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Le Rapport Sur Le Cannabis « Récréatif

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Le Rapport Sur Le Cannabis « Récréatif — 1 — ______ ASSEMBLÉE NATIONALE CONSTITUTION DU 4 OCTOBRE 1958 QUINZIÈME LÉGISLATURE RAPPORT D’ÉTAPE sur le cannabis récréatif ÉTABLI PAR LA MISSION D’INFORMATION COMMUNE (1) sur la règlementation et l’impact des différents usages du cannabis PRÉSIDÉE PAR M. Robin REDA Président ET PRÉSENTÉ PAR M. JEAN-BAPTISTE MOREAU Rapporteur général MME CAROLINE JANVIER Rapporteure thématique —— (1) La composition de cette mission figure au verso de la présente page. — 2 — La mission d’information sur la réglementation et l’impact des différents usages du cannabis est composée de : M. Robin Reda, président ; M. Jean-Baptiste Moreau, rapporteur général ; Mme Agnès Firmin Le Bodo, M. Philippe Latombe, M. Éric Poulliat et Mme Michèle Victory, vice-présidents, Mme Caroline Janvier et M. Ludovic Mendes, rapporteurs thématiques, MM. Ugo Bernalicis, Moetai Brotherson, François-Michel Lambert et Éric Pauget, secrétaires, M. Saïd Ahamada, Mmes Valérie Bazin-Malgras et Sylvie Charrière, MM. Rémi Delatte, Loïc Dombreval, Jean-Pierre Door, Mme Nicole Dubré-Chirat, MM. Roland Lescure, Gérard Menuel, Pierre Morel-À-L’Huissier, Xavier Paluszkiewicz, Jean-Pierre Pont et Benoît Potterie, Mmes Cathy Racon-Bouzon, Huguette Tiegna et Michèle de Vaucouleurs. — 3 — SOMMAIRE ___ Pages AVANT-PROPOS DU PRÉSIDENT ....................................................................... 11 AVANT-PROPOS DU RAPPORTEUR GÉNÉRAL .......................................... 13 SYNTHÈSE DU RAPPORT ....................................................................................... 15 CANNABIS : LÉGALISER, ENCADRER, PROTÉGER ................................. 15 LA LÉGALISATION (EN QUESTIONS) ............................................................... 23 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 27 PREMIÈRE PARTIE : UNE POLITIQUE RÉPRESSIVE EN ÉCHEC, AU DÉTRIMENT DE LA SANTÉ PUBLIQUE .................................................... 29 I. UNE POLITIQUE PÉNALE RÉPRESSIVE QUI MOBILISE À L’EXCÈS LES FORCES DE L’ORDRE ET CONTRIBUE À L’ENCOMBREMENT DES TRIBUNAUX .................................................................................................................. 32 A. DES FORCES DE L’ORDRE MOBILISÉES À L’EXCÈS .................................. 32 1. Une implication toujours plus forte des services de contrôle dans la répression des infractions à la législation sur les stupéfiants (ILS) ......................................... 33 2. Des interpellations en grande majorité pour usage de stupéfiants .......................... 36 3. Des saisies importantes qui témoignent de l’ampleur des trafics ........................... 39 4. Un poids croissant pour les finances publiques ...................................................... 39 B. DES TRIBUNAUX ENCOMBRÉS ET UN DISPOSITIF PÉNAL PEU SÉVÈRE AU-DELÀ DE SES APPARENCES RÉPRESSIVES ....................... 41 1. Une réponse pénale quasi-systématique ................................................................. 41 2. Des sanctions pénales qui sont de facto peu sévères .............................................. 43 — 4 — II. CONSOMMATION RECORD DE CANNABIS EN FRANCE, SENTIMENT D’IMPUNITÉ DES TRAFIQUANTS, ÉCONOMIE SOUTERRAINE : UN BILAN TRÈS INSATISFAISANT AU REGARD DES MOYENS DÉPLOYÉS ... 45 A. UNE CONSOMMATION RECORD DE CANNABIS EN FRANCE ET UNE CONSOMMATION JUVÉNILE PARTICULIÈREMENT PROBLÉMATIQUE ................................................................................................. 45 1. Une consommation française record en Europe ..................................................... 45 a. Une consommation en hausse constante depuis trente ans .................................... 45 b. Un accroissement des consommations problématiques ......................................... 48 c. La consommation de cannabis des Français : un record en Europe ....................... 49 2. Une consommation juvénile, qui a connu un infléchissement, mais qui demeure extrêmement élevée et se caractérise par une forte prévalence des consommations problématiques ............................................................................. 50 a. Une consommation parmi les plus importantes d’Europe ..................................... 50 b. Pas de rajeunissement de l’âge de la première expérimentation ............................ 52 c. La France, championne des usages problématiques des jeunes ............................. 53 3. Un usage banalisé, répandu au sein de toutes les classes sociales, à rebours d’un imaginaire social qui cantonne le cannabis aux milieux défavorisés ..................... 54 B. UNE POLITIQUE INAPTE À JUGULER LES TRAFICS DE CANNABIS ....... 55 1. Une réponse policière et judiciaire qui n’appréhende qu’une faible partie de la consommation et des trafics ................................................................................... 55 2. Une politique de la sanction qui n’a que peu d’effet dissuasif sur des trafics et une consommation qui se banalisent ...................................................................... 57 C. DES TRAFICS QUI ENGENDRENT DES VIOLENCES, NOTAMMENT DANS DES QUARTIERS DÉFAVORISÉS, ET UNE POLITIQUE RÉPRESSIVE QUI NOURRIT DES INÉGALITÉS SOCIALES ET TERRITORIALES .................................................................................................... 59 1. L’insécurité créée par les trafics dans certains quartiers ........................................ 59 2. Une répression à géométrie variable ....................................................................... 62 III. L’IMPÉRATIF D’UNE POLITIQUE SANITAIRE RENDUE DIFFICILE PAR LA PRIORITÉ DONNÉE AU RÉPRESSIF ............................................................... 64 A. LE CANNABIS ET LES JEUNES : ATTENTION DANGER ! ............................ 64 1. De quoi parle-t-on ? ................................................................................................ 65 a. THC et système nerveux central ........................................................................... 65 b. Les différentes formes de produit ......................................................................... 66 c. La composition problématique des produits ......................................................... 68 i. Des produits aujourd’hui très fortement dosés en THC .............................................. 68 ii. Des produits souvent frelatés ................................................................................. 70 iii. L’urgence du cannabis de synthèse ou néocannabinoïdes ......................................... 71 — 5 — 2. Le risque avéré de troubles psychiatriques chez les plus jeunes ............................ 72 a. Des données statistiques préoccupantes ................................................................ 72 b. Au-delà des statistiques, une réalité médicale très concrète quant aux effets psychiatriques ..................................................................................................... 74 3. D’autres aspects sanitaires ou sociaux non négligeables ........................................ 77 a. Des effets certains sur la santé .............................................................................. 77 i. Des risques cardiovasculaires accrus ....................................................................... 77 ii. Des risques notamment associés aux modes de consommation .................................. 77 b. Des conséquences sociales durables et non négligeables ...................................... 80 B. L’APORIE D’UNE POLITIQUE DE SANTÉ PUBLIQUE DANS UN CADRE RÉPRESSIF ............................................................................................................. 81 1. Un corset législatif et réglementaire qui institue une politique pénale inadéquate ......................................................................................................... 82 a. Les dispositions en vigueur dans l’esprit de la loi du 31 décembre 1970 ............... 82 i. La dimension pénale ............................................................................................. 82 ii. Articulation avec le volet sanitaire ......................................................................... 83 b. Un cadre qui n’aide ni à la prévention ni à la prise en charge des plus vulnérables ......................................................................................................... 84 i. Une comparaison éclairante avec les dispositions relatives à l’alcoolisme et au tabagisme ......................................................................................................... 84 ii. La perception unanime du corps médical ................................................................ 85 iii. Le constat des acteurs de terrain ........................................................................... 86 2. Un cadre politique et institutionnel qui ne facilite pas non plus la politique de santé publique et notamment la prévention ............................................................ 87 a. Une architecture institutionnelle évolutive............................................................ 87 b. Les plans gouvernementaux de lutte contre la drogue et les conduites addictives .. 89 i. Les difficultés récurrentes d’une action de santé publique cohérente, notamment en matière de prévention ......................................................................................... 89 ii. Qu’en est-il aujourd’hui ? ....................................................................................
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