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for the relevant maintenance period in attainment of the 2008 ozone NAAQS Technology Transfer and Advancement with mobile source emissions at the through 2030. Finally, EPA finds Act of 1995 (15 U.S.C. 272 note) because levels of the MVEBs. adequate and is proposing to approve application of those requirements would the newly-established 2020 and 2030 be inconsistent with the CAA; and C. What is a safety margin? MVEBs for the Cleveland area. • Does not provide EPA with the A ‘‘safety margin’’ is the difference discretionary authority to address, as VII. Statutory and Executive Order between the attainment level of appropriate, disproportionate human Reviews emissions (from all sources) and the health or environmental effects, using projected level of emissions (from all Under the CAA, redesignation of an practicable and legally permissible sources) in the maintenance plan. As area to attainment and the methods, under Executive Order 12898 noted in Table 11, the emissions in the accompanying approval of a (59 FR 7629, February 16, 1994). Cleveland area are projected to have maintenance plan under section In addition, the SIP is not approved safety margins of 117.22 TPSD for NOX 107(d)(3)(E) are actions that affect the to apply on any Indian reservation land and 28.48 TPSD for VOC in 2030 (the status of a geographical area and do not or in any other area where EPA or an total net change between the attainment impose any additional regulatory Indian tribe has demonstrated that a year, 2014, emissions and the projected requirements on sources beyond those tribe has jurisdiction. In those areas of 2030 emissions for all sources in the imposed by state law. A redesignation to Indian country, this rule does not have Cleveland area). Similarly, there is a attainment does not in and of itself tribal implications as specified by safety margin of 89.24 TPSD for NOX create any new requirements, but rather Executive Order 13175 (65 FR 67249, and 11.61 TPSD for VOC in 2020. Even results in the applicability of November 9, 2000), because if emissions reached the full level of the requirements contained in the CAA for redesignation is an action that affects safety margin, the counties would still areas that have been redesignated to the status of a geographical area and demonstrate maintenance since attainment. Moreover, the Administrator does not impose any new regulatory emission levels would equal those in is required to approve a SIP submission requirements on tribes, impact any the attainment year. that complies with the provisions of the existing sources of air pollution on As shown in Table 12 above, Ohio is CAA and applicable Federal regulations. tribal lands, nor impair the maintenance allocating a portion of that safety margin 42 U.S.C. 7410(k); 40 CFR 52.02(a). of ozone NAAQS in tribal lands. to the mobile source sector. Specifically, Thus, in reviewing SIP submissions, in 2020, Ohio is allocating 5.07 TPSD EPA’s role is to approve state choices, List of Subjects in 40 CFR Part 52 and 8.03 TPSD of the VOC and NOX provided that they meet the criteria of Environmental protection, Air safety margins, respectively. In 2030, the CAA. Accordingly, this action pollution control, Incorporation by Ohio is allocating 4.02 TPSD and 5.72 merely approves state law as meeting reference, Intergovernmental relations, TPSD of the VOC and NOX safety Federal requirements and does not Oxides of nitrogen, Ozone, Volatile margins, respectively. Ohio EPA is not impose additional requirements beyond organic compounds. requesting allocation to the MVEBs of those imposed by state law. For that Dated: October 5, 2016. the entire available safety margins reason, this action: reflected in the demonstration of • Is not a significant regulatory action Robert A. Kaplan, maintenance. In fact, the amount subject to review by the Office of Acting Regional Administrator, Region 5. allocated to the MVEBs represents only Management and Budget under [FR Doc. 2016–24914 Filed 10–14–16; 8:45 am] a small portion of the 2020 and 2030 Executive Orders 12866 (58 FR 51735, BILLING CODE P safety margins. Therefore, even though October 4, 1993) and 13563 (76 FR 3821, the State is requesting MVEBs that January 21, 2011); exceed the projected on-road mobile • Does not impose an information DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR source emissions for 2020 and 2030 collection burden under the provisions contained in the demonstration of of the Paperwork Reduction Act (44 Fish and Wildlife Service maintenance, the increase in on-road U.S.C. 3501 et seq.); mobile source emissions that can be • Is certified as not having a 50 CFR Part 17 considered for transportation significant economic impact on a conformity purposes is well within the [Docket No. FWS–HQ–ES–2016–0072; substantial number of small entities 4500030115] safety margins of the ozone maintenance under the Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 demonstration. Further, once allocated U.S.C. 601 et seq.); Endangered and Threatened Wildlife to mobile sources, these safety margins • Does not contain any unfunded and Plants; Review of Foreign Species will not be available for use by other mandate or significantly or uniquely That Are Candidates for Listing as sources. affect small governments, as described Endangered or Threatened; Annual VI. Proposed Actions in the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act Notification of Findings on of 1995 (Pub. L. 104–4); Resubmitted Petitions; Annual EPA is proposing to determine that • Does not have Federalism Description of Progress on Listing the Cleveland area has met the implications as specified in Executive Actions requirements for redesignation under Order 13132 (64 FR 43255, August 10, section 107(d)(3)(E) of the CAA. EPA is 1999); AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, thus proposing to approve Ohio’s • Is not an economically significant Interior. request to change the legal designation regulatory action based on health or ACTION: Notification of review. of the Cleveland area from safety risks subject to Executive Order nonattainment to attainment for the 13045 (62 FR 19885, April 23, 1997); SUMMARY: In this Candidate Notice of 2008 ozone standard. EPA is also • Is not a significant regulatory action Review of Foreign Species (CNOR–FS), proposing to approve, as a revision to subject to Executive Order 13211 (66 FR we present an updated list of plant and the Ohio SIP, the state’s maintenance 28355, May 22, 2001); species foreign to the United plan for the area. The maintenance plan • Is not subject to requirements of States that we regard as candidates for is designed to keep the Cleveland area Section 12(d) of the National addition to the Lists of Endangered and

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Threatened Wildlife and Plants under one candidate from the list due to (warranted but precluded), and the Act of 1973, as recovery, and we are adding a species expeditious progress is being made to amended. Identification of candidate that was originally considered to be one add or remove qualified species from species can assist conservation planning taxon but has recently been determined the List (See Preclusion and Expeditious efforts by providing advance notice of to be two full species. Additionally, in Progress below). potential listings and awareness of this CNOR–FS, we have assigned a In accordance with section species’ status. Even if we subsequently listing priority number (LPN) to the new 4(b)(3)(C)(i) of the Act, when, in list a candidate species, the early notice candidate species and have changed the response to a petition, we find that provided here could result in more LPNs for three candidate species. listing a species is warranted but options for species management and precluded, we must make a new 12- Background recovery by prompting measures to month finding annually until we alleviate threats to the species. The Endangered Species Act of 1973, publish a proposed rule to list the DATES: We will accept information on as amended (Act) (16 U.S.C. 1531 et species or make a determination that any of the species in this Candidate seq.), requires that we identify species listing is not warranted. These Notice of Review of Foreign Species at of wildlife and plants that are subsequent 12-month findings are any time. endangered or threatened based on the referred to as ‘‘resubmitted’’ petition best available scientific and commercial ADDRESSES: Document availability: This findings. This CNOR–FS contains our CNOR–FS and supporting information. As defined in section 3 of resubmitted petition findings for foreign documentation, including more detailed the Act, an endangered species is any species previously described in the information on these candidate species species that is in danger of extinction Annual Notice of Review published and the references cited, is available on throughout all or a significant portion of April 25, 2013 (78 FR 24604). the Internet at http:// its range, and a threatened species is We maintain this list of candidates for www.regulations.gov at Docket No. any species that is likely to become an a variety of reasons: FWS–HQ–ES–2016–0072. Please submit endangered species within the (1) To notify the public that these foreseeable future throughout all or a any new information, materials, species are facing threats to their significant portion of its range. Through comments, or questions on this CNOR– survival; the Federal rulemaking process, we add FS and the supporting documentation to (2) to provide advance knowledge of species that meet these definitions to the Falls Church, VA, address listed in potential listings; the List of Endangered and Threatened (3) to provide information that may FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT Wildlife at 50 CFR 17.11 or the List of stimulate and guide conservation efforts below. Endangered and Threatened Plants at 50 that will remove or reduce threats to FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: CFR 17.12 (List). Candidate taxa are these species and possibly make listing Chief, Branch of Foreign Species, those taxa for which we have sufficient unnecessary; Ecological Services Program, U.S. Fish information on file relating to biological (4) to request input from interested and Wildlife Service, 5275 Leesburg vulnerability and threats to support a parties to help us identify those Pike, MS: ES, Falls Church, VA 22041– proposal to list the taxa as endangered candidate species that may not require 3808; telephone 703–358–2171. If you or threatened, but for which preparation protection under the Act or additional use a telecommunications device for the and publication of a proposed rule is species that may require the Act’s deaf (TDD), call the Federal Information precluded by higher-priority proposals protections; and Relay Service (FIRS) at 800–877–8339. to determine whether any species is an (5) to request necessary information SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: endangered species or a threatened for setting priorities for preparing listing species. We may identify a species as a proposals. We strongly encourage Executive Summary candidate for listing after we have collaborative conservation efforts for This CNOR–FS summarizes the status conducted an evaluation of its status— candidate species. For additional and threats that we evaluated in order either on our own initiative, or in information regarding such assistance, to determine that species qualify as response to a petition we have received. see FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT. candidates, to assign a listing priority Under section 4(b)(3)(A) of the Act, On September 21, 1983, we published number (LPN) to each species, and to when we receive a petition to add a guidance for assigning a listing priority determine whether a species should be species or to remove a species from the number (LPN) for each candidate removed from candidate status. List we must determine within 90 days, species (48 FR 43098). Guidelines for Additional material that we relied on for to the maximum extent practicable, such a priority-ranking guidance system each candidate species is available in whether the petition presents are required under section 4(h)(3) of the supporting documentation on the substantial scientific or commercial Act (15 U.S.C. 1533(h)(3)). Using this Internet at http://www.regulations.gov at information indicating that the guidance, we assign each candidate an Docket No. FWS–HQ–ES–2016–0072 petitioned action may be warranted (90- LPN of 1 to 12, depending on the Twenty foreign species are current day finding). Section 4(b)(3)(B) requires magnitude of threats, immediacy of candidates for listing. This document that, within 12 months after receiving threats, and taxonomic status; the lower includes our findings on resubmitted any petition that contains substantial the LPN, the higher the listing priority petitions and describes our progress in scientific or commercial information (that is, a species with an LPN of 1 revising the Lists of Endangered and indicating that listing an animal or plant would have the highest listing priority). Threatened Wildlife and Plants (Lists) species may be warranted, we make one As explained below, we first categorize during the period April 25, 2013, of the following findings (12-month based on the magnitude of the threat(s), through April 7, 2016. Based on our finding): (1) Not warranted; (2) then by the immediacy of the threat(s), review, we find that 19 species continue warranted; or (3) warranted, but the and finally by taxonomic status. to warrant listing, but their listing immediate proposal of a regulation Under this priority-ranking system, remains precluded by higher-priority implementing the petitioned action is magnitude of threat can be either ‘‘high’’ proposals to determine whether other precluded by other pending proposals to or ‘‘moderate to low.’’ This criterion species are an endangered species or a determine whether species are helps ensure that the species facing the threatened species. We are removing endangered or threatened species greatest threats to their continued

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existence receive the highest listing library/pdf/1983_LPN_Policy_FR_ 13 species may be warranted on May 12, priority. It is important to recognize that pub.pdf. A rationale for the 1981 and December 16, 1991, all candidate species face threats to their determination of the magnitude and respectively (46 FR 26464 and 56 FR continued existence, so the magnitude imminence of threat(s) and assignment 65207), and first identified them as of threats is in relative terms. When of the LPN is presented in this CNOR– candidates on May 21, 2004 (69 FR evaluating the magnitude of the threat(s) FS. For more information on the LPN 2935). On January 10, 1994, we received facing the species, we consider assigned to a particular species, see the a petition to list seven species information such as: the number of supporting documentation at http:// as endangered or threatened, and we populations and/or extent of range of www.regulations.gov at Docket No. found the petition presented substantial the species affected by the threat(s); the FWS–HQ–ES–2016–0072. scientific or commercial information biological significance of the affected indicating that listing these species may population(s), the life-history Request for Information be warranted on May 10, 1994 (59 FR characteristics of the species and its With this CNOR–FS, we request 24117). On December 7, 2004, we current abundance and distribution; and additional information for the 20 taxa identified five of the seven as whether the threats affect the species in whose listings are warranted but candidates and two were determined to only a portion of its range. precluded by higher-priority proposals be ‘‘not warranted’’ (69 FR 70580). Our As used in our priority ranking to determine whether any species is an most recent ANOR was published on system, immediacy of threat is endangered or threatened species. We April 25, 2013 (78 FR 24604). Our categorized as either ‘‘imminent’’ or will consider this information in current revised CNOR–FS supersedes all ‘‘nonimminent.’’ It is not a measure of preparing listing documents or future previous ANORs/Notices. how quickly the species is likely to resubmitted petition findings for these Status Assessment of Foreign Candidate become extinct if the threats are not 20 taxa. This information will also help addressed; rather, immediacy is based Species and Findings on Resubmitted us to monitor the status of the taxa and Petitions on when the threats will begin. If a conserve them. We request the threat is currently occurring or likely to submission of any further information Since the publication of our previous occur in the very near future, we on the species in this CNOR–FS as soon ANOR on April 25, 2013 (78 FR 24604), classify the threat as imminent. as possible, or whenever it becomes we reviewed the available information Determining the immediacy of threats available. We especially seek on candidate species to determine helps ensure that species facing actual, information: whether listing remains warranted for identifiable threats are given priority for (1) Indicating that we should remove each species and, if so, reevaluated the listing proposals over those for which a taxon from consideration for listing; relative LPN assigned to each species. threats are only potential or species that (2) Documenting threats to any of the We also evaluated the need to are intrinsically vulnerable to certain included taxa; emergency list any of these species, types of threats, but are not known to be (3) Describing the immediacy or particularly species with high listing presently facing such threats. magnitude of threats facing these taxa; priority numbers (i.e., species with Our priority-ranking system has three (4) Identifying taxonomic or LPNs of 1, 2, or 3). This review ensures categories for taxonomic status: Species nomenclatural changes for any of the that we focus conservation efforts on that are the sole members of a genus; taxa; or those species at greatest risk first. In full species (in genera that have more (5) Noting any mistakes, such as addition to reviewing foreign candidate than one species); and subspecies and errors in the indicated historical ranges. species since publication of the last distinct population segments of You may submit your information ANOR, we have worked on numerous vertebrate species (DPSs). The result of concerning this CNOR–FS in general or findings in response to petitions to list the ranking system is that we assign for any of the species included in this species and on proposed and final each candidate a listing priority number CNOR–FS as described in ADDRESSES. determinations for rules to list, delist, or of 1 to 12. For example, if the threats are downlist species under the Act. Some of Previous Publications of high magnitude, with immediacy these findings and determinations have classified as imminent, the listable We called our previous reviews of been completed and published in the entity is assigned an LPN of 1, 2, or 3 foreign species an ‘‘Annual Notice of Federal Register, while work on others based on its taxonomic status (i.e., a Review,’’ or ‘‘ANOR.’’ In this review, we is still under way (see Preclusion and species that is the only member of its use the term ‘‘Candidate Notice of Expeditious Progress section, below, for genus would be assigned to the LPN 1 Review of Foreign Species (CNOR–FS)’’ details). category, a full species to LPN 2, and a to better align with terminology and The current number of foreign species subspecies or DPS would be assigned to processes used for our Candidate Notice that are candidates for listing is 20. LPN 3). In summary, the LPN ranking of Review of native species—meaning Based on our current review, we find system provides a basis for making those species native to the United that one species (the Codfish Island decisions about the relative priority for States. fernbird) has recovered and no longer preparing a proposed rule to list a given Nineteen of the species discussed in warrants listing; therefore, we removed species. Each species included in this this CNOR–FS are the result of three this species from the candidate list. We CNOR–FS is one for which we have separate petitions submitted to the U.S. also find that the southern helmeted sufficient information to prepare a Fish and Wildlife Service (Service) to is actually two species, the proposed rule to list, because it is in list a number of foreign and southern helmeted or danger of extinction or likely to become butterfly species as endangered or endemic to Bolivia ( unicornis) endangered within the foreseeable threatened under the Act. We received and the Sira curassow endemic to Peru future throughout all or a significant petitions to list the 13 foreign bird (Pauxi koepckeae). Thus, we find that portion of its range. species included in this CNOR–FS on 20 species continue to warrant listing, For more information on the process November 24, 1980, and May 6, 1991. but their listing remains precluded by and standards used in assigning LPNs, We found the petitions presented higher-priority proposals to determine a copy of the guidance is available at: substantial scientific or commercial whether any species is an endangered http://www.fws.gov/endangered/esa- information indicating that listing these species or a threatened species. Lastly,

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we have assigned an LPN of 2 for the reviewed in accordance with our Listing publishing proposed listing rules for Sira curassow and have changed the Priority Guidance the LPN of each taxon these species in the future, with the LPNs for the Brasilia , the for which proposed listing continues to objective of making expeditious Harris’ mimic , and be warranted but precluded. Based on progress in addressing all 20 of these the fluminense swallowtail butterfly. our review of the best available foreign species within a reasonable This CNOR–FS summarizes the scientific and commercial information, timeframe. current status of, and threats to, the 20 with this CNOR–FS, we are removing Table 1 provides a summary of all species we previously determined one species from the candidate list due updated determinations of the 20 taxa in qualified as candidates (78 FR 24604; to recovery and we are adding an our review. The column labeled April 25, 2013). It also serves to additional species to the list, the Sira ‘‘Priority’’ indicates the LPN. Following reevaluate the assigned listing priority curassow (Pauxi koepckeae), which was the scientific name of each taxon (third number given any changes in determined to be a separate species from column) is the family designation or threats, and includes our findings on the petitioned southern helmeted (fourth column) and the common name, resubmitted petitions for 20 foreign curassow (Pauxi unicornis). if one exists (fifth column). The sixth species. We have considered all of the We emphasize that we are not column provides the known historical new information that we have obtained proposing these species for listing, but range for the taxon. The avian species in since the previous finding, and we have we do anticipate developing and table 1 are listed taxonomically.

TABLE 1—SPECIES IN 2016 CANDIDATE NOTICE OF REVIEW OF FOREIGN SPECIES [C = Candidate (listing is warranted but precluded); Rc = Removing candidate from the list (listing is no longer warranted]

Status Scientific name Family Common name Historical range Category Priority

Birds

C ...... 2 Pauxi unicornis ...... ...... southern helmeted Bolivia. curassow. C ...... 2 Pauxi koepckeae ...... Cracidae ...... Sira curassow ...... Peru. C ...... 2 Rallus semiplumbeus ...... Rallidae ...... Bogota´ ...... Colombia. C ...... 8 Porphyrio hochstetteri ...... Rallidae ...... takahe ...... New Zealand. C ...... 8 Haematopus chathamensis Haematopodidae ...... Chatham ..... Chatham Islands, New Zealand. C ...... 8 Cyanoramphus malherbi ... Psittacidae ...... orange-fronted parakeet .... New Zealand. C ...... 8 Eunymphicus uvaeensis .... Psittacidae ...... Uvea parakeet ...... Uvea, New Caledonia. C ...... 8 Dryocopus galeatus ...... Picidae ...... helmeted ...... Argentina, , Para- guay. C ...... 2 Dendrocopos noguchii ...... Picidae ...... Okinawa woodpecker ...... Okinawa Island, Japan. C ...... 2 Aulacorhynchus huallagae Ramphastidae ...... yellow-browed toucanet ..... Peru. C ...... 8 Scytalopus novacapitalis ... Rhinocryptidae ...... Brasilia tapaculo ...... Brazil. Rc ...... Bowdleria punctata wilsoni Sylviidae ...... Codfish Island fernbird ...... Codfish Island, New Zea- land. C ...... 2 Zosterops luteirostris ...... Zosteropidae ...... Ghizo white-eye ...... Solomon Islands. C ...... 8 Tangara peruviana ...... Thraupidae ...... black-backed tanager ...... Brazil. C ...... 6 Strepera graculina crissalis Cracticidae ...... Lord Howe Island pied Lord Howe Island, New currawong. South Wales.

Invertebrates (Butterflies)

C ...... 3 Mimoides (= Eurytides or Papilionidae ...... Harris’ mimic swallowtail ... Brazil. ) lysithous harrisianus. C ...... 2 Protographium (= Eurytides Papilionidae ...... Jamaican kite swallowtail .. Jamaica. or Graphium or Neographium or Protesilaus) marcellinus. C ...... 2 ascanius ...... Papilionidae ...... Fluminense swallowtail ...... Brazil. C ...... 2 Parides hahneli ...... Papilionidae ...... Hahnel’s Amazonian swal- Brazil. lowtail. C ...... 8 Teinopalpus imperialis ...... Papilionidae ...... Kaiser-i-Hind swallowtail ... , , , Laos, , , Thai- land, .

Mollusc

C ...... 2 Mulinia coloradoensis ...... Mactridae ...... Colorado delta clam ...... Mexico.

We will continue to monitor the information will determine if a change the following sections, we describe our status of these species as new in status is warranted, including the findings for the individual species. The information becomes available (see need to emergency list any species or summaries are based on information Monitoring, below). Our review of new change the LPN of any of the species. In

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contained in our files, including any development. Although the Sira the region. Additionally, there are few petitions we received. curassow is legally protected in a large protected areas of more than 25,000 portion of its range in El Sira Communal hectares (61,776 acres). New Candidates Reserve, illegal hunting still occurs The primary threat to the species is Sira curassow (Pauxi koepckeae)—We there. The species is classified as loss and degradation of its . The added the Sira curassow as a new critically endangered on the IUCN Red Cerrado is the largest, most diverse, and candidate species. In previous ANORs, List. It is not threatened by international possibly most threatened tropical we evaluated two bird subspecies under trade, and it is not listed in any savanna in the world. Land in the the genus Pauxi, the southern helmeted appendices of the Convention on Cerrado is currently being converted to curassow or horned curassow (P. International Trade in Endangered soybean and rice plantations. At current unicornis unicornis) from Bolivia and Species of Wild Fauna and Flora rates, the remaining natural habitat in the Sira curassow (P. unicornis (CITES). In the previous ANOR, both the the Cerrado is predicted to be converted koepckeae) from Peru. The ranges of the southern and the to other uses by 2030. The tapaculo’s two are separated by Sira curassow had an LPN of 2. Now gallery-forest habitat has been less approximately 2,000 kilometers (km) that the Sira curassow, Pauxi affected by clearing for agriculture than (1,243 miles (mi)). In 2014, BirdLife koepckeae, is a valid, distinct species, the surrounding Cerrado. However, International’s (BLI) Taxonomic we have reevaluated the species and larger impacts to the Cerrado are certain Working Group evaluated all non- conclude that an LPN of 2 continues to to affect gallery forests; erosion and (non-perching ), be accurate. The Sira curassow does not deterioration of streams is increasing, including the southern helmeted represent a monotypic genus. It faces and wetland drainage and the diversion curassow, applying quantitative criteria threats that are high in magnitude based of water for irrigation and annual for species delimitation, using a scoring on its small estimated population and burning of adjacent grasslands is system to examine differences in limited range. The few locations where expected to limit the availability and morphology, vocalizations, ecology, and it is believed to exist continue to face extent of suitable habitat for the Brasilia geographical relationships—the results pressure from hunting and habitat loss. tapaculo. of which elevated both of these The best scientific information available The Brazilian national authority on subspecies to species: P. unicornis and indicates that the population decline wildlife, Instituto Chico Mendes de P. koepckeae. Although BLI and will continue in the future. Because the Conservac¸a˜o da Biodiversidade International Union for the species is experiencing significant (ICMBio), categorizes Brasilia tapaculo Conservation of Nature (IUCN) now population declines and ongoing habitat as endangered based on severe recognize these as full species, the loss and degradation, we have assigned fragmentation of populations and Integrated Taxonomic Information an LPN of 2 to reflect imminent threats continued decline in habitat. The IUCN System (ITIS) continues to recognize P. of high magnitude. Red List categorizes the species as ‘‘Near unicornis as a full species with P. Threatened.’’ It is not threatened by unicornis unicornis and P. unicornis Listing Priority Changes in Candidates international trade and is not listed in koepckeae as subspecies. Based upon We reviewed the LPNs for all any appendices of CITES. review of the available information, we candidate species and are changing the In the previous ANOR, we assigned consider these two curassows (P. LPNs for the following three species the Brasilia tapaculo an LPN of 11. After unicornis and P. koepckeae) as valid, discussed below. More information on reevaluating the available information, full species. Therefore, we have these species may be found in the we find that a change to an LPN of 8 is expanded our review to include the Sira supporting documents for this CNOR– appropriate. The Brasilia tapaculo does curassow (P. koepckeae), and have FS. not represent a monotypic genus. The added the Sira curassow to table 1. More threat to the species is of moderate Birds information on Sira curassow is magnitude and is imminent. The species provided below and in the supporting Brasilia tapaculo (Scytalopus has a fairly wide geographic range but documents for this CNOR–FS. novacapitalis)—The Brasilia tapaculo is is endemic to the Cerrado and strongly The Sira curassow is a game bird that a small, secretive ground-dwelling bird associated with gallery forests, a very is known only from the Cerros del Sira with limited flight ability. The tapaculo small component of the Cerrado. The region of Peru. Size and coloration are is found in gallery-forest habitat that is drastic conversion of the Cerrado is similar to the southern helmeted a smaller component of the wider ongoing. The populations currently curassow, but the Sira curassow has a tropical savanna or ‘‘Cerrado’’ of the appear to be found only in or next to a shorter and rounder pale-blue casque (a Central Goia´s Plateau of Brazil. Gallery handful of protected areas and most of horn-like bony appendage above the forests are narrow fringes of thick these areas are small. The species is bill) that is flattened against the head. streamside vegetation that occur on the reported as rare, even in protected areas. The Sira curassow inhabits cloud-forest edges of rivers and streams at elevations Thus, based on review of the best habitat (a type of rainforest that occurs of approximately 800–1,000 m (2,625– available scientific and commercial on high mountains in the tropics) at 3,281 ft). The Brasilia tapaculo is information, the LPN has been changed elevations from 1,100 to 1,450 meters described as ‘‘rare,’’ but the population from 11 to 8 to reflect imminent threats (m) (3,609–4,757 feet (ft)) and above. size is unknown. Despite a lack of data of moderate magnitude. Although historical population data on population trends, declines are are lacking, the population is currently suspected to be occurring, owing to Invertebrates (Butterflies) estimated at fewer than 250 mature habitat loss and degradation in the Harris’ mimic swallowtail (Mimoides individuals and is declining. The Cerrado. It is known to occur in six lysithous harrisianus)—The Harris’ primarily cause of the decline is protected areas and has been found on mimic swallowtail is a subspecies that ongoing hunting by local communities. private land next to protected areas. inhabits the restinga (sand forest) Additionally, the Sira curassow’s Protected areas are limited in extent and of the coastal Atlantic Forest of habitat is being degraded by subsistence size. Only 1.2 percent of the Cerrado is Brazil. It historically occurred in agriculture, forest clearing, road in protected areas and those protected southern Espirito Santo State and along building, and associated rural areas are not distributed evenly across the coast of the State of Rio de Janeiro,

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Brazil. More recent records are from indicates that there is demand for the In the previous ANOR, the fluminense three locations in the State of Rio de subspecies, likely from illegal swallowtail was assigned an LPN of 5. Janeiro, but we could not find recent collection. Because the population is After reevaluating the factors affecting population information for the very small and limited to only three the fluminense swallowtail and its subspecies. known colonies, removal of individuals population decline, we have determined has been the main from the remaining small, fragmented that a change in the listing priority threat and is ongoing. Based on a colonies could, in combination with number to 2 is appropriate. The number of estimates, 88 to 95 percent of other stressors, contribute to local fluminense swallowtail does not the area historically covered by tropical extirpations. We find these threats are of represent a monotypic genus. The forests within the Atlantic Forest biome high magnitude and based on the best overall number of populations recorded has been converted or severely degraded available information, we have changed for the species has declined and most of as the result of human activities. In the LPN from 6 to 3 to reflect imminent the remaining populations are small and addition to the overall loss and threats of high magnitude for this fragmented. The species is currently degradation of its habitat, the remaining subspecies. affected by habitat destruction, which is tracts of its habitat are severely Fluminense swallowtail (Parides high in magnitude and imminence. fragmented. Habitat loss due to sea-level ascanius)—The fluminense swallowtail Despite the conservation measures in rise may also affect this coastal (Parides ascanius) also inhabits the place, some of the remaining small subspecies, and losses may be restinga (sand forest) habitats of the populations may be impacted by illegal compounded by an increased demand coastal Atlantic Forest of Brazil within collection. On the basis of this new by humans to use remaining land for the State of Rio de Janeiro. The overall information, we have changed the LPN housing and infrastructure. number of populations reported for the for the fluminense swallowtail from 5 to Another factor affecting this butterfly species has declined from ‘‘fewer than 2. is collection. In previous ANORs we 20 colonies’’ in 1994 to 8 in 2015. suspected that collection may be a Candidate Removals Genetic analysis of the eight remaining stressor for this species but have now Codfish Island fernbird (Bowdleria populations is consistent with noted sale of the subspecies on the punctata wilsoni)—We have evaluated metapopulation dynamics (a group of internet. The Harris’ mimic swallowtail the threats to the Codfish Island fernbird separate populations that has some level is on the list of Brazilian fauna (Bowdleria punctata wilsoni) and of mixing) with low genetic diversity threatened with extinction, and considered factors that, individually and trending towards increased collection and trade of the subspecies is and in combination, currently or isolation of these populations from prohibited. However, we recently found potentially could pose a risk to the urban development. Habitat loss, three online advertisements for the species and its habitat. After a review of Harris’ mimic swallowtail at prices degradation, and fragmentation are the the best available scientific and ranging from 990 to 1,950 Euros each principal threats to this species. The commercial data, we conclude that (approximately 1,118 to 2,182 U.S. species occupies highly specialized listing this species under the Act is not dollars (USD)) indicating that illegal habitat and requires large areas to warranted because it is not likely to collection and trade may be occurring maintain a viable colony. Only one of become an endangered species within and demand for this butterfly is high. the eight known populations is the foreseeable future throughout all or Harris’ mimic swallowtail is not presently found within a large protected a significant portion of its range. currently on the IUCN Red list, although area (Poc¸o das Antas Biological Therefore, we no longer consider the it was identified as a ‘‘Threatened and Reserve), and the majority of the Codfish Island fernbird to be a Extinct Subspecies’’ in the family remaining populations are on smaller, candidate species for listing. We will Papilionidae in the 1994 IUCN Red List. fragmented parcels with limited or no continue to monitor the status of this The subspecies has not been formally protections. Collection and commercial species and to accept additional considered for listing in the appendices exploitation (see Harris’ mimic information and comments concerning to CITES. It is also not regulated on the swallowtail above) were also identified this finding. We will reconsider our annexes to European Union Wildlife as possible factors affecting the determination in the event that we Trade Regulations. fluminense swallowtail. The species is gather new information that indicates In the previous ANOR, the Harris’ located near urban areas and is easy to that the threats are of a considerably mimic swallowtail was assigned an LPN capture. The impact of illegal collection greater magnitude or imminence than of 6. After reevaluating the threats to to the fluminense swallowtail is identified through assessments of this species, we have determined that a difficult to assess, but removal of information contained in our files, as change to an LPN of 3 is appropriate. individuals from the remaining small, summarized below. More information Harris’ mimic swallowtail is a fragmented populations could, in on this species may be found in the subspecies that is not within a combination with other stressors, supporting documents for this CNOR– monotypic genus. Although the best- contribute to local extirpations. FS. studied colony has maintained a stable The fluminense swallowtail butterfly The Codfish Island fernbird is a small, and viable size for nearly two decades, was the first invertebrate to be officially -eating songbird native to Codfish there is limited recent information on noted on the list of Brazilian Island, New Zealand. Codfish Island is status. Threats are high in magnitude threatened with extinction in 1973. It a nature reserve, located 3 km (1.8 mi) due to the existence of only a few, small has been classified as ‘‘Vulnerable’’ by off the northwest coast of Stewart fragmented colonies, and the potential the IUCN Red List since 1983, although Island. The subspecies was also for catastrophic events such as severe it is now marked as ‘‘Needs Updating.’’ successfully introduced to Putauhinu tropical storms, fire or introduction of a The species is currently categorized by Island, approximately 40 km south of new disease or predator. Additionally, Brazil as ‘‘Imperiled.’’ It has not been Codfish Island, in the late 1990s. The although the subspecies is protected by formally considered for listing in the Codfish Island fernbird is secretive, and Brazilian law and the colonies are appendices to CITES. However, it is its main habitat is the pakihi, which located within protected areas, the high listed on annex B of the European consists of dense vegetation 0.9 to 2.1 m price advertised online for specimens Union Trade Regulation. (3 to 7 ft) high. Fernbirds will also

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occupy forest habitats as long as rat have restricted access, such that continue to face pressure from hunting populations are absent. Fernbirds are reestablishment of nonnative predators and habitat loss and destruction, and poor fliers that typically scramble is extremely unlikely. In the unlikely population decline will likely continue. through vegetation, though they event of nonnative predators Because the species is experiencing occasionally fly short distances. reappearing on either island, NZDOC ongoing significant population declines At its lowest point, in the early 1970s, has a proven track-record of success in and habitat loss, we have made no the population was estimated to be less eradicating mammalian predators from change to the LPN of 2, which reflects than 100 individuals. Although there is these islands. Therefore, we have imminent threats of high magnitude. no current estimate of the size of the determined that this subspecies no Bogota´ rail (Rallus semiplumbeus)— Codfish Island fernbird population, the longer warrants listing and are removing The Bogota´ rail is found in the East population on Codfish Island as of 2007 it from the candidate list. Andes of Colombia, South America. It is was believed to be ‘‘several hundred,’’ a medium-sized nonmigratory rail with an additional 200–300 birds on Findings for Petitioned Candidate largely restricted to areas at elevations Putauhinu Island, based on incidental Species from 2,500–4,000 m (8,202–13,123 ft) in encounter rates in the various habitats. Birds and surrounding Bogota´, Columbia, on Populations on both islands appear to the Ubate´-Bogota´ Plateau. This region have expanded into all available Southern helmeted curassow (Pauxi formerly supported vast marshes and habitats and appear to be stable and unicornis)—Like the Sira curassow (see swamps, but few lakes with suitable secure. Historically, Codfish Island above), the Southern helmeted curassow habitat for the rail remain. The species fernbird populations were greatly is a game bird with a distinctive pale- is secretive, and wetland habitats most reduced in number due to predation by blue horn-like appendage, or casque, frequently used by rail are fringed by Polynesian rats and (Gallirallus above its bill. The southern helmeted dense vegetation-rich shallows. The australis), a flightless woodhen that is curassow is known only from central current population size of the Bogota´ endemic to New Zealand. Codfish Bolivia on the eastern slope of the rail is estimated between 1,000 and Island’s native vegetation was also Andes, where large portions of its 2,499 mature individuals and is thought modified by the introduced Australian habitat are in National Parks. The to be declining. The primary threat to brush-tailed possum (Trichosurus species inhabits dense, humid, foothill the rail is habitat loss and degradation. vulpecula). These threats have now and lower montane forest and adjacent Approximately 8 million people live in been eliminated through intensive evergreen forest at altitudes between the City of Bogota´ and 11 million in the eradication efforts. The Codfish Island 450 and 1,500 m (1,476 to 4,921 ft). larger metro area. The wetlands have fernbird population has rebounded The total population of southern experienced a 97-percent loss in strongly with the removal of nonnative helmeted curassow is estimated to be historical extent with few suitably predators in the 1980s and 1990s. between 1,500 and 7,500 individuals vegetated marshes remaining. Additionally, forest habitat is now and is declining. Hunting is believed to Additionally, road building may result regenerating, and the fernbird has be the primary threat to the species, in further colonization and human successfully recolonized and expanded followed by habitat loss and interference, including introduction of its range on Codfish Island. With the degradation. Although the National nonnative species in previously stable introduction of the fernbird to a second Parks have been important for the wetland environments. The Bogota´ rail island that is free of nonnative preservation of the species, financial is listed as endangered at the global and predators, the primary threats to the and human resources needed to protect national level by IUCN. Trade does not species have been eliminated. park resources are limited. Within the appear to be of concern at the Neither the IUCN nor BLI have Parks, there are human settlements and international level, and the species is assessed the status of this subspecies. ongoing encroachment, including illegal not listed in any appendices of CITES. The New Zealand Department of logging operations and forest clearing In the previous ANOR, the Bogota´ rail Conservation (NZDOC) categorizes the for farming. Rural development and was assigned an LPN of 2. After Codfish Island fernbird as a range- road building limit the species’ ability reevaluating the threats to this species, restricted island endemic that is to disperse. Range reductions due to we have determined that no change in ‘‘naturally uncommon.’’ It is not listed climate change are also predicted for the the LPN for the species is needed. The in any appendices of CITES. southern helmeted curassow, when Bogota´ rail does not represent a In the previous ANOR, the Codfish warming temperatures may cause the monotypic genus. It faces threats that Island fernbird was assigned an LPN of species to shift its distribution upslope are high in magnitude due to the 12. After reevaluating the available and outside of protected National Parks. pressures on the species’ habitat. Its information, we find that this The southern helmeted curassow is range is very small and is rapidly subspecies no longer warrants listing. classified as critically endangered on contracting because of widespread Although it is an island endemic that is the IUCN Red List. Trade has not been habitat loss and degradation. Although restricted in range, the primary threat to noted internationally, and the species is portions of the Bogota´ rail’s range occur the species—nonnative predators—has not listed in any appendices of CITES. in protected areas, most of the savanna been removed, and the population has The species is listed in annex D of the wetlands are unprotected. The responded and expanded throughout its European Union Trade Regulations. population is small and is believed to be known historical range on Codfish In the previous ANOR, the southern rapidly declining. The factors affecting Island, occupying all available habitats. helmeted curassow was assigned an the species are ongoing, and are, In addition, conservation efforts by LPN of 2. After reevaluating the threats therefore, imminent. Thus, the LPN NZDOC have resulted in the to the species, we have determined that remains at 2 to reflect imminent threats establishment of a second population on no change in the LPN is warranted. The of high magnitude. Putauhinu island that is free of southern helmeted curassow does not Takahe (Porphyrio hochstetteri)—The nonnative predators, and that represent a monotypic genus. It faces takahe is a large flightless bird in the population has expanded and appears to threats that are high in magnitude based rail family. The takahe was once be secure. Finally, the two islands on its small, limited range. The few widespread in the forest and grassland occupied by the Codfish Island fernbird locations where it is believed to exist ecosystems of New Zealand. It was

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thought to be extinct until it was population size and naturally low population estimate is very small, and rediscovered in the Murchison reproductive rate, are threats to this the species has a limited range, but Mountains on the South Island of New species that are moderate in magnitude. NZDOC has taken measures to recover Zealand in 1948. In addition to its Thus, the LPN remains at 8 to reflect the species and the population is slowly native range on the mainland, the imminent threats of moderate growing. However, threats (predation, takahe has been introduced to offshore magnitude. trampling, low population numbers, and islands and mainland sanctuaries. Chatham oystercatcher (Haematopus loss of eggs due to storm surges) are When rediscovered in 1948, it was chathamensis)—The Chatham ongoing and, thus, are imminent. The estimated that the takahe population oystercatcher is native to the Chatham LPN remains an 8 to reflect imminent consisted of 100 to 300 birds; in 2013, Island group located 860 km (534 mi) threats of moderate magnitude. the population was estimated at 227 east of mainland New Zealand. The Orange-fronted parakeet adult birds. Several factors have species breeds along the coastline of (Cyanoramphus malherbi)—The orange- historically led to the species’ decline, four islands in the chain: Chatham, Pitt, fronted parakeet was once well including hunting, competition from Rangatira, and Mangere. The Chatham distributed on the South Island of introduced herbivores (animals that feed oystercatcher is found mainly along mainland New Zealand and a few on plants), and predators such as rocky shores, including wide volcanic offshore islands. It is now considered weasels and the weka, a flightless rock platforms and occasionally on the rarest parakeet in New Zealand. woodhen that is endemic to New sandy or gravelly beaches. Remaining naturally occurring Zealand. Currently, weasel predation The Chatham oystercatcher is the populations are restricted to limited appears to be the most significant of rarest oystercatcher in the world, with a range (30 km (18.6 mi)) of four areas of these threats. Weasel trapping is an recent population estimate of 309 birds. subalpine mature beech forests effective tool at slowly increasing The species has experienced a three-fold (Nothofagus spp.), on the South Island. survival and reproductive output of increase in its population since the first Orange-fronted parakeets have also been takahe; however, control efforts do not reliable census was conducted in 1987. released onto four predator-free islands completely eliminate the threat. Takahe Most of this increase occurred during a where breeding has been confirmed. is a long-lived bird, potentially living period of intensive management, The species’ range contracted when between 14 and 20 years, and has a low especially predator control, from 1998 its population was severely reduced in reproductive rate, with clutches through 2004. The Chatham the late 1800s and early 1900s for consisting of one to three eggs. Severe oystercatcher is listed as nationally unknown reasons. Information on weather in the Murchison Mountains critical by the NZDOC. It is classified as current population status is mixed, but (cold winters and high snowfall) may ‘‘Endangered’’ on the IUCN Red List and optimistic. The population experienced also be a limiting factor to the takahe. is not listed in any appendices of CITES. another crash in 1990–2000 following The population of takahe remains very Predation of eggs and chicks, and to rat invasions. The population is still small and has low genetic diversity a lesser extent of adults, is thought to be small and has declined over the last relative to other species. The NZDOC is the main impediment to the Chatham decade with estimates between 290 and currently attempting to manage further oystercatcher population. Although 690 individuals in early 2013. The 2013 loss of genetic diversity through Mangere and Rangatira nature reserves estimates indicated further declines on translocations. Additionally, NZDOC are free of all mammalian predators, the mainland and, during a 14-year has implemented a captive-breeding and nonnative mammalian predators inhabit period (approximately three release program to supplement the Chatham and Pitt Islands. Feral cats are generations), a reduction in the number mainland population and has the most common predator on eggs. of mature birds. More recently, the established several reserve populations Other documented predators include global population is reported as on islands and fenced mainland sites; gulls (Larus spp.), the native brown skua increasing due to successful these actions are having a positive effect (Catharacta antarctica), weka, and translocations to predator-free islands on population growth. The takahe is domestic dogs. Nest destruction and and control of predators in its range on listed as endangered on the IUCN Red disturbance by humans and livestock the South Island. List, and New Zealand considers it to be are also noted threats. Habitat loss and The most prominent factors affecting a nationally critical species. It is not degradation has occurred from the species on the mainland are listed in any appendices of CITES as introductions of nonnative Marram predation by nonnative mammals such international trade is not a concern. grass (Ammophila arenaria) in the early as weasels and rats (Rattus spp.), as well In the previous ANOR, the takahe was 1900s to re-vegetate destabilized dunes. as habitat destruction. Habitat loss and assigned an LPN of 8. After reevaluating The dense marram grass is unsuitable degradation has affected large areas of the threats to the takahe, we have for Chatham oystercatcher nesting. native forest on the mainland. In determined that no change in the Consequently, the Chatham addition, silviculture (care and classification of the magnitude and oystercatcher is forced to nest closer to cultivation) of beech forests in the past imminence of threats to the species is shore, where nests are vulnerable to had removed mature trees with nest warranted at this time. The takahe does tides and storm surges; up to 50 percent cavities needed by the parakeet. The not represent a monotypic genus. of eggs are lost in some years. Rising sea species’ habitat is also degraded by Although it has a small population, levels associated with climate change introduced herbivores that alter forest limited suitable habitat, and may will likely affect future nesting success. structure in a way that reduces the experience inbreeding depression, In the previous ANOR, the Chatham available feeding habitat for the because the NZDOC is actively involved oystercatcher was assigned an LPN of 8. parakeet. Lastly, and Feather in measures to aid the recovery of the After reevaluating the threats to this Disease Virus (BFDV) is a potential species, we find the threats are species, we have determined that no threat to this species. The disease was moderate in magnitude. Despite change in the classification of the discovered in wild native birds in New conservation efforts, the threats are magnitude and imminence of threats to Zealand in 2008 (e.g., the red-fronted ongoing and, therefore, imminent. Lack the species is warranted. The Chatham parakeet, Cyanoramphus of suitable habitat and predation, oystercatcher does not represent a novaezelandiae) though it has not been combined with the takahe’s small monotypic genus. The current documented in the orange-fronted

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parakeet. Infected birds either develop monitored, it appears that nest poaching at 400–8,900 individuals. Although immunity, die within a couple of weeks, is no longer occurring such that it forest clearing has recently slowed, and or become chronically infected. Chronic significantly affects this species, and the the species occurs in at least 17 infections result in feather loss and population has increased. Other protected areas throughout its range, deformities of beak and feathers. identified threats to the species include: habitat degradation continues and the In the previous ANOR, the orange- Habitat degradation and conversion, population is still believed to be fronted parakeet was assigned an LPN of loss of nesting cavities to bees, loss of declining. The principal threat to the 8. After reevaluating the factors affecting habitat through climate change, and the helmeted woodpecker is loss, the species, we have determined that no potential for introduction of nonnative degradation, and fragmentation of its change in the classification of the predators. Artificial nests are being Atlantic forest habitat. Competition for magnitude of threats to the species is installed to increase available nesting nest cavities is also likely a limiting warranted because NZDOC is actively sites; however, Uvea parakeets have not factor. The helmeted woodpecker is one managing the species. The orange- yet used the artificial nests provided. of the rarest woodpecker in the fronted parakeet does not represent a Uvea is a low-elevation and relatively Americas. It is listed as endangered in monotypic genus. Although the species’ flat island. Climate change (and Brazil and as vulnerable by the IUCN. It available suitable nesting habitat in associated sea-level rise) will likely is not listed in any appendices of CITES. beech forests is extremely limited, result in loss of forest habitat or In the previous ANOR, the helmeted translocations have taken place and important food species and is woodpecker was assigned an LPN of 8. seem to be successful. However, the considered a substantial threat to the After reevaluating the available population is still small and vulnerable persistence of Uvea parakeets. The information, we find that no change in to several threats despite management limited occupied range of the species the LPN for the helmeted woodpecker is efforts that may have stabilized the (only 34 km2 (13 mi2)) in a few warranted. The helmeted woodpecker population (albeit at small numbers). fragmented patches on Uvea, amplifies does not represent a monotypic genus. Small populations may also be this threat. Uvea parakeet is listed as The magnitude of threats to the species vulnerable to stochastic events, ‘‘Endangered’’ on the IUCN Red List. It is moderate because the species’ range including disease outbreaks such as is listed in appendix I of CITES and is fairly large. The threats are imminent BFDV. We find that the threats to this annex A of the European Union Trade because the forest habitat upon which species are still imminent; thus, the LPN Regulations. the species depends is still being altered remains at 8 to reflect imminent threats In the previous ANOR, the Uvea and degraded. An LPN of 8 continues to of moderate magnitude. parakeet was assigned an LPN of 8. be accurate for this species. Uvea parakeet (Eunymphicus After reevaluating the threats to this Okinawa woodpecker (Dendrocopos uvaeensis)—The Uvea parakeet is a species, we have determined that no noguchii syn. Sapheopipo noguchii)— relatively large, green parakeet found on change in the classification of the The Okinawa woodpecker is a relatively the small atoll of Uvea, located magnitude and imminence of threats to large woodpecker found on Okinawa approximately 1,500 km (932 mi) east of the species is warranted. The Uvea Island, Japan. The species prefers Australia in the Loyalty Archipelago, parakeet does not represent a monotypic undisturbed, mature, subtropical New Caledonia (a territory of France). genus. The Uvea parakeet has a limited evergreen broadleaf forests. It currently The entire island of Uvea is considered distribution on a single small island occurs within the forested areas in the an Important Bird Area by BirdLife with limited remaining old-growth International which works with forest on which the bird depends for northern part of the island, generally in communities to combine conservation nesting cavities. The population has the Yambaru forest, and in some with sustainable livelihoods. To date, increased in size due to conservation, undisturbed forested in coastal areas. however, we are unaware of any education, a ban on commercial trade, Most of the older forests that support designated reserves or provincial parks. and a reduction in poaching; however, the species are within the Jungle Uvea parakeets were introduced to the several threats (including habitat loss, Warfare Training Center (formerly, the adjacent island of Lifou (to establish a loss of nesting cavities and effects from Northern Training Area), part of the second population) in 1925 and 1963, climate change) are still present and United States Marine Corps installation but these introductions failed. The ongoing and, therefore, imminent. The on Okinawa Island. species occupies both the north and LPN remains an 8 to reflect imminent The Okinawa woodpecker is south end of Uvea Island. The species threats of moderate magnitude. considered one of the world’s rarest primarily uses older (old-growth) forest Helmeted woodpecker (Dryocopus woodpecker species. Current population habitats and nests in the cavities of galeatus)—The helmeted woodpecker is estimates are between 100 and 390 living Syzygium and Mimusops trees. a fairly small woodpecker native to individuals and declining. Their exclusive use of tree cavities for regions of southern Brazil, eastern Habitat destruction and fragmentation nesting may be a limiting factor. In Paraguay, and northeastern Argentina. was a significant threat. As of 2001, only 1977, the Uvea parakeet population was Its characteristic habitat is expansive, 40 km2 (15 mi2) of suitable habitat was estimated to be between 500 to 800 well-preserved southern Atlantic Forest available for this species. While most of individuals. More recent analyses in both lowland and montane areas from the habitat loss appears to have ceased, provided two population estimates of sea level up to elevations of 1,000 m the Okinawa woodpecker still suffers approximately 1,730 birds with varying (3,280 ft). It is believed to prefer mature from limited suitable habitat and a small confidence intervals. (old-growth) trees in tropical and population size. This situation makes it Historically, the primary threat to this subtropical semi-deciduous forests as vulnerable to extinction from disease species was the capture of juveniles for well as in mixed deciduous-coniferous and natural disasters such as typhoons. the pet trade, which involved cutting forests. In addition, the species is vulnerable to open nesting cavities to extract The helmeted woodpecker’s introduced predators such as feral dogs nestlings; this practice renders the holes population is believed to have declined and cats, Javan mongoose (Herpestes unsuitable for future nesting. Since sharply between 1945 and 2000 in javanicus), and weasels (Mustela itatsi). restrictions have been put into place conjunction with the clearing of mature The species is listed as critically and the species has been more closely forest habitat and is currently estimated endangered on the IUCN Red List. It is

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legally protected in Japan. It is not listed the Solomon Islands in the South reduction in old-growth forest for local in any appendices of CITES. Pacific Ocean, east of Papua New uses such as gardens and timber. These In the previous ANOR, the Okinawa Guinea. The total range of the Ghizo threats to the species are ongoing, of woodpecker was assigned an LPN of 2. white-eye is estimated to be less than 35 high magnitude, and imminent. Thus, After reevaluating the available km2 (13.5 mi2), of which less than 1 km2 based on the best available scientific information, we find that no change in (0.39 mi2) is the old-growth forest that and commercial information, the LPN the LPN is warranted. The Okinawa the species apparently prefers. remains a 2 for this species. woodpecker does not represent a Little information is available about Black-backed tanager (Tangara monotypic genus. Threats to the species this species and its habitat. It is locally peruviana)—The black-backed tanager are of high magnitude due to the common in old-growth forest patches is endemic to the coastal Atlantic Forest scarcity of old-growth habitat, upon and less common elsewhere. The region of southeastern Brazil. It has been which the species is dependent. Its species has been observed in a variety found in the coastal states of Espirito population is very small and is believed of habitats on the island, but it is Santo, Rio de Janeiro, Sa˜o Paulo, Parana`, to still be declining, and species with unknown whether sustainable Santa Catarina, and Rio Grande do Sul. fragmented habitat in combination with populations can exist outside of forested The species is generally restricted to the small population sizes may be at greater habitats. The population is estimated to sand-forest ‘‘restinga’’ habitat, which is risk of extinction due to synergistic be between 250 and 999 mature a coastal component habitat of the effects. The threats to the species are individuals and is suspected to be greater Atlantic Forest complex. ongoing and imminent and high in declining due to habitat degradation, Restingas are herbaceous, shrubby magnitude due to its restricted particularly since a tsunami hit the coastal sand-dune habitats. The black- population size, past habitat loss, and island in 2007. Habitat loss appears to backed tanager is primarily found in endemism. The LPN for this species be the main threat. As of 2012, the undisturbed habitat but has also been remains a 2 to reflect imminent threats human population on the island was observed in secondary (or second- of high magnitude. 7,177 and growing rapidly, and there growth) forests. It has also been Yellow-browed toucanet has been prolific growth in informal observed visiting gardens and orchards (Aulacorhynchus huallagae)—The human settlements and temporary of houses close to forested areas. Within yellow-browed toucanet has a small housing on Ghizo, which may be suitable habitat, the black-backed range on the east slope of the Andes of adversely affecting the Ghizo white-eye tanager is generally not considered rare. north-central Peru at elevations of and its habitat. Areas around Ghizo The population estimate is between 2,000–2,600 m (6,562–8,530 ft). The Town, which previously supported the 2,500 to 10,000 mature individuals. toucanet occurs in humid montane species, have been further degraded Populations currently appear small and forests. The population status is not since the town was devastated by the fragmented and are believed to be well known because of the 2007 tsunami, and habitat was found declining. inaccessibility of its habitat, but is less likely able to support the species in The primary factor affecting this estimated at 600–1,500 mature 2012. The species is also affected by species is the rapid and widespread loss individuals. Habitat loss and conversion of forested areas to of habitat, mainly to urban expansion destruction from deforestation for agricultural uses. The old-growth forest and beachfront development. Its habitat agriculture has been widespread in the on Ghizo is still under pressure from is under pressure from the intense region and is suspected to be the main clearance for local use as timber, development that occurs in coastal threat, although deforestation appears to firewood, and gardens, as are the areas areas, particularly south of Rio de have occurred mainly below the of secondary growth, which are already Janeiro. In addition to the overall loss altitudinal range of this toucanet. Gold suspected to be suboptimal habitat for and degradation of its habitat, the mining and manufacturing also are this species. remaining tracts of its habitat are common in the region. The yellow- The population of this species is severely fragmented. The black-backed browed toucanet is described as scarce believed to be declining and, given its tanager’s remaining suitable habitat in wherever found, and ongoing fragmented habitat in combination with the areas of Rio de Janeiro and Parana´ population declines resulting from small population sizes, may be at greater have largely been destroyed, and habitat habitat loss are assumed. It is classified risk of extinction due to synergistic loss and degradation will likely increase as endangered on the IUCN Red List and effects. The IUCN Red List classifies this in the future. Additionally, although is not listed in any CITES appendices. species as endangered. It is not listed in small portions of this species’ range In the previous ANOR, the yellow- any appendices of CITES, and this occur in six protected areas, protections browed toucanet was assigned an LPN species is not in international trade. appear limited. Sea-level rise may also of 2. After reevaluating the available In the previous ANOR, the Ghizo affect this species, which inhabits information, we find that no change in white-eye was assigned an LPN of 2. coastal areas. Habitat loss due to sea- the classification of the magnitude and After reevaluating the available level rise may be compounded by an imminence of threats to the species is information, we find that no change in increased demand by humans to use warranted at this time. The yellow- the LPN for this species is warranted. remaining land for housing and browed toucanet does not represent a The Ghizo white-eye does not represent infrastructure. These factors affecting monotypic genus. The estimated a monotypic genus. It faces threats that the black-backed tanager’s remaining population is small with a restricted are high in magnitude due to declining habitat are ongoing due to the range. The magnitude of threats to the suitable habitat and its small, declining challenges that Brazil faces to balance habitat remains high, and its population population size. The best available its competing development and is likely declining. The LPN remains a information indicates that forest environmental priorities. The black- 2 to reflect imminent threats of high clearing is occurring at a pace that is backed tanager is classified as magnitude. rapidly denuding the habitat; vulnerable by the IUCN. It is not listed Ghizo white-eye (Zosterops secondary-growth forest continues to be in any appendices of CITES. It is listed luteirostris)—The Ghizo white-eye is a converted to agricultural purposes. as vulnerable in Brazil. small (perching) bird. It is Further, the human population on the In the previous ANOR, the black- endemic to the small island of Ghizo in small island is likely contributing to the backed tanager was assigned an LPN of

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8. After reevaluating the available during ongoing rat-baiting programs. Habitat loss, degradation, and information, we have determined that Experimental efforts to develop fragmentation are considered to be the no change in the LPN for this species is techniques to house the birds in aviaries primary factors affecting the Jamaican warranted at this time. The black- while rat-baiting programs take place kite swallowtail. Additionally, the backed tanager does not represent a show promise for protecting the species species is vulnerable due to its small monotypic genus. This species is during these eradication efforts. The population size and limited distribution protected under Brazil’s National subspecies’ status is not addressed by on the island. After centuries of a high Environmental Policy Act (Law 6.938 of IUCN. It is not listed in any appendices rate of deforestation, the island lost 1981), and several other laws of CITES as trade is not an issue for this much of its original forest. Eight percent implementing protection for fauna. taxon. The New South Wales of the total land area of Jamaica is Despite these laws, its habitat continues Threatened Species Conservation Act of natural forest with minimal human to diminish. We find that threats 1995 lists the Lord Howe pied disturbance. In Rozelle, habitat (primarily habitat loss) to the species are currawong as ‘‘Vulnerable’’ due to its modification for agricultural and moderate in magnitude due to the extremely limited range and its small industrial purposes such as mining has species’ fairly large range, its existence population size. diminished this species’ habitat. Most of in protected areas, and apparent In the previous ANOR, the Lord Howe the damage took place decades ago, but flexibility in diet and habitat suitability. pied currawong was assigned an LPN of small farming still occurs there. The Threats are imminent because the 6. After reevaluating the threats to the rugged terrain of the Cockpit Country species is at risk due to ongoing and Lord Howe pied currawong, we have has hindered large-scale exploitation of widespread loss of habitat due to determined that no change in the LPN resources in the interior, but the beachfront and related development. representing the magnitude and periphery and surrounding plains are Therefore, an LPN of 8 remains valid for imminence of threats to the subspecies badly degraded. Major threats identified this species. is warranted. The Lord Howe pied for the Cockpit Country include: Lord Howe Island pied currawong currawong does not represent a Mining, forest conversion, nonnative (Strepera graculina crissalis)—The Lord monotypic genus. It faces threats that invasive species, solid-waste disposal, Howe Island pied currawong is a fairly are high in magnitude due to a incompatible agricultural practices, and large crow-like bird, endemic to Lord combination of factors including its collecting. Additionally, bauxite mining Howe Island, New South Wales, extremely small population size, and for aluminum production is an Australia. Lord Howe Island is a small nontarget poisoning. Despite important economic activity for Jamaica island northeast of Sydney, Australia, conservation efforts, the population of and is a large contributor to with 28 smaller islets and rocks. The the Lord Howe pied currawong has deforestation. Jamaica’s location in the Lord Howe pied currawong occurs remained small. Species with small hurricane belt increases its vulnerability throughout the island but is most population sizes such as these may be to natural environmental events. numerous in the mountainous areas on at greater risk of extinction due to Although the Jamaican Wildlife the southern end. It has also been synergistic effects of factors affecting Protection Act of 1994 carries steep recorded to a limited extent on the this species. However, because fines and penalties, illegal collection Admiralty Islands, located 1 km (0.6 mi) conservation efforts for the species have (see Harris’ mimic swallowtail above) is north of Lord Howe Island. been implemented, and the species is a potential threat for the Jamaican kite Approximately 75 percent of Lord Howe being closely managed and monitored, swallowtail. The butterfly has been Island, plus all outlying islets and rocks we find that the threats are noted for sale on the internet as recently within the Lord Howe Island group, are nonimminent. Thus, based on the best as 2015 for 150 Euros (164 USD). The protected under the Permanent Park available information, the LPN remains species is classified as vulnerable on the Preserve, which has similar status to at 6 to reflect nonimminent threats of IUCN Red List and IUCN indicates that that of a national park. The Lord Howe high magnitude. this assessment needs updating. It is not Island pied currawong breeds in Invertebrates (Butterflies) is not listed in any appendices of CITES rainforests and palm forests, particularly nor is it listed on annex B of the along streams. Jamaican kite swallowtail The best current population estimate (Protographium marcellinus, syn. European Union Trade Regulations. in 2005 and 2006 indicated that there Eurytides)—The Jamaican kite In the previous ANOR, the Jamaican were approximately 200 individuals. swallowtail is a small blue-green and kite swallowtail was assigned an LPN of The Lord Howe Island pied currawong black butterfly endemic to Jamaica. The 2. After reevaluating the factors affecting exists as a small isolated population, species occurs in limestone forest the Jamaican kite swallowtail, we have which makes it vulnerable to stochastic containing its only known larval host determined that no change in LPN is events. The potential for an introduction plant, Oxandra lanceolata. There is no warranted. The Jamaican kite of other exotic predators to this island known estimate of population size. The swallowtail does not represent a ecosystem has also been identified as an Jamaican kite swallowtail was monotypic genus. Although alternate issue for this species. In addition to its historically locally abundant. Presently breeding sites are likely, the only small population size, direct it maintains low population levels with documented site and the presumed core persecution (via shootings) by humans occasional strong flight seasons with population for this species is in one in retaliation for predation on domestic higher numbers. There is only one location that is vulnerable to stochastic and endemic birds has been known breeding site in the eastern coast environmental events such as documented. The incidence of shootings town of Rozelle, in St. Thomas Parish, hurricanes. Although Jamaica has taken has declined since the 1970s, when near Kingston (Jamaica’s capital). regulatory steps to preserve native conservation efforts on Lord Howe However, researchers now believe that swallowtail habitat, plans for Island began, but occasional shootings there are likely other breeding sites— conservation of two vital areas for the were still occurring as of 2007. one potential site being Jamaica’s butterfly (Rozelle and the Cockpit Because the Lord Howe pied Cockpit Country, a remote and rugged Country) have not been implemented. currawong often preys on small rodents, forested region in the west-central Based on our reevaluation of the threats it may be subject to nontarget poisoning portion of the island. to this species, the LPN remains a 2 to

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reflect imminent threats of high the butterfly is found. These threats are potential impacts from collection, it is magnitude. high in magnitude due to the species’ possible that collection in combination Hahnel’s Amazonian swallowtail highly localized and specialized habitat with other stressors could contribute to (Parides hahneli)—Hahnel’s Amazonian requirements. Potential impacts from local extirpations of small populations. swallowtail is a large black and yellow collection are unknown but could, in Since 1996, the Kaiser-i-Hind butterfly endemic to Brazil. It is known combination with other stressors, swallowtail has been categorized on the from three locations along the contribute to local extirpations. Based IUCN Red List as ‘‘Lower Risk/near tributaries of the middle and lower on a reevaluation of the threats, the LPN threatened,’’ but IUCN indicates that Amazon River basin in the states of remains a 2 to reflect imminent threats this assessment needs updating. The Amazonas and Para´. Its preferred habitat of high magnitude. Kaiser-i-Hind swallowtail has been is old sand strips (stranded beaches) Kaiser-i-Hind swallowtail listed in CITES appendix II since 1987. that are overgrown with dense scrub (Teinopalpus imperialis)—The Kaiser-i- Additionally, the Kaiser-i-Hind vegetation or forest found close to the Hind swallowtail is native to Himalayan swallowtail is listed on annex B of the major rivers. Hahnel’s Amazonian regions of Bhutan, China, India, Laos, European Union Trade Regulations. swallowtail is described as very scarce Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, and After reevaluating the threats to this and extremely localized in association Vietnam. Although it has a relatively species, we have determined that no with its specialized habitat and its larval large range, it is restricted to higher change in its LPN of 8 is appropriate. host plant. Population size and trends elevations and occurs only locally The Kaiser-i-Hind swallowtail does not are not known for this species. within this range. This species occurs at represent a monotypic genus. The However, habitat alteration (e.g., for altitudes of 1,500 to 3,050 m (4,921 to current factors, habitat destruction and dam construction and waterway crop 10,000 ft) above sea level, in illegal collection, are moderate in transport) and destruction (e.g., clearing undisturbed (primary) broad-leaved- magnitude due to the species’ wide for agriculture and cattle grazing) are evergreen forests or montane deciduous distribution and to various protections ongoing in Para´ and Amazonas where forests. Adults fly up to open hilltops in place within each country. We find this species is found. Researchers are above the forests to mate, where males that the threats are imminent due to concerned that potential harmful will often defend mating territories. ongoing habitat destruction and high impacts from habitat alterations are Larval host-plants are limited to market value for specimens. Based on taking place before the butterfly can be Magnolia and spp., and in some our reassessment of the threats, we have better studied and its ecological needs regions the Kaiser-i-Hind swallowtail is retained an LPN of 8 to reflect imminent can be understood. strictly monophagous, only using a threats of moderate magnitude. Collection (see Harris’ mimic single species of Magnolia as a host swallowtail above) is also a potential plant. Despite the species’ widespread Findings for Non-Petitioned Candidate threat for Hahnel’s Amazonian distribution, populations are described Species swallowtail. The species has been as being very local and never abundant. Molluscs collected for commercial trade and may Even early accounts of the species also be reared for trade. Locations in the described it as being a very rare Colorado delta clam (Mulinia wild have been kept secret given the occurrence. Habitat destruction is coloradoensis)—The Colorado Delta high value of this butterfly to collectors. believed to negatively affect this clam is a relatively large, approximately Two specimens of Hahnel’s Amazonian species, which prefers undisturbed 30 mm (1.2 in) average length, estuarine swallowtail were recently noted in high-altitude forests. In China and India, bivalve, once abundant at the head of online sales from locations in the the Kaiser-i-Hind swallowtail the Gulf of California in the Colorado United States (500 USD) and Germany populations are affected by habitat River estuary in Mexico prior to the (approximately 166 USD). Hahnel’s modification and destruction due to construction of dams on the Colorado Amazonian swallowtail is described as commercial and illegal logging. In River. Live individuals of the clam were data deficient by the IUCN Red List. The Nepal, the species is affected by habitat not observed anywhere in the wild species is listed as endangered on the disturbance and destruction resulting between 1968 and 1998, despite State of Para´’s list of threatened species, from mining, wood collection for use as extensive studies of bottom-dwelling but it is not listed by the State of fuel, deforestation, collection of fodders fauna in the region. In 1998, a small Amazonas or by Brazil. Hahnel’s and fiber plants, forest fires, invasion of relict population was discovered at Isla Amazonian swallowtail is not listed in bamboo species into the oak forests, Montague, Mexico, at the mouth of the any appendices of CITES. However, it is agriculture, and grazing animals. In Colorado River Delta, and this listed on annex B of the European Vietnam, the forest habitat is reportedly population represents the extent of the Union Trade Regulations. declining. The Forest Ministry in Nepal species’ currently known range. The In our previous ANOR, the Hahnel’s considers habitat destruction to be a clam is found in low intertidal mud at Amazonian swallowtail was assigned an critical threat to all biodiversity, depths of about 7 cm (2.75 in) beneath LPN of 2. After reevaluating the threats including the Kaiser-i-Hind swallowtail. the sediment and is a suspension-feeder. to the Hahnel’s Amazonian swallowtail, Comprehensive information on the rate Freshwater inflow is critical to the we have determined that no change in of degradation of Himalayan forests species’ survival because brackish water the LPN is warranted. This swallowtail containing the Kaiser-i-Hind butterfly is (a mix of salt and fresh water) is an does not represent a monotypic genus. not available, but habitat loss is important component of its habitat and It faces threats that are high in consistently reported as one of the life history. We are unaware of precise magnitude and imminence due to its primary ongoing threats to the species estimates of the population size for the small endemic population, and limited there. Colorado Delta clam, but a 90-percent and decreasing availability of its highly Collection for commercial trade is decline since dam construction has been specialized habitat. Habitat alteration also regarded as a threat to the species. suggested. and destruction (e.g., dam construction, The Kaiser-i-Hind swallowtail is highly Habitat loss and degradation are waterway crop transport, clearing for valued and has been collected and considered to be the primary factors agriculture, and cattle grazing) are traded despite various prohibitions. affecting the Colorado Delta clam. ongoing in Para´ and Amazonas where Although it is difficult to assess the Additionally, the species is now

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vulnerable due to its small population (1) That the immediate proposal and is, more complex actions generally are size and limited distribution. Dams and timely promulgation of a final more costly. diversions along the Colorado River regulation is precluded by pending We cannot spend more than is have greatly affected the estuarine listing proposals and (2) that appropriated for the Listing Program environment, decreasing freshwater, expeditious progress is being made to without violating the Anti-Deficiency nutrient and sediment inflow. The add qualified species to either of the Act (see 31 U.S.C. 1341(a)(1)(A)). In Colorado Delta clam may have lists and to remove species from the lists addition, in FY 1998 and for each fiscal experienced a greater than 90-percent (16 U.S.C. 1533(b)(3)(B)(iii)). A listing year since then, Congress has placed a reduction in its occupied range caused proposal is precluded if the Service statutory cap on funds that may be by the decrease in freshwater flow to the does not have sufficient resources expended for the Listing Program, equal estuary. available to complete the proposal, to the amount expressly appropriated Agricultural return flow from the because there are competing demands for that purpose in that fiscal year. This Mexicali Valley, coupled with aquifer for those resources, and the relative cap was designed to prevent funds inflow, is a very important freshwater priority of those competing demands is appropriated for other functions under source ensuring the maintenance of the higher. Thus, in any given fiscal year the Act (for example, recovery funds for estuarine environment in the Delta and (FY), multiple factors dictate whether it removing species from the Lists), or for the continued survival of the clam. In will be possible to undertake work on a other Service programs, from being used 2009, the U.S. completed lining of the listing proposal regulation or whether for Listing Program actions (see House All-American Canal to prevent water publication of such a proposal is Report 105–163, 105th Congress, 1st loss via seepage. Prior to lining, water precluded by higher-priority listing Session, July 1, 1997). seepage from the All-American Canal actions, including: (1) The amount of Prior to FY 2012, there was no was an important source of recharge to resources available for completing the distinction in appropriations for listing the Mexicali Valley aquifer. The All- listing function; (2) the estimated cost of domestic and foreign species. However, American Canal lining is predicted to completing the proposed listing; and (3) in an effort to balance foreign species reduce total recharge to the Mexicali the Service’s workload and listing commitments with other Listing Valley aquifer, which will reduce the prioritization of the proposed listing in Program responsibilities, effective FY freshwater inflow into the Delta. relation to other actions. 2012 and for each fiscal year since then, Additionally, predicted increases in The resources available for listing the Service’s Listing Program budget has drought and warmer temperatures actions are determined through the included a foreign species subcap associated with climate change will annual Congressional appropriations providing that funding is not to exceed contribute to deterioration of the clam’s process. The appropriation for the a specified amount for implementation habitat by further curtailing freshwater Listing Program is available to support of subsections (a), (b), (c), and (e) of inflow and favoring nonnative invasive work involving the following listing section 4 of the Act for species that are aquatic species to the detriment of actions: Proposed and final listing rules; not indigenous to the United States (see native species like the Colorado Delta 90-day and 12-month findings on Conference Report 112–331, 112th clam. The species has not been assessed petitions to add species to the Lists of Congress, 1st session, Dec. 15, 2011). for the IUCN Red List. It is not Endangered and Threatened Wildlife Thus, through the listing program cap threatened by international trade, and it and Plants (Lists) or to change the status is not listed in any appendices of CITES. and the foreign species subcap, In the previous ANOR, the Colorado of a species from threatened to Congress has determined the amount of Delta clam was assigned an LPN of 2. endangered; annual determinations on money available for foreign species After reevaluating the factors affecting prior ‘‘warranted-but-precluded’’ listing activities, including petition the clam, we have determined that no petition findings as required under findings and listing determinations. change in LPN is warranted. The section 4(b)(3)(C)(i) of the Act; critical In FY 2016, the Service had Colorado Delta clam does not represent habitat petition findings; proposed and $1,504,000 that could be used for listing a monotypic genus. The available final rules designating critical habitat; actions for foreign species. This funding evidence indicates that Colorado delta and litigation-related, administrative, supports work in the following clam is now restricted to one relict and program-management functions categories: Compliance with court population at Isla Montague at the (including preparing and allocating orders and court-approved settlement mouth of the Colorado River delta. Its budgets, responding to Congressional agreements requiring that petition habitat is currently affected by the and public inquiries, and conducting findings or listing determinations be ongoing and continuing (i.e., imminent) public outreach regarding listing and completed by a specific date; section 4 loss of freshwater input into the Delta. critical habitat). (of the Act) listing actions with absolute Furthermore, the available information The work involved in preparing statutory deadlines; essential litigation- indicates that loss of freshwater will various listing documents can be related, administrative, and listing likely worsen in the near- and long-term extensive and may include, but is not program-management functions; and future. Since habitat containing the limited to: Gathering and assessing the high-priority listing actions for some of entire range of the species may be best scientific and commercial data our candidate species. rendered unsuitable within the near available and conducting analyses used In addition, available staff resources future, we find that threats are of high as the basis for our decisions; writing are also a factor in determining which magnitude. Therefore, we find the and publishing documents; and high-priority species are provided with Colorado delta clam is subject to high- obtaining, reviewing, and evaluating funding. The Branch of Foreign Species magnitude imminent threats, and we public comments and peer review may, depending on available staff retain an LPN of 2 for this species. comments on proposed rules and resources, work on species described incorporating relevant information into within this CNOR–FS with an LPN of 2 Preclusion and Expeditious Progress final rules. The number of listing or 3, and when appropriate, species To make a finding that a particular actions that we can undertake in a given with a lower priority if they overlap action is warranted but precluded, the year also is influenced by the geographically or have the same threats Service must make two determinations: complexity of those listing actions; that as the species with the high priority.

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Based on the prioritization factors actions. Because the actions in table 2 on proposed listing determinations for mentioned above, we continue to find below are either the subject of a court- the 20 species described above, that proposals to list the candidate approved settlement agreement or publication of proposed rules for these species included in this CNOR–FS are subject to an absolute statutory deadline 20 species is precluded. all precluded by higher-priority listing and, thus, are higher priority than work

TABLE 2—PENDING ESA FOREIGN SPECIES LISTING ACTIONS

Species Action

Actions Subject to Court Order/Settlement Agreement

All have been completed (See table 3 below for these specific actions).

Actions With Statutory Deadlines

Scarlet macaw ...... Final listing determination. Virgin Islands coqui ...... 12-month petition finding. Hyacinth macaw ...... Final listing determination. Peary, and Dolphin and Union caribou ...... 12-month petition finding. 3 Aral Sea sturgeon species ...... 12-month petition finding. 3 East Asian sturgeon species ...... 12-month petition finding. 11 tarantula species ...... 12-month petition finding. 4 Persian sturgeon species ...... 12-month petition finding. Ridgway’s hawk eagle ...... 12-month petition finding. 15 bat species ...... 12-month petition finding. Emperor penguin ...... 12-month petition finding. Flores hawk-eagle ...... 12-month petition finding. Three-toed pygmy sloth ...... 12-month petition finding. Egyptian tortoise ...... 12-month petition finding. Golden conure ...... 12-month petition finding. 2 Australian parakeet species ...... Final listing determination. Flat-tailed tortoise ...... 12-month petition finding. Spider tortoise ...... 12-month petition finding. 7 pangolin species ...... 12-month petition finding. African elephant ...... 12-month petition finding. Long-tailed chinchilla ...... 12-month petition finding.

As explained above, a determination finding, the evaluation of whether for foreign species since publication of that listing is warranted but precluded progress in adding qualified species to our previous ANOR, published on April must also demonstrate that expeditious the Lists has been expeditious is a 25, 2013 (78 FR 24604), to October 17, progress is being made to add and function of the resources available for 2016, includes preparing and publishing remove qualified species to and from listing and the competing demands for the following: the Lists. As with our ‘‘precluded’’ those funds. Our expeditious progress

TABLE 3—ESA FOREIGN SPECIES LISTING ACTIONS PUBLISHED SINCE THE PREVIOUS ANOR WAS PUBLISHED ON APRIL 25, 2013

Publication date Species Action FR pages

6/5/2013 ...... Scimitar-horned oryx, dama gazelle, and addax .. 12-month petition findings; delisting not war- 78 FR 33790–33797 ranted. 6/12/2013 ...... Chimpanzee ...... 12-month petition finding and proposed rule ...... 78 FR 35201–35217 6/25/2013 ...... Broad-snouted caiman ...... Final rule; threatened with special rule ...... 78 FR 38162–38190 9/11/2013 ...... Southern white rhino ...... Interim rule: Threatened due to similarity of ap- 78 FR 55649–55656 pearance. 9/24/2013 ...... Ten sturgeon species ...... 90-day finding; initiation of status review ...... 78 FR 58507–58510 10/3/2013 ...... Blue-throated macaw ...... Final rule: Endangered ...... 78 FR 61208–61219 10/29/2013 ...... Five birds from Columbia and Ecuador ...... Final rule; endangered ...... 78 FR 64692–64733 11/19/2013 ...... Vicun˜a in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, and Notice of initiation of 5-year review ...... 78 FR 69436–69437 Peru. 12/3/2013 ...... Eleven tarantula species ...... 90-day findings; initiation of status reviews ...... 78 FR 72622–72625 12/5/2013 ...... Straight-horned markhor ...... Proposed rule revision; Threatened with special 78 FR 73173–73185 rule. 1/22/2014 ...... Fifteen foreign bats, emperor penguin, Flores 90-day findings; initiation of status reviews ...... 79 FR 3559–3562 hawk-eagle, Ridgway’s hawk, and Virgin Is- lands coquı´. 5/20/2014 ...... Southern white rhino ...... Affirmation of interim rule as final rule: Threat- 79 FR 28847–28849 ened due to similarity of appearance. 6/9/2014 ...... Flat-tailed tortoise, spider tortoise, and pygmy 90-day findings; initiation of status reviews ...... 79 FR 32900–32903 three-toed sloth. 6/24/2014 ...... Philippine cockatoo and yellow-crested cockatoo Final rule; endangered ...... 79 FR 35870–35900 6/24/2014 ...... White cockatoo ...... Final rule; threatened with special rule ...... 79 FR 35870–35900

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TABLE 3—ESA FOREIGN SPECIES LISTING ACTIONS PUBLISHED SINCE THE PREVIOUS ANOR WAS PUBLISHED ON APRIL 25, 2013—Continued

Publication date Species Action FR pages

10/7/2014 ...... Straight-horned markhor ...... Final rule: Threatened with special rule ...... 79 FR 60365–60379 10/29/2014 ...... African lion ...... Proposed rule: Threatened with special rule ...... 79 FR 64472–64502 4/10/2015 ...... Egyptian tortoise, golden conure, and long-tailed 90-day findings; initiation of status reviews ...... 80 FR 19259–19263 chinchilla. 6/16/2015 ...... Chimpanzee ...... Final rule; endangered ...... 80 FR 34500–34525 7/29/2015 ...... Honduran emerald hummingbird ...... Final rule; endangered ...... 80 FR 45086–45097 10/2/2015 ...... Great green and military macaw ...... Final rule; endangered ...... 80 FR 59976–60021 12/23/2015 ...... Lion—Panthera leo leo ...... Final rule; endangered ...... 80 FR 80000–80056 12/23/2015 ...... Lion—Panthera leo melanochaita ...... Final rule; threatened with special rule ...... 80 FR 80000–80056 1/21/2016 ...... Scarlet-chested parakeet and turquoise parakeet Reopening of the public comment period ...... 81 FR 3373–3374 3/16/2016 ...... African elephant, Chinese pangolin, giant ground 90-day findings; initiation of status reviews ...... 81 FR 14058–14072 pangolin, Indian pangolin, long-tailed pangolin, Philippine pangolin, Sunda pangolin, tree pan- golin. 4/7/2016 ...... Scarlet macaw ...... Revised proposed listing rule ...... 81 FR 20302–20316

Our expeditious progress also and comments on the annual findings of 1973, as amended (16 U.S.C. 1531 et includes work on pending listing can be submitted at any time. We review seq.). actions described above in our all new information received through Dated: September 29, 2016. ‘‘precluded finding,’’ but for which this process as well as any other new Stephen Guertin, decisions had not been completed at the information we obtain using a variety of time of this publication. After taking Acting Director, U.S. Fish and Wildlife methods. We collect information Service. into consideration the limited resources directly from range countries by available for listing foreign species, the correspondence, from peer-reviewed [FR Doc. 2016–24931 Filed 10–14–16; 8:45 am] competing demands for those funds, scientific literature, unpublished BILLING CODE 4333–15–P and the completed work catalogued in literature, scientific meeting the tables above, we find that we are proceedings, and CITES documents making expeditious progress to add (including species proposals and reports DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE qualified species to the Lists in FY 2016. from scientific committees). We also National Oceanic and Atmospheric We have endeavored to make our obtain information through the permit- Administration listing actions as efficient and timely as application processes under CITES, the possible, given the requirements of the Act, and the Wild Bird Conservation Act 50 CFR Part 622 relevant law and regulations, and (16 U.S.C. 4901 et seq.). We also consult constraints relating to workload and with the IUCN species specialist groups [Docket No. 160510416–6416–01] personnel. We are continually and staff members of the U.S. CITES RIN 0648–BG06 considering ways to streamline Scientific and Management Authorities, processes or achieve economies of scale, and the Division of International Fisheries of the Caribbean, Gulf of such as by publishing related actions Conservation; and we attend scientific Mexico, and South Atlantic; Reef Fish together. meetings, when possible, to obtain Fishery of the Gulf of Mexico; Monitoring current status information for relevant Yellowtail Snapper Management species. As previously stated, if we Measures Section 4(b)(3)(C)(iii) of the Act identify any species for which requires us to ‘‘implement a system to emergency listing is appropriate, we AGENCY: National Marine Fisheries monitor effectively the status of all will make prompt use of the emergency Service (NMFS), National Oceanic and species’’ for which we have made a listing authority under section 4(b)(7) of Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), warranted-but-precluded 12-month the Act. Commerce. finding, and to ‘‘make prompt use of the ACTION: Proposed rule; request for [emergency listing] authority [under References Cited comments. section 4(b)(7)] to prevent a significant A list of the references used to risk to the well-being of any such develop this CNOR–FS is available at SUMMARY: NMFS proposes to implement species.’’ For foreign species, the http://www.regulations.gov at Docket management measures described in a Service’s ability to gather information to No. FWS–HQ–ES–2016–0072. framework action to the Fishery monitor species is limited. The Service Management Plan for the Reef Fish welcomes all information relevant to the Authors Resources of the Gulf of Mexico (FMP), status of these species, because we have This Candidate Notice of Review of as prepared by the Gulf of Mexico (Gulf) no ability to gather data in foreign Foreign Species was primarily authored Fishery Management Council (Gulf countries directly and cannot compel by staff of the Branch of Foreign Species Council). If implemented, this proposed another country to provide information. and Jesse D’Elia, Ecological Services rule would revise the yellowtail snapper Thus, this CNOR–FS plays a critical role Program, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. commercial and recreational fishing in our monitoring efforts for foreign year and remove the requirement to use species. Authority circle hooks for the commercial harvest With each CNOR–FS, we request This Candidate Notice of Review of of yellowtail snapper in the Gulf information on the status of the species Foreign Species is published under the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) south of included in the CNOR–FS. Information authority of the Endangered Species Act Cape Sable, Florida. The purpose of this

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