Glossary A-Alb 19 December 2015 23,761 Words

Glossary A-Alb 19 December 2015 23,761 words

a- - (Prefix; from Old English: a-, originally ar-,=away) - away, on, up, out, eg: arise.

- (Preposition; from Middle English, from Old English) - of, eg: akin to.

- (From Greek) - not, or without, eg: ahistorical, agnostic, asymmetrical and astylar.1

- (Preposition: Middle English: a-, from Old English: an, on; from Middle English: a- from Old English, as: akin; from Middle English: a- (=Old French prefix a-), either directly from Latin: ad=to, or at, as: ascend, or through French: a- =agree, eg: address) - of, eg: akin to.

Or from Middle English: a- =Old French a- from Latin: ab=from, or away, eg: abridge; from Middle English, Ancient French: a- = Old French e-, es-, from Latin: ex=out, utterly, eg: affray; or from Greek a- =not, without, eg: agnostic and amoral), through Latin, or through Latin and French: adamant and amethyst).2

-a (suffix) - forming: - Nouns from Greek, Latin and Romanic, feminine singular, eg: (Greek) idea, (Latin) piazza; and women’s names, eg: Lydia and Cecilia.

- Plural nouns from Greek and Latin neuter plural, eg: phenomena and genera.3

@ (symbol; noun: arobase; ubiquitous from 1971, when Ray Tomlinson () invented email, he saw it as connected to the gidouille, the spiral glyph on the front of Père Ubu’s gown in Ubu Roi; it appeared as a key on the Lambert typewriter, New York, 1902 for a symbol in pricing items; French: arobase, used in Italian trade from 1536, from Spanish and Portuguese: arroba, from C11, originally also a unit of measurement; possibly from: Arabic: ar-rub=quart). - At.

- This definition is reversed on Twitter: a tool for sending a message to a person, eg: @obama.4

AA (acronym; noun: Architectural Association Inc).

1 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 1. 2 J B Sykes, Ed., The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 42. 3 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 1. 4 Daniel Soar, Short Cuts, LRB, 28 May 2009, p 18 and Alexander Humez and Nicholas Humez, On the Dot: The Speck that Changed the World, Oxford 2009. Arobase is not in Sykes.

1 - The eminent architecture school at 36 Bedford Square, London WC1B 3ES, +44 (0)20 7887 4000; it was founded as a learned society founded to pursue architectural learning in 1847 ‘by a pack of troublesome students’, its independence of thought and operation have been fought for by the generations of students, tutors and staff who have passed through its doors.

As the UK’s oldest and only private school of architecture, the AA stands at the forefront of architectural education with more than 3,000 members worldwide.

It delivers public programmes evening lectures, exhibitions, publications, conferences and special events that bring together literally hundreds of the world’s leading architects, designers, scholars, theorists, artists and others to present their work in the context of the AA and the AA School to create the most focused, sustained and above all imaginative setting for architectural culture in the world. The Architectural Association School of Architecture is the most international school of architecture ever created: its five hundred students live in London attending the full-time courses of study at the AA School, allowing a uniquely global form of architectural discussion, debate, learning and knowledge.

In its first 50 years, the AA evolved from a gathering place for students seeking to improve architectural education into a school offering a four-year programme of evening classes. A day school was added in 1901. In recognition of the AA’s early influence on, and success in, the establishment of a formal system for the education of architects, the RIBA granted an exemption from its professional examination to AA graduates in 1906.

In 1917 it moved to its current premises in and around Bedford Square. Apart from a brief relocation to Hertfordshire during the Second World War, this beautiful Georgian square in Bloomsbury, has been its setting for a remarkable project.

In its modern history, through chairmanships of Alvin Boyarsky (1971–91), Alan Balfour (1992– 94) and Mohsen Mostafavi (1995–2004), and now under Director Brett Steele (elected in 2005), the AA has been home to teachers and students whose theory and practice have been central to the shaping of architectural discourse today (c/f: Bauhaus, Ecole des Beaux Arts, Glasgow School of Art, Princeton and Yale).5

- Alcoholics Anonymous, and the Automobile Association (UK), both of which are more recent. aaa (acronym; noun phrase: access all areas). - A sought-after event security pass.

AAA (acronym; noun phrase: Australian Automobile Association). - A federation of Australian state motoring associations.

Established in 1924, it supports and coordinates the activities of its constituent motoring clubs and represents the interests of all Australian motorists nationally and internationally. It is the official voice of Australian motoring for its continued success in influencing public policy and for ensuring the nation’s motoring clubs provide a comprehensive range of high quality services and benefits to their 7 million members across Australia.

It is a member of the Alliance Internationale de Tourisme (or AIT) and the Federation Internationale de l'Automobile (or FIA), which is a federation of more than 160 clubs in 120 countries, representing more than 100 million people. AAA Members include NRMA, RACV, RACQ, RAASA, RACWA, RACT and AANT. It is a very powerful lobby group with the Australian federal government since modst voters are drivers. NRMA has been campaigning effectively

5 www.aaschool.ac.uk and www.aalog.net

2 since 1920. 6

AABC (acronym; noun phrase: The Register of Architects Accredited in Building Conservation). - An independent accreditation body established in 1999 of skilled conservation architects for the benefit of clients and the structures they are responsible for in the UK.

The purpose of the AABC Register is to protect the historic built environment from damaging interventions by people not skilled in historic building conservation and adaptation, by publishing, for clients, a register of architects whose work and skills in building conservation have been established by peer assessment moderated by a lay assessor representing clients.

There are no charges for clients to use the Register. The scheme is self financing: all successful applicants pay an initial and annual registration fee which covers the costs of a part-time Registrar, the website, and the administration of the assessment processes. The Register is not subsidised by commercial or professional organisational sponsorship. With over 400 building conservation accredited architects on the AABC Register, its open access website assists in locating and engaging an architect whose experience in building conservation and adaptation is assured by a rigorous assessment process. It is located at: AABC Register, 5 The Parsonage, Manchester M3 2HS, 0161 832 0666, [email protected] aac - refer: autoclaved aerated concrete blocks.

AAC (acronym; noun: Archaeological Advisory Committee). - Of the Heritage Council, Victoria.

AACA (acronym; noun phrase: Architects Accreditation Council of Australia). - The national organisation for advocating, coordinating and facilitating national standards for the registration of architects in Australia and for the recognition of Australian architects overseas by the relevant registration authorities.

It is constituted of nominees from all State and Territorial Architects’ Registration Boards. It is not a Registration Authority and can only make recommendations to the various Boards. The decision for the registration of architects lies solely with the Boards.

In each state and territory it is a legal requirement that any person using the title ‘architect’ or offering services to the public as an architect, must be registered with the Architects’ Board in that jurisdiction. Each State and Territory of Australia has its own Architects’ Board.

Generally, candidates must have a recognised academic qualification in architecture or a pass in the National Program of Assessment (NPrA), or a pass in the relevant Registration Board Prescribed Examinations where offered; have a period of training through experience followed by successful completion of the AACA Architectural Practice Examination (APE); and apply for registration to the Architects’ Board in the State or Territory in which registration is sought. 8

AACS (or Australian Association of Convenience Stores) - refer: CAMBA.

Aaron's rod (noun phrase). - An architectural decoration in the form of a staff with budding leaves.

- An ornamented rod with a serpent entwined around it, but not a caduceus.9

6 www.aaa.asn.au/ 7 www.aabc-register.co.uk/about#sthash.T0yAvNPo.dpuf 8 www.aaca.org.au. 9 James Stevens Curl, A Dictionary of Architecture, Oxford University Press, Oxford 1999, p 1.

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AATA Online (noun phrase). - A comprehensive database of over 132,000 abstracts of literature related to the preservation and conservation of material cultural heritage.

It now includes selected subject-specific bibliographies produced as part of the Getty Conservation Institute's own conservation and scientific research projects or as part of specific collaborative projects in which the Institute is involved.10

AAV (acronym; noun phrase: Aboriginal Affairs Victoria). - An agency of the Department of Victorian Communities.

Ab- (prefix; French, or from Latin). - Off, away, or from (c/f: abs-).11

Abaciscus (noun) - A square border enclosing part, or the entire pattern of a mosaic pavement.

- In a mosaic, a small abacus; or an abaculus.

- A small tile, or tessera.12

Abaculus (noun). - A mosaic tessera.

- A small abacus, or abaciscus (in the second sense).

Abacus (or plural: abaci; or tailloir; nouns). - A flat-topped plate, forming the uppermost element of, or on top of a capital, supporting the entablature, both classical and mediaeval (c/f: dado, die and impost block).

A Greek Doric abacus (or plinthus) is simplest: a square, unmoulded block; in Greek Ionic, it is thinner with ovolo moulding, in Roman Ionic and Roman Corinthian and Composite, it has concave sides and bevelled corners, in Romanesque it is deeper, projecting less, with concavities and convexities, or chamfered beneath, and in French Gothic, square or octagonal and English Gothic, circular or octagonal.

- In Antiquity, a flat slab supported on a podium, or legs, as a sideboard, or to display plate.

- A panel on a Antique wall.13

Aba Daba Aba Daba (phrase). - A popular song in 1914, known through its chorus, ‘Aba daba daba daba daba daba dab, Said the chimpie to the monk; Baba daba daba daba daba daba dab’ and was featured in the 1950 movie, Two Weeks with Love and recorded by Debbie Reynolds and Carleton Carpenter on August 4, 1950 (precisely 7 years before Geoff’s birthday).

It reached #3 on Billboard in 1951, but was still popular in 1956.

10 http://aata.getty.edu/Home 11 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 1. 12 Not in Sykes. 13 James Stevens Curl, A Dictionary of Architecture, Oxford University Press, Oxford 1999, p 1 and John Fleming, Hugh Honour and Nikolaus Pevsner, The Penguin Dictionary of Architecture, Penguin, Harmondsworth (1966) 1998, pp 1, 412 and 413 for an illustration of each of the six orders.

4

Ab Anbar (noun). - A Persian cistern in a qanat water system, refer below.14

14 Photo by: enuser: Zereshk.

5

Ab Anbars at Naeen, Iranian desert city.15

Ab antiquo (adjectival phrase; Latin: ab=from, by; beginning with; antiquo=reject, or send back). - From rejection; or as rejected, eg: razed to the ground, producing a clear site.16

Abbacy (noun; adjective: abbatial). - The jurisdiction, office, or tenure of an abbot, or abbess.

Abbasid (adjective). - An Islamic empire from 750-1258 AD, from Iberia to India, whose capital was Baghdad, to which urban life was central, that harnessed the powers of east and west, sciences of Europe, the Mediterranean, the Near East and Asia, as a public sphere that did not threaten Islam, but allowed the traditions of the empire’s peoples to converge and cross-fertilise.

Patronage of translation allowed classical science to be disseminated and so preserved, often by Syriac Christians and Jews, and medicine, astronomy, mathematics and metallurgy benefited by frequent mutual encounters. There were projects for poor-relief, mosque and palace-building, water reticulation, and public hygiene to beautify and make tolerable life in vast cities.17

Abbé (noun). - A Frenchman entitled to wear clerical dress, with or without the associated duties.

15 Photo by: en:user:Zereshk. 16 James Stevens Curl, A Dictionary of Architecture, Oxford University Press, Oxford 1999, p 1. 17 Amira K Bennison, The Great Caliphs. The Golden Age of the Abbasid Empire, I B Tauris, London 2010. ISBN 978 1845117375.

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Jean-Honoré Fragonard (1732-1806), Abbé de Saint-Non, 1769, Louvre.

Maurice Quentin La Tour (1704-88), L'Abbé Jean-Jacques Huber (1699 -1747), Musée Antoine Lécuyer, Saint-Quentin, 1742.

7 Abbey (noun; noun: abbacy; adjective: abbatial). - (Middle English, from Old French abbeie; from Medieval Latin, abbatia). A building (or building complex) occupied by a religious order, or by those requiring spiritual seclusion (eg: monks, or nuns), under the leadership of an abbot, or abbess, eg: Fountains Abbey, Yorkshire.

Fountains Abbey.

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Fountains Abbey.

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CHURCH: MONASTIC BUILDINGS: MENIAL DEPARTMENT: A. High Altar. G. Cloister. Z. Factory. H. Calefactory with dormitory situated B. Altar of St. Paul. A'. Threshing floor. above. C. Altar of St. Peter. I. Necessary. B'. Work-shop D. Nave. E. K. Refectory. C'. Mills. Paradise. FF. Towers. L. Kitchen. D'. Kiln. M. Bake house and Brew house. E'. Stables. N. Cellar. F'. Cowsheds. O. Parlour. G'. Goat sheds. P1. Scriptorium, with library over. H'. Pig sties. P2. Sacristy and vestry. I'. Sheep-folds. Q HOUSE OF NOVICES: K'. Servants and workmen's sleeping chambers 1. Chapel. L'. Gardener's house. 2. Refectory. M'. Hen and duck house. 3. Calefactory. N'. Poultry keepers house. 4. Dormitory. O'. Garden. 5. Master's room. P'. Cemetery. 6. Chambers. Q'. Bake house for sacramental bread. R. INFIRMARY: R'. Unnamed on plan. 1-6 as above in house of novices. S'. Kitchens. S. Doctor's house. T'. Baths T. Physic garden. U. House for bloodletting. V. School. W. School-master's lodgings. X1X1. Guest-house for those of superior rank. X2X2. Guest-house for the poor. Y. Guest chamber for strange monks.

Abbey of St Gall.

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- A church, or house that was once (or part of) an abbey, or whose design evokes an abbey eg: Westminster Abbey; Newbattle Abbey and Fonthill Abbey respectively.

Abbey nullius diœceseos - refer: abbot nullius (c/f: Abteikirche, archabbey, monastery (qv for architectural description), monastic and priory; cathedral, chapel, collegiate church, conventual church and parish church; basilica and centrally planned church).18

Abbot - refer: abbacy.

Abbot nullius (or territorial abbot: noun phrases; the abbot of an abbey nullius diœceseos: Latin: belonging to no diocese). - Head of a territorial abbey (or territorial abbacy), which is a type of particular church within the Catholic Church.

Territorial abbeys still exist in sparsely-Christianised or missionary areas, and in Europe where some ancient abbeys nullius still retain their rights.

As well as being a superior of a monastery, also the ecclesiastical governor for a territory around the monastery, as a bishop is for a diocese, often because abbeys sometimes served as missions. As the monastery was the only ecclesiastical presence and the monks sometimes served as the parish clergy, the abbot was invested with the same administrative authority under canon law as a diocesan bishop for that territory.

So except for ordaining new priests, the abbot could do almost everything a diocesan bishop would, including incardinate (that is, enrol under his jurisdiction) non-monastic priests and deacons for service in parishes. He can only receive the abbatial blessing and be installed under mandate from the pope, just as a bishop is.19

Abbreviations (noun). - Commonly accepted abbreviations on working drawings are:

BWK brickwork BV brick veneer CPD cupboard CWM clothes washing machine (not: WM). D door DP downpipe DPC damp-proof course DPM damp-proof membrane DWM dish washing machine (not DW). F fixed FCL finished ceiling level FFL finished floor level FW flywire FW floor waste GRP glass-reinforced plastic HW hot water KD kiln dried MDF medium-density fibreboard OBH ordinary builders’ hardwood RWH rainwater head

18 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 2. Refer: Wikipedia. 19 Wikipedia.

11 SHR shower SS stainless steel TC terracotta WC water-closet WM See: CWM WRC western red cedar W window

ABCD (acronym; noun phrase: Asset-based Community Development). - Developed in Northwestern University in Illinois in the 1990s, it is an Institute that focusses attention onot on a community’s needs and deficiencies, but on its skills and capabilities, and assumes each person has something to offer.20

- Anybody can dance.

ABC Group - also refer: Neue Sachlichkeit and Constructivism.

ABC Vote Compass (noun phrase). - An educational tool developed by a non-profit group of political scientists and hosted by the ABC.

Participants answer a short series of questions to discover how they fit into the Australian political landscape. 21

Abduction (noun; transitive verb; abduct; from Latin ab(ducere=duct-=draw)). - A form of logical inference, starting from a set of seemingly unrelated facts, and an intrusion that they are somehow related; or taken away.

Abeam (adjective; from a-=of a preposition, as akin +beam, qv,=long timber member supported at both ends). - On a line at a right angle to the ship's, or aircraft's length (c/f: ahead and astern). 22

Also refer: quarter.

20 www.abcdinstitute.org/about/ 21 www.abc.net.au/votecompass/ 22 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, pp 1, 2, 83.

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Ab extra (adverb; Late Latin). - From outside.23

Abeyance (noun; from Ancient French: abeiance, from Old French: abeer (à=to, beer from medieval Latin: batare=gape)). - A state of suspension, or temporary disuse.

- (Of, eg: rights) dormant condition liable to revival, usually: be, or fall into abeyance.24

ABGR (noun). - Rating (c/f: Green star and NABERS ratings).

Green Star (noun). (c/f: ABGR and NABERS star ratings).

ABIC (acronym; noun phrase: Australian Building Industry Contract) - A suite of building contracts jointly developed and published by Master Builders Australia and the Australian Institute of Architects, intended to be used in building projects where an architect administers the contract and designed to make contract administration clear and less prone to dispute or time-consuming negotiation, an effective way of avoiding disputes, bringing certainty to the process, and requiring prompt presentation and resolution of claims.

Ab initio (adverb; Latin). - From the beginning.25

Abiotic (noun; a- (not, or without) +biotic). - Without life.

Non-living, eg: climate, mineral composition of the soil (c/f: biotic).

Abiotic factor - anything not caused by living organisims, that might affect an organism in its environment, eg: hours of daylight, climate, and rock types (c/f: abiotic factor).26

Abitato (noun; Italian). - The built-up area of an Italian city (c/f: disabitato).

Ablaq (noun. Arabic). - Bichromatic Islamic stone construction.

Albata (albus: adjectives: Latin). - White; albitudo - whiteness; dealbo - whiten (transitive verb) and whitewash (transitive verb and noun), (c/f: prassina=green russata=red and veneta=blue).27

ABN (acronym; noun: Australian Business Number). -.

23 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 2. 24 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 2. 25 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 2. 26 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 2 and M J Clugston, Ed, N J Lord, B T Meatyard, J A Scarfe and J R C Whyte, The Penguin Dictionary of Science, Penguin Books, London (1998) 2004, p. 27 James Morwood, Pocket Oxford Latin Dictionary, Oxford, Oxford (1994) 2005, pp 166 & 450 and Adriana La Regina, Museo Nazionale Romano, Electa, Milan (2005) 2007, p 73, with illustration.

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Abode (noun). - An habitual place in which to stay, or live (c/f: habitat, habitation, house and settlement).

Ab opera coementario (Latin; phrase=; ab=from, opere=work, labour, or task, coementario=bought up). - The work was bought, c/f: made in situ.28 aboriginal ((lower case initial letter), native, or aborigine: noun and adjective; adverb: aboriginally; noun: aboriginality; Latin; probably from: ab origine, from the beginning). - Any indigenous race, or natural object.

- Belonging to a place, country, or a land and its people since an early pre-historic time, or long before its invasion by colonisation.

- (Aboriginal: noun and adjective; Aborigine, or Aborigines: nouns) - an indigenous Australian, eg: Koorie, Kulin and Wurrindgerie (c/f: custodian, first people, indigine and indigenous vernacular).

- Under the Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006 and the Aboriginal Heritage Regulations 2007, within the Department of Planning and Community Development, for a cultural heritage permit.29

Also refer: Cultural Heritage, indigenous, Registered Aboriginal Party and Sahul.30

28 James Morwood, Pocket Oxford Latin Dictionary, Oxford, Oxford (1994) 2005, pp 1, 34 & 129, 29 www.aboriginalaffairsvic.gov.au and J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 3. There is another view: ‘Aborigines is the noun denoting the people and aboriginal is the adjective to describe their art, houses, culture... They are not interchangeable.’ Clyde Selby, email to Richard Peterson, 22 October 2010 06:53, [email protected] 30 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 3 and www.webpages.uidaho.edu/~rfrey/220aboriginal_passage.htm for the image, and which has more interesting material on its topic.

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15

Alkira-Kiuma Ceremony (or Tossing Ceremony) of the Aranda Tribe, 1904. At the age of 12, the boy's first initiation ceremony, tossed and caught by various male relatives.

Aboriginal Affairs Victoria (noun phrase; acronym: AAV). -

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Heritage Protection Act 1984 (noun phrase). - Commonwealth of Australia legislation.

16 Aboriginal architecture (noun phrase). - Any form of architecture that is initiated by, for or with Aboriginal (or Torres Strait Islander) people.

In short, it is work that has been duly authorised by Community and ensures that a tangible connection to that community is at the core of the project.31

Aboriginal buildings, Australian (noun phrase). - In the Ayers Range in the Northern Territory, Giles '…came to a number of native huts … of large dimensions and two-storied.' 32

Aboriginal Stone Houses – Re-construction Project.

Aboriginal Stone Houses.

Indigenous Architecture Victoria (or IAV), and the Reconciliation Action Plan Working Party for the AIA (VIC Chapter) are teaming up for the Melbourne Architecture Annual (or MAA) on a project to recreate some traditional Aboriginal stone houses.

Near Lake Condah, in the Gunditjmara country of southwestern Victoria are the reminders of some very unique architectural and archaeological features. The area is home to the Budj Bim National Heritage Landscape that contains one of Australia’s largest aquaculture systems. Dating back thousands of years, the area shows evidence of a large, settled Aboriginal community systematically farming and smoking eels for food and trade. Along with this stone

31Jefa Greenaway, ‘Reflections on Indigenous Placemaking,’ ArchitectureAU, http://architectureau.com/articles/reflections-on-indigenous- placemaking/?utm_source=ArchitectureAU&utm_campaign=21c485bcd1- AAU_2015_04_28&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_e3604e2a4a-21c485bcd1- 39634990&mc_cid=21c485bcd1&mc_eid=3b71e62719 32 Paul Memmott, Gunyah, Goondie and Wurley. The Aboriginal Architecture of Australia, University of Queensland Press, St Lucia (2007) 2009 and Giles, Geographic Travels in Central Australia, 1875 and Giles, 1873, publ: 1889, pp 86-87 & 114.

17 system of weirs, the nature of the landscape, and the abundance of food, led to one of the few examples of Aboriginal stone housing in Australia.

Aboriginal Stone Houses.

The stone houses were made from the basalt outcrops that are spread all over the landscape by the Gunditjmara. The houses were only small, roughly 1 to 2 metres in diameter and were formed in the shape of a C. There is still some conjecture about the exact nature of the stone houses, namely the exact height of the walls and the type of roof that would have enclosed them. Rueben Berg, a Gunditjmara man, will work closely with the local Aboriginal community, Aboriginal Affairs Victoria, and archaeologists to try and rebuild the stone houses as accurately as possible.

The hope is that these stone houses can be recreated in a prominent Melbourne CBD location, like Federation Square (see Image 1 for potential locations). This would then raise the public awareness of this amazing, but sadly largely unknown, part of Australian history and help reinforce the notion that vibrant, sustainable communities existed here in Victoria for thousands of years.33

Aboriginal Environment Research Centre (noun phrase; acronym: AERC). - A multidisciplinary centre for research and teaching into the culture, environment and architecture of Australian Indigenous peoples.

33 http://iav.org.au/2012/09/stone-houses/

18 Its staff and postgraduate students also work on numerous consulting projects for government and non-government agencies and organizations. And the Centre maintains a substantial collection of research material, including literature, images and sound recordings. 34

Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006 (noun phrase). - It contains the Cultural Heritage Management Plan (CHMP), and came into effect in May 2007 (c/f: Victorian Heritage Act 1995 and federal acts).

Aboriginal Heritage Regulations 2007 (nounphrase). - The under the Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006 from Aboriginal Affairs Victoria within the Department of Planning and Community Development, for a Cultural heritage permit

Aboutness (noun). - The curatorial (qv) information on museum labels, eagerly sought by those who want to know what the work is ‘about.’

This knowledge however, keeps slipping away, much as the purported meaning of a poem does.35

Above-awning retail (or vertical laneway; noun phrases). - Retail premises on first floor and above in the City of Melbourne.

Abrahamic (adjective). - In the three monotheistic religions, Abraham (or Abram) was the first of the three patriarchs of Israel.

His life (possibly c2000-1500 BC) as depicted in Genesis 11-25, might be that of a Hittite merchant, typical of people who migrated from Ur to Palestine, and his agreement about land selection with Lot (who settled on the Valley of Sodom), reflecting that decline in trade caused a change to stockbreeding.

God promised Abraham the land of Canaan (or The Promised Land, qv), now northern Israel and Lebanon, and Abraham’s faith in response, long before the Law was given to Moses, so Christians claim rather chauvinistically that his descendants are not the Jews who live by the Law, but Christians who live by Faith; but each of the three religions is imbued with imposing guilt and judgement (c/f: People of the Book; and paganism).36

Abrasive (adjective; transitive verb: abrade. From Latin: ab- radere, ras- scrape). - Able to grind or rub down a surface.37

Abri (noun; from French abri =shelter, from Old French abrier =to shelter’, see below). - A shelter used by mountaineers, generally an overhanging rock.

- In Archaeology, a rock shelter formed by the overhang of a cliff and often containing prehistoric occupation deposits.38

34 http://www.uq.edu.au/aerc/index.html 35 Chris Wallace-Crabbe (who coined the term?), ‘The eye’s trade. Dancing the maze of possible mimesis,’ reviewing Leonard Barkan, Mute Poetry, Speaking Pictures, Princeton University Press (Footprint Books), 2013, LRB, May 2013, p 45. 36 WRF Browning, The Dictionary of the Bible, Oxford, Oxford 1996, p 3. 37 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 4. 38 Robert Macfarlane, Landmarks, Hamish Hamilton, London 2015, p 83 and www.dictionary.com/browse/. Not in Sykes.

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Abs- (prefix). - A variant of ab-, used before c, q and t.39

- Abs - abdominal muscles, especially if spectacularly well developed.

Abs.

ABS - refer: Australian Bureau of Statistics.

ABSA (acronym; noun: Association of building Sustainability Assessors). -40

Abscissa (plural: abscissas, or abscissae: nouns; modern Latin: abscissa (linea) from ab(scindere sciss- =cut)). - In Mathematics, part of a line between a fixed point on it and an ordinate parallel to the x-axis.41

Abscissa.

39 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 4. 40 www.absa.net.au 41 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 4. The image is from Wikipedia, accessed 19 April 2014.

20 Abscission (noun; from Latin: abscissio from ab(scindere sciss- =cut)+ -ion). - Cutting off.42

Absence (noun). - Either the trace of a previous presence, or its memory.

- The trace of a possible presence, or immanence (c/f: erasure and negation).

Abside (noun; Latin). - Apse, qv.43 Absit omen (interjection; Latin,=may this (evil) omen be absent). - May the suggested forboding not happen.44

Absolute (adjective; adverb: absolutely; nouns: absoluteness, absolution and absolutism (in Philosophy, Theology and in Government); Middle English, from Latin: absolutus as absolve: ab(solvere solut-=loosen) influenced by Old French: absolut). - Complete, or perfect.

- Pure.

- Unrestricted, or independent.

- Ruling arbitarily, or despotic.

Absolute majority - more than half, a majority over all rivals coimbined.

- Not in a usual grammatical relation, eg: the ablative absolute tense in Latin.

- In Science, a quantity measured in normal physical units, c/f to being a ratio (c/f: relative).

- Not relative, or comparative.

Unqualified; unconditional; in Philosophy, self-existent and conceivable without relation to other things; the absolute - that which is absolute; absolute magnitude; and devoid of associations, or suggestions, self-dependent, eg: absolute music; absolute pitch; and absolute configuration. 45

Absolute alcohol (noun phrase). - Pure ethanol.

It is hard to achieve because the azeotrope formed by ethanol and water contains only 96% ethanol.46

42 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 4. 43 Not in Morwood. 44 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 4. 45 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, pp 4 & 5 and M J Clugston, Ed, N J Lord, B T Meatyard, J A Scarfe and J R C Whyte, The Penguin Dictionary of Science, Penguin Books, London (1998) 2004, p 2. 46 M J Clugston, Ed, N J Lord, B T Meatyard, J A Scarfe and J R C Whyte, The Penguin Dictionary of Science, Penguin Books, London (1998) 2004, p 2.

21

Absolut.

Absolute humidity (noun phrase). - The mass of water vapour in the atmosphere per unit volume of air (c/f: humidity; relative humidity).47

Absolute temperature (noun phrase). - Measured from absolute zero.

Thermodynamic temperature, which is the preferred term.48

Absolute value (noun phrase). - The positive real number equal to a given number, except possibly for its sign.

It is written in square brackets.49

Absolute waterfront (noun phrase). - Private property adjoining waterfront.

47 M J Clugston, Ed, N J Lord, B T Meatyard, J A Scarfe and J R C Whyte, The Penguin Dictionary of Science, Penguin Books, London (1998) 2004, p 2. 48 M J Clugston, Ed, N J Lord, B T Meatyard, J A Scarfe and J R C Whyte, The Penguin Dictionary of Science, Penguin Books, London (1998) 2004, p 2. 49 M J Clugston, Ed, N J Lord, B T Meatyard, J A Scarfe and J R C Whyte, The Penguin Dictionary of Science, Penguin Books, London (1998) 2004, p 2.

22

Absolute waterfront, apartment, Frankston, Victoria.

Absolute zero (noun phrase). -The zero of thermodynamic temperature.50

Absonant (adjective; coined by William Shakespeare (1564-1616), from his lost play Cardenio, published as Double Falsehood, 1729). - Displeasing to the ear.

Harsh, or discordant.51

Absorb (or abzorb: transitive verbs; adjective: absorbed, qv, below; Middle English, from French: absorber, or from Latin: ab(sorbere sorpt- =suck in)). - Swallow up, or incorporate.

Be absorbed by - lose one’s identity in, eg: a fluid, or knowledge.

- Reduce the intensity of (eg: heat, light, sound, particles, or impact) by physical, or chemical action.

- Consume, eg: income, labour, or strength.

Absorbed (adjective) - intensely engaged, or interested (c/f: absorbing).52

50 M J Clugston, Ed, N J Lord, B T Meatyard, J A Scarfe and J R C Whyte, The Penguin Dictionary of Science, Penguin Books, London (1998) 2004, p 2. 51 Nick Britten, ‘Singular drama as Double Falsehood claimed for Bard,’ The Age, 17 March 2010. 52 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 4.

23

Absorbing (adjective) - engrossing, or intensely interesting (c/f: absorbed).53

Absorbent (adjective and noun; adjective: absorptive; from Latin: ab(sorbere sorpt- =suck in)+ -ent). - Having a tendancy to absorb, eg: stabilise the moisture content of absorptive materials by drying.

A plant vessel, eg: root tips, that absorbs nutriment.

Absorbent cotton - in USA, cotton wool.54

Absorption (and absorptiveness; nouns; adjective: absorptive; from Latin: absorptio, ab(sorbere sorpt- =suck in)). - Disappearance through incorporation in something else.

Mentally engrossed; or the process of absorbing, eg: fluid, or light.55

Absorption cell (noun phrase). -

Absorption rate (or take-up rate: noun phrases). - In Real Estate, the rate at which available space in a development is leased.

Absorptive - refer: absorption, above (c/f: absorbent).

Abstract. - (Adjective) - without visible reference to the identifiable world of concrete things that exist in space and time and are subject to causality.

The characteristic of art achieve their effect without reference to identifiable or nameable objects. However, some abstract art is actually closer to the second meaning where the title may itemise, or hint at the things represented, or their syntax. Hegel () refers to abstract universals (c/f: stripped, conventionalised and stylised; representational and naturalistic).

Abstract Right - the first chapter of (Georg Wilhelm Friedrich) Hegel's (1770-1831, German philosopher and major figure in German Idealism. His historicist view of reality revolutionized European philosophy and was a precursor to Marxism) Philosophy of Right: the ‘...inherently single will of a subject’ confronting an external world.

Having rights is at the root of being a person; a ‘thing, as something devoid of will, has no rights against the subjectivity of intelligence and volition.’ The most fundamental expression of right is the giving of particularity to right in the form of a thing, in the form of property and possession.

- (Noun and transitive verb) - a summary of a book, or of an academic paper, often using keywords (c/f: background, executive summary, introduction, preface and synopsis).56

Abstracted (adverb; abstraction, noun).

53 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 4. 54 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 4. 55 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 4. 56 http://www.marxists.org

24 - A reduced reference to an identifiable style, or omission, or severe simplification of detail, to its essentials.

Abstraction (noun). - (c/f: aestheticism, formalism and realism; and academisation).

Abstract representation (noun phrase). - An architectural style synthesising Late-Modernism with Post-Modernism, where reference, quotation, analogy, association symbolism and ornament are subtly suggested rather than clearly expressed.

Charles Jencks () identified it in the early 1980s.57 a buon fresco - refer: fresco.

Abstruse (adjective; noun: abstruseness; adverb: abstrusely; French, or from Latin: abs(trusus, from trudere=to push)). - Hard to understand, or profound.58

Abtei (or Abten: noun; German). - A German abbey.59

Abteikirche (noun; German). - A German abbey church (c/f: klosterkirche).60

57 Charles Jencks, ‘Abstract Representation’, Architectural Design, 53, 7/8. 58 J B Sykes, Ed., The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 5. 59 Maree Airlie, Senior Editor, Collins German Dictionary, HarperCollins Publishers, Glasgow (1991) 2007, p 1079. 60 Maree Airlie, Senior Editor, Collins German Dictionary, HarperCollins Publishers, Glasgow (1991) 2007, p 1079.

25

The Benedictine Abteikirche Amorbach, Odenwald, Germany,1742-47. Abusivo (noun; Italian,=unauthorised). - In Italy, and frequently in Rome, an illegal addition to a building, usually on the roof. 61

61 Gabriella Bacchelli, Collins Italian Dictionary, HarperCollins Publishers, Glasgow (1995) 2005, p 871 and Rome the Second Time, 13 June 2013, for the photograph.

26

A rooftop abusive in Rome.

Abutment (noun). - The end bearing, or lateral support of an arch, or series of arches, or bridge (c/f: haunch, skewback and springing).

Abysmal (adjective). - Bottomless, especially figuratively, eg, colloquially: abysmal ignorance, performance; extremely bad, eg: taste, design.62

Abyss (noun; adjective Middle English, from Latin, from Greek: abussos=bottomless: a- =not, bussos=depth). - A bottomless chasm, or gorge.

- An immeasurable depth, especially figuratively as despair, or primal chaos, leapt by faith, eg: ‘Face the philosophical abyss, close one’s eyes, and then pretend that one has leapt over it.’63 Charles Baudelaire (1821-67) said that Frédéric Chopin (1810-49) was like a butterfly over an abyss.' You can sense the abyss with Chopin: the danger.’ 64

Anxiety in late-medieval culture derived from the dualism of the abyss, symbol of openness and the labyrinth (or maze), symbol of constraint.65

Abyssal (adjective). - At, or of the ocean depths, or floor; in Geology: plutonic (c/f: abysmal).66

62 J B Sykes, Ed., The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 5. 63 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 5 and Tamas Pataki, ‘Brothers under the skin,’ review of: Charles Taylor, A Secular Age, Harvard, ADB, April 2008, p 50. 64 Nicholas Penny, Director, National Gallery, London, July 2011, Margaret Throsby, ABC Classic FM. 65 Bruce Mansfield, former Professor of History, Macquarie University, ABR, December 2009-January 2010, p 51. 66 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 6.

27

AC (acronym). - Alternating current (c/f: DC, direct current).

- (From Latin: ante Christum). Before Christ (c/f: BC).67

ACA (acronym; noun: Association of Consulting Architects). - The association representing architecture practices in Australia, which helps architects in their business, offers information on employment, including wages and awards, conditions of employment, represents them in industrial matters.

It has branches in all states and a national executive, with 620 member practices, employing over 6000 architects and ancillary staff. Membership is open to any architectural practice, from sole practitioners to the largest practices. 68

Academe (noun; from Greek). - The university environment.69

Academia (noun). - The cultural accumulation of knowledge, its development and transmission across generations and its practitioners and transmitters.

In C17, British and French religious scholars popularised the term to describe certain types of institutions of higher learning. Refer: Academy, The.70

Academic (noun and adjective; adjective: academical; noun: academicism). - Scholarly.

Of a university; and academic publishing (c/f: scholarly).

- Abstract, unpractical and cold.

Without feeling or expression; merely logical, or theoretical, eg: academic restraint.

- (Of art, or architecture), conventional, overly formal and invariably Classical (c/f: Beaux Arts).71

Academic dress - refer: PhD.

Academisation (noun). - Reduction (of a subject, eg: a work of art) to a rigid set of rules, principles, or precepts (c/f: abstraction, aestheticism and formalism).72

Academy, The (academe (qv) and Academician: nouns; nouns and adjectives: academic and academical; from French: académie, or from Latin: from Greek: akademeia (Akademos=the man, or demigod from whom Plato’s garden was named); in French: acadème and académie; Latin: academia, Italian: accademia). - A garden, or grove, the akademeia, near ancient Athens, the gymnasium where Plato (428/427 -348/347 BC, Classical Greek philosopher and mathematician) taught and he made famous as a centre of learning.

67 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 6. 68 [email protected] 69 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 6. 70 Academia in Wikipedia, accessed 16 April 2010. Not in Sykes. 71 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 6. 72 Not in Sykes.

28

The sacred space, dedicated to the goddess of wisdom, Athena, had formerly been an olive grove, hence ‘the groves of Academe;’ Plato’s followers; or his system of philosophy.

In C16, the name was used for many associations who saw their purpose as cultivating learned activities practised by the ancient Greeks, eg: the Accademia Olimpica of Vicenza (1551) founded by Daniele Barbaro and Andrea Palladio (formerly Andrea di Pietro da Gondola), one of its purposes was to build a Vitruvian Theatre in which to stage an ancient tragedy, accomplished in 1585.73

John Milton’s (1608-74, English poet, author, polemicist and civil servant for the Commonwealth) ‘the grove of Academe’ (c/f: athenaeum, lyceum, mechanics institute, porch and Ptolemaeum; Ephebe and scholar).74

- (From French: académie; or from Latin, from Greek: akadémeia; Akadéios was the man or demigod after whom Plato’s garden was named). A place of study; or of special training, eg: Duntroon Military Academy; or a society for the cultivation of a specialised branch of learning (eg: literature, the arts, or sciences) of which an invitation to membership is an honour,

Eg: the Royal Academy of Arts, London (founded 1768, by George III), in Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, whose members are Academicians; or the Académie francaise, Paris (founded as Académie Françoise by the Cardinal de Richelieu, 1635 as a literary academy); or the Academy of Arcadia (1690), Villa del Bosco Parrasio, Trastevere, Rome, all extant (c/f: canon, salon and scholarship).75

Academy of Fine Arts (Vienna) - refer: Akademie der Bildenden Künste.

ACADS-BSG (acronym). - Software for builders and building services; including the Tracks simplified CAD and quoting software, CAMEL and KOALA AC load calculation, BEAVER Building Energy estimation, HYENA Sprinkler systems design, DOLPHIN and DONKEY Ductwork design, LLAMA Commercial Lift Design, PHOENICS/FLAIR cfd analysis and WOMBAT building acoustics.76 a campo quadro (noun; Italian). - Italian ceiling panels divided into squares (c/f: cantinelle, cornixoti and caselle).

Acanthus (noun; (Latin: ákantha=thorn, referring to the thorny sepals, from Greek: akanthos (akantha=thorn, perhaps from ake=sharp point)). - A herbaceous plant with prickly leaves, of the genus Acanthus, whose conventionalised, broad, fleshy, deeply serrated and scalloped leaves, and strong graceful lower stems form the motif of Greek Corinthian, Roman Corinthian and Composite capitals, and other ornament used to enrich Classical and some Early Christian architecture, eg: San Clemente, Rome, apse, decoration, including: mouldings, surfaces, cresting, borders, scrolls, and convolutions, and interwoven in continuous coiling spiral bands of leaves.

73 J V Field, The Invention of Infinity. Mathematics and Art oin the Renaisance, Oxford University Press, Oxford 1997, pp 136-142. 74 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 6 and Academia in Wikipedia, accessed 16 April 2010 and John Milton’s poem, Paradise Regained, iv, 244 (1671), Sykes says ‘improperly transferred from.’ 75 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 6 for: Academe Academic and Academy. 76 http://members.ozemail.com.au/~acadsbsg/

29 It is based on either Acanthus spinosus (prickly-leaved, Greek) and Acanthus mollis (soft-leaved, Roman), commonly: brank-ursine, bear’s breech, or bear’s foot. It still grows in the Foro Romano (Forum Romanum), Rome, as well as commonly in Melbourne gardens, including opposite 16 Russell Street, Ivanhoe, where it is an invasive species. (Marcus) Vitruvius (Pollio), (fl 46-30 BC) relates how a basket idly placed over the plant generated the form that was copied by Callimachus (c430-400 BC) in stylised form as the Corinthian capital (c/f: raffle leaf, tendril and vinescroll).77

Acanthus mollis, on the Palatine Hill, Rome.

77J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 6, Dora Ware and Maureen Stafford, An Illustrated Dictionary of Ornament, George Allen & Unwin Limited, London 1974, p 17, with several illustrations, John Fleming, Hugh Honour and Nikolaus Pevsner, The Penguin Dictionary of Architecture, Penguin, Harmondsworth (1966) 1998, p 2, with one illustration, James Stevens Curl, A Dictionary of Architecture, Oxford University Press, Oxford 1999, p 3, which gives the species as Acanthus spinosus, with two illustrations, and Wikipedia, accessed 21 September 2013, for the image here.

30

Apse mosaic, of the Triumph of the Cross, San Clemente, Rome, detail of the acanthus and its tendrils, c1200, the finest in Rome of the C12.

31

An unidentified Classical frieze, decorated with acanthus.

ACAP - refer: Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics.

Accademia della Crusca (noun phrase; Italian,=bran academy). - In both Italy and worldwide, the Accademia della Crusca is among the leading institutions in the field of research on the Italian language. Its activity centers on supporting scientific activity, training of new researchers in Italian linguistics and philology through its Centres and in cooperation with Universities; acquiring and spreading, in Italian society as a whole and especially in schools, historical knowledge of the Italian language and awareness of its present evolution, in the context of the cross-linguistic exchanges that are so common in the present world; and collaborating with the most important foreign institutions as well as with Italian and European Governments, to support the cause of multilingualism. It was founded in Florence in 1582-83. Its main accomplishment is the Vocabolario (=dictionary, 1612-1923), though subject to criticism for the limits it imposed on living linguistic usage, it has contributed to the identification and diffusion of the Italian language and as an example for the great dictionaries of French, Spanish, German and English.78

ACCC (acronym; noun phrase: Australian Competition and Consumer Commission). - An independent statutory authority formed in 1995 to administer the Trade Practices Act 1974 and other acts.

The ACCC promotes competition and fair trade in the market place to benefit consumers, business and the community and regulates national infrastructure industries, but primarily to ensure individuals and businesses comply with the Commonwealth's competition, fair-trading and consumer protection laws and the state/territory application legislation. It complements state and territory consumer affairs agencies, which administer the mirror legislation of their jurisdictions, and the Competition and Consumer Policy Division of the Commonwealth Treasury.

78 www.accademiadellacrusca.it/en/accademia

32 It educates, informs including in rural areas and with indigenous communities and recommends dispute resolution when possible as an alternative to litigation, can authorise some anti- competitive conduct, and will take legal action when necessary. A range of plain language publications are available on its website (c/f: Productivity Commission).79

Accelerated mass spectrometry (or carbon dating: noun phrases; acronym: AMS). - A technique capable of dating a few milligrams of organic matter that is tens of thousands of years old.

It is generally used to determine the concentration of carbon-14 and can tell the dates of historic events, because its rate of decay is very predictable. The carbon-14 isotope can be separated from its stable form carbon-12 due to their difference in mass. An accelerator mass spectrometer is used, over other forms of mass spectrometry, to separate stable nitrogen-14 contaminants from radiocarbon. And with some processing, radiologically labelled molecules can easily be detected.80

Accelerated weathering (noun phrase). - Testing materials by exposure to cycles of sunlight, heat, frost, and wetness or dryness, more severe than in nature (c/f: artificial aging, distressing and patination).81

Accelerator (noun, =curing agent, or cross-liking agent: noun phrases). - A concrete admixture that hastens setting and strength, usually producing heat, allowing earlier removal of formwork (c/f: hardener, paint drier, air-entraining agent, pigment, plasticiser, integral water-proofer, polymer modifier and retardant).

- Any catalyst, eg: paint drier, curing agent and hardener.82

Accelerometer (noun). - A device to detect when a user puts down equipment, and then log them off (c/f: biometric sensor).

Access (noun phrase; Middle English, from Old French: acces, or from Latin: accessus, from: ac(cedere cess- =go)). - Approach, or reach.

The right, or ability to do this; or a passage, channel, gate, or doorway.83

Access cover (formerly: manhole cover: noun phrases). - Cast iron, or steel, sized 450 x 450 - 2350 x 750 mm.

Types include: sewer manhole cover, encased access cover and multi-part access cover (c/f: grate and manhole; and in UK, access chamber access floor and access hole).84

79 www.accc.gov.au 80 Wikipedia, 7 December 2007 and H. E. Gove, From Hiroshima to the iceman: the development and applications of accelerator mass spectrometry, Institute of Physics. London 1999. ISBN 0-7503-0557-6. 81 James H, Maclean and John S Scott, The Penguin Dictionary of Building, Third Edition, Penguin, London (1964) 1995, p 2. 82 James H, Maclean and John S Scott, The Penguin Dictionary of Building, Third Edition, Penguin, London (1964) 1995, p 2. 83 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 7, which does not include its use as a transitive or intransitive verb. 84James H, Maclean and John S Scott, The Penguin Dictionary of Building, Third Edition, Penguin, London (1964) 1995, p 2 www.acoaus.com.au/access/ and www.frankstonconcrete.com.au

33

Australian access covers.

- (Inspection opening; In UK, also: access eye and inspection fitting; in USA: cleanout) - a pipe fitting with a removeable plate for inspection, surounded by sufficient workspace.

Accessibility (and access (qv): nouns; adjective: accessible; adverb: accessibly; French, from Late Latin: accessibilis (as: accede+ -ible)). - The ability to be reached, entered, influenced, or understood.85

Eg: They wanted an architecture that was enjoyable, and accessible. With verve, or srtyle, though not necessarily easily understood, or rational.

- The ability of a building to be entered by disabled people, their vehicles and by strollers and prams. Relevant Australian controls are: BCA 2011, AS1428.1 2009, the Australian Standard on accessibility and the Access to Premises Buildings Standard 2010.

Accession number (noun phrase). - A sequential number given to each new item as entered in the catalogue of a public gallery, museum, or library in the order in which they entered the museum's collection.

In many museums, the accession number consists of the year acquired and a sequential number, or departments within the museum may reserve sections of numbers. If an item is deaccessioned, its number is not reused; this is additional to the classification number (or alphanumeric code) and to the ISBN assigned by publishers.

Access opening - refer: manhole and access cover.

Accessory (noun; transitive verb: accessorise and accessorising; from medieval Latin: accessorius, as accede+ -ory). - Something additional; something that subordinately contributes; a dispensable accompaniment; a minor fitting, or attachment,86eg: things didn’t work out biologically, so they are accessorising their future by mail-order.

Access tree(noun phrase).

85 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, pp 7 and 8. 86 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 7.

34 - In USA despite no planning controls, private pedestrian routes network through private properties across the city, by concessions, eg: in Mineapolis; in Houston, through basements.87

Acceptera Manifesto (noun phrase). - (c/f: Stockholm Exhibition, 1930).

Accidentalism (noun). - The notion of involving the quasi-accidental combination of various images both from high culture and lowbrow kitsch, to achieve a kind of vitality that naturally evolves in cities.

Promoted by Josef Frank (1885-1967, architect, artist, and designer), founding member of the Vienna Werkbund, initiator and leader of the 1932 Werkbundsiedlung project in Vienna. In 1933, he migrated to Sweden. 88

Accidie - refer: acedia.

Accidy - refer: anomie.

Acclimatisation (or USA: acclimation: nouns; transitive verb: acclimatise, or USA: aclimate; from French: acclimater (à=to, climat=climate)). - Habituate (animals, plants or oneself) to new surroundings, or climate. 89

Also refer: translocation.90

Acclimatisation societies (noun phrase). - Were formed to enrich the fauna of a region with animals and plants from around the world. The first was La Societé Zoologique d'Acclimatation founded in Paris in 1854 by Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire.

They spread fast internationally, particularly to European colonies in the Americas and Australasia, for the study of natural history as well as to introduce species, due to the belief that local fauna was deficient, or impoverished, and due to nostalgia to see familiar species and commercially valuable, or game species. Sometimes the effects were disastrous, such as that of rabbits on the ecology of Australia.91

Accommodation (or accommodations: nouns; French, or from Latin: accommodatio -onis). - An adjustment; an adaptation of oneself, or anything to a different purpose, or meaning; a settlement, or compromise.

- A place to live, or stay.92

Accommodation bond (noun phrase). - Aged care accommodation residents with sufficient assets who require low (hostel) level care or who enter an extra service place may be asked to pay a bond. 93

87 Refer: my notebook, no 11, 26 March 1976. 88 Kari Jormakka, Basics: Design Methods, Birkhauser, p 34 (from Graham Nguyen-Do, 5 May 2011), John Fleming, Hugh Honour and Nikolaus Pevsner, The Penguin Dictionary of Architecture, Penguin, Harmondsworth (1966) 1998, p 14. Not in Curl. 89 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 7. 90 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, pp 1233. 91 Wikipedia, accessed 11 June 2010. 92 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 7. 93 www.agedcareaustralia.gov.au

35 Accommodation charge (noun phrase). - Aged care accommodation residents with sufficient assets who require high (nursing home) level care, but not on an extra service basis, may be asked to pay an accommodation charge. 94

Accommodation payments (noun phrase). - On entering permanent residential aged care, residents with sufficient assets may be asked to make an accommodation payment, either an accommodation bond, or an accommodation charge. 95

Only aged care homes that are certified can charge accommodation payments. Service providers are required to keep a number of places for people who cannot be asked for an accommodation payment.96

Accosolium (noun; Latin). - In ancient Rome, a shelf for a tomb, eg: in Cubiculum Leonis, Catacomb of Commodilla, Rome, late C4 AD (c/f: arcosolium and cubliculum).97

Accoustic (noun and adjective). -

Accoustic shed (noun phrase). - Temporary purpose-built structures fitted with travelling cranes to assist with assembling large plant and equipment and to reduce noise, dust and light impact on the local community and passing motorists, Transcity has completed construction on a six-storey acoustic shed at its Legacy Way, Toowong, Brisbane worksite, which will enclose all tunneling works including the assembly of the tunnel boring machines. It will be removed once the 24-hour, seven days a week tunneling activities are completed, the shed will be dismantled and removed from the worksite. The Government of Victoria is proposing a similar 6-storied shed at Eastlink in Clifton Hill.

Still, Mt Coot-tha residents said they were sleep-deprived and being treated with ‘callous disregard’ after the Legacy Way Tunnel builder started heavy construction work without completing the shed. The original agreement with Transcity was for night work to be put on hold until the acoustic shed was an intact enclosure. ‘The sound is a combination of big crashes, bangs and wallops from heavy machinery,’ she said. ‘Once that wakes you up, you're kept awake by the sounds of quieter works. People are starting to say they're noticing the sleep deprivation 98 effects during the day, especially when driving and at work.’

94 www.agedcareaustralia.gov.au 95 www.agedcareaustralia.gov.au 96 www.agedcareaustralia.gov.au 97 Jas Elsner, Imperial Rome and the Christian Triumph. The Art of the Roman Empire AD 100-450, Oxford History of Art, Oxford University Press, Oxford 1998. pp156-158, for photographs. 98 http://transcityjv.com.au/the-project/construction/west/acoustic-shed/ and http://www.couriermail.com.au/questnews/west/locals-lose-sleep-as-tunnel-fails-to-shed-bad-habits/story- fn8m0u4y-1226322684951

36

Transcity’s incomplete accoustic shed.

Accoutrement (and USA: accouterment: nouns; transitive verbs: accoutre and USA: accouter; from French: accoutre, from Old French: accoustrer (a-, as address) cousture=sewing, c/f: con- +suture+ -ment). - Equipment, or trappings, eg: 'the accoutrements of any self-respecting parlour.'

- Of a particular god (c/f: atributes).99

Accredit (noun and transitive verb). - To achieve assurance, certainty, or influence for, eg: acceptability, for building materials, regarding the Building Code of Australia.100

Accretion (noun: adjective: accretive; intransitive verb: accrete; from Latin: accretio, as: ac(crescere cret-=grow)+ -ion). - Growth by organic enlargement.

The growing of separate things into one; the resulting product; (an adhesion of) extraneous matter added to something (c/f: agglomeration and accrual).

- In Law, the accession to, or the increase of a legacy, by adding the share of a failing legatee.101

Accrocheur (noun; French,=eye-catching).102 - Picture-hanging, eg: by Alec Cobbe (1945-).103

99 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 8. The quotation is from: Alexandra Harris, Romantic Moderns. English Writers, Artists and the Imagination from Virginia Woolf to John Piper, Thames & Hudson, London 2010, p 87. 100 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 8. 101 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 8. 102 Maree Airlie and Martyn Black, Collins Robert Concise French Dictionary, HarperCollins, Glasgow (1981) 2007, p 6. 103 Julius Bryant, Alec Cobbe. Designs for Histyoric Interiors, V & A Publishing, London 2013, p 7

37 Accrual (noun; intransitive verb: accrue; adjective: accrued; Middle English, from Ancient French: acru, from acreistre=increase, from Latin: accrescere=accrete). - Come (to something from something) as a natural increase, advantage, or result, especially from interest on money invested.104

Acculturate (transitive and intransitive verb; acculturation: noun; acculturated: adjective; from ac- +culture+ -ate). - Adapt to, or adopt a different culture (c/f: enculturate; assimulate, cultivated and Romanise).

Eg: an acculturated, assimilited Jewish family never went to Synagogue, were not attracted by Zionism, were put-off by fervent Jewishness, were loyal to their new homeland, understood the limits of their social world and of their limited potential place and potential to hold office in the establishment, though their births and deaths were recorded in the synagogue by the Rabbinate, paid their dues to the Israelitische Kultusgemeinde, gave money to Jewish charities, were buried in the Jewish section of a cemetery, and were victims of the Holocaust (c/f: affiliation).105

Accumulate (transitive verb; accumulation: noun; accumulative: adjective; from Latin: accumulare, from cumulus=heap+ -or). - To heap up.

- To gradually increase the number, or quantity.

Accumulative power (noun phrase). -

Accumulator (noun) - One who accumulates things; or a hoarder.106

- (Not USA). A rechargeable electric cell; a storage register in a computer.107

AccuRate software (noun phrase). - The CSIRO analysis software, formerly used in BERSPro, and FirstRate5 to give BCA star- rated performance of MJ/m2 (megajoules/m2), (c/f: ECOTECT).

Acedia (or accidie: nouns; Middle English, from Ancient French: accidie, from Old French: accide, from Medieval Latin: accidia, or from Late Latin: acedia, from Greek: akedia=listlessness). - Laziness, or torpor.

- Apathy (c/f: arcadia).108

Acetylene (or ethyne: nouns;) -

Acetic acid - refer: ethanoic acid.

ACF - refer: Australian Conservation Foundation.

104 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 8. 105 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 8 and Edmund de Waal, The Hare with the Amber Eyes. A Hidden Inheritance.The Illustrated Edition, Chatto & Windus, London (2010) 2011, pp 180 & 182. 106 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 8. 107 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 8. 108 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 7.

38 Including: Sustainable Cities Campaign.

ACFCGN - refer: Australian City Farms and Community Gardens Network.

Achaemenid Empire (or Persian Empire: noun phrases). - Developed by Cyrus the Great (), it succeeded the Median Empire, ruling over much of Greater Iran. The Persian and Median Empires are the Medo-Persian Empire.

It was the largest empire in ancient history, at its height it spanned Asia, Africa and Europe; including Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, northern India, part of Central Asia, Asia Minor, Thrace and Macedonia, most of the Black Sea coast, Iraq, northern Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Palestine/Israel, Lebanon, Syria, most of ancient Egypt as far as Libya.

It was known as the enemy of the Greek city states during the Greco-Persian Wars, for emancipation of slaves including the Jews from their Babylonian captivity, and for using official languages throughout. It was invaded by Alexander the Great, collapsed and disintegrated in 330 BC, into the Ptolemaic Kingdom, the Seleucid Empire, and minor territories, which became part of the Hellenistic civilization. The Persian Empire was revived until the Parthian and Sasanian periods.109

A’chailleach (noun; Gaelic). - A stone coping, topped with dry turf, formimg a seat at the end of bed in the shieling.

- A mountain at Newtonmore, topped by a big cairn, it is the most ascended and perhaps the finest of the Monadhliath mountains, SE of Loch Ness. 110

Acheiropoieton (plural: acheiropoieta: nouns; adjective: acheiropoietal and acheiropoietic; Greek: not-handmade). - An image that spontaneously appears without human intervention.

An icon alleged to have been created miraculously, invariably images of Jesus, or the Virgin Mary, eg: the Orthodox Image of Edessa, or Mandylion, and in the Roman Catholic Veil of Veronica (Vatican) and the Shroud of Turin.111

109 Wikipedia, accessed 4 May 2010. 110 Robert Macfarlane, Landmarks, Hamish Hamilton, London 2015, p 41 and www.walkhighlands.co.uk/munros/a-chailleach-monadhliath. 111 Wikipedia, accessed 25 November 2009. Not in Sykes.

39

The Shroud of Turin

Achievement (or achievement of arms: nouns). - In Heraldry, the complete armorial bearings, of a person entitled to wear, or display them (c/f: blazon and charge).112

Achromatic (adjective). - Colours without hue: black, greys and white.

Achronological (adjective). -

Acicular (adjective). - Needle, or awl-shaped (c/f: auger, bodkin, borer, bradawl, corkscrew and gimlet).113

Acid (acidification (qv) and acidity: nouns; transitive verbs: acidify and acidulate (qv); acidic: adjective; from French acide, or from the Latin acidus (acére: be sour). - A sour-tasting substance with a pH value less than 7, due to its containing hydrogen ions when dissolved in water, that neutralises and is neutralised by alkalis and, that can be replaced by metals and corrode, or dissolve metals.

112 Dora Ware and Maureen Stafford, An Illustrated Dictionary of Ornament, George Allen & Unwin Limited, London 1974, p 18. 113 Alan Mitchell, A Field Guide to the Trees of Britain and Northern Europe, Collins, London (1974) 1976, Glossary, p 391.

40 The pH value of the acid is indicated by adding to it a few drops of universal Indicator, which shows graded colour changes from red (very acid, pH 3-4), to violet (intensely alkaline, pH 10- 12).114

Releasing the combustion products of fossil fuels into the atmosphere gradually acidifies the surface layer of the oceans, which form a great CO2 sink.

Acid-etched glass (noun phrase). - Despite the name, decoration generally produced by sandblasting using fine grit and special techniques that produce clear, sharp and deep images with fine detail.

This process is particularly good on glass and crystal products (c/f: bushfire-resistant glass, ceramic glass, Crown, curtain wall, cut, float, heat-resistant glass, insulated glass, laminated glass, low-iron glass, mirror, one-way mirror, opaque, plate, safety glass, stained, toughened glass and wired glass; opaque, transparent, translucent and viscous).

Acid-free - Neutral conservation material (eg: paper, or cardboard) containing minimal acid, ie: pH ≤7, ±0.3 (c/f: edulcorate).115

Acidic soil (noun phrase). - A soil with a pH value of less than 7.0.116

Acidification (noun). - Global warming is causing the ocean to absorb more of the carbon dioxide put into the atmosphere and changing the pH of the water, turning the sea more acid, killing marine life and coral reefs.

Acid rain (noun phrase). - A precipitation heavy with an air-borne pollution of nitric and sulphuric acid. Most is generated by sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide, its pH less than 5.6. It kills fish, plants, corrodes surfaces, pollutes ground water and erodes soil, but its long-term effects are unknown.117

Acidulate (transitive verb; from Latin acidulus, diminutive of acidus=sour). - Make slightly acid (c/f: acidic).118

Acid washed (adjectival phrase). - A finish for reinforced concrete, exposing a surface texture and some large aggregate; a finish for blue jeans.

ACL - refer: Australian Consumer Law.

ACMA (acronymn). -

ACN (acronymn). - (c/f: ASIC, Incorporate, Pty Ltd company and shares).

114 J B Sykes, Ed., The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 9 and H J Plenderleith, The Conservation of Antiquities and Works of Art. Treatment, Repair and Restoration, Oxford, Oxford 1956, pp 350 and 351. 115 H J Plenderleith, The Conservation of Antiquities and Works of Art. Treatment, Repair and Restoration, Oxford, Oxford 1956, pp 53 and 54. 116 H J Milton, Glossary of Building Terms, NCRB, Standards Australia and Suppliers Index, Sydney 1994, p 2. 117 Craig, Chalquist, A Glossary of Ecological Terms, March 2007, p 2. 118 J B Sykes, Ed., The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 9.

41

Acorn (noun). - A finial, or other termination form sculpted in the shape of an acorn; also commonly on C16-18 furniture, eg: the Circus at Bath, 1754-68 has giant acorns (c/f: balloon, pinecone, pineapple and urn).119

Acoustic (acoustics and noun phrase: acoustical engineer; from Greek: akoustos; akouo: hear; also refer: akoe). - The science, or quality of sound, or noise, eg: in buildings, or from traffic.

It is related to sound, or hearing; the characteristic of building materials used for sound insulation, or isolation; a musical instrument not electrified; controlled by reducing transmission between rooms, or increasing absorption within a room.

The acoustical transmission factor is the amount of sound passing through a particular s\construction system, while the acoustical reduction factor is reciprocal. Reverberation time in seconds and sound level in decibels are measurements, Acoustic plaster, tiles and finishes are available (refer also: insulation; c/f: auditorium and sightlines).120

Acoustical shadow (noun phrase). - (c/f: diffraction of sound).

Acoustic jar (noun). - Pottery containers embedded in the floors, or built-into walls to increase resonance and audibility in medieval churches, particularly in the C15.

Acoustic virtual reality (noun phrase). - (c/f: auralisation and sound modelling).

Acqua (noun; Italian) - Water.

Acqua alta (noun; Venetian Italian). - Occurs in Venice when a normal high tide comes on top of water unusually high for other reasons.

Records have been kept since AD589 and exactly since 1867, the first year of Austrian rule; from 1870-1929, it occurred 2-4 time each year, but each year from 1960-2009: 31-44 times/year (c/f: barene & murazzi).121

Acre (noun, from Old English: æcer, =Old High German; ackar, Old Norse: akr, Gothic: akrs, inferred from Germanic: akraz, inferred from Indo-European: agros). - A measure of land area in the Imperial system, equal to 4,840 square yards.

The land area that can be ploughed by a man and two oxen in a day, actually in a morning because the oxen would need to rest in the afternoon.

Or in the metric system 4,050 square metres, or 0.4047 hectares; broad acres; acreage and acred (adjective).122

119 Dora Ware and Maureen Stafford, An Illustrated Dictionary of Ornament, George Allen & Unwin Limited, London 1974, p 18, with illustration, of furniture. 120 J B Sykes, Ed., The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 11. 121 Sir Ashley Clarke, ‘The Preservation of Venice,’ Transactions of the Ancient Monuments Society, Vol 17, 1970, p 51.

42

Acreocracy (noun). - The principal landowners.123

Acrolyth (acrolith: nouns; Latin). - A technique in ancient Roman sculpture, which achieved the monumental scale, associated with the divinity of a god; only the exposed parts were carved from marble, or other stone, the rest was wood, painted, or covered with clothing, or metal sheet, richly coloured and ornamented, perhaps only viewed by awed worshippers from a distance (c/f: chryselephantine).124

Acromegalic (adjective; noun: acromegaly; from French: acromegalie, from Greek: akron=extremity+ megas magal-=great+ -y). - Excessive growth of limbs. The term may be used figuratively regarding oversized building components, eg: in megastructures, developing from the Phalanstery.125

Acronym (noun; from Greek Greek: akron =end + -onum-, =onoma =name). - A word forming the initial letter of other words, written in lower case with an initial capital, eg: Unesco but not: AA, AIDS, ICCROM, UN, USA and WHO (c/f: initialism).126

Acropolis (Akropolis: nouns, from Greek: akroppolis, from akron=summit, + polis=city). - A citadel, or the upper fortified part of a Greek city, especially Athens; also: Lindos.127

Acro-prop (noun). - An expanding scaffolding pole, used for temporary structural support, eg: propping up a fractured lintel.128

Acroterion (and acroterium: plural: acroteria: nouns; adjective: acroterial). - The block, or pedestal, supporting an ornament, or sometimes without an ornament, on the apex, or the ends of a pediment, or gable; or its decoration, or the ornament it carries.

Chi-wen (noun; Mandarin) - in Chinese architecture, a large ceramic acroterion tile on each end of a roof ridge, usually a dragon-head, or earlier a fish-tail shape, functionally required to protect the wood nails securing the roof-tiles, and roof guardian mythical figures along the hips and ridge (c/f: antefixa and finial).129

ACSI (acronym; noun phrase: Australian Council of Superannuation Investors). - A private body monitoring that boards and CEOs place investors interests above all else.130

Also: The American Customer Satisfaction Index.

ACSN - refer: American Congress on Surveying and Mapping.

Act (noun; Middle English, from Old French: acte and Latin: actus, -um, partly from Latin: agere act-=do).

122 AJ Metric Handbook, The Architectural Press, London (1968) 1974, pp 192 & 202 and J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 10. 123 Not in Sykes. 124 Adriana La Regina, Museo Nazionale Romano, Electa, Milan (2005) 2007, p 134. 125 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 10. 126 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 10. Note: throughout this Glossary, acronym is used incorrectly to include such expressions. 127 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 10. 128 The Conservation Glossary. Dundee University. 129 John Fleming, Hugh Honour and Nikolaus Pevsner, The Penguin Dictionary of Architecture, Penguin, Harmondsworth (1966) 1998, p 3. 130 www.acsi.org.au/

43 - A thing done, or a deed.

- A decree, or bill, passed by a legislative body, generally Parliament (with an capitalised initial letter); a statute; a verificatory legal document, especially an act and deed.

- (Intransitive verb). Perform a special function; or exert energy, or influence, eg: the acid acts on the metal.131

ACT (acronym). - Australian Capital Territory.

Actant (noun). - In narrative theory, a term from the actantial model of semiotic analysis of narratives.

Not simply a character in a story, but an integral structural element upon which the narrative revolves, distinguished from a character's consistent role in the story like the archetype of a character. It is important in the structuralism of narratology to regard each situation as the minimum independent unit of the story

In Sociology, an approach neither to speak of actors who act, or of systems which behave (c/f: agent).

Also in Linguistics and programming theory.132

Actinometer (noun; from Greek: aktis -inos=ray+-o- + -meter). - An instrument for measuring the intensity of radiation.133

Actinomorphic (adjective; from Greek: aktis -inos=ray+ -o- + -c). - Radially symmetrical, eg: in Biology.134

Action (noun). -

Actionable (adjective). -

Action Office - refer: open plan office.

Action Plan (noun phrase). - Specific plan to implement an organization’s Vision and Mission Statement to translate a service strategy into guideline directing individual activity over a period, usually a year (c/f: Strategy Plan and Structure Plan).

ActionScript (noun). - An Adobe language based on JavaScript (c/f: Objective-C).

Activate (transitive verb). - (c/f: actuate). Refer also: active street front.

131 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 11, with other meanings. 132 Wikipedia, accessed 19 April 2011, which has much more detail, including of the scholars responsible. Not in Sykes. 133 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 11. 134 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 11.

44 Active (adjective). -

Active pixel sensors - refer: photosensors.

Active street front (noun phrase; transitive verbs: activate and reactivate). - An urban design principle that encourages activities and businesses oriented onto the street to increase interest and lively activity, allowing views into shopfronts and surveillance by shop- keepers.

It defines a compact pedestrian realm, avoiding blank walls, vacant lots and vehicular uses (c/f: traffic calming and pedestrian friendly environment; buzz, sakariba, street culture, street life and streetscape).135

The crowds in the streets, the lights in the shops and balconies, the elegance, variety, and beauty of their decorations, the number of the theatres, the brilliant cafés with their windows thrown up high and their vivacious groups at little tables on the pavement, the light and glitter of the houses turned as it were inside out, soon convince me that it is no dream; that I am in Paris.136

Activism (noun; noun and adjective: activist; from Middle English, from Old French: actif; or from Latin: activus). - A policy of vigorous action in political issues, eg: in environmentalism, or heritage conservation (c/f: focus group, interest group, lobbyist and pressure group).137

Activity centre - refer: Melbourne 2030.

Actor Network Theory (noun phrase; acronym: ANT). -.

ACTU (acronym). -

Actual (adjective; adverb: actually). - (c/f: real).

Actuality (noun; Middle English, from Old French: actualité=entity, or from medieval Latin: actualitas (actus, from agere=act). - Reality.

Realism; the characteristic, or condition of being actual, or real

- Something that is actual or real (c/f: potentiality and reality).

Actualities - existing conditions.138

Actuate (transitive verb; nouns: actuation and actuator; adjective: actuated; from medieval Latin: actuare (actus, as: actual)).

135 Melbourne Planning Scheme, Schedule 1 to Design and Development Overlay, Active Street Frontages – Capital City Zone and District of Colombia, Washington State, planning.dc.gov/planning/LIB/planning/documents/pdf/Trans-Principle3.pdf 136 Charles Dickens (1812-70), Tom Tidler’s Ground, London 1861. [Short story]. 137 J B Sykes, Ed., The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 11. 138 J B Sykes, Ed., The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 11 and www.merriam-webster.com/

45 - Communicate motion, eg: to a machine; cause operation of, eg: an electrical device;

- Be the motive for action of, eg: a person (c/f: activate).139

Actuary (noun). -

Actuator (noun). - A type of motor for moving, or controlling a mechanism or system.

It is operated by an energy source, generally an electric current, hydraulic fluid pressure, or pneumatic pressure, and converts that energy into motion. It is the mechanism by which a control system acts on an environment. The control system can be simple (a fixed mechanical, or electronic system), software (eg: a printer driver, or robot control system), or a human, or other agent.140

Actuator, Electro-mechanical - a Moog-driven deployer, eg: of stadium roofs.

Acuity (noun; from French: acuité, of from medieval Latin: acuitas (acuere=sharpen, from Latin: acutus, acuere=sharpen (acus=needle), as acute+ -ity)). - Sharpness, acuteness, literally or figuratively, eg: of a needle, the senses, of vision, or understanding.

A disarming characertistic. 141

Acumen (acroyym). - The AIA Knowledge Services electronic Newsletter.

It provides architects with the most relevant and up-to-date advisory material and news about managing both an architectural practice and architectural projects. The experience of architects and other professionals contributes to a database of answers to everyday questions.142

Acute (acuter and acutest: adjectives; acutely: adverb; noun: acuteness; from Latin: acutus, of acuere=sharpen (acus=needle), as acuity). - An angle less than 90°; sharply pointed, terminating with a narrow angle.

Penetrating (of criticism).

- Accent - a mark (´) over letters in some languages to indicate quality, vowel length, or pronunciation.

- In Medicine, coming slowly to a crisis; of a crisis, a shortage, or a difficulty: critical, or serious; of sensation, or the senses: keen; of sound: high (frequency, or pitch), shrill (c/f: chronic).143

Acute triangle (noun phrase). (c/f: right (angled) and oblique; equilateral, isosceles and scalene).144

139 J B Sykes, Ed., The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 11. 140 Wikipedia, accessed 12 November 2013. 141 J B Sykes, Ed., The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 11. 142 [email protected]. 143 J B Sykes, Ed., The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 12. 144 Not in Sykes.

46 Acyl (noun; German: acid+ -yl). - An acid radical.145

Ad (abbreviation). - Advertisement.

Ad (preposition; Latin). - To, towards, near by, at, before, up to, until, or about.

- In comparison with, or according to;

- In addition to, or after.

- Concerning.

- In order to.146

AD (acronym; from Latin: anno domini). - Of the Christian era; or the number of years since 0.

Now outmoded by CE, though I still prefer AD, and use it here.

Ad- (prefix). -

-ad (suffix). -

Adam (noun and adjective). - A national Neoclassical architectural style of English taste in the Age of Sensibility during c1760-1800, in architecture, decoration, furniture and the decorative arts.

It is characterised by civilized, well-mannered, gay elegance, light feminine gossamer delicacy, fastidious detail and a sparkling finish particularly of very shallow stucco, expressing un-pedantic erudition and unostentatious opulence without startling innovation. The style is expressed particularly in ceilings, carpets, door overmantels, fittings (even keyhole covers), fanlights, columned screens, apses and contrasting room forms implying spatial progression and mystery.

It was created and developed by the Scottish architect Robert Adam (1728-92) after detailed study of classical sites in Italy and Dalmatia; no previous architect had attempted such a comprehensively detailed interior decorative scheme; Adam also had a classicising Gothic manner. It was derived from an interpretation of classic sources, particularly the ornament and spaces of ancient Roman Baths and of Diocletian’s Palace, Split, Dalmatia (c300 AD), which he later published as: Ruins of Spalatro, 1764) and by studying under Charles-Louis Clérisseau (1721-1820) in Rome.

The Adam style spread to Russia and North America (and Federal Style, qv), and there was a rather insipid revival, including in Australia, in the 1930s. Examples of Adam, mostly publicly accessible, include: Harewood House, (1758-71) and Keddleston Hall, both Derbyshire (1760- 70); Osterley Park (1761-80), London; Syon, Middlesex (1762-69); Kenwood, Hampstead, London (1767-9); 20 St James Square and 20 Portman Square, London (both 1770s) and in Edinburgh: Charlotte Square (designed 1791) and Edinburgh University (begun 1789, completed

145 J B Sykes, Ed., The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 12. 146 James Morwood, Pocket Oxford Latin Dictionary, Oxford, Oxford (1994) 2005, p 4.

47 modified after his death by W H Playfair, 1817-34), (c/f: Empire, Directory, Federal, Napoleonic, Palladian and Rococo).147

- In the Hebraic religious tradition, the first man; refer to his pad, the Garden of Eden.

Adam style, Kenwood, Hampstead.

147 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 12 Dora Ware and Maureen Stafford, An Illustrated Dictionary of Ornament, George Allen & Unwin Limited, London 1974, p 19, with two illustrations, John Fleming, Hugh Honour and Nikolaus Pevsner, The Penguin Dictionary of Architecture, Penguin, Harmondsworth (1966) 1998, pp 2-4 and Robert and James Adam, Works in Architecture, 3 Vols, London 1773, 1779 and1822.

48

Unidentified Adam style interior.

Adam style, Osterley Park, Middlesex.

Adamant (noun and adjective; noun: adamantine; from Old French, adamanant, from Latin, from Greek: adamas -mant=untameable (a- =not, damao=to tame)). - Diamond, or any especially hard material, or some metals.

Figuratively, unyielding to requests; or eg: of an adamantine standard.

- From ancient history.

49 In the Middle Ages, adamantine hardness and a lodestone's magnetism became confused and combined, leading to it meaning magnet (falsely derived from the Latin adamare=to love), or be attached to. Another belief was that adamant (or diamond) could block magnetism.148

Adaptation (noun). - Modifying a place to suit proposed compatible use.

Adaptive strategies (noun phrase). - Adopted by a culture to subsist, including: Foraging, Horticulture, Pastoralism, Agriculture and Industrialism.

Added value (noun phrase). -

Addition (noun). - (c/f: abusivo).

Additive elements (noun phrases). - Building elements or components appearing to have been fixed to each other, rather than having been formed as a whole.

Additive form (noun phrase). - A form characterized by a process involving adding simple solids together to make a more complex whole.

Its objects appear to be attached to other objects.

Additive process (noun phrase). - Mixing coloured light (c/f: pigments, eg: paint and ink), so by mixing additive primaries (red, green and blue) in theatre lighting, television or a monitor, will produce white light.

Mixing two coloured lights will always produce a lighter colour than either (c/f: RGB and subtractive process).149

Additive assembly system (additive architecture, or additive principle; noun phrases). - A design process practised by Jrn Utzon, in which similar units, often courtyards, are assembled irregularly to respond to the site and programme, including light, sun’s angle, privacy 150 and views, eg: Kingo subsidised housing development, Helsingr (1956).

148 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 12 and Wikipedia, accessed 23 February 2010. 149 Ian Paterson, A Dictionary of Colour, Thorogood, London (2003) 2004, pp 11 & 12. 150 www.e-architect.co.uk/denmark/kingo_houses.htm

50

Kingo.

Addizione (noun). - Also refer: perspectiva

Addorsed (adjective). - Back-to-back.

Address (noun). -

-

Address range (noun phrase). - The highest and lowest street numbers on each frontage of any block.

Adduce (transitive verb; adjective: adducible; from Latin: ad(ducere duct- = lead)). - Cite as proof, or as an instance. 151

-ade (suffix, forming nouns; from French: -ade, from Provençal Iberian: -ada, or Italian: -alta, from Latin: -ata, feminine singular, past participle of verbs in -are). - An action done, eg: blockade.

- A body concerned in an action, or process (eg: cavalcade); or the product of material, or action, eg: arcade and masquerade.

151 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 13.

51 - From French: -ade, from Greek: -as, -ada (eg: decade).

- From Iberian: -ado, the masculine form of the first above, with any of the previous senses (eg: brocade).152

Ad eundum (or ad gradum: adverbs; Latin: to the same (degree)). - (Admitted to) the same degree at another university. 153 ad fin (abbreviation; from Latin: ad finem). - At, or near to the end.154

Adhesive (noun and adjective; adverb: adhesively; transitive verb: adhere; nouns: adherent, adherence, adhesiveness and adhesion; from French: adhesif -ive (Latin: haerere haes- =stick)). - Sticky; or a sticky substance; or able to stick fast to.155

- A material that sticks fast to; joins components together; a glue or cement, is a liquid that in hardening adheres components, allowing jointing of fixing without penetration or damage.

- A substance that bonds together similar, or dissimilar materials by surface adhesion; or a cement, mastic, glue or other mixture used to bond materials on to a smooth substrate.

Adhesives must be specifically for their particular function, materials or conditions, considering compatibility and surface preparation.

The binder in adhesives is usually synthetic resin. Characteristics of adhesives include: durability, resistance to delamination, weatherproof-ness, moisture and weather-resistance. Adhesives may cause a stain due to a chemical action between an adhesive and wood, especially veneer.

Liquid adhesives are supplied in tins, tubes, squeeze bottles, gun cartridges, or plunger units; two-part adhesives are strong, but have a short life; and contact adhesives do not need pressure.

Also: adhesive tape, cement-based adhesive, contact adhesive, super glue (or cyanoacrylate adhesive), epoxy resin adhesive, hot-melt sticks, hot-melt films and resorcinol formaldehyde adhesive).156

- Adhere - to keep contact with, eg: the road, rails, or people; or to support, or accept (an agreement, an opinion, a rule, a group); adhering to - sticking to, eg: the rules; or an adherent - a supporter, or member. 157

Adhesive stain - refer: stain. ad hoc (adverbial and adjectival phrase; Latin,=to the purpose).

152 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 13. 153 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 13. 154 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 13. 155 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 13. 156 H J Milton, Glossary of Building Terms, NCRB, Standards Australia and Suppliers Index, Sydney 1994, p 4. 157 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 13 and James H Maclean and John S Scott, The Penguin Dictionary of Building, Third Edition, Penguin, London (1964) 1995, pp 4 & 5.

52 - For this particular purpose.

- Special, or specially.158 ad hominen (adverb and adjective; Latin,=to the man). - Personally.159

Adiabatic (adjective or noun; adverb: adiabatically; from Greek: adiabatos=impassable (a-=not, diabaino=pass)). - Impassable to heat.160 without heat entering or leaving a system; or a curve of formula of an adiabatic phenomenon.

A process occurring without the transfer of heat, eg: in air-cooling.161

Adirondack Rustic Style (noun phrase). - An USA architectural style, from 1900-40, eg: in Vermont;

Adirondack chair (or Muskoka chair). - In USA, used in the rural outdoors.

It was made with eleven pieces of wood, cut from a single board, with a straight back and seat, with wide armrests, and set at a angle to sit on slopes. It was designed by Thomas Lee in 1903, on vacation in Westport, New York, in the Adirondack Mountains. The municipality of Muskoka, Ontario, is north of Toronto.162

An Adirondack chair.

Adjacency (noun; adjective: adjacent; Middle English, from Latin: ad(jacere=lie)+ -ent=forming adjectives denoting action, as: consequent). - Located, or lying near, contiguous, or contiguous to, eg: transhistorical adjacency (qv).163

158 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 13. 159 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 13. 160 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 13. 161 M J Clugston, Ed, N J Lord, B T Meatyard, J A Scarfe and J R C Whyte, The Penguin Dictionary of Science, Penguin Books, London (1998) 2004, p 10. 162 Wikipedia, accessed 11 September 2011, including the photo. 163 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, pp 13 and 345.

53

Adjacency diagram (noun; adjective: adjacent; Middle English, from Latin: ad(jacere=lie)+ - ent=forming adjectives denoting action, as: consequent) - refer: bubble diagram.

Adjoining (or adjacent: adjectives). - The property next-door, including if separated by a laneway.164

Administrator (noun). - (c/f: director, executive and manager; co-ordinator and team-leader).

Admixture (noun). - A small quantity of an agent added to the main ingredients of a mixture, usually concrete or cement, to alter its properties.

Admixtures added before setting, include plasticisers to improve workability but reduce water content, accelerators or retardants (retarders) amend the rate of setting in extreme weather conditions, whether frost or heat. Admixtures improve a secondary property of set concrete and slightly improve the primary properties of strength and durability.

Air-entraining agents resist frost, pigments alter colour; others include: integral water-proofers and polymer modifiers (c/f: alloy, amalgam, colloid, compound, solution or suspension).165

Adobe (noun; Spanish). - Since 1982, computer software, including Adobe Reader, Acrobat, Air, Dreamweaver, Flash Player, Illustrator, Photoshop and PostScript; in business, design, entertainment and communications; developing initially device-independent graphics and printing.-

Adobe colors - computer software used to turn any photo into a color theme, look, vector graphic or unique brush to use in creative projects. Its capture now also supports Apple Pencil on iPad Pro. refer: https://color.adobe.com/create/color-wheel/.166

- Sun-dried earth (mud) bricks, formed in re-usable moulds, usually with chopped straw as reinforcement, as described in The Bible. The most universal building material, mud brick has been one of the principal building materials in Egypt since prehistoric times.

The English and Spanish word adobe derives from, Dbt (possibly pronounced ‘djebet’ or ‘djubet’), the ancient Egyptian word for brick. The Arabs made it al-toob (the brick, pronounced ‘ettoob’), which became adobe in Spanish.

Yazd, qv, central Iran, is possibly the largest city built almost entirely out of adobe (c/f: pisé).167

164 Urban Conservation in the City of Melbourne. Controls, Standards and Advice on the Restoration and Alteration of Historic Buildings and on the Design of New Buildings in Urban Conservation Areas. City of Melbourne, Melbourne, July 1985, p 39. 165 James H Maclean and John S Scott, The Penguin Dictionary of Building, Third Edition, Penguin, London (1964) 1995, p 5 and Laurence Urdang, The Dictionary of Differences, Bloomsbury, London (1988) 1989, pp 122 and 123. 166 www.adobe.com and https://color.adobe.com/Earth-Red-(486)-Mono-CMYK-color-theme-571152/ 167 Photograph © Ruth L. Harold, 2000, http://www.silk-road.com/newsletter/vol3num2/7_harold.php.

54

Yazd with its badgirs, qv (ventilation towers).

Adornment (noun). - (c/f: elaboration, embellishment, enhancement and enrichment; refinement).

A-double (high productivity freight vehicle, or road-train: noun phrases). - A 35 m truck, consisting of a prime-mover and two 12.2 m containers.

In September 2011, these were first trialled on Melbourne's roads, with the fallacious justification that they would reduce the number of large trucks because they are larger than a 25 m B-double (c/f: juggernaut, lorry and semi-trailer).168

ADSL (acronym; noun phrase: Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line). - Always-on Broadband, with a top speed of 8 Mbps.

Pop songs download in a few seconds and low-level video, eg: YouTube plays immediately; enables competing carriers to operate from Telstra exchanges and run over their copper wire network and hybrid fibre coaxial cables for cable TV and broadband, enabled by Telstra’s multiplexers, turboboost measures and patching (c/f: ADSL2+, Cable, Dial-up, Fibre-to-the- Home, Fibre-to-the-Node, Next IP network, 3G850 wireless and Wireless).

ADSL2+ (acronym; Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line). - Increases ADSL speed to 24 Mbps, for those near the exchange (c/f: ADSL, Cable, Dial-up, Fibre-to-the-Home, Fibre-to-the-Node and Wireless).

Adumbrate (transitive verb; adumbrative and adumbrated: adjectives; 169 noun: adumbration; from Latin: ad- +umbrare, from: umbra=shade + -ate). - Represent in outline, or indicate faintly.

- Foreshadow.170

168 Greg Thom, 'Monster trucks to hit city streets,' Herald Sun, 28 September 2011. 169 Not in Sykes. 170 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 15.

55 Advanced Geometry Unit (noun phrase; acronym: AGU). - Founded in 2000 and directed by Cecil Balmond, Deputy Chairman of Ove Arup and Partners Limited, and Arup Fellow.

It is a research-focused design group at Arup where Cecil now focuses his work with architects, scientists and engineers (c/f: H-edge).171

Adventitous (adjective; adverb: adventitiously; from Latin: adventicius, adventus=arrival). - Coming from outside.

In Biology, occurring in an unusual place.

- Accidental, or casual.

- Mainly USA in Law, of property, coming from a stranger, or by collateral, not by direct succession, or inheritance.172

Advenue (noun; French). - In France, in the C17, a way, or passage, by which someone arrives.

An access route.

By c1690, a tree-lined walkway. The first avenues were in the area of the Champs Elysees.

Adversarial litigation (noun phrase). - (c/f: mediation and positive adjudication).

Adverse posession (noun phrase;). - Using land you do not own and without it’s owner’s authorisation, which is tresspass.

Sometimes an adverse posessor can claim the land as their ownand prevent the true owner from occupying it, submitting an adverse posession application to the Registrar of Titles for the formal transfer of the landinto their name. This is an involved and complex process, requiring a check survey and evidence in support. An adverse posessor must be able to demonstrate 15 years exclusive posession, and have acted as if true owner. It is not possible to adversely posess Crown-, or council-owned land. The Titles Office does permit a 50 mm over 40 m margin of error and will ignore what they consider a ‘trifling encroachment.’ There are appeal rights to the Supreme Court.173

Advert (transitive verb; Middle English, from Old French: avertir, from Romanic: advertire, from Latin: advertere, as adverse: ad(vertere vers- =turn)). - Refer to in speaking, or in writing.

- (Abbreviation) - advertisement.174

Advertising column (French: Colonne Morris; German: Litfaßsäule: noun phrases). - Cylindrical outdoor footpath street furniture for advertising, and public announcements, common in the Berlin from 1855, but invented by the German printer Ernst Litfaß in 1854. In France, they are named for Gabriel Morris, a printer, who held the concession for advertising in 1868. They were originally built by La Société Fermière des Colonnes Morris, but now mostly built

171 172 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 15. 173 Adam Zuchowski, senior assoiciate and property specialist, Slater & Gordon Conveyancing, ‘Living on land posessed,’ Herald Sun, 167 August 2013. 174 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 16.

56 and maintained by JCDecaux, which purchased the company in 1986.

Colonne Morris.

Advertising sign - refer: billboard.

Advertising kiosk - refer: kiosk.

Advisor (noun). - (Middle English, from Old French: aviser; from Roman advisare, ad to, visare; frequently of videre, see). A person with expertise who is habitually consulted in their field (c/f: adviser, consultant and professional). Refer also: Heritage Advisor.

Refer: http://blogs.crikey.com.au/theurbanist/2013/12/16/east-west-link-why-have-these-advisers-

57 just-quit/175

Adviser (noun). - Any person who offers advice, recommends, informs, or notifies (c/f: advisor). 176

Advowson (noun). - The right to nominate a clergyman to a parish, if approved by the bishop.177

Adwords - refer: Googlenomics.

Adytum (and adyton: plural: adyta: nouns; Latin, from Greek: aduton, from adutos=impenetrable (a- =not, duo=enter)). - The innermost part of a temple.

In an ancient Greek temple, the inner sanctuary and holiest place, or the dark space where the oracles were delivered.

- A private chamber, sanctum, or a sanctuary.178

Aedes - refer: aedis.

Aedicule (aedicula, edicula and plural: aediculae: nouns; adjective: aedicular). - In the classical language of architecture, a niche or opening, framed by columns (or pilasters) supporting an entablature, usually with a pediment.

- A small house, or chapel (c/f: temple front and tabernacle).179

175 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 16. 176 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 16. 177 Peter Draper, The Formation of English Gothic. The Formation of Identity, Yale, New Haven and London 2006, Glossary. 178 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 16, James Stevens Curl, A Dictionary of Architecture, Oxford University Press, Oxford 1999, p 8, Brian de Jongh, The Companion Guide to Greece, Companion Guides, Woodbridge, Suffolk (1972 and 1979) 2000, p 509 and James Morwood, Pocket Oxford Latin Dictionary, Oxford, Oxford (1994) 2005, p 7. The photograph is from Wikipedia, accessed 5 October 2013. 179 James Morwood, Pocket Oxford Latin Dictionary, Oxford, Oxford (1994) 2005, p 7.

58

Michelangelo, Porta Pia, Pizzale di Porta Pia, Rome, 1561-64, a Classical eidicule without the orders.

Aedificium (noun). - In ancient Rome, a building; aedifico - build, make, or create; aedificator - a builder, or an architect; aedificatio and aedificicationis - house-building; house-building instruction, or education. 180

Aedile (or edile and aedileship: nouns; from Latin: aedilis (aedes=building+ -il), as Italian,=building, construction, or building worker). - Two magistrates, in the early Roman republic, elected annually by the plebeians, deputies of the tribuni plebes, who managed the temple and cults.

They were effectively joint mayors of Rome. After 367 BC, there were also aediles plebeii and two aediles curules, elected by patricians, but later by then alternating with the plebs. They were responsible for caring for the urban fabric, and its people, superintending public buildings, corn supply and public games. They could be promoted to cursus honorum.181

Aedis (or aedes; nouns; Latin). - Temple, house, or room.

180 James Morwood, Pocket Oxford Latin Dictionary, Oxford, Oxford (1994) 2005, p 7. 181 James Morwood, Pocket Oxford Latin Dictionary, Oxford, Oxford (1994) 2005, p 7 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 20.

59 A building, or later mobile tent, at the centre of an ancient Roman army camp used as both chapel and treasury, overseen by the standard-bearers, and where the army units prayed together on holy days, and immediately before battle (c/f: signiferi). 182

Aegean (adjective). - 3000-2000 BC, Greek.

Refer Greek.

Aegis (noun; Latin, from Greek,=aegis=the mythical shield of Zeus, or Athene). - Protection, or impregnable defence, eg: under the aegis of.

Geoff Kleem, Aegis, 24 karat custom manufactured support poles each approx. 2.2 m high, freestanding drywall object 4 x 5 x 1 m, Gertrude Contemporary, Melbourne, 2013.183

Aegricane (or ram’s head: noun; Latin). - A classical sculpted relief of ram’s skull, or a goat’s skull as a decorative motif, usually garlanded, or festooned, with bellflower, husk, or inverted flambeaux and often in the metopes of a Roman Doric frieze, as a corner ornament, on altar cornices, friezes, or tripods, and as a holder for a festoon.

The iron head of an aries (an ancient battering ram) was in the form of a ram’s head.

182 James Morwood, Pocket Oxford Latin Dictionary, Oxford, Oxford (1994) 2005, p 7 and Paul Stephenson, Constantine. Unconquered Emperor. Christian Victor, Quercus, London 2009, p 21. 183 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 16 and www.geoffkleem.com/01_installation_01.html.

60 Rams and goats had to be sacrificed to the gods on an altar before every transaction, but the motif reappears in Renaissance ornament, and in the Adam style (1760-1800), (c/f: Ammonite, bucranium and Crio-sphinx).184

Aeolian (and USA: eolian: adjectives; from Latin: Aeolius, from Aeolus, god of the winds, from Greek: Ailos). - Wind-borne, or producing sound on exposure to wind (c/f: Aeolic). 185

The architect H T (Jim) Cadbury-Brown (1913-2009), who also lived at Aldeburgh and whom had designed tye Snape Maltings Concert Hall for Britten and is partner Peter Pears, in c1980 proposed a memorial to Benjamin Britten consisting of a rough timber column erected on the beach there, drilled with holes so that it became an instrument for wind. When a storm blew there at a particular force and direction, the holes would produce the two notes used by the crowd in Britten's opera Peter Grimes, when they insistently cry out: ' Peter Grimes!' It would have been an inspired Aeolian tribute to the composer. Actually Maggi Hambling's far more literal memorial sculpture of a giant steel ear listening to the sea, engraved with libretto text, was erected.186

Aeolian Hall - a common name for a concert hall.

Aeolian Islands - are in the Tyrrhenian Sea;

Aeolians, The - an ancient Greek tribe said to be descended from Æolus.

Aeolian processes - wind generated geologic processes.

Aeolian vibrations - occur in high-tension overhead wires, when low amplitude winds impact them at right angles, producing their characteristic humming sound, and can cause damage, even ignite fires.

Eolianite - a sandstone formed from wind transported sediment.

Éolienne Bollée - a wind turbine.

- Of, or related to Aeolus (or Æolus), the Greek God of wind, or the patriarch of Greeks of Aeolia.

Aeolic (noun and adjective; from Aeolis, a Greek colony district in Asia Minor, from Greek: Aoilis+ -an). - (Or Aeolian) - an unusual Ionic order, the capital has palmettes fanning upward between large volutes emerging from the shaft, over a double fringe of leaves as an abacus and a valence beneath.

It occurs in Cyprus, may be earlier than Ionic, and derive from the Egyptian lotus capital and Asiatic precedents. It developed in northwestern Asia Minor, but is also seen in some temples in Sicily, and is named for the Aeolian Islands. It is similar to the Ionic order, but in the capital, a palmette is between the volutes. The earliest are contemporary with emergence of Ionic and Doric in the C6 BC, but some suggest that Ionic is a development from Aeolic. It ended at the end of the Archaic Period (). (c/f: Ammonite).

184 Dora Ware and Maureen Stafford, An Illustrated Dictionary of Ornament, George Allen & Unwin Limited, London 1974, p 179, with three illustrations and N G L Hammond and H H Scullard, The Oxford Classical Dictionary, Oxford at The Clarendon Press, London (1948) 1970, pp 943-945. 185 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 16. 186 Alexandra Harris, Romantic Moderns. English Writers, Artists and the Imagination from Virginia Woolf to John Piper, Thames & Hudson, London 2010, pp 166 & 167, with Cadbury-Brown's drawing and www.guardian.co.uk/artanddesign/2009/jul/13/obituary.

61

- (A dialect) of Aeolia.187

Representation of half of an Aeolic column, now in the Bardo National Museum, Tunis.

Aeolus’s bag (noun phrase). - In Ancient Greek myth, a son of Hippotes, mentioned in Odyssey book 10 as Keeper of the Winds, who gives Odysseus a tightly closed bag full of the captured winds so he could sail easily home to Ithaca on the gentle West Wind, but instead his men thought it was filled with valuables, so they opened it which is why the journey was longer.

187 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 16 and Philip P Betancourt, The Aeolic Style in Architecture: A Survey of its Development in Palestine, the Halikarnassos Peninsula, and Greece, 1000-500 BC, Princeton University Press 1977.

62 Aeolus, unidentified bas relief.

François Boucher, Juno asking Aeolus to release the winds, 1769. Kimbell Art Museum.

Aeon (or eon; nouns; from Ecclesiastical Latin, from Greek: aion=age). - An age of the universe; an immeasurable period, or eternity.

63 - In Platonic and Gnostic Philosophy, a power existing from eternity, an emanation, or phase of the supreme deity (c/f: epoch, era, generation and period).188

Aerate (transitive verb). -

Aerated concrete (or foamed concrete; noun phrases). - A cellular, lightweight and very effectively insulating; mixed from finer sand, pulverised fuel ash and chemical admixtures.

It was cast in moulds and autoclaved as lightweight concrete blocks; easily sawn and nailed, but metal fixings may corrode and do not hold well, so use resin anchors and has high moisture absorption.189

AERC - refer: Aboriginal Environment Research Centre.

Aerial incendiary device (noun phrase). - Similar to a ping pong ball with a yellow spot, activated by an incendiary machine injection of ethylene glycol before being dropped by a helicopter, programmed to ignite 30 seconds later, takes 10 seconds to reach the ground then ignites a small campfire-sized fire.

If thousands dropped one a second, to specific targets, starting a pre-emptive burn into areas often inaccessible on foot. These burns prevent bushfires for a number of years, protect water catchments, highways and other assets and assist regeneration.190

Aerial perspective (noun phrase). - In architecture, a perspective view from above.

- In art, the effect of depth obtained from tonally contrasted foregrounds, becoming more muted with distance and depth of atmosphere.

Aerial work platform - refer: cherry picker.

Aerie - refer: eyrie.

Aerodrome (noun). - An earlier name for airport, eg: Laverton Aerodrome (c/f: airfield and airstrip).

Aerodynamics (noun; adjective: aerodynamic; Greek: aero-, aer=air).

188 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 16. 189 James H Maclean and John S Scott, The Penguin Dictionary of Building, Third Edition, Penguin, London (1964) 1995, p 5, Making Mud Bricks – 1985 [http://www.flickr.com/photos/brooklyn_museum/sets/72157594275159545/] and The Bible: Exodus 5:7 ‘You are no longer to supply the people with straw for making bricks; let them go and gather their own straw’. Exodus 5:16 ‘Your servants are given no straw, yet we are told, 'Make bricks!' Your servants are being beaten, but the fault is with your own people’. Exodus 5:18 ‘Now get to work. You will not be given any straw, yet you must produce your full quota of bricks’. 190 Darren Gray, ‘Great balls of fire join battle for the bush,’ The Age, 125 April 2009.

64 - The study of the interaction between air and solid bodies moving through it.

Aerofoil (noun). - The form of an aircraft wing, fin, or tailplane: an influence on architectural form, eg: Eero Saarinen’s (1910-61) Trans-World Airlines Idlewilde (now Kennedy) Terminal, New York(1956- 62) and Dulles International Airport, Washington DC (1958-62).191

Aerosol - refer: colloid.

Aetiology (or etiology in USA; nouns; adjective aetiological; and adverb: aetiologicaly; from Late Latin, from Greek: aitiologia, aita=cause+ -ology). - Assignment of a cause (to something).

The philosophy of causation, eg: ‘…arguments over the aetiology of criminality include the extent of individual or collective responsibility for anti-social acts;’ ‘Keats works from an aetiology of poetry.That is, all the stuff in Keats’ rich poetry must have come from somewhere...’ (c/f: etiolate).192

Aerostyle (noun). - A Classical column-spacing of three times the column diameter, too wide to be acceptable to Vitruvius,193 or to span with stone lintels, so timber had to be used, but appropriate for garden buildings

The column-spacing of the Tuscan order. Vitruvius finds it rather unaesthetic, heavy and ponderous (refer: -style).194

191 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 17. 192 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 17. The first quotation is a modified version of: Michael Sorkin, Twenty Minutes in Manhattan, Reaktion Books, London 2009, p 136 and the second quotation is from Chris Wallace Crabbe, reviewing Nicholas Roe, John Keats: A New Life, Yale University Press, 2012, in The Age, 29 December 2012. 193 Marcus Vitruvius Pollio, De Architectura, Venice 1567, with plates by Andrea Palladio. Vitruvius acknowledged five spacings, from pycnostyle to his favourite eustyle of 2 1/4 column spacings. 194www.vitruvius.be/boek4h7.htm

65

Reconstruction of the Tuscan temple as described by Vitruvius; Wiegand in La Glyptothèque Ny-Carlsberg, München 1896-1912

Aerotropolis (plural: aerotropoli: nouns). - Greg Lindsay, a business journalist, has written Aerotropolis.

He is a disciple of John Kasarda, professor at University of North Carolina’s business school and utopian visionary, dedicated to persuading ‘politicians and urban planners to massively expand airport infrastructure, integrating it with more traditional aspects of the city to create aerotropoli.

A ‘promising proto-aerotropolis’ has been established at Dulles outside Washington DC, scores are under construction in China, and Dubai is ‘an entire statelet conceived of as an aerotropolis’.

Aes corinthium (noun phrase; Latin; aes= copper and alloys where copper is the main ingredient, eg: bronze). - A very pure and highly refined bronze smelted in ancient Rome.195

And ete (from Greek: aesthetes=one who perceives). - An appreciator, or admitted admirer of beauty; who practices: ‘The strange, perpetual weaving and unweaving of ourselves.’ Walter Pater.

- A studious person, especially in an old English university where it is the opposite of hearty. 196

Aesthetic - refer: aesthetics.

Aesthetic baggage - refer: cultural baggage.

Aesthetician (noun; coined 1829). - A specialist in aesthetics, eg: Theodor Adorno ().

- A ‘cosmetologist’ (or beautician) - one who gives beauty treatments to the skin and hair (1926). 197

Aestheticisation (Aestheticism, qv below, and aesthetification: nouns; transitive verb: aestheticize; estheticize; aestheticized; estheticized, aestheticizing; aestheticizes; and estheticizes). - An idealized or artistic depiction.

Aesthetification - an aestheticizing of the experience of reality and the diversionist resources to perform such aesthetification.

The decentralization of aesthetics somehow contributes to the taming of the aesthetic experience. 198

Aestheticism (noun). - (c/f: abstraction, formalism and realism; and academisation).

(c/f: abstraction, aestheticism, formalism and realism; and academisation).

195 www.penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/.../Aes.html Phillip Smith, University of London, two articles on William Smith, A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, John Murray, London !875. 196 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 17. 197 www.merriam-webster.com 198 There is no clear definition known. zonezero.com/magazine/zonacritica/saltaralvacio/03.html. Not in Sykes. www.thefreedictionary.com

66 Aesthetic Movement (noun phrase; noun: Aestheticism). - An architectural and decorative arts style in England and USA from the 1860s and later in Australia, in reaction against ornamental elaboration, principally Edward William Godwin’s (1833- 86) interiors, influenced by the Chinese, but particularly Japanese art displayed at the International Exhibitions at London of 1862 and Paris in 1867, and related to the English Arts and Crafts movement and the Queen Anne Revival, but also to: Liberty’s department store (), Regent Street, London.

To Walter Crane (1845-1915, English artist and book illustrator), James Whistler (1834-1903, USA-born, London artist) and Oscar Wilde (1854-30 November 1900, Irish writer and poet).

It is characterised by style-less plain surfaces, asymmetry, natural or ebonised materials, but also ‘arty’ decadent exoticism and decorative motifs of: chrysanthemums, cranes, sun-flowers, peacock tails and fans. Gilbert and Sullivan satirised the movement in their comic opera Patience (1881).

Participants were characterised by: eccentric elegance in dress, meticuous interior décor, love of erudite poetry, cultivation and witty aloofness from earnest self-revelation, and indulgence in sensations beyond coventionalmorality, including drugs and homosexuality.

In Melbourne, the Heidelberg School painters’ studios were often decorated in this style, so it appears in their works. Labassa’s () parapet had sculpted cranes (c/f: art about art, art for art’s sake, Design Reform (qv) and self-referential).

Aesthetic Movement: Walter Crane toy book cover, 1874, evincing Japanese art, sunflower and (of course) a crane.

67

Walter Withers’s Studio.

68

Aesthetic Movement: Whistler, Nocturne: Blue and Gold - Old Battersea Bridge (1872), Tate Britain.

69

Aesthetic Movement chimney piece and fireplace in Sunshine, Victoria.199

199 2 images provided kindly by Darrell Dear and Rojan Thakuri, 29 April 2014.

70

Aesthetic Movement chimney piece and fireplace in Sunshine, Victoria.200

200 2 images provided kindly by Darrell Dear and Rojan Thakuri, 29 April 2014.

71 Aesthetic Movement green (noun phrase). - A deep olive green (c/f: apple-green, aquamarine, avocado, bottle-green, British racing green, Brunswick green (qv), celadon, celeste green, cerulian, chartreuse, chrysoprase, emerald green, grass-green, Hooker's green, ice green, jade, jasper, lime, Limoncello, Lincoln green, malachite, mint-green, moss-green, olive green, Paris green, pea green (qv), peridot, pistachio, racing green, sage, sallow (qv), sea-green, sulphur, teal, turquoise, Verona green, Vienna green, viridian and Winsor green).

Victoria & Albert Museum, Green Dining Room, William Morris & Co, 1866.

Standen, Philip Webb, 1892-94.

72

Fan and Crane Aesthetic Movement ceramic tile.

Aesthetics (US: esthetics), aestheticism and aestheticisation: nouns; aesthetically: adverb; aesthetic, aestheticized and aestheticising: adjectives; aestheticize: transitive verb; from Greek: aisthetikos, aisthanomai: perceive). - The philosophical study of the quality of the visual experience of art (including architecture) and of nature to the extent that it can be seen as art.

An investigation and reflection upon the human sensory perception value of art, separate from economics and cult. This contemplative attitude may be observed through individual perception, or by receiving factual information, or through functional analysis, or practical use, or determined by long and careful attention, summarised as a personal response (c/f: connoisseurship).

Works of art (or architecture) are intended to reward this kind of close attention in looking. To what extent should works of art be representative, or express the emotions of the individual artist? What is the work’s characteristic value (its beauty) and significance (meaning, influence and importance? Does it have moral value? What is its relation to taste, and connoisseurship?

Writing about aesthetics is not intended to obtain agreement, necessarily, but to inspire a subjective individual response with equivalent depth and perceptiveness, to visual density, perfection, or textural harmony; to enrich and support visual encounter, to encourage subjective contemplation, sensitivity and perception, not to convey technical knowledge. The aim of aesthetics is to cultivate the quality of our relationship to individual works of art. This cannot be gauged by whether others agree. Subjectivity cannot be an objection in aesthetics: it is precisely the point of aesthetics. Much writing about art today avoids such discussion and concentrates on secondary aspects

Aesthetics and aestheticism was importantly discussed by Immanuel Kant (1724-1804, German philosopher) as ‘purposiveness without purpose,’ the visual qualities of beauty, derived from liking and perceptual pleasure, often not easily recognised, eg: harmony, grace, balance and

73 tenderness.201 Walter Pater (1839-94) suggested art does not appeal primarily to the intellect, but rather to that instinct for form, beauty and harmony he called the aesthetic sense. Those with this sense engage with art in an imaginative, emotional and even physical way. 202

To depict in an idealized or artistic manner: ‘When they range too far from experience, and aestheticize life too much, the pictures are disappointing;’203eg: ‘…they talk about what he (Barack Obama) says and compare it to what he does. A species of aesthetic judgement has never been allowed to supplant political judgement in quite this way for any previous president;’204 or an aesthetic - a particular taste. Also refer: camp.

Aesthetics Advisory Panel, City of Melbourne (noun phrse). - Disbanded: 1989, Barry Patten, chair (1984-89), members included: Peter Sanders, Maggie Edmund, Richard Peterson and Jim Sinatra.

Before 1984, National Gallery of Victoria director Patrick McCaughey was chair of the Melbourne City Council's aesthetics advisory panel, and was satirised in Phil Pindar’s (1945-2005) lost mural of Flinders Street (1984) on the side of the Flinders Street overpass (c/f: Victorian Design Review Panel and Urban Design Advisory Task Force, City of Manningham).

Aesthetic value (noun). - A form of cultural significance that reveals visual quality (beauty) or experience, whether natural (eg: scenic), fabricated (vernacular, or technological), or landscaped (c/f: historic, architectural, social, scientific value and value).205

Aestivate (transitive verb; noun: aestival; in USA: estival; Middle English, from Old French: estival, from Latin: aestivalis, from aestivus (aestus=heat)+ -ive, -al). - Belonging to, or appearing in, or spending the summer.206

Aetatis (adjective; Latin). - Of, or at the age of.207

Aether - refer ether.

Aetology (noun; adjective: aetiological; adverb: aetiological; from Late Latin, from Greek: aitologia (aitia=cause+ -ology)). - Assignment of a cause.

- The philosophy of causation.208

Affect (transitive verb; affective and affectless (qv, below): adjectives).

201 Bullock and Trombley, The Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought, p 12. John Armstrong, ‘Here’s looking at you,’ Visual Arts, Weekend Australian, 2 and 3 June 2007, pp 18 & 19 and J B Sykes, Ed., The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 17. Aestheticisation and aestheticize are not in Sykes. 202 Walter Pater, Studies in History of the Renaissance, 1873, quoted by Thomas Wright, Oscar’s Books. A Journey around the Library of Oscar Wilde, Vintage (2008) 2009, p 100. 203 www.thefreedictionary.com 204 David Bromwich, ‘Diary,’ LRB, 13 May 2010, p 37. Bromwich teaches literature and political thought at Yale. 205 Australia ICOMOS, Burra Charter, Article 1.9. 206 J B Sykes, Ed., The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 17. 207 J B Sykes, Ed., The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 17. 208 J B Sykes, Ed., The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 17.

74 (From French: affecter, or from Latin: afectare=aim at, or frequent, from af(ficere fect-=do) influence) - Use by preference; or pretend (to have, feel, or do).

- Move, or touch (in mind, or emotion).

Refer also: gaze (c/f: passion; effect and effective).

- Produce.

- (From German: affekt, from Latin: affectus=disposition). In Psychology, feeling, emotion, desire, especially as leading to action;

- Affectless - showing or expressing no emotion; or unfeeling, eg: a ruthless affectless society.209

Affectation (noun; adjectives: affected and affective (qv); French, or from Latin: affectatio (as affect+ -ation)). - A studied display.

- Artificiality of manner, or pretence

- Affective (adjective; noun: affectivity; from French: affectiff -ive, from Late Latin: affectivus (as affect+ -ive)) - in Psychology, pertaining to affects (c/f: effect; euphuisim and high-flown).210

Affiliate (transitive verb; affiliation: noun; adjective: affiliated: from Medieval Latin: af+ filiare=adopt (filius=son)+ -ate). - Adopt, eg: adopt as a member.

- Attach to, or connect with (c/f: acculturate).211

Affine (adjective; from Latin: affinis=connected with). - In geometry, an affine transformation or affine map, or an affinity between two vector spaces (strictly speaking, two affine spaces) consists of a linear transformation followed by a translation: x \mapsto A x+ b.

In the finite-dimensional case, each affine transformation is given by a matrix A and a vector b. Physically, an affine transform has:

- Co-linearity between points, ie, three points which lie on a line continue to be collinear after the transformation.

- Ratios of distances along a line, ie: for distinct co-linear points p1, p2, p3, the ratio | p2 - p1 | / | p3 - p2 | is retained ed.

Generally, an affine transform has zero or more linear transformations (rotation, scaling, or shear) and translation (shift). Several linear transformations can be combined into a single matrix, thus the general formula above is still applicable. Also refer: cartesian transformation.

Afflatus (noun; Latin, from af(flare flat-=blow)).

209 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 17, with other meanings. www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary for affectless, which is not in Sykes. 210 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 17, with other meanings. 211J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 17.

75 - A divine impulse, especially poetic.

Eg: ...with his innate afflatus, Peter Corrigan could design anything.

- Inspiration.212

Affluent society (noun phrase). - The term coined by Harvard economist John Kenneth Galbraith (1908-2006), the great populariser of economics, as title of his book The Affluent Society (1958) 1998, on how economies are run (c/f: conventional wisdom).

Affordable Housing - A number of reports have been commissioned by IMAP (qv) looking at options for increasing affordable housing:

Affordable Housing in Melbourne's Inner Urban Region: A Strategic Framework, SGS Economics and Planning, June 2004.

An Affordable Housing Overlay in the Victoria Planning Provisions: Implementation Model for Melbourne's Inner Urban Region, SGS Economics and Planning, March 2007.

Advice on the Issues of the Inner Region Affordable Housing Overlay, Version 7.2, Biruu Consultants, June 2008. This was a peer review of the SGS reports and confirmed the SGS modelling with minor adjustments. Its modelling figures were what the IMAP Working Group used.213

AFIA - refer: Aluminium Foil Industry Association Inc. a fortiori (adverb and adjective; Latin). - With yet a stronger reason.

More conclusively, eg: ‘...with the coming of television (and a fortiori the internet), the masses disaggregate into ever-smaller units.’ (c/f: a priori; and refer: empiricism).214

A-frame (noun and adjective). - A simple building, often a house, with steeply pitched beams, or rafters, straight from the ground to the roof ridge, the lower part of the roof replaces walls, forming an A section.

Architect Andrew Geller in 1955 built an A-frame house on the beach in Long Island, New York, the Reese House and was featured in The New York Times on May 5, 1957, inspiring A-frame homes to be built around the world. I helped build two, c 1967-68: a bunkhouse at Mitcham Hills Methodist Church Youth Camp/Conference Centre and a beach-house at Venus Bay, for Ross and Win Jeavons. Another is at 16 Caledonia Street, St Andrews (refer below).215

212 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 18. 213 http://imap.vic.gov.au/index.php?page=affordable-housing from David Morrison, 23 August 2013. 214 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 18. The quotation is from: Tony Judt, with Timothy Snyder, Thinking the Twentieth Century, The Penguin Press, New York 2012, p 166. 215 James H MacLean and John S Scott, The Penguin Dictionary of Building, Third Edition, Penguin, London (1964) 1995, p 6, H J Milton, Glossary of Building Terms, NCRB, Standards Australia and Suppliers Index, Sydney 1994, p 1 and Wikipedia, accessed 19 March 2013, for the 2 photographs.

76

An A-frame house.

77

A-frame houses.

AFS - refer: Australian Forestry Standard.

Aft (adverb; probably an alteration from Middle English: baft (as abaft), on the analogy of after).

78 - Nautical and aeronautical, in or near the stern, or tail (c/f: fore and hind).216

After- (combined form; old English: æfter,=Old Saxon, Old High German: aftar, Old Norse: aptr, Gothic: aftra, inferred from Germanic: af- (with Greek: apo, or opiso)+ inferred, the comparative suffix: -ter). - Later, or following.

After-effect - the effect following an interval, or after the primary action of something; after-glow - a literal, or figurative radiance remaining after removal of the source; self-satisfaction after achievement; after-image - the image retained by a sense-organ, especially the eye and producing the sensation after cessation of stimulus; a searing, or imprinted memory; after-light - hindsight; after-thought - something added later (c/f: addendum); or afterward - concluding remarks in a book, especially not by its author (all nouns).217

Afterlife (noun). - A life at a later time.

- (Life after death, or the Hereafter) - after death.

The scientific consensus is that the mind and consciousness derive from the functioning brain, so once the brain stops functioning at brain death, the mind fails to survive and ceases to exist.

A’Ghùig (noun; Gaelic, Carloway, NE Isle of Lewis, Scotland). - A steep slope with a scowling expression.218

Agualcae - refer: mill.

People in Ancient Egypt, Greece, Rome, the Norse, Monotheism, Hinduism, Jainism, Shinto, Buddhism, Sikhism, Spiritualism and Animism all believe in some afterlife, or reincarnation. Christianity still believes in the Nicene Creed, including: ‘We look for the resurrection of the dead, and the life of the world to come.’

In 2010, the Egyptian Culture Ministry unearthed a large red granite door in Luxor with inscriptions by User, a powerful adviser to Hatshepsut (ruled 1479-1458 BC, longest of any woman). It believes the false door is a 'door to the Afterlife', reused in a structure in Roman Egypt (c/f: prehistory). 219

Ag (symbol; from Latin: argentum).220 - In Chemistry, silver.

216 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 18. 217 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 19. 218 Robert Macfarlane, Landmarks, Hamish Hamilton, London 2015, p 20. 219 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 18. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afterlife gives a very comprehensive discussion. 220 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 19.

79

Silver.

Aga (noun; from Turkish: aga=master). - In Muslim countries, especially within the Ottoman Empire, the commander, or chief.221

- The ubiquitous English stored-heat kitchen stove and cooker, which heats the house and its water, cooks its food and forms a centre of family country life.

It is now controlled by an AIMS, the Aga Intelligent Management System to optimise its power usage. It was invented in 1922 by the Nobel Prize-winning Swedish physicist Dr Gustaf Dalén (1869-1937), who founded the AGA company.

They are now manufactured by the Aga Rangemaster Group and the iron castings are made at Coalbrookdale, Shropshire, site of Abraham Darby's original iron works where modern iron smelting was invented. Potential fuels are: kerosene, diesel, natural gas, propane gas, or night storage electric, but new models no longer burn solid-fuel.

Against the grain (noun phrase). - (c/f: Avant Garde, camp, ersatz, kitsch and queer aesthetic).

Aga Khan Trust for Culture (noun phrase; acronym: AKTC). - The Trust focuses on the physical, social, cultural and economic revitalisation of communities in the Muslim world.

It includes the Aga Khan Award for Architecture, the Aga Khan Historic Cities Programme, the Music Initiative in Central Asia, the on-line resource ArchNet and the Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture at Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. There is also an extensive publications programme.

The Aga Khan IV (b 1937) is a religious leader to 20 million Ismaili Muslims since 1957, philanthropist, diplomat, patron of architecture, historic preservation, horse-breeder and jet setter. The Aga Khan Development Network controls his agencies and projects including AKTC, but principally in economic and social development in 27 countries, employing 27,000 people, one of the largest private development organizations in the world.

In 2010, the Aga Khan Museum, designed by the architect Fumihiko Maki, opens in Toronto where there is a large Ismaili community, adjoining an Ismaili Centre designed by the architect Charles Correa. 222

Agalmatophilia (noun; Greek agalma 'statue', and -philia = love).

221 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 19. 222 Lucian Harris, ‘Review of 2007. Personality of the Year. His Highness the Aga Khan’, Apollo, December 2007, pp 52-55 and www.akdn.org/agency/aktc

80 - A paraphilia where someone gets sexuoerotic arousal, or sexual attraction towards a statue, doll, mannequin, or other figurative objects.

This may border between wanton desires for actual sexual contact with the objects, or fantasies of having sexual (or sometimes, non-sexual) encounters with them. Richard von Krafft-Ebbing's Psychopathia Sexualis records, that in 1877, a gardener fell in love with a statue of the Venus de Milo and being discovered attempting coitus with it. In Luis Buñuel's L'Âge d'Or a woman sucks a statue's toe (c/f: object sexuality). 223

Agate (from French: agate, the, from Latin, from Greek: akhates). - A type of hard, usually banded chalcedony.

It is used for inlay.

- A coloured toy marble resembling this; in Australia, an aggy (c/f: carnelian (or cornelian), chalcedony, chrysoprase, jade, jasper, lazuli, mother-of-pearl, onyx, sard and sardonyx).224

Agathodaimon (or Agathodaemon: nouns: Greek). - (Usually, a physical object, that is) a bringer of good luck.

- The good genius (represented as a youth holding a horn of plenty and a bowl, or a poppy and ears of corn) to whom Athenians drank a cup of wine at dinner.

Agathodaimon (c 300) was an early alchemist in late Roman Egypt, known only from fragments of medieval alchemical treatises (c/f: apotropaic; talisman; or fetish).225

Age (and ageing: nouns; adjective: aged, also qv below; Middle English, from old French, inferred from Romanic: aetaticum, from Latin: aetas, =age). - The length of a past life, duration, or existence; a generation.

- A great historical period, eg: the Bronze Age, the Middle Ages, the Age of Reason, or the Victorian Age.

- In Geology, a period of time, especially shorter than an epoch, corresponding to a stage in rocks, eg: the Ice Age.226

- A change in the properties of some metals after heat treatment, or cold working.227

Also refer: formalism, Vienna School.

-age (suffix; Old French, inferred from Romanic -aticum, inferred from: aetaticum =age, inferred from: coraticum=courage, from Latin: -aticum, neuter of the adjectival suffix: -aticus, -atic). - Forming nouns with the sense of aggregate, or number of, eg: acreage, coverage and usage.

223 yuen kiN seng, ‘agalma.to.philia,’ photograph series, 2008 and www.sex-lexis.com, www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.20780238708.40391.594673708&type=1&l=36a1d c284e 224 J B Sykes, Ed., The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 19. 225 Not in Sykes, or Hammond. Stefano De Caro, The National Archaeological Museum of Naples, Electa Napoli, (1996) 2001, p 281 and www.babylon.com/definition 226 J B Sykes, Ed., The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 19. 227 J B Sykes, Ed., The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 19.

81 Function, or condition, eg: bondage, peerage; action, eg: breakage, spillage; fees payable for the cost of using, eg: postage, brokerage; place, abode, eg: anchorage, orphanage, parsonage; or the product of an action, eg: wreckage.228

Aged - also refer: age.

Aged care accommodation, or aged care facility - refer: accommodation.

Agency (and agent: nouns; from medieval Latin: agentia; from Latin: agree=do). - An effective action, or intervention.

A person, or idea that exerts power or produces an effect; the influence of people on change; the personification of an action. Those that do stuff, are societal actors, or actants. Refer also: animism (c/f: reagent; contingency; and history).

- The function of an agent, or a representative, one who acts in place of another, including in business, eg: a real estate agency; a specialised department of the UN.

- The cause of natural force, or effect on matter, eg; an oxidising agent.229

Agenda (and agendas; Latin, neuter plural gerundive, treated as a singular in English; not a bogus English pluralisation of a gerund). - Things to be done.

Motive, perhaps ulterior, eg: reading it prompted much agenda-spotting.230

Agent of change principle (noun phrase). - In Melbourne from October 2010, the onus of responsibility for dealing with a public nuisance is on the one who changed the status quo, eg: new residents complaining about noise from pubs, or pubs which change their way of operating, are responsible for the cost of noise compliance.

Age of Anxiety (noun phrase). -

Age of Aquarius, The - refer: Aquarius, Age of.

Age of Enlightenment - refer: Enlightenment, The.

Age of Fracture (noun phrase). - Compared to the post-war period of 1944-63, the subsequently period of 1963-2003 as one of perceived societal disunity, the outré, lack of cohesion and norms, weak readings of society, the melting of all that’s solid, disaggregation (qv) and fragmentation as the very condition of knowledge.231

Age of Reason (noun phrase). -

Age of Sensibility - refer: sensibility.

Ager (and agri: nouns; Latin).

228 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 20. 229 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 20. 230 Thomas Venning, Letter to the Editor, London Review of Books, 15 November 2007, p 5. 231 Daniel Rogers, Age of Fracture, Harvard 2012, reviewed by Corey Robin, ‘Achieving disunity,’ LRB, 25 October 2012, pp 23-25.

82 - An ancient Roman field, ground, territory, country, or farm.

The (mainly farming) land surrounding a city (c/f: curia).232

- Refer: villa.

Ager publicus (noun phrase; Latin). - Land owned by the ancient Roman state.233

Ager Romanus (noun phrase; Latin). - All of the territory directly controlled by the ancient Roman state. 234

Age Small Home (and RAIA Architects’ Housing Service, or RAIA-The Age Small Homes Service: noun phrases). - The Small Homes Service of the Royal Victorian Institute of Architects in conjunction with the Age newspaper, which operated from 1947-61.

It sold plans of comparatively inexpensive and ingenious, architect-designed houses to the public. Robin Boyd was the first director, followed by Neil Clerehen, and then Jack Clarke. The State Architect Geoffrey London revived the concept of the service in 2009 to provide free house designs for bushfire victims.

Agger (noun; Latin). - Heap, mound, or dam.

Earth wall; rampart; or causeway. 235

- An ancient Roman rampart (c/f: fossa).

Aggeratio (noun; Latin, from: agger). - An ancient Roman heap, or mound, piled-up material, rampart, or causeway.236

Aggiornamento (noun; Italian). - Bringing up to date, or refresh, eg: in the Roman Catholic Church.

- Postponement, or adjournment.237

232 James Morwood, Pocket Oxford Latin Dictionary, Oxford, Oxford (1994) 2005, p 9 and Andrea Carandini, Rome. Day One, Princeton University Press, Princeton 2011, p 22. 233 David Potter, Rome in the Ancient World. From Romulus to Justinian, Thames & Hudson, Lobdon 2009, p 335. 234 David Potter, Rome in the Ancient World. From Romulus to Justinian, Thames & Hudson, Lobdon 2009, p 335. 235 James Morwood, Pocket Oxford Latin Dictionary, Oxford, Oxford (1994) 2005, p 9. 236 James Morwood, Pocket Oxford Latin Dictionary, Oxford, Oxford (1994) 2005, p 9 and www.dictionary.babylon.com accessed 26 January 2010. 237 Gabriella Bacchelli, Collins Italian Dictionary, HarperCollins Publishers, Glasgow (1995) 2005, p 884.

83

Agglomerate (noun and adjective; agglomeration: noun; agglomerative, adjective; from Latin: ag- glomerare, glomus -eris=ball+ -ate). - Accumulate in a disorderly way.

Eg: agglomerations of ideas; or a city is an agglomeration.

- Gathered into a mass.

- In geology, formerly volcanic rock fragments fused by heat into a mass (c/f: accretion; conglomerate).238

Agglomeration economy - refer: urban form.

Agglutinate (transitive and intransitive verb; adjective: agglutinative; from Latin: ag- glutinare, gluten, -tinis=glue+ -ate). - Unite, as if with glue.

- In language, combine simpler words to express compound ideas, eg: in German and Turkish. In Turkish, root nouns have strings of suffixes attached, in a particular order, eg: the phrase: 'they were in their houses' is stated as one word.239

Aggregate (and aggregation: nouns; adjective: aggregative). - Hard, inert particles of a specific graded size.

Both coarse and fine aggregate are mixed with cement and water to form concrete. Usually aggregate is crushed rock (bluestone screenings in Victoria), gravel, sand, or slag; or in Antiquity, fragmented pottery.

- (Also: aggregative: adjective) - accumulate, or gather, whilst allowing positives and negatives to cancel each other out.

Also: disaggregate.

Aggregation Index (noun phrase). - The numbers of like adjacencies of a particular land cover class, divided by the maximum possible number of like adjacencies in that particular class (c/f, and refer to: Contagion Index and Juxtaposition Index).240

Aggregator (or content aggregator: noun phrase; transitive verb: aggregate; and noun: aggregation). - A web site, or software that aggregates a specific type of information from multiple online sources, eg: data aggregator, news aggregator, eg: BussFeed, poll aggregator, review aggregator, search aggregator, social network aggregation and video aggregator.

BuzzFeed combines newsy listicles (list-based news articles, c/f: long-form journalism), with the hottest, most social content on the web. ‘We feature breaking buzz and the kinds of things you'd want to pass along to your friends.’ 241

238 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 20. 239 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 20. 240 Marina Alberti, Advances in Urban Ecology. Integrating Humans and Ecologiical processes in Urban Ecosystems, Springer, New York (2008) 2009, p 116. 241 Wikipedia, accessed 2 November 2013 and www.buzzfeed.com/

84

Agideas (noun). - International Design Week - Melbourne Design Festival, which claims to be one of the largest and most prestigious design festivals in the world.

Established in 1991 by Ken Cato and developed and presented by the Design Foundation in Melbourne, it offers a program of events that promote design innovation.

It brings 40 international designers to Melbourne in a program of conferences, seminars, workshops, panel discussions and social engagements. 440 designers have presented, 70,000 delegates have attended, 21,000 have come to social gatherings, 40 young designers have received travelling scholarships, 4,000 volunteers have helped, and 200,000 have visited the Melbourne Museum during the NewStar Exhibition.242

Aglet (or aiglet: nouns; Middle English, from French: aiguillette, from aiguille=needle, from Late Latin: acula, from acus=needle).

242 www.agideas.net/

85 - The metal tag af a lace.

- The metallic ornament of a dress.

- Aiguillette, qv.

A small plastic or metal sheath, eg: on each end of a shoelace, cord, or drawstring, that keeps its fibres from unraveling and making it easier to hold and feed through the eyelets, lugs, or other lacing guides. Before buttons, they were used on ribbons to fasten clothing together and sometimes they were formed into small figures. 243

Copper, clear plastic and brass aglets.

Ageing - refer: age.

Agnomen - refer: name.

Agnomen nomen praenomen - refer: name.

Agnus Dei (noun phrase; Latin, =lamb of God). - The figure of a lamb with a halo, carrying a cross, or a banner of victory, or sitting on a book with seven seals (qv), as the emblem of Jesus Christ in his sacrificial role.

It appears in the John’s Gospel, with the exclamation of John the Baptist when he sees Jesus: ‘Behold the Lamb of God who takes away the sin of the world,’ In England the banner is usually St George’s Cross. It is the badge of the Middle Temple, south of the east end of the Strand, London, one of the four Inns of Court.

It is a popular English pub name, eg: Lamb & Flag, 33 Rose Street, Covent Garden, London WC2E 9EB (c/f: Opus Dei; atonement and paschal lamb).

243 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 22.

86

Agnus Dei: The Lamb bleeding into the Agnus Dei: the badge of the Middle Temple, Middle Temple Holy Chalice, carrying the vexillum. Lane London EC4Y 9AT, one of the four Inns of Court, south of the Strand.

C9 mosaics in the Chapel of St. Zeno, Santa Prassede, Rome, with Agnus Dei.

87

Drawing of the Agnus Dei, Lyford Grange, England.

Adoration of the Mystic Lamb, with gushing blood, Ghent Altarpiece, Jan Van Eyck, detail of centre lower panel.

88

- A part of the Roman Catholic Mass, so beginning.

A wax cake denoting the Paschal Candle and so stamped, is blessed by the Pope is distributed on the First Sunday after Easter (c/f: dove, fish and paschal lamb).244

Agon (or agones, plural: nouns; adjective: agonic; adjectival phrase: agonic line; from Greek: agonios: without angle (a- =not, gonia=angle)+ -ic). - A line of zero (magnetic) declination.

A direct horizontal line.245

- In ancient Greece and later in Imperial Rome from 186 BC, a contest, competition, or challenge where contestants competed for a prize, that was held in connection with religious festivals, eg: the Olympic Games.

A contest in athletics, chariot or horse racing, music or literature at a festival; a god who was a mythological personification these contests, represented by a statue at Olympia with halteres (or dumbbells), eg: contesting in the agon of ideological encounter.

- In Ancient Greek drama, the convention in which the struggle between the characters is scripted as the basis of the action, a debate between the protagonist and antagonist, usually with the chorus as judge.

The character speaking second always won, as they had the last word; the conflict on which a work is based.246

Agonistic (adjective; adverb: agonostically; from Late Latinm, from Greek: agonistikos (agonistes=contestant, from agon=contest)+ -ist, or -ic). - Polemical, or combative. 247

Agora (noun). - The open space in an ancient Greek town, market-place and meeting-place, usually surrounded by architecturally fine porticoes (or stoa), and which was the setting for Athenian democracy (c/f: forum).

In the Politics, Aristotle (384–322 BC, Greek philosopher, student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great) described the measure of the agora as the distance over which a shout could be heard, about the length of a city block. 248

244 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 21, Holy Bible, John 1:29, Patricia Dirsztay, Church Furnishings. A NADFAS Guide, Routledge & Kegan Paul, Henley & London, 1978, p 148, with 2 illustrations, Herbert Whone, Church, Monastery, Cathedral. An Illustrated Guide to Christian Symbolism, Element, Longmead, Shaftsbury (1977) 1990, p 3, with an illustration, and Dora Ware and Maureen Stafford, An Illustrated Dictionary of Ornament, George Allen & Unwin Limited, London 1974, p 20. 245 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 21. Agon is not in Sykes. 246 Wikipedia, William Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, Little, Brown & Company, Boston, p 74 and N G L Hammond, and H H Scullard, The Oxford Classical Dictionary, Oxford at The Clarendon Press, London (1948) 1970, p 28. 247 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 21. 248James Stevens Curl, A Dictionary of Architecture, Oxford University Press, Oxford 1999 p 9, John Fleming, Hugh Honour and Nikolaus Pevsner, The Penguin Dictionary of Architecture, Penguin, Harmondsworth (1966) 1998, p 6 and Michael Sorkin, Twenty Minutes in Manhattan, Reaktion Books, London 2009, p 91.

89 Agoraphobic (adjective; noun: agoraphobe). - ‘In a land of rolling plains and wide blue skies, a race of cheerful agoraphobes grew up in little weather-sealed boxes.’249

Aggregate (transitive verb; noun: aggregation; adjective: aggregative; from Latin: aggregare=herd together (grex gregis=flock)+ -ate). - Collected into one.

A collective, or the total.

- Fragmented stone, or sand as an ingredient in concrete.

- A mass of particles in, eg: soil.

- In Geology, a mass of minerals formed into one rock.250

Agrarian (adjective and noun; from Latin: agrarius (ager agri=land+ -ary)+ -an). - Of landed property, or cultivated land.

- An advocate of the redistribution of landed property.

Agrarian ideal (or agrarianism) - promoted by Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826, main author of the Declaration of Independence and third President) and other USA founding fathers, it celebrated the virtue, industry and simplicity of agricultural life. 251

The health and piety of self-sufficient farmers in decentralized agricultural settlements was opposed to the dependency, vice and impurity of such crowded, unhygienic metropolises, as those of C18 Europe.

Agrarian siociety (or agricultural society) - a society producing and maintaining crops and farmland as the main source of wealth.

This may be determined by the percentage of a nation’s total production is agriculture, though such a society may still have other means of income and work. Agrarian societies occur from 10,000 years ago in the Fertile Crescent and of rice by 6,800 BC in East Asia, and continue today. They have been the most common form of socio-economic organization for most of history.252

Agribusiness (noun). - Industries based on farming produce and services.253

Agricultural drain (or aggie drain; noun phrases). - A stormwater drain with gaps between the pipes, set on a screenings bed, to allow dispersal and seepage (c/f: box, combined, main, open, soakage and spoon).

Agriculture (agriculturist and agriculturalist: nouns; adjective: agricultural; French, or from Latin: agricultura (ager agri=field, cultura=culture)). - The science, or practice of cultivating (or tilling) the soil and rearing domestic animals.

249 Robin Boyd, Australia’s Home. Its Origins, Builders and Occupiers, Melbourne University Press, Carlton 1952. 250 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 20. 251 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 21. 252 Wikipedia, accessed 6 July 2014. 253 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 21.

90 One of the primary adaptive strategies adopted by a culture, including: Foraging, Horticulture, Pastoralism, Agriculture and Industrialism (c/f: ploughing, scratching and tillage; and viticulture). Also: agricultural improvement

“...Tolstoy: ‘Agriculture is the first step towards wealth, luxury, dissipation, and suffering’ – and the creation of a symbiotic place, a kind of dance between us and Nature, which is more intimate than anything in a city, or wilderness park... The field is ‘the best thing of man,’ but also we distrust it. Is there any word in the language more permenantly attached tona sneer than ‘cultivated?” (qv).

From 7000 BC wheat and barley were grown at Jarmo, in present Iran. Refer also: Land of Nod, for the first agriculture recorded in the Holy Bible, Genesis 4:11.

Until the Industrial Revolution, most of humanity worked in subsistence agriculture where farmers raised most of their crops for their own consumption, and there was only a small surplus for the payment of taxes, or trade.254

In colonial Australia, it consisted of fields of crops set in a patchwork of enclosures, whilst pastoralism was characterised by broad grassy expanses, backed by enfolding woods.255

Agronomy (agronomist and agronomics: nouns; adjectives: agronomic and agronomical; from French: agronomie (agronome=agriculturist, from Greek: agros=land+ -nomos, from nemo=arrange)+ -y). - The science of soil management and crop production (not: agrimony). 256

Agroforestry (or agro-sylviculture: nouns). - A land use management system in which trees or shrubs are grown around or among crops or pastureland to create more diverse, productive, profitable, healthy, ecologically sound, and sustainable land-use systems, eg: an agro-sylvo-pastoral system. 257

254 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 21. The quotation is from Adam Nicolson, ‘A new angle on the ordinary,’ Country Life, 28 August 2013, p 76, reviewing Tim Dee, Four Fields, Jonathan Cape, London 2013. 255 Richard Aitken, The Garden of Ideas. Four Centuries of Australian Style, The Miegunyah Press, Carlton, Victoria, with the State Library of Victoria, Melbourne 2010, p 35, on characterising agriculture and pastoralism. 256 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 21. 257 Wikipedia, accessed 17 February 2017.

91

Parkland near Banfora in Burkina Faso, W Africa. Sorghum grown under Faidherbia albida (apple-ring acacia) and Borassus akeassii (Palmyra palm).

Agro romano (or Ager Romanus: noun phrase; the term is from the C15). - The countryside of 6,000 km2 around Rome that supported it, and over which it was always hegemonic, from Isola Farnese to Velletri by 900 AD, mostly owned by Roman churches and monasteries and leased to aristocrats and, after 1000 AD, to lesser elites, who also lived inside the city’s walls.

So the land was never fragmented, and without landowning peasants, significant elsewhere: even villages did not commence for 20-25 km outside the walls, and so its surplus produce came directly to the city, without payment, except for transportation, making Rome’s economy unique (c/f: Territorium San Pietri, which was much larger).258

258 Chris Wickham, Medieaval Rome: Stability and Crisis of a city. 900-1150, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2015, Map 3, pp 27 and 39.

92

Agro romano.

Agro romano.

93

Agro romano,1870.

Agro-sylvo-pastoral system (noun phrase; ASPS: acronym). - This is a type of agroforestry: a land-use system, combining a woody component (trees or shrubs) with cattle on the same site.

In Serra da Estrela, SW Spain, high annual variation in temperature over long, cold winters with highly probable snowfall, and short hot summers, with acidic soils derived from schist or granite limits productive capacity, the result of a co-evolutionary process between humans and their environment. The three main spatial sequences have been forest, pasture-land and crops. Cultivation of crops (cereals and vegetables) is labour intensive, and so located close to villages. Pastures on which livestock graze are less labour-extensive as is forest: so infields comprise croplands, and outfields are forest and pasture, with an influx of energy from the outfields in to the infields. Pastures provide organic material and animals grazing on them provide manure for the crops. Forests provide timber and maybe a food source.

Chestnut trees were traditionally managed in coppices or orchards, the former provided timber through plantations on a short rotation regime, the latter on chestnut production. Chestnut plantations provide an excellent habitat for mushrooms, an additional food source. The forest provides shelter and a place to rest for livestock. The chestnuts that remained after harvest and

94 leaves of chestnut trees are an animal food source. In return, livestock provides fertilization and prevents encroachment.259

Agro-sylvo-pastoral system.

Agro-sylvo-pastoral system.

AH (or H: acronyms; Arabic: H (or Hijra) or AH (Latin: anno Hegirae=in the year of the Hijra). - In the lunar Islamic calendar (Muslim calendar, or Hijri calendar), years after the Hegira, the emigration of the prophet Muhammad from Mecca to Medina, even though the actual emigration took place in September.

The first day of the first year was Friday, July 16, 622, and it has 12 lunar months over 354, or 355 days, used in many Muslim countries (concurrently with the Gregorian calendar), and by Muslims to determine the day to celebrate holy days and festivals. The Islamic year is 1430 AH, from 28 December 2008 to 17 December 2009.260

AHC - refer: Australian Heritage Commission.

AHC Criteria (noun phrase). - Criteria for the Register of the National Estate (Australian Heritage Commission) and the accompanying Application Guidelines (1990).

259https://saveserradaestrelaen.wordpress.com/serradaestrela/agrosilvopastoral-system/#jp-carousel-153 260 Wikipedia, accessed 24 August 2009.

95 AHD - refer: Australian height datum.

Ahena - refer: hypocaust.

Ahistorical (adjective). - Not historic (or historical).

Unrelated to history; or not according to historical practice, or principles (c/f: anti-historical and historical).261

Ahl al-kitāb (noun phrase; Arabic). - The people of the book: Jews, Christians and Muslims believing in a revealed faith through standard scriptural book of prayer: the Torah, the Holy Bible and the Qur’ān, and in one common God

It is a term used to designate non-Muslim adherents of faiths that have a revealed scripture. The Qur'ān mentions as people of the book as Jews, Sabians, Magians and Christians (c/f: monotheistic).262

AHQ Cartographic Unit, or AHQ Cartographic Company - refer: Cartographic Unit.

AHURI (acronym; noun phrase: Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute). - Delivers high quality, policy-relevant evidence for better housing and urban outcomes, and to: strengthen policy relevance, ensure high quality research, improve research accessibility, foster dynamic collaboration and support and strengthen research capability.

Funding is by grants from the Australian and all state and territory governments, from university partners; and from third parties. AHURI Limited is a small not-for-profit management company based in Melbourne that leads and manages the work of the Institute, whose staff and Board of Directors are experts in research, research management, knowledge transfer, and research dissemination, including event design and management, and evidence informed facilitation.

AHURI manages the National Housing Research Program, including a network of Australian universities, the National Cities Research Program and supports the National Homelessness Research Network. It has the flexibility of running longer-term projects when fundamental research is needed on a wicked problem, but can respond quickly to new policy or practice issues, eg: with its Research Synthesis Service. Level 1, 114 Flinders Street, Melbourne 3000, telephone: 9660 2300, [email protected],263

AI - refer: artificial intelligence.

AIA (acronym; noun phrase: American Institute of Architects). - Represents the professional interests of USA's over 80,000 licensed architects who are committed to excellent design and liveability in buildings and communities and a code of ethics and professional conduct that assures clients, the public, and colleagues of their dedication to the highest standards in professional practice, since 1857.264

- Refer: Australian Institute of Architects.

AIA Life Fellowship Citations (noun phrase).

261 Partly, J B Sykes, Ed., The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 21. 262 Jerry Brotton, A History of the World in Twelve Maps, Allen Lane, London 2012, p 56. 263 www.ahuri.edu.au 264 www.aia.org

96

Mr Robin Cocks Mr Peter Carmichael Mr Jonathon Bradley Mr Karl Fender Mr Peter Sanders Mr Bruce Allen Mr Roger Poole Mr Bill Barlow Mr Allan Powell Mrs Phyllis Murphy Professor Graham Brawn Ms Eli Giannini Mr Graeme Gunn Mr Charles Justin Mr Bryan Miller Mr Peter Williams Mr Carey Lyon Mr Dennis Carter Mr Charles Nelson Mrs Dione McIntyre Mr Ewan Jones Professor Howard Raggatt Mr Gregory Burgess Mr Peter Corrigan Mr Neil Evans Professor Ian McDougall Mr Tony Mussen 265

AICCM - refer: Australian Institute of Conservation of Cultural Material, The.

AICCM Code of Ethics and Code of Practice – refer: Australian Institute of Conservation of Cultural Material, The.

Aides à penser (noun phrase; French). - Aid to thinking, eg: thinking music.

Aiguillette (noun; French: as aglet: Middle English, from French: aiguillette, from aiguille=needle, from Late Latin: acula, from acus=needle). - The tagged point hanging from the shoulder upon the breast of siome uniforms, eg: of aides de camp (c/f: lanyards).266

265 www.architecture.com.au/i-cms?page=1.13262.156.3148.3509.5636.4046.4219 266 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 22.

97

Aiguillettes in London, Moscow and Edinburgh.

Air (noun). -

- Exhibit, make public, or reveal characteristics, grievances, theory, or design.

- An Adobe software product that enables use of web-based applications that will otherwise only work through a browser, with an active Internet connection, as conventional desk-top programs, usable without being on-line.

Data is stored on the PC and an Internet server, with automatic synchronisation, so they will be automatically updated and locatable (c/f: Google Gears which accesses Gmail and Google Docs, but still relies on the web browser for access; Mozilla’s Prism allows running web applications as if they were desktop programs, including launching them from Windows start menu; Microsoft’s forthcoming Silverlight 2.0/Windows Presentation Foundation will use. NET programming tools to create desktop versions of web applications for Windows, Mac and Linux).267 Refer also: airs.

Air borne pollution - refer: air pollution.

Air-circulation (noun).

267 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 22 ‘What is Air?‘ The Age, 4 March 2008.

98 - John Evelyn’s (1620-1706) Fumifugium: or the inconvenienmce of the aer and smoke of London dissipated, 1661, was an early work to consider air circulation as an urban problem. 268

Air-conditioning (noun). -

Air-conditioning (noun). - Equipment which induces the ingress of fresh air, condition the air to a fixed temperature and moisture content, then induce this airflow into interiors and to expel the stale air, in a pre- determined number of air changes per hour.

Types include: evaporative cooling, plenum, reverse cycle, split system, etc (c/f: mechanical ventilation, vent and ventilation).

Air drain (noun phrase). - A trench dug against a building without sub-floor vents, to enable evaporation of a sub-floor wall to reduce rising damp and rot.

Air-dried - refer: kiln.

Air-entraining agent (noun). - An admixture for concrete (c/f: accelerator, admixture, agent, pigment, plasticiser, integral water-proofers, polymer modifiers and retardant).

Airfield (noun). - (c/f: airport and airstrip; aerodrome).

Air-handling (noun). -

Airform - refer: bubble house.

Àirigh (noun; Gaelic). - Shieling.

Summer pasture, or a shelter built near it.269

Air Infiltration and Ventilation Association of Australia (noun phrase; acronym: airah). - Formed in 1920, recognised by government and industry for its expertise across engineering services for the built environment.

It is the official Australian secretariat of the International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR), affiliated with the International Institute of Ammonia Refrigeration (IIAR) and collaborates with the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) and is an inaugural member of the Green Building Council of Australia (GBCAus). 270

Air leakage (noun). - Escape of air from on-airtight interior, potentially reducing a house's 5-star rating to 3-star, doubling its heating cost.

Airless (adjective).

268 Jonathan Conlin, Tales of Two Cities. Paris, London and the Birth of the Modern City, Atlantic Books London 2013, p 212. 269 Robert Macfarlane, Landmarks, Hamish Hamilton, London 2015, p 41. 270www.airah.org.au

99 - Stuffy; without cross ventilation; or if outdoors, breezeless, or still.271

Airmass (noun). - Also refer: jet.

Air multiplier (noun phrase). - Induced forced airflow, using a process of amplification and acceleration through a circular aperture; it creates a mini-tornado that draws in the surrounding air by inducement and entrainment; it multiplies air 15 times, expelling 450 litres of cooling air per second.

It was invented by James Dyson (c/f: fan).272

Air pollution (or air-borne pollution: noun phrases). - Sulphur oxides and particulates discharged into the atmosphere by industrial plants and motor vehicles burning fossil-fuels (generally petroleum, particularly oil).273

Airport (noun). - (c/f: airfield and airstrip; aerodrome).

AirPrint (noun). - Apple software enabling wireless printing from iPad, iPod, or iPhone.

Air-raid shelter (UK, and Australia: bomb shelter: noun phrases). - Structures for the protection of civil and military personnel against enemy attacks by aerial bombing.

They are similar to bunkers, although not designed to defend against ground attack. A prototype was dug in the Treasury Gardens, Melbourne, excavated and covered with earth and grass, entered from a ladder, an escape hatch at the end, with facing bench seating, also as potential beds. From 1941, the entire Treasury Gardens was dug up for slit-trench shelters, killing many old elm trees. Brisbane's first air raid alert occurred on 20 August 1942 (c/f: bunker and missile silo).274

Bomb shelters in in Elizabeth Street, Brisbane, 1942.

271 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 22. 272 Mia Pizzi, ‘Dyson: Air Multiplier,’ Arbitare 499, 01-02 2010, pp 128-131. 273 Craig Chalquist, A Glossary of Ecological Terms, March 2007, p 3. 274 Bruce McBrien, Marvellous Melbourne and Me. Living in Melbourne in the Twentieth Century, Melbourne Books, Melbourne 2010, pp 93 and 94.

100

Disused air-raid shelter, Dilton, New Forest, England.

Bill Branson, Tube platform air-raid shelter. Anderson air raid shelter.

101

Morrison air raid shelter.

Air-rights transfer (noun phrase). - A type of development right in real estate, deriving from the empty space above a property.

Generally, owning or renting land or a building gives one the right to use and develop the air above. This legal concept is said to be based on an ancient Latin: Cuius est solum, eius est usque ad caelum et ad inferos (To whoever owns the land, shall belong the earth to its centre and up to the heavens), (c/f: lost development rights and rights to a view).

None of these rights are planning matters.275

Air-shaft (or in UK and Australia: lightwell: nouns). - In USA, a vertical duct to enable ingress of air for ventilation and daylight, usually to bedrooms, eg: in ‘Old Law’ tenements in Manhattan.

Airs (noun). - Pretension, or an affected manner, eg: putting on airs, or airs and graces. 276

Air shed (noun phrase). - The pollution allowance for an industrial plant on a particular site.277

Airspace (noun). - Also a legal term.

Airstream (noun). - A relatively well-defined prevailing wind.

275 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 22. 276 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 22. 277 Robyn Davidson, 'Into the Beehive. The Destuction of Burrup Rock Art,' The Monthly, February 2011, pp 22-29.

102 Jet stream - a high-speed high-altitude airstream blowing from west to east near the top of the troposphere; has important effects of the formation of weather fronts.

- An air current, current of air, wind.

- Air moving (sometimes with considerable force) from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure.

- The flow of air driven backwards by an aircraft propeller (c/f: slipstream).

- An uninterrupted stream, or discharge.

- A caravan (or, USA: trailer) designed by Wally Byam in 1929, and produced from 1931.

It is very functional, light and 1930s Airstreams still on the road. The first was the Torpedo Car Cruiser, the first factory-produced Airstream model, and by early 1932 there were over a thousand Torpedoes on the road. Later models were the Silver Bullet and Silver Cloud.278

An Airstream caravan (or, USA: trailer).

The Torpedo Car Cruiser. Airstrip (noun).

278 www.airstream.com/history/

103 - (c/f: airfield and airport; aerodrome).

Air twist stem (noun, or adjective: wormed (in C18)). - A glass decorative motif developed from the air bubbles that are sometimes enclosed within the baluster stem.

These were achieved by pricking the molten stem to create several bubbles, and then twisting the stem as it was drawn out to form long spiral threads of air. Introduction of the Glass Excise Act, 1746 taxed materials used in glassmaking, whilst glassmakers began to produce lighter styles, to the sinuous lines of the Rococo.279

Wine glass with trumpet bowl Giant ale glass with long round drawn into 4 multiple air twist stem, funnel bowl, compound "silver" and domed foot, 1735-60. air twist stem, and folded foot.

Airy (adjective; from air,=atmosphere+ -y). - Aerial, or lofty; or breezy.

- Superficial, or flippant; immaterial, or insubstantial; or of a thin texture.

- Light in movement or detail, graceful, or delicate (c/f: filigree and Rococo).280

Airy fairy (adjectival phrase). - (c/f: arty farty; fandangle high falutin and ivory tower; concrete reality, down to earth, in the field, practical, quotidian, shop floor and tangible).

Aisle (noun). - In an Early Christian church, lateral aisles (often referred to as naves) and even co-lateral aisles where there are pairs on each side of the nave, eg: St Peter's Basilica, Rome.

Ait (or eyot: nouns) -

279 www.museumoflondon.org.uk/ceramics/ 280 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 22.

104

AIUS - refer: Australian Institute of Urban Studies.

Akademie der Bildenden Künste (or Academy of Fine Arts), Vienna (noun phrase). - Still extant in Vienna, as a leading European training center for artists for more than 300 years.

It offers 1300 students courses including: painting, sculpture, photography, video, performance and conceptual art, architecture, scenography and restoration. The Institute for Art Theory and Cultural Studies and for Natural Sciences and Technology in the Arts ensues a high theoretical standard in all the departments, through seminars and projects. Closely linked to this is the training of art teachers, an essential contribution to communicating about art. As a university, it places great importance on a research-driven teaching program. It is located at: Schillerplatz 3 1010 Vienna Austria P +43 (1) 588 16-0 F +43 (1) 588 16-1898, [email protected] 281

Akkadian (adjective; Land of Akkad: Biblical Hebrew, Sumerian: Agade). - An empire (2300-2080 BC) centred on the city of Akkad, Mesopotamia (mainly present Iraq), predecessor of the Babylonian and Assyrian empires.

It formed after centuries of cultural synergy with the Sumerians, and reached its most powerful in 2300-2200 BC following the conquests of king Sargon of Akkad, and possibly the first empire in history. The archaeological site of the city of Akkad has not been found, but one theory is that it is beneath present Baghdad. It is mentioned once in Genesis 10:10: 'And the beginning of his Nimrod's kingdom was Babel, and Erech, and Accad, and Calneh, in the land of Shinar.'282

- Also refer: Anatolia.283

Akoe (noun). - Hearsay (c/f: noise; and oral history).

The sense of hearing, the ear, something heard, an oral instruction, hearsay, a report, or rumour. The term is frequently used in the New Testament.284

Akron plan (noun phrase). - A Gothic Revival church type popularised in pattern books in the late C19 and early C20 typified by the rotunda, an auditorium worship space, surrounded by connecting Sunday school classrooms on one or two levels.

It promotes efficiency of movement between worship and Sunday School; it was first used in 1872 at the First Methodist Episcopal Church, Akron, Ohio in a design by philanthropist Lewis Miller, Walter Blythe, and architect Jacob Snyder, then Congregationalists, Baptists, and Presbyterians also utilised it.285

Akroterial (adjective). - eg: the only evidence is akroterial.

Ala (noun. Italian). - Wing, eg: Ala Napoleionica, Piazza San Marco, Venice.286

281 282 Wikipedia, accessed 11 February 2011. Not in Browning. 283 John Fleming, Hugh Honour & Nikolaus Pevsner, The Penguin Dictionary of Architecture, Penguin, Harmondsworth (1966) 1998, p 7 and J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 23. 284 www.biblestudytools.com/lexicons/greek/ Not in Sykes, or Browning. 285 Not in Curl, or Fleming. Wikipedia, accessed 16 July 2010. 286 Gabriella Bacchelli, Collins Italian Dictionary, HarperCollins Publishers, Glasgow (1995) 2005, p 886.

105

à la (preposition). - After the manner of.287

Alabaster (noun; from Middle English, from Old French: alabastre; from Latin: alabastrum; from Greek: alabast(r)os). - A calcite (calcium carbonate) developed in antiquity.

It was a soft stone, easily worked and can be highly polished, often white, can be translucent when thinly cut, can be carved into ornament, or in sheet as window glazing in late Roman or Early Christian buildings, eg: Santa Sabina, Rome, a ceiling light at St Andrew Roker, Sunderland, E of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, E S Prior, 1906, the Stazione di Santa Maria Novella , Florence, designed in 1932 by Gruppo Toscano (Giovanni Michelucci, Italo Gamberini, Berardi, Baroni, and Lusanna, 1932-34) has vast alabaster skylights; or it was used as cosmetic containers.

Stazione di Santa Maria Novella, Florence, alabaster skylights.

Today, alabaster is gypsum (calcium sulphate), softer than the antique form, but resistant to degradation by acids, since it is not a carbonate (c/f: basalt, granite, Istrian stone (petra

287 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 23.

106 d’Orsera), limestone, marble, Parian marble, Pentalic marble, peperino, pozzolana, pumice, sandstone, shale, slate, travertine and tufa (tuff)).288 a la Fiorentina - A style of decoration.289

à la mode (adverb and adjective; French=in the fashion). - Fashionable; in the fashion (c/f: à la page).290

Al-Andalus (Arabic; Andalusia: Spanish: Andalucía: nouns; adjective: Andalusian). - The southern three-quarters of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims, or Moors 711-1492.

It has eight provinces: Almería, Cádiz, Córdoba, Granada, Huelva, Jaén, Málaga and Seville. Its capital is the city of Seville (Spanish: Sevilla). Its history and culture have been influenced by the earlier Iberians, Phoenicians, Carthaginians, Greeks, Romans, Vandals, Visigoths, Byzantines, all of whom preceded the Muslims, as well as the Castilian and other Christian North Iberian nationalities who regained and repopulated the area in the latter phases of the Reconquista. There was also a large Sephardic Jewish community. It is economically poor in comparison with the rest of Spain and the EEC. The Muslims entering Iberia in 711 were mainly Berbers, led by, Tariq ibn Ziyad, under the suzerainty of the Arab Caliph of Damascus Abd al-Malik and his North African Viceroy, Musa ibn Nusayr.They were succeeded by the Almohad dynasty from Morocco, when al-Andalus flourished with its capital at Cordoba, successively a province of the Umayyad Caliphate of the wise Caliph Al-Walid I (711-750), Emirate of Córdoba (c. 750-929), the Caliphate of Córdoba (929-1031) and taifa (successor) kingdoms.

Particularly under the Caliphate, Córdoba was a leading learned cultural and economic centre of the Mediterranean and Islamic regions, tolerant, even preferential to Christians and Jews as fellow Abrahamic religions. Crops used irrigation developed from Roman aqueducts and street- lighting in C10, with food imported from the Middle East, provided Córdoba and other Andalus cities with an agricultural economy the most advanced in Europe.

Córdoba under the Caliphate with a population of 500,000, overtook Constantinople as the largest and most prosperous city in Europe, with its Great Mosque (784-6, 961-81 and 987-90) built on the site of an earlier Christian church and gardens with perfumes and birdsong. Its philosophers and scientists (eg: Abulcasis and Averroes) had a major influence on the intellectual life of medieval Europe. libraries and universities of al-Andalus after the Reconquista (the gradual Christian reconquest) of Toledo in 1085, were famous.

Michael Scot (c1175-1235) took the works of Ibn Rushd (Averroes) and Ibn Sina (Avicenna) to Italy, with a significant impact on the formation of the European Renaissance. The Reconquista under Ferdinand III of Castile progressed as far as the last remaining Islamic stronghold Granada, which was reduced to a vassal state of Castile on the north coast, for the next 256 years, until 1492, when Boabdil surrendered to Ferdinand and Isabella, Los Reyes Católicos (The Catholic Monarchs). The Portuguese Reconquista culminated in 1249 with the conquest of Algarve by Afonso III.291

288 Amanda Claridge, Rome, An Oxford Archaeological Guide, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1998, pp 37- 42 and James H Maclean and John S Scott, The Penguin Dictionary of Building, Third Edition, Penguin, London (1964) 1995, p 23 289 The more precise meaning is unclear. Not in Google. 290 J B Sykes, Ed., The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 23. 291 Wikipedia, including the map, an excellent article which which has much more detail.

107

Andalusia.

Al’antica (or USA: all antica: adverbial phrases; al=a, or an+antica (antico, antichi and antiche)=antique, or ancient; Italian). - In the antique, or ancient style.

- In the manner of the ancients.

Á la page (adjectival phrase; French). - Up to date.

- In the latest fashion (c/f: à la mode).292

Alarm-clock bed (noun phrase). - A curious device that tipped you into a tub of cold water at a predetermined time, each morning and was displayed at the Great Exhibition, Hyde Park, London in 1851.

It was invented by Theophilus Carter (dates unknown), an eccentric UK inventor and furniture dealer at 48-49 High Street, Oxford from 1875-94, who was thought to be an inspiration for the illustration by Sir John Tenniel of Lewis Carroll's Mad Hatter in Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and Hatta in Through the Looking-Glass, possibly observed by Carroll whilst he was at Christ Church.

Alarm system (noun phrase). - An automatic communications installation to indicate the presence of fire, or intruders, operating a warning sound, or to notify a distant security service.

Detectors may activate a fire alarm manually, or automatically.

A la romana (adjectival phrase).

292 J B Sykes, Ed., The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 23.

108 - In the Roman manner (not: ala romana, or alla romana).293

Albedo affect (noun phrase). - The heat reflectivity of substances, the earth’s ability to reflect sunlight into space.

The most reflective materials are snow, ice and clouds. It ranges from 90% for snow, to 4% for charcoal. When snow falls, earth cools, when snow melts, more sunlight is absorbed and less reflected, so temperature rises.294

Albergo (and plural: alberghi: nouns; Italian). - An Italian hotel.295

Albergo Milano, Como.

Albergue (noun; Spanish). - A pilgrim hostel, part of a system, eg: on the Camino.

The official Albergue is usually owned and run by the Local Government. Sometimes the staff are state employees, but mostly local. Occasionally, they are run by the Church and staffed either by nuns, or again volunteers. Sometimes the volunteers are from one of the National Associations that support the Camino maybe all Dutch, or UK. State Albergues do not normally offer food, but those run by the associations may well arrange a communal evening meal. They may have primitive building services

There are an increasing number of private Albergues owned and run as a business, licenced by the State following the same rules of eligibility to stay and lock-up times, but are more modern. Many offer a communal evening meal and breakfast. All are required by law to lock the doors in the evening to stop late-night revellers and to ensure pilgrims get some sleep, normally 10-11 pm but that includes chains on the doors.296

293 294 Bradley, Seamus, ‘Space roo’ reflects climate change’s great white hop,’ The Sunday Age, 18 May 2008. 295 Gabriella Bacchelli, Collins Italian Dictionary, HarperCollins Publishers, Glasgow (1995) 2005, p 887. 296 www.hikingthecamino.com/on-the-way/accommodation/pilgrim-hostels-albergues

109

A unidentified Albergue.

Albertine (adjective). - As the period of 1845-61 in the UK, might well be called.

Then Queen Victoria’s husband, Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (1819-61), set the tone, the pace and the scope of the UK monarchy, and so of the reign. He promoted many public causes: educational reform, worldwide abolition of slavery, the organization of the Great Exhibition of 1851, and took on the responsibilities of running the Queen's household, estates and office. He helped the development of the UK's constitutional monarchy by persuading his wife to show less partisanship in relation to Parliament.297

Alberti's veil (noun phrase). - In drawing accurate perspective, Alberti recommends to his readers the use of a veil, a grid through which one could peer and align the paints and curves of the subject to boxes on the veil, and by proxy, to the grid on the canvas.

Alberti's veil.

Albigenses (noun, plural; adjective: Albigenseian; Latin from Albi in Southern France). - Those of the Manichaean sect in C11-13 S France, eg: Le Corbusier’s French ancestors.298

297 Wikipedia, accessed 8 July 2012. 298 J B Sykes, Ed, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1911) 1979, p 23.

110 Albinocracy - refer: Caucasian.

111