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Tanya Sanerib (DC Bar No Case 4:21-cv-00251-RCC Document 1 Filed 06/23/21 Page 1 of 20 1 Sarah Uhlemann (DC Bar No. 501328)* Tanya Sanerib (DC Bar No. 473506)* 2 Center for Biological Diversity 3 2400 NW 80th Street, #146 Seattle, WA 98117 4 Phone: (206) 327-2344 5 (206) 379-7363 Email: [email protected] 6 [email protected] *Pro Hac Vice Admission Pending 7 8 Attorneys for Plaintiff Center for Biological Diversity 9 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 10 FOR THE DISTRICT OF ARIZONA 11 TUCSON DIVISION 12 13 Center for Biological Diversity, 14 Plaintiff, Case No. 15 v. 16 COMPLAINT FOR DECLARATORY U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; and AND INJUNCTIVE RELIEF 17 Debra Haaland, in her official capacity 18 as Secretary of the U.S. Department of the Interior, 19 Defendants. 20 21 INTRODUCTION 22 1. Plaintiff Center for Biological Diversity challenges the failure of the U.S. 23 Fish and Wildlife Service and the Secretary of the Interior Debra Haaland (collectively 24 “the Service” or “Defendants”) to make required, 12-month findings as to whether seven 25 foreign wildlife species “warrant” listing under the Endangered Species Act (“ESA”). 26 These species have been on the Service’s “candidate” list awaiting ESA protections for 27 28 1 Case 4:21-cv-00251-RCC Document 1 Filed 06/23/21 Page 2 of 20 1 decades, even though the Service has acknowledged that each qualifies for full ESA 2 listing. 3 2. The Okinawa woodpecker, Kaiser-i-hind swallowtail, Jamaican kite 4 swallowtail, black-backed tanager, Harris’ mimic swallowtail, fluminense swallowtail, 5 and the southern helmeted curassow are each in danger of or threatened with extinction. 6 All seven species are impacted by habitat destruction and six are collected for trade or 7 hunted. 8 3. The Okinawa woodpecker is medium-sized, brown bird that inhabits only 9 Okinawa, Japan. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (“IUCN”), a 10 respected, scientific organization that maintains the “RedList” inventory of species’ 11 conservation statuses, assessed the woodpecker as “Critically Endangered,” as only 12 between 50 and 249 mature individual Okinawa woodpeckers likely remain. The 13 Okinawa woodpecker is threatened by habitat loss, and most of its remaining habitat 14 occurs within a U.S. Marine Corps installation on Okinawa Island. 15 4. The Kaiser-i-hind swallowtail is a rare, green and orange butterfly that 16 inhabits high-altitude forests in the Himalayan regions. IUCN has assessed the species as 17 “Near Threatened” from habitat loss and collection for trade. The butterfly is advertised 18 for sale online in the United States. 19 5. The blue-green and black Jamaican kite swallowtail is considered Jamaica’s 20 most endangered butterfly. It is threatened by habitat loss and collection for trade, with a 21 single specimen recently selling for $178. IUCN has assessed the Jamaican kite 22 swallowtail as “Vulnerable.” 23 6. The black-backed tanager is a colorful bird with touches of turquoise, dark 24 blue, and orange that is native to Brazil’s coastal Atlantic Forest region. IUCN has 25 classified the tanager as “Vulnerable” due to loss and destruction of the species’ habitat, 26 and the species is collected for the illegal bird trade. 27 7. The Harris’ mimic swallowtail is a medium-sized, mostly black butterfly 28 with white and rose-red markings. The species is endemic to Brazil’s coastal Atlantic 2 Case 4:21-cv-00251-RCC Document 1 Filed 06/23/21 Page 3 of 20 1 Forest region and is threatened by habitat destruction. Collection and trade also threaten 2 the species. Specimen have been advertised online for sale for up to $2,200 USD. 3 8. The fluminense swallowtail is a black and white butterfly with dusty rose 4 and bright pink/red markings. Also inhabiting the coastal Atlantic Forest region of Brazil, 5 the species is threatened by habitat degradation and is also collected for trade. Specimens 6 of this butterfly have been advertised for sale online for up to $700. IUCN has classified 7 the fluminense swallowtail as “Vulnerable.” 8 9. The southern helmeted curassow is a ground bird endemic to central 9 Bolivia. The bird has black feathers and a large, distinctive, blue casque on its head. The 10 curassow is threatened by hunting and habitat destruction and was proposed for listing 11 under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (“CITES”) in 1997. 12 CITES, CoP10, Prop. 10.39. IUCN has classified the southern helmeted curassow as 13 “Critically Endangered.” 14 10. However, none of the seven species are currently protected under the U.S. 15 Endangered Species Act and have not been afforded the ESA’s protections. 16 11. The ESA allows interested parties to “petition” to list species as threatened 17 or endangered and sets specific deadlines by which Defendants must respond. 16 U.S.C. 18 § 1533(b)(3). 19 12. The Service received ESA petitions to list the (1) Okinawa woodpecker in 20 1980; (2) black-backed tanager and southern helmeted curassow in 1991; and (3) Kaiser- 21 i-hind swallowtail, Jamaican kite swallowtail, Harris’ mimic swallowtail, and fluminense 22 swallowtail in 1994. 23 13. The ESA requires Defendants to determine if listing is warranted within 12 24 months of receiving a listing petition. 16 U.S.C. § 1533(b)(3)(B); 50 C.F.R. 25 § 424.14(h)(2) (2021). This determination is referred to as a “12-month finding.” If the 26 Service finds listing “is warranted,” the ESA requires the Service to “promptly” propose 27 listing for the species. 16 U.S.C. § 1533(b)(3)(B)(ii). 28 3 Case 4:21-cv-00251-RCC Document 1 Filed 06/23/21 Page 4 of 20 1 14. However, instead of proposing much-needed ESA protections for the seven 2 species, the Service has continually determined the species’ listings are “warranted” but 3 nonetheless “precluded” by the Service’s work on other listing actions. 4 15. If the Service makes a “warranted but precluded” finding, the ESA requires 5 the agency to reconsider the petition and issue a new determination of whether listing is 6 warranted within 12 months. 16 U.S.C. § 1533(b)(3)(C)(i); 50 C.F.R. § 424.14(h)(3). 7 Thus, each warranted but precluded finding triggers a new requirement for a 12-month 8 finding. 9 16. For the seven species, the Service most recently found that listing was 10 warranted but precluded on October 10, 2019. New 12-month findings were due for each 11 species by October 10, 2020, over eight months ago. 12 17. Accordingly, the Service has failed to meet the ESA statutory deadline and 13 is violating the ESA. 14 18. Through this Complaint, Plaintiff seeks a declaratory judgment that 15 Defendants have violated and continue to violate the ESA by failing to issue a new, 12- 16 month finding for the seven species, an injunction compelling the Service to issue a 12- 17 month finding for each species by a date certain, and Plaintiff’s attorneys’ fees and costs. 18 JURISDICTION AND VENUE 19 19. This Court has subject matter jurisdiction over this action pursuant to 16 20 U.S.C. § 1540(c) and (g)(1)(C) (actions arising under the ESA’s citizen suit provision), 21 28 U.S.C. § 1331 (actions arising under the laws of the United States), and 28 U.S.C. § 22 1346 (actions against the United States). 23 20. This action arises under the ESA, 16 U.S.C. §§ 1531–1544, and the 24 requested relief is authorized under 16 U.S.C. § 1540(g) (ESA), 28 U.S.C. § 2201 25 (declaratory relief), 28 U.S.C. § 2202 (injunctive relief), and the Court’s equitable 26 powers. 27 21. The ESA waives the federal government’s sovereign immunity. 16 U.S.C. 28 § 1540(g). 4 Case 4:21-cv-00251-RCC Document 1 Filed 06/23/21 Page 5 of 20 1 22. Plaintiff sent formal notice to Defendants of its intent to file suit under the 2 ESA on February 3, 2021, more than 60 days prior to filing this Complaint, consistent 3 with the ESA’s requirements. 16 U.S.C. § 1540(g)(2). 4 23. Defendant Secretary of the Interior received a copy of Plaintiff’s notice 5 letter, directed to Mr. Scott de la Vega, then Acting Secretary of the U.S. Department of 6 the Interior, via certified mail on February 12, 2021. Defendant U.S. Fish and Wildlife 7 Service also received a copy of Plaintiff’s notice letter, directed to Ms. Martha Williams, 8 Principal Deputy Director of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, via certified mail on 9 February 12, 2021. 10 24. On March 29, 2021, the Service sent a letter, acknowledging receipt of 11 Plaintiff’s notice letter. 12 25. Defendants have not remedied their continuing ESA violations as of the 13 date of this Complaint. Therefore, an actual controversy exists between the Parties under 14 28 U.S.C. § 2201. 15 26. Venue is proper in the District of Arizona under 28 U.S.C. § 1391(e) 16 because this is an action against agencies and officers of the United States and Plaintiff 17 maintains its principal place of business in this judicial district. 18 27. Assignment of this case to the Tucson Division of this Court is appropriate 19 because Plaintiff has its principal place of business in Pima County. LR Civ 77.1(a), (c). 20 PARTIES 21 A.
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