 420.00 1 25.00 445.00 Menanam (kontrak) 250.00 - - 250.00 Membaja2 1802.00 9 225.00 2027.00 Merumput3 160.00 8 200.00 360.00 Mengawal musuh, penyakit4 200.00 5 125.00 325.00 Minyak diesel untuk enjin pam air5 167.00 - - 167.00 Penyelenggaraan sistem pemercik dan 83.50 - - 83.50 enjin pam air6 Memungut hasil,mengupas,memotong dan membungkus - 20 500.00 500.00 Jumlah kecil 3860.50 63 1575.00 5435.5 Cukai tanah7 2.53 - - 2.53 Susut nilai** Sistem pengairan pemercik 194.83 - - 194.83 Pam air 11.13 - - 11.13 Enjim pam air 72.37 - - 72.37 Penyembur galas 5.57 - - 5.57 Cangkul 2.00 - - 2.00 Stor dan bangsal 69.58 - - 69.58 Jumlah kecil 358.01 - - 358.01 Jumlah besar 4218.51 63 1575.00 5793.51 Nota: 1Benih 65kg @ RM1.20/kg 2Nitrophoska blue special (NPKMg +TE 12:12:17+ TE), 0.5t @ RM62.00/50kg (RM 1240.00/t) Tahi ayam, 5 t @ RM200.00/t Urea 0.26 t @ RM700.00/t Kapur (GML- guna berasaskan pH tanah) 3 t @ RM 140.00/t 3Racun rumpai (gramoxone) 11L @ RM58.00/4L (RM14.50/L) 4Racun musuh dan penyakit (mengikut jenis musuh & penyakit), thiram 21 g @ RM28.00/1000g 51.67 bulan @ RM100.00/bulan 61.67 bulan @ RM50.00/bulan 71.67 bulan @ Rm18.20/ha/tahun *1 hari tenaga = RM25.00

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Anggaran pendapatan daripada jagung sayur/ha/musim

Pendapatan pada 3 peringkat harga jualan di Hasil Pendapatan ladang RM2.50 kg RM3.25/kg RM4.00/kg Rendah Kasar 37500.00 48 750.00 60 000.00 (15 000) Bersih 31 706.49 42 956.49 54 206.49 Buruh keluarga 33 281.49 44 534.49 55 781.49 Sederhana Kasar 50 000.00 65 000.00 80 000.00 (20 000) Bersih 44 806.49 59 206.49 74 206.49 Buruh keluarga 45 781.49 60 781.49 75 781.49 Tinggi Kasar 62500.00 81 250.00 100 000.00 (25 000) Bersih 56 706.49 75 456.49 94 206.49 Buruh keluarga 58 281.49 77 031.49 95 781.49

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Appendix 9 Anggaran Kos Pengeluaran dan Pendapatan Bendi/ha/musim Jarak penanaman : 100 cm x 100 cm Kepadatan : 12 500 pokok/ha Masa memungut hasil : 45 hari selepas menanam

Jumlah Jenis kerja/bahan/harta tetap Kontrak/harga Tenaga keluarga kos bahan/susut nilai (RM) Hari (RM) tenaga* Kos (RM)

Biji benih1 180.00 - - 180.00 Penyediaan tanah dan batas (kontrak) 700.00 - - 700.00 Menanam - 15 375.00 375.00 Menjarang - 2 50.00 50.00 Membaja (4 kali) dan mengapur2 2660.00 6 150.00 2810.00 Merumput3 116.00 18 450.00 566.00 Mengawal musuh, penyakit4 289.80 15 375.00 664.80 Minyak diesel untuk enjin pam air5 500.00 - - 500.00 Penyelenggaraan sistem pemercik dan 250.00 - - enjin pam air6 250.00 Memungut hasil - 120 3 000.00 3000.00 Meratun - 32 800 800.00 Jumlah kecil 4 695.80 208 5 200.00 9 895.80 Cukai tanah7 7.58 - - 7.58 Susut nilai** 1.52 Sistem pengairan pemercik 583.33 - - 583.33 Pam air 33.33 - - 33.33 Enjim pam air 216.67 - - 216.67 Penyembur galas 16.67 - - 16.67 Cangkul 6.00 - - 6.00 Stor dan bangsal 208.33 - - 208.33 Jumlah kecil 1 071.91 - - 1 071.91 Jumlah besar 5 767.71 208 5 200.00 10 967.71

Nota: 1Benih 6kg @ RM30.00/kg 2Nitrophoska green (NPK 15:15:15) 0.6t @ RM61.00/50kg (RM1220.00/t) Tahi ayam, 5 t @ RM200.00/t Kapur (GML) 3 t @ RM 140.00/t 3Racun rumpai (diikuti dengan tangan) gramoxone 8L @ Rm58.00/ 4L 4 Racun musuh dan penyakit (mengikut jenis musuh dan penyakit), thriam 18 g @ RM 28.00/1000g 5 5bulan @ RM100.00/bulan 6 5 bulan @ RM50.00/bulan 75 bulan @ Rm18.20/ha/tahun *1 hari tenaga = RM25.00

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Anggaran Pendapatan Daripada Bendi/ha/musim

Hasil Pendapatan Pendapatan pada 3 peringkat harga jualan di ladang

RM1.40 kg RM1.60/kg RM1.80/kg

Rendah Kasar 16 800 19 200 21 600.00

(12 000) Bersih 5832.29 8 232.29 10 632.29

Buruh keluarga 11 032.29 13 432.29 15 832.29 Kasar 25 200.00 28 800.00 32 400.00 Sederhana

(18 000) Bersih 14 232.29 17 832.29 24 432.29

Buruh keluarga 19 432.29 23 032.29 26 632.29

Tinggi Kasar 33 600.00 38 400.00 43 200 Bersih 22 632.29 27 432.29 32 232.29 (24 000)

Buruh keluarga 27 832.29 32 632.29 37 432.29

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Appendix 10

Anggaran Kos Pengeluaran dan Pendapatan Jagung Manis di Tanah Mineral Jarak penanaman : 60 cm x 60 cm Kepadatan : 166 667 pokok/ha Masa memungut hasil : 60-75 hari selepas menanam

Jenis kerja/bahan/harta tetap Kuantiti Kos (RM)

(i) Kos bahan input 10 kg @ 1kg/RM83.30 - Hybrid (a) Benih no.5 833.00* 10 kg @ 1kg/RM11.60 - Super sweet corn 116.00

(b) Baja NPK 12:12:17:2 600kg@ 50 kg/RM 63.00 756.00 Dolomite 1000kg @ 50 kg/Rm12.00 240.00

(c) Racun Kimia Gramozone 8 liter @ 4 liter/ RM51.95 103.90 Endosulfan 5 liter @ 1 liter/ RM 18.80 94.00 Benlate 500 gm @ 500 gm/RM 26.60 26.60 Gesaprim 8 liter @ 1 liter/ RM35.00 280.00 Jumlah kecil (i) 2,333.50* 1,616.50 (ii) Kos input tenaga hari (t.h) @ RM15.00 (a) Penyediaan tanah Kontrak 500.00 (b) Menanam 15 t.h @ RM 15.00/t.h. 225.00 (c) Meracun/menyembur 30 t.h @ RM 15.00/t.h. 450.00 (d) Membaja 11 t.h @ RM 15.00/ t.h. 165.00 (e) Memungut hasil 10 t.h. @ RM 15.00/ t.h. 150.00 Jumlah kecil (ii) 1,490.00 Jumlah Kos pengeluaran (i+ii) 3,823.50* 3,106.50

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Anggaran pendapatan dari jualan tongkol jagung segar

Butir-butir Tenaga upah (RM)

(a) Pendapatan kasar @ RM 0.40/tongkol jagung besar 6920.00

(b) Kos pengeluaran tongkol jagung sehektar 3823.50

3106.50

(c) Kos pengeluaran/tongkol jagung 0.22*

0.18

Pendapatan bersih (a-b) 3096.50

3,813.50

Nota : Anggaran kos pengeluaran dan pendapatan ini dibuat pada tahun 2002. Ianya akan berubah mengikut keadaan semasa.

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Appendix 11

Anggaran Kos Pengeluaran Sehektar Bagi Tanaman Roselle (T.Bris) (11,000 pokok/ha)

Bil. Item Kuantiti RM

Harga/kg/mt/liter Jumlah kos

(A) Pendapatan Kasar

1 Hasil/kg @ RM0.80 12,000 0.80 9600.00

(B) Bahan

1 Benih 1.2 kg 35 42.00

2 Baja Organan 7.5 mt 140 1050.00

3 Baja Kimia

15:15:15 300 kg 1.12 336.00

12:12:17:2 1000kg 1.20 1200.00

Urea 150kg 2.00 300.00

4 Kapur GML 1 mt 200 200.00

5 Racun Perosak 136.00

6 Racun Rumpai 136.00

7 Minyak diesel 300 liter 0.70 210.00

8 Pelbagai 10% dari kos bahan 361.00

Jumlah Kecil 3971.00

(C) Tenaga Kerja

1 Penyediaan Kawasan Kontrak 15.00 180.00

Penyediaan Semaian dan 2 8 15.00 120.00 mengerek

3 Mengapur dan membaja 6 15.00 90.00

4 Meyediakan batas Kontrak 180.00

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5 Menggali lubang tanaman 5 15.00 75.00

Menanam/pindah anak 6 16 15.00 240.00 pokok

7 Kawalan perosak 10 15.00 150.00

8 Pembajaan tambahan 40 15.00 600.00

9 Memungut hasil 160 15.00 2400.00

Jumlah Kecil 4035.00

Kos tetap 160.00

Kos kontigency 200.00

Jumlah Kos pengeluaran 8366.00

Pendapatan Bersih @ 1234.00 Rm0.80

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Appendix 12 Production Cost Estimates ( Groundnut )

Variety : - Density : 148,148 points/ha. Planting distant : 0.45 m X 0.15 m Production acreage : 1 hectare Maturing : 100 – 110 days

Type of preparation/ Cost ( RM ) Family labour Total cost material Man Day*** Cost ( RM ) ( RM ) Planting material 600.00 - - 600.00 ( 150 kg/ha ) Site preparation and beds - 20 300.00 300.00 Planting - 15 225.00 225.00 Lime* 1,000.00 4 60.00 1,060.00 Manuring** 600.00 8 120.00 720.00 Weedicide & weeding 200.00 20 300.00 500.00 Chemical (Insecticide & 300.00 5 75.00 375.00 fungicide ) Harvesting - 40 600.00 600.00 Total Production Cost 2,700.00 112 1,680.00 4,380.00

*Dolomite @ RM400.00 per ton ** NPK Green @ RM2,000.00 per ton ***1 man day = RM15.00

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Appendix 13

Production Cost Estimates of Sugar Cane

Variety : Tebu Kuning (sugarcane juice ) Density : 5,000 cuttings or setts/ha. Planting distant : 1 m X 2 m Production acreage : 1 hectare Maturing : 8 – 10 months

Type of preparation/ Cost ( RM ) Family labour Total cost material Man Day*** Cost ( RM ) ( RM ) Planting material* 1,000.00 - - 1,000.00 Site preparation and beds - 20 300.00 300.00 Planting - 30 450.00 450.00 Manuring** 2,600.00 12 180.00 2,780.00 Weeding and removing 30 450.00 450.00 leaves Chemical ( weedicide, 200.00 6 90.00 290.00 insecticide & fungicide ) Harvesting - 60 900.00 900.00 Total Production Cost 3,800.00 158 2,370.00 6,170.00

*Planting material @ RM200.00/1,000 cuttings **Sulphate of ammonia/Nitrophoska Green @ RM2,000.00 per ton ***1 man day = RM15.00

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Appendix 14

Production Cost Estimates ( Sweet potato )

Variety : Gendut, Cina and Unggu Density : 33,333 cuttings /ha. Planting distant : 1.0 m X 0.3 m Production acreage : 1 hectare Maturing : 4 months

Type of preparation/ Cost ( RM ) Family labour Total cost material Man Day** Cost ( RM ) ( RM ) Planting material - - - - Site preparation and beds - 54 810.00 810.00 Planting - 16 240.00 240.00 Manuring* 2,300.00 10 150.00 2,450.00 Weedicide & weeding 200.00 10 150.00 350.00 Chemical (Insecticide & 300.00 10 150.00 450.00 fungicide ) Harvesting - 60 900.00 900.00 Total Production Cost 2,800.00 160 2,400.00 5,200.00

* NPK Green @ RM2,000.00 per ton **1 man day = RM15.00

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Appendix 15 Production Cost Estimates Tapioca

Variety : Sawah & Putih Density : 10,000 points/ha. Planting distant : 1 m X 1 m Production acreage : 1 hectare Maturing : 9 – 12 months

Type of preparation/ Cost ( RM ) Family labour Total cost material Man Day*** Cost ( RM ) ( RM ) Planting material* 2,000.00 - - 2,000.00 Site preparation and beds 80 1,200.00 1,200.00 Dolomite**** 400.00 2 30.00 430.00 Planting - 10 150.00 150.00 Manuring** 2,000.00 6 90.00 2,090.00 Weed control 300.00 6 90.00 390.00 ( Weedicide ) Chemical ( insecticide & 300.00 10 150.00 450.00 fungicide ) Harvesting - 55 825.00 825.00 Total Production Cost 5,000.00 169 2,535.00 7,535.00

*Planting material @ RM200.00/1,000 cuttings **NPK Blue @ RM2,000.00 per ton ***1 man day = RM15.00 ****If necessary

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Appendix 16 Production Cost Estimates - Taro

Variety : Thailand Density : 18,518 suckers/ha. Planting distant : 1.2 m X 0.45 m Production acreage : 1 hectare Maturing : 9 – 12 months

Type of preparation/ Cost ( RM ) Family labour Total cost material Man Day*** Cost ( RM ) ( RM ) Planting material* 3,703.60 - - 3,703.60 Site preparation and beds 80 1,200.00 1,200.00 Planting - 20 300.00 300.00 Manuring** 2,300.00 10 150.00 2,450.00 Weeding, mulching and - 127 1,905.00 1,905.00 removing suckers Chemical ( weedicide, 500.00 10 150.00 650.00 insecticide & fungicide ) Harvesting - 48 720.00 720.00 Total Production Cost 6,503.60 295 4,425.00 10,928.60

*Planting material @ RM200.00/1,000 suckers **NPK Green @ RM2,000.00 per ton ***1 man day = RM15.00

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Appendix 17

Anggaran Kos Pengeluaran Halia Muda/ha/musim

Jarak penanaman : 45 cm x 25 cm

Kepadatan : 29 333 pokok/ha

Masa memungut hasil : 4.5 – 6 bulan selepas menanam

Jenis kerja/bahan/harta tetap Kontrak/harga/ Tenaga keluarga Jumlah kos

Bahan/susut Hari Kos (RM)

Nilai (RM) tenaga*

Biji benih1 6250.00 - - 6 250.00

Penyediaan tanah dan batas (kontrak) 700.00 - - 700.00

Menanam - 20 500.00 500.00

Membaja (3x) dan mengapur2 3360.00 20 500.00 3860.00

Merumput (3x) dan menimbun tanah3 116.00 48 1200.00 1316.00

Mengawal musuh, penyakit4 520.00 30 750.00 1270.00

Minyak diesel dan pelincir untuk enjin pam 530.00 - - 530.00 air5

Penyelenggaraan system pemercik dan 265.00 - - 265.00 enjin pam air6

Memungut hasil - 40 1 000.00 1 000.00

Memikul dan mengangkut (kontrak) 250.00 - - 250.00

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Jumlah kecil 11 991.00 158 3950.00 15941.00

Cukai tanah7 8.04 - - 12.89

Susut nilai**

Sistem pengairan pemercik 618.33 - - 991.67

Pam air 35.33 - - 56.67

Enjin pam air 229.67 - - 368.33

Penyembur galas 17.67 - - 28.33

Cangkul 6.36 - - 10.20

Stor dan bangsal 220.83 - - 354.17

Jumlah kecil 1 136.23 - - 1 136.23

Jumlah besar 13 127.23 158 3 950.00 17 077.23

Nota:

1Benih 2500kg @ Rm2.50/kg

2Nitrophoska blue special (NPKMg+TE 12:12:17+TE), 1.5t @ Rm62.00/50kg (RM1 240.00/t)

Tahi ayam, 4t @ RM200.00/t

Kapur (GML-guna berasaskan pH tanah) 5t @ RM140.00/t

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Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics i. Pendapatan Halia muda RM2.00/kg Rm2.15/kg RM2.25/kg

Rendah Kasar 16 000.00 28 000.00 18 000.00 (14 000) Bersih -1077.23 9 756.74 922.77

Buruh keluarga 2 872.77 13 706.74 4 872.77

Kasar 20 000.00 32 000.00 22 500.00 Sederhana (16 000) Bersih 2 922.77 13 756.74 5 422.77

Buruh keluarga 6 872.77 17 706.74 9 372.77

Kasar 24 000.00 40 000.00 27 000.00 Tinggi (20 000) Bersih 6 922.77 21 756.74 9 922.77

Buruh keluarga 10 872.77 25 706.74 13 872.77

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Appendix 18

Anggaran kos pengeluaran dan Pendapatan Halia/ha/musim

Jarak penanaman : 45 cm x 25 cm

Kepadatan : 29 333 pokok/ha

Masa memungut hasil : 4.5 - 6 bulan selepas menanam

Jenis kerja/bahan/harta tetap Kontrak/harga Jumlah kos Tenaga Keluarga

bahan/susut nilai (RM)

(RM) Hari Kos (RM) tenaga*

Biji benih1 6 250.00 - - 6 250.00

Penyediaan tanah dan batas (kontrak) 700.00 - - 700.00

Menanam - 20 500.00 500.00

Membaja (3x) dan mengapur2 3 360.00 20 500.00 3860.00

Merumput (3x) dan menimbun tanah3 116.00 48 1200.00 1316.00

Mengawal musuh, penyakit4 520.00 30 750.00 1270.00

Minyak diesel untuk enjin pam air5 530.00 - - 530.00 Penyelenggaraan sistem pemercik dan 265.00 - - 265.00

enjin pam air6 250.00

Memungut hasil - 40 1 000.00 1 000.00

Memikul dan mengangkut (kontrak) 250.00 - - 250.00

Jumlah kecil 11 991.00 158 3 950.00 15 941.00

Cukai tanah7 8.04 - - 12.89

Susut nilai**

Sistem pengairan pemercik 618.33 - - 991.67

Pam air 35.33 - - 56.67

Enjim pam air 229.67 - - 368.33

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Penyembur galas 17.67 - - 28.33

Cangkul 6.36 - - 10.20

Stor dan bangsal 220.83 - - 354.17

Jumlah kecil 1 136.23 - - 1 136.23

Jumlah besar 13 127.23 158 3 950.00 17 077.23

Nota:

1Benih 2500kg @ RM2.50/kg

2Nitrophoska blue special (NPKMg+TE 12:12:17+TE), 1.5t @ RM62.00/50kg (RM 1240.00/t)

Tahi ayam, 4 t @ RM200.00/t

Kapur (GML - guna berasaskan pH tanah) 5 t @ RM 140.00/t

3Racun rumpai (gramoxone) 8L @ RM58.00/4L

4Racun musuh dan penyakit (mengikut jenis musuh & penyakit)

55.3 bulan @ RM100.00/bulan

65.3 bulan @ RM50.00/bulan

75.3 bulan @ Rm18.20/ha/tahun

*1 hari tenaga = RM25.00

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Anggaran pendapatan daripada halia/ha/musim

Hasil Pendapatan Pendapatan pada 3 peringkat harga jualan di ladang

RM1.60/kg RM2.00/kg RM2.30/kg

i.Halia tua

Kasar 22 400.00 28 000.00 32 200.00 Rendah (14 000) Bersih 4 156.74 9 756.74 13 956.74

Buruh keluarga 8 106.74 13 706.74 17 906..74

Kasar 25 600.00 32 000.00 36 800.00 Sederhana (16 000) Bersih 7 356.74 13 756.74 18 556.74

Buruh keluarga 11 306.74 17 706.74 22 506.74

Kasar 32 000.00 40 000.00 46 000.00 Tinggi (20 000) Bersih 13 756.74 21 756.74 27 756.74

Buruh keluarga 17 706.74 25 706.74 31 706.74

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Appendix 19

Anggaran Kos Pengeluaran dan Pendapatan Serai/ha/musim

Jarak penanaman : 0.5 m x 1 m

Kepadatan : 20 000 rumpun/ha

Masa memungut hasil : 28-30 hari selepas menanam

Jenis kerja/bahan/harta tetap Kontrak/harga Tenaga Keluarga Jumlah kos

bahan/susut nilai (RM)

(RM) Hari Kos tenaga* (RM)

Biji benih1 1 600.00 - - 1 600.00

Penyediaan tanah dan batas (kontrak) 700.00 - - 700.00

Mengapur2 420.00 1 25.00 445.00

Menanam. - 20 500.00 500.00

Membaja3 835.00 20 500.00 1335.00

Merumput - 20 500.00 500.00

Mengawal musuh, penyakit4 78.00 4 100.00 178.00

Minyak diesel untuk enjin pam air5 700.00 - - 700.00

Penyelenggaraan sistem pemercik dan 350.00 - - 350.00

enjin pam air6

Memungut hasil - 100 2 500.00 2500

Jumlah kecil 4 683.00 165 4 125.00 8 808.00

Cukai tanah7 10.62 - - 10.62

Susut nilai**

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Sistem pengairan pemercik 816.67 - - 816.67

Pam air 46.67 - - 46.67

Enjim pam air 303.33 - - 303.33

Penyembur galas 23.33 - - 23.33

Cangkul 8.40 - - 8.4

Stor dan bangsal 291.67 - - 291.67

Jumlah kecil 1 500.69 - - 1 500.69

Jumlah besar 6 183.69 165 4 125.00 10 308.69

Nota:

1Benih 40 000 batang @ RM0.40/10 batang

2Kapur (GML- guna berasaskan pH tanah) 3 t @ RM7.00/beg 50 kg (RM 140.00/t)

3Tahi ayam, 4 t @ RM200.00/t

Nitrophoska blue special (NPKMg+TE 12:12:17) 250 kg @ RM62.00/50kg (RM 1240.00/t)

Urea 130kg @ Rm 35.00/beg 50kg (RM700.00/t)

4Racun perosak dan penyakit (mengikut jenis perosak dan penyakit)

57 bulan @ RM100.00/bulan

67 bulan @ RM50.00/bulan

77 bulan @ Rm18.20/ha/tahun

*1 hari tenaga = RM25.00

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Anggaran pendapatan daripada serai/ha/musim

Hasil Pendapatan Pendapatan pada 3 peringkat harga jualan di ladang

RM0.70 kg RM1.00/kg RM1.45/kg Kasar 8 951.92 12 788.46 18 543.27 Rendah (12 788.46) Bersih -1356.76 2 479.77 8 234.58 Buruh keluarga 2 768.24 6 604.77 12 359.58

Kasar 9 423.08 13 461.54 19 519.23 Sederhana (13 461.54) Bersih -885.61 3 152.85 9 210.55 Buruh keluarga 3 239.39 7 277.85 13 335.55

Kasar 9 894.23 14 134.62 20 495.19 Tinggi (14 431.62) Bersih -414.45 3 825.93 10 186.51 Buruh keluarga 3 710.55 7 950.93 14 311.51

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ADP - Work Flow Chart Appendix 20

Schedule Activities Authority Responsible

April Received Application Form District PS/AS

April - October DsPDC Field investigation Screening of Application

Approved

SubmitField recommendation investigation List November to Divisional Office S/AAO District

December Endorsement DvPDC

Approval List received December/January DAO / S/AAO by District

February -December Work Progress Report & S/AAO / PS / AS Achievement

Project Implementation February -December S/AAO District / PS/ AS

February -December Supervision, T & V, PS / AS/ PMU Dist/ Monitoring PMU Div

January-February Evaluation Annual Workshop

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Appendix 21

Borang JP/2010/1

JABATAN PERTANIAN SARAWAK

PERMOHONAN PROGRAM PEMBANGUNAN PERTANIAN

BAHAGIAN :______DAERAH :______

Sila tandakan kotak yang berkenaan ()

Tanaman Perikanan Darat

Ternakan Industri Asas Tani

I : MAKLUMAT PEMOHON

Nama : ______Kaum : ______

No.KP Baru : ______Pekerjaan (Gaji bulanan): ______

PPK (No.Ahli) : ______No. Tel : ______

Alamat Rumah:______

Maklumat Projek Sedia ada/Kegiatan Aktiviti Utama Masa Kini:

Purata Harga Purata Keluasan/Unit Keluaran/hasil Bil Jenis Aktiviti Jualan Pendapatan (ha) (Kg/Bil/tahun) (RM/Kg) Tahunan (RM)

Maklumat Lesen/Permit/Syarikat: ______

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Bantuan Kerajaan yang pernah diterima(dalam tempoh 5 tahun):

Bil Jenis bantuan Tahun Nilai Bantuan (RM) Nama Agensi

II. Maklumat Projek Yang Dipohon :

Jenis Projek : ______Keluasan/Unit :______Nilai Bantuan (RM) : ______Jenis Tanah :______Senaraikan Keperluan Bantuan: ______

Status Tanah Bergeran Sistem Perlaksanaan Individu Sila () TOL Berkelompok PL (Provisional Lease) Estet Mini NCR Tanah Sewa

Alamat Lokasi Projek : ______

Saya mengakui bahawa semua maklumat di atas adalah benar. Jika diluluskan, saya akan patuh kepada semua arahan, syarat/peraturan serta kaedah/Prosidur perlaksanaan pembangunan pertanian Jabatan Pertanian Sarawak.

Tandatangan : ______Tarikh : ______

III : PERAKUAN KETUA KAMPUNG/TUAI RUMAH (jika berkenaan)

Saya memperakukan yang pemohon serta keluarga adalah penduduk kampung/rumah panjang ini dan telah mengusahakan kawasan tanah/projek pertanian yang dipohon.

Tandatangan : ______Tarikh : ______Nama : ______Cop Rasmi Ketua Kampung/Tuai Rumah

Nama Kampung/Rh.Panjang: ______

______

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UNTUK KEGUNAAN PEJABAT PERTANIAN DAERAH

COP TERIMAAN BORANG: Tindakan: Tanaman Perikanan Darat Ternakan IATM

Tandatangan(OIC): ______

Nama : ______Tarikh : ______

Rujukan Pejabat : ______

Saranan Tadatangan:______

Tidak disokong Nama:______

Tindakan lanjut Jawatan:______Tarikh: ______

Borang yang lengkap diisi hendaklah dikembalikan ke Pejabat Pertanian/Veterinar terdekat pada atau sebelum 30 April.

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Appendix 22

Fertigation Structure of 6 m (wide) x 30 m (long) and 2.5 m (high) and Fertigation System.

1.0 Fertigation structure – see diagram 1 for overall structure

A. Post and frame - To use 2” x 2” square hollow metal post. - To use galvanise pipe of 2” for all top frame as in diagram 2. - To use 1 ½” x 1” and 1” x 1” hollow metal for all support as in diagram - Installation of post and top frame, please refer to diagram 2. - all joint to use spring clip and plastic clip. Plastic clip to be installed at 12” interval. Please refer to diagram 3a and diagram 3b.

B. Footing. - 2’ x 2’ x 2 1/2’ deep R.C footing. - 1 : 2 : 4 mixed concrete footing R/w BRC 65 on 2 nos 3” diameter belian post for 6’ deep. Refer to diagram 3.

C. Drip system. Using Loop system/trap/close system- where all joint to use T joint or L joint. Please refer to diagram 4 and, diagram 5a and 5b - Flexible hose - micro tubing 1 mm with yellow stripe - 20 mm LDPE tubing blue stripe - 1 roll - pH meter - Digital timer (battery operated). - 1 inno - Weed suppressor black (100%) - 1 roll

D. EC Meter (Conductivity tester) - Refer to diagram: - Specification:

1 Measure range 0 2. Resolution 1 3. Accuracy 4 Power supply 2 x 3 v (CR 2030 Battery) 5 Operated Temperature 6. Calibration 7. Dimension 8. Weight: 46 g

1

2.0 Water system

A. Pump Area Structure

Please refer to diagram

- Size of 20’ x 10’

- Cement Floor

E. Water pump system

- 200 gallon water Tank c/w Brass Float Valve - 2 innos (untuk air bersih)

- 180 Litre Nutrient tank - 2 innos (For Fertilizer)

- 1 hp Electric pump (60 litre/min) - 1 no

- Digital timer - 1 inno

- 1 “ Disc filter - 1 inno

- 25 mm HDPE pipe - 1 roll

- Ball valve, Tee, elbow, tank adapter, PVC pipe etc for the installation of the water pump system.

2

Diagram 1

30 m L

2” galvanise pipe

Green coated wire interval of 2’

2.5 m (H)

6 m (W)

1. The structure is 30 m long, 6 m wide and 2.5 m height. With 12 piling. The top is covered with UV transparent plastic sheet. The UV transparent

plastic sheet should be installed very firm, so that the plastic wouldn’t hold any water. 2. To install green coated wire at every 2’ interval of the galvanise frame.

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Diagram 2

2” galvanise pipe

1” x 1 ½” hollow metal 2” x 2” hollow metal

Front View

30 m

1’ x 1 ½” hollow metal

2.5 m (H)

30 m To Diagram 3 12 nos footing

Side View

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Diagram 3

2” x 2” square hollow metal

2.5 m (H)

Ground level

60 1:2:4 mix cm concrete footing

BRC 65

Belian post

-2 innos 3” diameter

and

6’ long

5 Diagram 3A

Spring clip

Diagram 3B

Plastic clip

6 Diagram 4

Loop/ close/trap system using T joint.

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Diagram 5A Water Tank system

A

Paip pembahagi 20 mm LDPE

Diagram 5B

Tiub spageti 1 mm garis pusat Paip Tertier 20 mm garis pusat

Arrow dripper

8 Costing

The costing is spread over 3 years as illustrated in table below:

Items Rate (RM/unit) Total (RM) Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Rain shelter structure complete with irrigation 25,000 0 0 25,000 system Pump house complete with 10,500 0 0 10,500 tanks and system parts Inputs for: Chili 2,200 2,200 2,200 6,600 Tomato 1,600 1,600 1,600 4,800 Melon 3,200 3,200 3,200 9,600 Total (RM) for: Chili 37,700 2,200 2,200 42,100 Tomato 37,100 1,600 1,600 40,300 Melon 38,700 3,200 3,200 45,100

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