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Woolly Locoweed and Forage Response to ,...__Herbicides In B-1398 june 1982 Woolly Locoweed and Forage Response to ,.....__Herbicides in West Texas The Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Neville P. Clarke, Director, The Texas A&M University System, College Station, Texas CONTENTS Summary ......................................................................................... 1 Introduction . 1 Materials and Methods. 1 Results and Discussion . 3 Conclusions ...... ·. 7 Literature Cited . 7 Metric-English Equivalents. 9 Appendix: Scientific Names of Plants Mentioned in Text . back cover KEYWORDS: Poisonous plants/range management/woolly locoweed/Earle loco/purple loco/Texas loco/ 2, 4-D/dicam ba/3, 6-dichloropicolinic acid/picloram/tebuthiuron/trichlopyr/pelleted herbicides. Woolly Locoweed and Forage Response to Herbicides in West Texas M. R. Freeman, D. N. Ueckert, and J. T. Nelson* Summary Applications of 2,4-D1 in fall, winter or spring did not suggested that there are several ,toxins (James, 1972). satisfactorily control woolly locoweed2 in the Davis Livestock consume woolly locoweed primarily during Mountain area of the Trans Pecos of west Texas. Pic­ fall, winter, and spring. Animals usually will not con­ loram at 0.2 to 1.1 kilograms per hectare (kg/ha) alone or sume lethal quantities of woolly locoweed or other toxic in mixtures with other herbicides, applied in fall or species of Astragalus if high quality forage is available winter, usually controlled woolly locoweed for a year or (James and Johnson, 1976; Krueger and Sharp, 1978; longer. Woolly locoweed was usually killed within 120 Sperry et al., 1964). Sperry et al. (1964) indicated that days following application of foliar sprays containing proper supplemental feeding reduced the amount of picloram, whereas control usually was not manifested for woolly locoweed consumed by livestock. However, almost a year following application of picloram pellets. James et al. (1968) reported from Utah that sheep addict­ Woolly locoweed was effectively controlled in the fall ed to Green River milkvetch consumed the weeds in with foliar sprays of picloram + triclopyr ester (1: 1) at preference to cottonseed meal, mineral supplement, or 0. 6 kg/ha; picloram at 1.1 kg/ha; 3, 6-dichloropicolinic alfalfa hay. acid + triclopyr (1:1) at 0.6 kg/ha; 2,4,5-T + picloram The present recommendation for controlling woolly (1:1) at 0.6 to 1.1 kg/ha; picloram + dicamba (1:1) at 0.6 locoweed in west Texas is application of foliar sprays of kg/ha; dicamba ~t 1.1 kg/ha; 3,6-dichloropicolinic acid + esters of 2,4-D at 1.} kg/ha during October through dicamba (1:1) at 0.6 kg/ha; and 2,4-D + dicamba (3:1) at April (Sperry et al., 1964). However, this treatment is 1.1 kg/ha. Control of woolly locoweed during fall was not commonly used, because it has resulted in erratic generally superior to that in winter or spring, for most control (Norris 1951). Research on herbicidal control of herbicides evaluated, presumably because of more various species of Astragalus as well as Oxytropis has favorable temperatures for herbicide absorption and been reported by Alley (1973), Cronin and Williams translocation, and because of the earlier phenological (1964), Norris (1951), Sperry (1951), and Williams stages of the weeds. Control of woolly locoweed where (1970). Foliar sprays of dicamba, 2,4-D, or 2,4-D + densities averaged 1. 4 to 1. 9 weeds per square meter dicamba (3:1) at 2.2 kg/ha or picloram at 0.3 kg/ha have 2 (m ) did not increase production of desirable forages. killed 90 percent or more of the Lambert crazyweed treated in Wyoming studies (Alley, 1976). James et al. Introduction (1980) reported that locoweeds can be controlled by Ranch firms in the Big Bend region of the Texas Trans spraying actively growing or budding plants with 2,4-D Pecos have suffered serious livestock losses for decades ester at 2. 2 to 3.4 kg/ha; dicamba at 1.1 kg/ha; or as the result of poisoning by poisonous plants including picloram at 1.1 kg/ha. This study was initiated in 1978 to woolly locoweed (Astragalus mollissimus Torr. var. ear­ evaluate several herbicides applied at different seasons lei [Rydb.] Tidestr. ), also referred to as Earle loco, for consistent and extended control of woolly locoweed purple loco, and Texas loco. Woolly locoweed, a robust in west Texas and to determine the response of as­ perennial of only a few years duration, occurs in the sociated forage species to control of woolly locoweed. Trans Pecos resource area of Texas and in Chihuahua Materials and Methods and Coahuila, Mexico (Norris, 1951; Sperry et al., 1964; Description of the Study Areas Correll and Johnston, 1970). Cattle, horses, and sheep are the primary livestock The major portion of this study was conducted on the affected by woolly locoweed (Norris, 1951; Dollahite, Morrow-Mcintyre Ranch, 19 kilometers (km) west of 1965; Nielsen, 1978). The toxic principles in woolly Alpine, Texas. Two experiments were conducted on the locoweed have not been determined, but it has been Billy and Tommy Weston Ranch, 6 km southeast of Ft. Davis, Texas. Elevations of both study areas are about 1586 meters (m) and average annual precipitation is 40 1Chemical names of herbicides mentioned in text are given in Table 2. centimeters (em). About two-thirds of the annual pre­ 2Scientific names of plants mentioned in text are given in the appendix. cipitation occurs from June through September. Both *Respectively, research associate, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, San Angelo; professor, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, San Angelo; and assistant professor, Sui Ross State University, Alpine, Texas (Department of Range Animal Science). 1 ranches are cow-calf operations normally stocked year­ the 31- to 61-cm depth. The soils were slightly acidic long at 1 animal unit per 10 hectares (1 A. U./10 ha). (Table 1). Experiments at the Alpine study site were installed on Major plants on the Alpine study site were blue an Igneous Hill and Mountain range site typified by grama, threeawns, woolly locoweed, garbancillo, cane Brewster clay loam soils (loamy-skeletal, mixed, thermic bluestem, Halls panicum, and wolftail. Major plants on family of Lithic Haplustolls) on 1 to 1.5 percent slopes. the Fort Davis study area were blue grama, sideoats Soils of the Brewster series are shallow to very shallow, grama, cane bluestem, woolly locoweed, hook threeawn, well-drained, noncalcareous stony soils underlain by and inland saltgrass. igneous bedrock. Permeability is moderate in these soils, and runoff is rapid. Experiments at the Fort Davis study site were in­ Herbicide Applications stalled on a Draw range site on Gageby loam soils (fine­ Herbicide treatments were applied at the Alpine site loamy, mixed, thermic family of Cumulic Haplustolls). during winter, spring, and falll979 (Table 2) to 10-m by The Gageby series consists of deep, well-drained, non­ 20-m plots arranged in a completely randomized design calcareous loamy soils formed in stratified alluvium. with three replications. Plots treated in winter and Permeability is moderate in these soils, runoff is slow, spring 1979 were fenced to exclude livestock. Her­ and these soils are occasionally flooded in summer. bicides were applied on January 23, May 15, and Chemical and physical analyses of soils from the study November 14, 1979. Herbicides including 5 and 10 areas were conducted from six bulk samples taken from percent active ingredient (a. i.) picloram pellets, 20 per­ 0- to 8-cm, 9- to 41-cm, and 42- to 76-cm depths (Alpine cent a.i. tebuthiuron pellets (0.16- and 0.32-cm diame­ study site) or 0- to.30-cm and 31- to 61-cm depths (Fort ter) and 5 percent a. i. dicamba granules were applied at Davis study site). Soil analyses included texture by the 1.1 kg!ha (a. i.) to 10-m by 20-m plots arranged in a hydrometer method (Day, 1965), organic matter by the completely randomized design with three replications Schollenberger method (Allison, 1965), and pH mea­ on December 5, 1978 or February 9, 1979 at the Fort sured in 0.1 M CaC12 (Peech, 1965). Davis site. Soils of the Igneous Hill and Mountain range site were Liquid herbicide formulations were applied in 140 clay loams or sandy clay loams overlaying clay, clay loam liters per hectare (L/ha) of a 1:14 (v:v) diesel fuel-water or loam subsoil (Table 1). Clay content of the surface 8 emulsion with 0.1 percent emulsifier from a tractor­ em of soil averaged 24 percent (range 16.2 to 31.3 mounted, small-plot sprayer equipped with a 6-m boom, percent) and increased with depth to 35 percent (range except for the wettable powder formulation of 29 to 41.9 percent). Soil organic matter content averaged tebuthiuron, which was applied in water with 0.1 per­ 3.2 percent in the upper 8 em and decreased to 1.3 cent surfactant. Pelleted herbicides were applied with a percent at the 42- to 76-cm depth. The soils were slightly hand spreader. Each herbicide treatment was applied at acidic (Table l). 1.1 kg/ha (a. i.) in all experiments, except that in the fall Soils of the Draw range site were clay loams to a depth 1979 experiment at the Alpine study site herbicides of 61 em (Table 1). Clay content of the surface 30 em of were also applied at selected lower rates (Table 2). soil averaged 28 percent and increased with depth to 31 Soil temperature, relative humidity, air temperature, percent. Soil organic matter content averaged 3.5 per­ wind speed, and cloud cover were recorded during and cent in the upper 30 em and decreased to 2.2 percent at subsequent to treatment applications. Soil water content was determined by the gravimetric method (Gardner, 1965) by taking 25 randomly-selected soil samples from TABLE 1.
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