Modern Quaternary Plant Lineages Promote Diversity Through Facilitation of Ancient Tertiary Lineages

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Modern Quaternary Plant Lineages Promote Diversity Through Facilitation of Ancient Tertiary Lineages Modern Quaternary plant lineages promote diversity through facilitation of ancient Tertiary lineages Alfonso Valiente-Banuet*†, Adolfo Vital Rumebe*, Miguel Verdu´ ‡, and Ragan M. Callaway§ *Departamento de Ecologı´ade la Biodiversidad, Instituto de Ecologı´a,Universidad Nacional Auto´noma de Me´xico, A.P. 70-275, C.P. 04510 Me´xico D.F., Me´xico; ‡Centro de Investigaciones sobre Desertificación, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universitat de València, Generalitat Valenciana, Cami de la Marjal s͞n Apartado Oficial, Albal, 46470 Valencia, Spain; and §Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812 Edited by Gordon H. Orians, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, and approved September 25, 2006 (received for review June 14, 2006) One of the most important floristic sorting periods to affect analyzed the relationship between the evolutionary histories (the modern plant communities occurred during the shift from the wet periods when particular taxa evolved) of taxa in Mediterranean- Tertiary period to the unusually dry Quaternary, when most global climate plant communities and how these same taxa interact with deserts developed. During this time, a wave of new plant species other species during recruitment. Specifically, we compared the emerged, presumably in response to the new climate. Interest- importance of facilitative interactions for recruitment between ingly, most Tertiary species that have been tracked through the contemporary Tertiary and Quaternary taxa in Mediterranean- fossil record did not disappear but remained relatively abundant type communities around the world by integrating biogeo- despite the development of a much more unfavorable climate for graphic, paleobotanical, and ecological literature. We asked species adapted to moist conditions. Here we find, by integrating whether recent species, those that evolved during the xeric paleobotanical, ecological, and phylogenetic analyses, that a large Quaternary and presumed to possess drought-tolerant traits, number of ancient Tertiary species in Mediterranean-climate eco- facilitate ancient species that evolved during the mesic Tertiary systems appear to have been preserved by the facilitative or and are presumed to be less drought-tolerant. ‘‘nurse’’ effects of modern Quaternary species. Our results indicate The ecology and evolution of Mediterranean-type ecosystems that these interdependent relationships among plants have played are well studied (2, 3, 9–13), and although these climatic regions a central role in the preservation of the global biodiversity and occupy Ͻ5% of the Earth’s surface, they harbor almost 20% of provided a mechanism for stabilizing selection and the conserva- the known vascular plant species diversity on Earth. As in other tion of ecological traits over evolutionary time scales. ecosystems, Mediterranean-climate communities are the result of historical effects and sorting processes occurring in different ͉ ͉ Mediterranean-type ecosystems Mexical shrubland phylogenetic niche geological times and different ecological scenarios (3, 13). ͉ ͉ conservatism plant facilitation stabilizing selection Many extant taxa in Mediterranean climates originated in the Tertiary [65 to 2 million years (Myr) B.P.] (9, 10) and now are he evolutionary processes that drive speciation and create mixed with recent taxa that evolved at the end of Tertiary and Tbiological diversity are central to the natural sciences, but we beginning of the Quaternary (2 Myr B.P., post-Pliocene) during know little regarding the historical ecological processes that have a period when global climate became much more arid, a change eliminated species from communities or allowed them to persist that has lasted until today (13). In fact, the current Mediterra- (1). Current plant communities are the product of historical nean climate emerged during the Quaternary (8), corresponding sorting processes and, therefore, include mixtures of floristic with the extinction of a substantial component of Tertiary taxa. elements originating in different geological times and, presum- Based on paleobotanical evidence (9, 10), the archetypal ever- ably, under different ecological scenarios (2). Many extant plant green sclerophyllous vegetation of modern Mediterranean-type species are millions of years old (3) and, therefore, have persisted vegetation is relictual of the Madrean-Tethyan vegetation of the through dramatic changes in global climate. Biogeographic and Tertiary, which originally existed in a belt around North America paleontological evidence indicates that communities are derived and Eurasia where the climate was warm and wet climate. from species that have originated in different geological times Relictual Madrean-Tethyan taxa, or the Laurisilva, can be and places, and that these taxa have been mixed and culled observed today in the isolated northern Atlantic Canary archip- independently of each other through various sorting processes ielago (9, 14). During most of the Tertiary, sclerophyllous shrubs (2, 3). The perception that interdependent processes among constituted the understory of a rich oak-laurel-madrone wood- plant species are insignificant over evolutionary time frames has lands, and these shrubs expanded geographically in response to been central to the idea that communities are ‘‘merely a coin- the drying climate during the Eocene (55 Myr B.P.) and the cidence’’ (4) and the development of neutral model theory on Oligocene (36 Myr B.P.) (9, 10). Despite the wave of extinctions biodiversity (5). Therefore, with few exceptions (6, 7), plant that occurred with increasing aridity, the fossil record shows that communities are not thought to possess stable properties deter- large taxonomic components of this ancient flora remain in mined by plant–plant interactions. contemporary communities of Mediterranean regions (3, 9, 10) In contrast to existing theory, our observations of ecological and tropical non-Mediterranean regions (13, 15) around the relationships among species in semiarid communities around the world and include some of the most abundant modern genera world suggest that powerful facilitative ecological interactions among plant species have been a crucial component of the historical and sorting processes responsible for the composition Author contributions: A.V.-B. and A.V.R. designed research; A.V.-B., A.V.R., M.V., and and diversity of contemporary plant communities. Facilitative R.M.C. performed research; A.V.-B., A.V.R., M.V., and R.M.C. contributed new reagents͞ interactions appear to have been particularly important during analytic tools; A.V.-B., A.V.R., M.V., and R.M.C. analyzed data; and A.V.-B., A.V.R., M.V., and the shift from mesic Tertiary period to the unusually dry R.M.C. wrote the paper. Quaternary when global deserts developed. Desertification pro- The authors declare no conflict of interest. vided a strong stimulus for the emergence of new taxa (8), but This article is a PNAS direct submission. many Tertiary species, adapted to moist conditions, did not go Abbreviations: Myr, million years; OU, Ornstein–Uhlenbeck. extinct despite the development of a progressively drier climate †To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: [email protected]. but remained relatively abundant (3, 9). We quantitatively © 2006 by The National Academy of Sciences of the USA 16812–16817 ͉ PNAS ͉ November 7, 2006 ͉ vol. 103 ͉ no. 45 www.pnas.org͞cgi͞doi͞10.1073͞pnas.0604933103 Downloaded by guest on September 24, 2021 such as Rhus, Cercocarpus, Garrya, Ceanothus, Arctostaphylos, recruitment of species that evolved in the Tertiary period than Pistacia, Quercus, and Dodonaea. for the recruitment of species that evolved in the Quaternary As groups, Tertiary and Quaternary taxa differ substantially period. Of the 113 taxa across all six examined regions that were in life-history and reproductive traits (3, 13). Indeed, analysis of identified as evolving during the Tertiary from the fossil record, life history-reproductive traits across woody genera in Mediter- 86 were identified in the literature (or measured by us) as ranean ecosystems indicates two sharply contrasting life-history recruiting significantly more beneath the canopies of other syndromes that are consistently associated with evolutionary species than in the open (Table 1 and Fig. 1, for all regions origin (3, 13). The most important traits distinguishing Tertiary combined X 2 ϭ 103.3; P Ͻ 0.0001). In contrast, taxa that were and Quaternary syndromes are fruit type (fleshy vs. nonfleshy identified from the fossil record as evolving in the Quaternary fruits) and seed size, which are directly related to the regener- recruited preferentially in open spaces and avoided the canopies ation niche (3). Many fleshy-fruited Tertiary species have been of other species; 97 of 100 Quaternary species recruited in the reported to depend of the facilitative effects of other species to open rather than under nurse plants. This pattern was most establish (12, 16). In contrast, dry-fruited Quaternary species pronounced in California (X 2 ϭ 27.06; P Ͻ 0.0001), the Medi- often are reported to recruit in open microsites without other terranean basin (X 2 ϭ 40.44; P Ͻ 0.0001), Chile (X 2 ϭ 8.12; P ϭ species, such as caused by recurrent Mediterranean fires (12). 0.018), and the Mexical (X 2 ϭ 18.17; P Ͻ 0.0001). South Africa Based on this potential relationship between ancestry and (X 2 ϭ 4.54; P ϭ 0.067) and Australia (data did not allow to run regeneration life history traits, we predicted
Recommended publications
  • Interior Arizona Chaparral
    Rapid Assessment Reference Condition Model The Rapid Assessment is a component of the LANDFIRE project. Reference condition models for the Rapid Assessment were created through a series of expert workshops and a peer-review process in 2004 and 2005. For more information, please visit www.landfire.gov. Please direct questions to [email protected]. Potential Natural Vegetation Group (PNVG) R3CHAPsw Interior Arizona Chaparral General Information Contributors (additional contributors may be listed under "Model Evolution and Comments") Modelers Reviewers Tyson Swetnam [email protected] Linda Wadleigh [email protected] Reese Lolley [email protected] Vegetation Type General Model Sources Rapid AssessmentModel Zones Shrubland Literature California Pacific Northwest Local Data Great Basin South Central Dominant Species* Expert Estimate Great Lakes Southeast Northeast S. Appalachians QUTU LANDFIRE Mapping Zones CEGR Northern Plains Southwest 14 24 28 N-Cent.Rockies APPR 15 25 13 QUPU 23 27 Geographic Range Central and Northern Arizona, Central New Mexico. Some patches associated with Sky Islands of Southern Arizona and New Mexico. Also extends into the Mojave Desert and southern Great Basin. Biophysical Site Description Occurs across central Arizona (Mogollon Rim), and western New Mexico. It dominates along the mid- elevation transition from the Mojave, Sonoran, and Northern Chihuahuan deserts into mountains (1000- 2200 m). It occurs along foothills, mountain slopes and canyons in drier habitats below the encinal and Pinus Ponderosa woodlands. Stands are often associated with xeric coarse-textured substrates such as limestone, basalt or alluvium, especially in transition areas with more mesic woodlands (NatureServe 2004). Vegetation Description Vegetation is less dense than California chaparral, with aerial coverage of 35-80% ground surface in Arizona (Cable 1957, Carmichael et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Native Trees of Mexico: Diversity, Distribution, Uses and Conservation
    Native trees of Mexico: diversity, distribution, uses and conservation Oswaldo Tellez1,*, Efisio Mattana2,*, Mauricio Diazgranados2, Nicola Kühn2, Elena Castillo-Lorenzo2, Rafael Lira1, Leobardo Montes-Leyva1, Isela Rodriguez1, Cesar Mateo Flores Ortiz1, Michael Way2, Patricia Dávila1 and Tiziana Ulian2 1 Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Av. De los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala Tlalnepantla, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Estado de México, Mexico 2 Wellcome Trust Millennium Building, RH17 6TN, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Ardingly, West Sussex, United Kingdom * These authors contributed equally to this work. ABSTRACT Background. Mexico is one of the most floristically rich countries in the world. Despite significant contributions made on the understanding of its unique flora, the knowledge on its diversity, geographic distribution and human uses, is still largely fragmented. Unfortunately, deforestation is heavily impacting this country and native tree species are under threat. The loss of trees has a direct impact on vital ecosystem services, affecting the natural capital of Mexico and people's livelihoods. Given the importance of trees in Mexico for many aspects of human well-being, it is critical to have a more complete understanding of their diversity, distribution, traditional uses and conservation status. We aimed to produce the most comprehensive database and catalogue on native trees of Mexico by filling those gaps, to support their in situ and ex situ conservation, promote their sustainable use, and inform reforestation and livelihoods programmes. Methods. A database with all the tree species reported for Mexico was prepared by compiling information from herbaria and reviewing the available floras. Species names were reconciled and various specialised sources were used to extract additional species information, i.e.
    [Show full text]
  • Vascular Plant and Vertebrate Inventory of Fort Bowie National Historic Site Vascular Plant and Vertebrate Inventory of Fort Bowie National Historic Site
    Powell, Schmidt, Halvorson In Cooperation with the University of Arizona, School of Natural Resources Vascular Plant and Vertebrate Inventory of Fort Bowie National Historic Site Vascular Plant and Vertebrate Inventory of Fort Bowie National Historic Site Plant and Vertebrate Vascular U.S. Geological Survey Southwest Biological Science Center 2255 N. Gemini Drive Flagstaff, AZ 86001 Open-File Report 2005-1167 Southwest Biological Science Center Open-File Report 2005-1167 February 2007 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey National Park Service In cooperation with the University of Arizona, School of Natural Resources Vascular Plant and Vertebrate Inventory of Fort Bowie National Historic Site By Brian F. Powell, Cecilia A. Schmidt , and William L. Halvorson Open-File Report 2005-1167 December 2006 USGS Southwest Biological Science Center Sonoran Desert Research Station University of Arizona U.S. Department of the Interior School of Natural Resources U.S. Geological Survey 125 Biological Sciences East National Park Service Tucson, Arizona 85721 U.S. Department of the Interior DIRK KEMPTHORNE, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Mark Myers, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2006 For product and ordering information: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS For more information on the USGS-the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment: World Wide Web:http://www.usgs.gov Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS Suggested Citation Powell, B. F, C. A. Schmidt, and W. L. Halvorson. 2006. Vascular Plant and Vertebrate Inventory of Fort Bowie National Historic Site.
    [Show full text]
  • Adenostoma Sparsifolium Torr. (Rosaceae), Arctostaphylos Peninsularis Wells (Ericaceae), Artemisia Tridentata Nutt
    66 JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS' SOCIETY Ceanothus greggii A. Gray (Rhamnaceae), Adenostoma sparsifolium Torr. (Rosaceae), Arctostaphylos peninsularis Wells (Ericaceae), Artemisia tridentata Nutt. (Asteraceae), Quercus chrysolepis Liebm. and Q. dumosa Nutt. (Fagaceae), and Pinus jefferyi Grev. & BaH. (Pinaceae). On 27 and 29 October 1989 the unmated females were caged at a site in the vicinity of Mike's Sky Ranch in the Sierra San Pedro Martir, approximately 170 km south of the international border. Despite sunny weather and at a similar elevation and floral com­ munity, no males were attracted. Two males were deposited as voucher specimens in both of the following institutions: Universidad Autonoma de Baja California Norte, Ensenada, Mexico, and the Essig Mu­ seum of Entomology, University of California, Berkeley. Eleven specimens are in the private collection of John Noble, Anaheim Hills, California; the remaining 22 specimens are in the collection of the author. RALPH E. WELLS, 303-8 Hoffman Street, Jackson, California 95642. Received for publication 10 February 1990; revised and accepted 15 March 1991. Journal of the Lepidopterists' SOCiety 45(1), 1991, 66-67 POSITIVE RELATION BETWEEN BODY SIZE AND ALTITUDE OF CAPTURE SITE IN TORTRICID MOTHS (TORTRICIDAE) Additional key words: North America, biometrics, ecology. Earlier I reported a positive correlation between forewing length and altitude of capture site in the Nearctic tortricid Eucosma agricolana (Walsingham) (Miller, W. E. 1974, Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 67:601-604). The all-male sample was transcontinental, with site altitudes ranging from near sea level on east and west coasts to more than 2700 m in the Rocky Mountains. Altitudes of capture came from labels of some specimens, and from topographic maps for others.
    [Show full text]
  • Ceanothus Crassifolius Torrey NRCS CODE: Family: Rhamnaceae (CECR) Order: Rhamnales Subclass: Rosidae Class: Magnoliopsida
    I. SPECIES Ceanothus crassifolius Torrey NRCS CODE: Family: Rhamnaceae (CECR) Order: Rhamnales Subclass: Rosidae Class: Magnoliopsida Lower right: Ripening fruits, two already dehisced. Lower center: Longitudinal channeling in stems of old specimen, typical of obligate seeding Ceanothus (>25 yr since last fire). Note dark hypanthium in center of white flowers. Photos by A. Montalvo. A. Subspecific taxa 1. C. crassifolius Torr. var. crassifolius 2. C. crassifolius Torr. var. planus Abrams (there is no NRCS code for this taxon) B. Synonyms 1. C. verrucosus Nuttal var. crassifolius K. Brandegee (Munz & Keck 1968; Burge et al. 2013) 2. C. crassifolius (in part, USDA PLANTS 2019) C. Common name 1. hoaryleaf ceanothus, sometimes called thickleaf ceanothus or thickleaf wild lilac (Painter 2016) 2. same as above; flat-leaf hoary ceanothus and flat-leaf snowball ceanothus are applied to other taxa (Painter 2016) D. Taxonomic relationships Ceanothus is a diverse genus with over 50 taxa that cluster in to two subgenera. C. crassifolius has long been recognized as part of the Cerastes group of Ceanothus based on morphology, life-history, and crossing studies (McMinn 1939a, Nobs 1963). In phylogenetic analyses based on RNA and chloroplast DNA, Hardig et al. (2000) found C. crassifolius clustered into the Cerastes group and in each analysis shared a clade with C. ophiochilus. In molecular and morphological analyses, Burge et al. (2011) also found C. crassifolius clustered into Cerastes. Cerastes included over 20 taxa and numerous subtaxa in both studies. Eight Cerastes taxa occur in southern California (see I. E. Related taxa in region). E. Related taxa in region In southern California, the related Cerastes taxa include: C.
    [Show full text]
  • Checklist of the Genus Quercus (Fagaceae) of Aguascalientes, México
    13 1 2045 the journal of biodiversity data 14 February 2017 Check List LISTS OF SPECIES Check List 13(1): 2045, 14 February 2017 doi: https://doi.org/10.15560/13.1.2045 ISSN 1809-127X © 2017 Check List and Authors Checklist of the genus Quercus (Fagaceae) of Aguascalientes, México Víctor Manuel Martínez-Calderón, María Elena Siqueiros-Delgado1 & Julio Martínez-Ramírez Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Departamento de Biología, Herbario HUAA, Avenida Universidad 940, Ciudad Universitaria, Código Postal 20131, Aguascalientes, AG, México 1 Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract: Twenty-five species of Quercus were collected in none occur in Yucatán (Rzedowski 2006). the state of Aguascalientes, 11 members of Quercus sect. In Aguascalientes, one of the smallest of the Mexican Lobatae (red oak) and 14 members of Quercus sect. Quercus states, two major physiographic units are recognized: (white oak). Ten species were newly recorded. Quercus xerophytic and temperate. The eastern half of the state potosina is the commonest and most widely distributed is a semiarid region where drier conditions predominate. species in the state. Eight species were found only in a single This portion of the state consists of a broad valley bounded municipality, Calvillo or San José de Gracia. The species of by a system of plateaus and low hills in the far east. Plant Quercus are mainly distributed in oak and pine-oak forest communities of this region are typical of a semi-arid in the western part of Aguascalientes. The municipalities climate and include crasicaules or thorny scrub, mesquite with the greatest numbers of species are San José de forests, and grasslands.
    [Show full text]
  • Tree and Tree-Like Species of Mexico: Asteraceae, Leguminosae, and Rubiaceae
    Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 84: 439-470, 2013 Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 84: 439-470, 2013 DOI: 10.7550/rmb.32013 DOI: 10.7550/rmb.32013439 Tree and tree-like species of Mexico: Asteraceae, Leguminosae, and Rubiaceae Especies arbóreas y arborescentes de México: Asteraceae, Leguminosae y Rubiaceae Martin Ricker , Héctor M. Hernández, Mario Sousa and Helga Ochoterena Herbario Nacional de México, Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Apartado postal 70- 233, 04510 México D. F., Mexico. [email protected] Abstract. Trees or tree-like plants are defined here broadly as perennial, self-supporting plants with a total height of at least 5 m (without ascending leaves or inflorescences), and with one or several erect stems with a diameter of at least 10 cm. We continue our compilation of an updated list of all native Mexican tree species with the dicotyledonous families Asteraceae (36 species, 39% endemic), Leguminosae with its 3 subfamilies (449 species, 41% endemic), and Rubiaceae (134 species, 24% endemic). The tallest tree species reach 20 m in the Asteraceae, 70 m in the Leguminosae, and also 70 m in the Rubiaceae. The species-richest genus is Lonchocarpus with 67 tree species in Mexico. Three legume genera are endemic to Mexico (Conzattia, Hesperothamnus, and Heteroflorum). The appendix lists all species, including their original publication, references of taxonomic revisions, existence of subspecies or varieties, maximum height in Mexico, and endemism status. Key words: biodiversity, flora, tree definition. Resumen. Las plantas arbóreas o arborescentes se definen aquí en un sentido amplio como plantas perennes que se pueden sostener por sí solas, con una altura total de al menos 5 m (sin considerar hojas o inflorescencias ascendentes) y con uno o varios tallos erectos de un diámetro de al menos 10 cm.
    [Show full text]
  • Comal County Regional Habitat Conservation Plan Environmental Impact Statement
    Draft Comal County Regional Habitat Conservation Plan Environmental Impact Statement Prepared for: Comal County, Texas Comal County Commissioners Court Prepared by: SWCA Environmental Consultants Smith, Robertson, Elliott, Glen, Klein & Bell, L.L.P. Prime Strategies, Inc. Texas Perspectives, Inc. Capital Market Research, Inc. April 2010 SWCA Project Number 12659-139-AUS DRAFT COMAL COUNTY REGIONAL HABITAT CONSERVATION PLAN ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT April 2010 Type of Action: Administrative Lead Agency: U.S. Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service Responsible Official: Adam Zerrenner Field Supervisor U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 10711 Burnet Road, Suite 200 Austin, Texas For Information: Bill Seawell Fish and Wildlife Biologist U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 10711 Burnet Road, Suite 200 Austin, Texas Tele: 512-490-0057 Abstract: Comal County, Texas, is applying for an incidental take permit (Permit) under section 10(a)(1)(B) of the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended 16 U.S.C. § 1531, et seq. (ESA), to authorize the incidental take of two endangered species, the golden-cheeked warbler (Dendroica chrysoparia) and the black-capped vireo (Vireo atricapilla), referred to collectively as the “Covered Species.” In support of the Permit application, the County has prepared a regional habitat conservation plan (Proposed RHCP), covering a 30-year period from 2010 to 2040. The Permit Area for the Proposed RHCP and the area of potential effect for this Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) is Comal County in central Texas. The requested Permit would authorize the following incidental take and mitigation for the golden-cheeked warbler: Take: As conservation credits are created through habitat preservation, authorize up to 5,238 acres (2,120 hectares) of golden-cheeked warbler habitat to be impacted over the 30-year life of the Proposed RHCP.
    [Show full text]
  • Redalyc.Los Usos No Leñosos De Los Encinos En México
    Boletín de la Sociedad Botánica de México ISSN: 0366-2128 [email protected] Sociedad Botánica de México México Luna José, Azucena de Lourdes; Montalvo Espinosa, Linda; Rendón Aguilar, Beatriz Los usos no leñosos de los encinos en México Boletín de la Sociedad Botánica de México, núm. 72, junio, 2003, pp. 107-117 Sociedad Botánica de México Distrito Federal, México Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=57707204 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto Bol. Soc. Bot. Méx. 72: 107-117 (2003) BOTÁNICA ECONÓMICA Y ETNOBOTÁNICA LOS USOS NO LEÑOSOS DE LOS ENCINOS EN MÉXICO AZUCENA DE LOURDES LUNA-JOSÉ1, LINDA MONTALVO-ESPINOSA1 Y BEATRIZ RENDÓN-AGUILAR2 1Colegio de Posgraduados, Montecillos, México 2Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa. A.P. 55-535. México, D.F. C.P. 09340. Fax 58-04-46-88. Correo-e: [email protected] Resumen: Se presenta una revisión bibliográfica y de herbario de los usos no leñosos de algunos encinos en México. Cincuenta y cinco especies de Quercus se utilizan y obtienen exclusivamente mediante la recolección. La mayoría se emplea en los estados ubicados en el centro y sur del país. No se encontró una relación entre el número de especies utilizadas y la diversidad de especies por estado. Se registraron cinco categorías de uso: (1) medicinal, que se relaciona principalmente con problemas del aparato digestivo; (2) alimenticio, que comprende la elaboración y consumo de alimento fresco o procesado; (3) artesanal, para la elaboración de diferentes artículos como rosarios o juguetes; (4) forraje, principalmente para la alimentación de ganado porcino y caprino; (5) taninos y colorantes, para curtir piel, como mordiente y para teñir hilo.
    [Show full text]
  • List of Approved Plants
    APPENDIX "X" – PLANT LISTS Appendix "X" Contains Three (3) Plant Lists: X.1. List of Approved Indigenous Plants Allowed in any Landscape Zone. X.2. List of Approved Non-Indigenous Plants Allowed ONLY in the Private Zone or Semi-Private Zone. X.3. List of Prohibited Plants Prohibited for any location on a residential Lot. X.1. LIST OF APPROVED INDIGENOUS PLANTS. Approved Indigenous Plants may be used in any of the Landscape Zones on a residential lot. ONLY approved indigenous plants may be used in the Native Zone and the Revegetation Zone for those landscape areas located beyond the perimeter footprint of the home and site walls. The density, ratios, and mix of any added indigenous plant material should approximate those found in the general area of the native undisturbed desert. Refer to Section 8.4 and 8.5 of the Design Guidelines for an explanation and illustration of the Native Zone and the Revegetation Zone. For clarity, Approved Indigenous Plants are considered those plant species that are specifically indigenous and native to Desert Mountain. While there may be several other plants that are native to the upper Sonoran Desert, this list is specific to indigenous and native plants within Desert Mountain. X.1.1. Indigenous Trees: COMMON NAME BOTANICAL NAME Blue Palo Verde Parkinsonia florida Crucifixion Thorn Canotia holacantha Desert Hackberry Celtis pallida Desert Willow / Desert Catalpa Chilopsis linearis Foothills Palo Verde Parkinsonia microphylla Net Leaf Hackberry Celtis reticulata One-Seed Juniper Juniperus monosperma Velvet Mesquite / Native Mesquite Prosopis velutina (juliflora) X.1.2. Indigenous Shrubs: COMMON NAME BOTANICAL NAME Anderson Thornbush Lycium andersonii Barberry Berberis haematocarpa Bear Grass Nolina microcarpa Brittle Bush Encelia farinosa Page X - 1 Approved - February 24, 2020 Appendix X Landscape Guidelines Bursage + Ambrosia deltoidea + Canyon Ragweed Ambrosia ambrosioides Catclaw Acacia / Wait-a-Minute Bush Acacia greggii / Senegalia greggii Catclaw Mimosa Mimosa aculeaticarpa var.
    [Show full text]
  • Plants, Volume 1, Number 1 (August 1979)
    Desert Plants, Volume 1, Number 1 (August 1979) Item Type Article Publisher University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ) Journal Desert Plants Rights Copyright © Arizona Board of Regents. The University of Arizona. Download date 02/10/2021 01:18:53 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/528188 Volume I. Number 1. August 1979 Desert Published by The University of Arizona for the Plants Boyce Thompson Southwestern Arboretum Assisting Nature with Plant Selection4 Larry K. Holzworth Aberrant Sex -Ratios in Jojoba Associated with Environmental Factors 8 Serena L. Cole 'J. G. Lemmon & Wife,' Plant Explorers in Arizona, California, and Nevada12 Frank S. Crosswhite 'Extinct' Wire -Lettuce, Stephanomeria schottii (Compositae), Rediscovered in Arizona after More Than One Hundred Years22 Elinor Lehto Southwestern Indian Sunflowers23 Gary Paul Nabhan Transition from a Bermudagrass Lawn to a Landscape of Rock or Gravel Mulch 27 Charles Sacamano Preliminary Evaluation of Cold- hardiness in Desert Landscaping Plants at Central Arizona College29 William A. Kinnison Effects of the 1978 Freeze on Native Plants of Sonora, Mexico33 Warren D. Jones The Severe Freeze of 1978 -79 in the Southwestern United States37 The National Climate Program Act of 197840 Reviews42 Arboretum Progress46 R. T. McKittrick Volume 1. Number 1. August 1979 Published by The University of Arizona Desert Plants for the Boyce Thompson Southwestern Arboretum The Severe Freeze of 1978 -79 in the Contents Southwestern United States37 Correspondents: Editorial Barrie D. Coate, Saratoga Horticultural Foundation; Dara E. Emery, Santa Barbara Botanic Garden; Louis C. Assisting Nature with Plant Selection 4 Erickson, Botanic Gardens, University of California, River- Larry K. Holzworth, USDA Soil Conservation side; Wayne L.
    [Show full text]
  • LANDFIRE Biophysical Setting Model Biophysical Setting 2611040 Mogollon Chaparral
    LANDFIRE Biophysical Setting Model Biophysical Setting 2611040 Mogollon Chaparral This BPS is lumped with: This BPS is split into multiple models: General Information Contributors (also see the Comments field) Date 7/19/2005 Modeler 1 Matt Brooks [email protected] Reviewer Modeler 2 Reviewer Modeler 3 Reviewer Vegetation Type Dominant Species Map Zone Model Zone CAHO3 Upland Shrubland 26 Alaska Northern Plains ARPU5 California N-Cent.Rockies General Model Sources CEGR Great Basin Pacific Northwest Literature CEMO2 Great Lakes South Central Local Data QUTU2 Hawaii Southeast Expert Estimate PUST Northeast S. Appalachians QUPA4 Southwest Geographic Range This ecological system occurs across central AZ (Mogollon Rim), central to south central and western NM, southern UT, and eastern and southeastern NV (MZs 17, 13 and 14). It often dominates along the mid-elevation transition from the Mojave, Sonoran and northern Chihuahuan deserts. Biophysical Site Description This BpS is found in mountains from 1000-2200m. It occurs on foothills, mountain slopes and canyons in drier habitats below the encinal (southwestern oak woodlands) and Pinus ponderosa woodlands and above desert grasslands. Stands are often associated with more xeric and coarse-textured substrates such as limestone, basalt or alluvium, especially in transition areas with more mesic woodlands. Typical of xeric montane moderate to steep slopes. The soils are generally shallow and derived from granite, basalt or other igneous volcanic rocks. These soils occur in mesic (moderately warm)
    [Show full text]