DOCSLIB.ORG

Assessing Quality of Life for the Urban Inhabitants of Classical Angkor, Cambodia (C

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Assessing Quality of Life for the Urban Inhabitants of Classical Angkor, Cambodia (C i ASSESSING QUALITY OF LIFE FOR THE URBAN INHABITANTS OF CLASSICAL ANGKOR, CAMBODIA (C. 802-1432 CE) A Thesis Submitted to the Committee on Graduate Studies In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in the Faculty of Arts and Science TRENT UNIVERSITY Peterborough, Ontario, Canada © Copyright by Sophie Goldberg 2019 Anthropology M.A. Graduate Program May 2019 ii ABSTRACT ASSESSING QUALITY OF LIFE FOR THE URBAN INHABITANTS OF CLASSICAL ANGKOR, CAMBODIA (C. 802-1432 CE) Sophie Goldberg This thesis examines the interrelationship of urban planning and population health at the site of Angkor (c. 802-1432 CE), the capital city of the Classical Khmer state, now found within modern-day Cambodia. The inhabitants of Angkor developed a settlement strategy that relied on the dispersal of water management features, rice fields, temples and residential areas, to best utilize the spread-out environmental resources of the surrounding monsoon-forest climate. Thus, the main question to be answered by this thesis is this: did the city-planning practice of dispersed, low-density agrarian urbanism promote resilience against the disease hazards associated with tropical environments? To answer this question, methods involved creating assessing environmental and socio- cultural factors which habituated the urban inhabitants of Angkor’s relationship to disease hazards. The results of this assessment demonstrate that it was not until the last stages of Angkor’s urban development, when non-farming members of the population were concentrated into the “core” area of temples within city, that the city’s inhabitants’ vulnerability to infectious disease increased. As the city took a more compact settlement form, it was not as environmentally compatible as the earlier dispersed pattern. Significantly, archaeological case studies such as this can illustrate the long-term development and end-result of urban planning to deal with disease hazards, both in terms of everyday occurrences, as well as during crisis events, which has important implications for contemporary research on environmental disasters today. Key words: Adaptive Strategies, Pre-industrial Urbanization, Tropical Diseases, Resilience, Mainland Southeast Asia iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The completion of this thesis could not have occurred without the help and support of numerous individuals and institutional bodies that I would like to acknowledge here, and to whom I am eternally grateful. Firstly, I would like to thank my supervisor, Dr. Gyles Iannone, for not only your guidance as my thesis supervisor, but also for the opportunity to participate in the SETS project. Thank you for all your help and advice, from providing edits for my early drafts, fielding my questions surrounding my findings, and directing me to numerous academic sources that enhanced my writing. I could not be the researcher that I am today without your direction. I appreciate all the opportunities that you provided for me throughout my time as your student. Secondly, I would like to thank the members of my thesis committee, Dr. Hugh Elton and Dr. Anne Keenleyside, for the numerous suggestions throughout the course of my thesis writing process and during our committee meetings. These helped shaped the document into the form it is today and as such, I greatly appreciate your advice and the time you took to help me with the conception and the editing of this project. I would also like Dr. Jocelyn Williams, and Dr. Jennifer Newton, for chairing and acting as the external, respectively, during my defense. Your comments and feedback helped my thesis document become the final form it is today. Furthermore, you, along with the rest of the committee, made the defense feel like one of the biggest accomplishments of my life. I would also like to thank the numerous members of the Trent Anthropology Department who I interacted with throughout my time as a Trent student, and whose instruction provided the foundational skills as a gradate student, either as my teachers in coursework, or as supervisors during my TA-ship. These skills are things that I will take into the next stage of my career, and I appreciate the impartation of your knowledge very much. I would also like to give particular thanks to Yumi Pedoe and Judy Pinto, who helped field the numerous administrative questions I had throughout my time as a Trent student, and helped ease me into my experience as a graduate student. iv I would like to thank the members of the Socio-Ecological Entanglement of Tropical Societies project, especially Zankhna Mody and Natalie Baron, who were my primary sounding boards for ideas as we worked on the SETS project together. I would also like to thank the SETS alumnae for their support during my participation in the 2016 SAAs, which was a highlight of my graduate experience. I would like to thank our Cambodian host, Mr. Bunteay, who acted as our primary guide throughout my fieldwork in Cambodia, as well as his family, for graciously accommodating us and providing us such a wonderful international experience during our trip there in 2016. I would also like to acknowledge the scholarship funding provided by outside funding bodies, such the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council for the generous provision of a SSHR CGSM scholarship, as well as the OGS program for an Ontario Graduate Scholarship. I also greatly appreciate the financial aid provided by Trent University through several internal entrance scholarships and bursaries provided through the graduate office. I would also like to thank Dr. Michael Eamon, Dana Capel, and Tom Mohr for allowing me to present my thesis research at a number of different public speaking venues in Peterborough, which were both a humbling and enlightening experiences. I would like to thank the numerous members of the 2014, 2015 and 2016 graduate cohorts for the social opportunities and academic collaboration that we had at my time on Trent’s campus. In particular, I would like to thank Renee Hendricks, Dan Worby, Kathleen Forward and Ellie Tamura. I enjoyed the time we spent together in class, in the office and outside the university, and your continued encouragement of my work. My experience at Trent would have not been made without all of you. Finally, I would like to finally thank my friends, co-workers and family for their unconditional care and support. You were my cheerleaders as I finished the document and I treasure all your kind words and actions as I completed the draft. To my parents and sisters, I would like to thank you for helping me get through this enriching, if challenging experience with all your love and understanding. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………………........ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS…………………………………………………………………...iii-iv TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………………………………………………..v-viii LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………………………………ix-xi LIST OF TABLES…………………………………………………….…………………………xii GLOSSARY OF TERMS………………………………………………………………......xiii-xxi INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………….…………………….1-20 Water, Rainfall, and Disease in the Tropics…………………………………………………….2-3 What are Tropical Diseases?........................................................................................................3-5 Southeast Asia…………………………………………………………………………………5-10 Tropical Diseases and Southeast Asia………………………………………………………..10-12 The Problem………………………………………………………………………………….12-14 Potential Challenges………………………………………………………………….14-16 Research Questions and Objectives…………………………………………………………..16-18 Chapter Summaries…………………………………………………………………………...18-20 CHAPTER 2: BACKGROUND……………………………………………………………...21-56 The “City” in Archaeological Study………………………………………………………….22-26 Major Epidemiological Transitions in the Pre-industrial World……………………………..26-29 The Diseases of Pre-industrial Cities…………………………………………………………29-33 Population Numbers and Density in Pre-industrial Southeast Asia………………………….33-36 Population Health and Settlement in Pre-Classical Southeast Asia………………………….37-48 Incipient Agricultural Communities in the Neolithic (c. 2500 BCE-1500 BCE)…….38-40 Bronze Age Village Settlements and Cemeteries (c. 1500-500 BCE)……………….41-44 The Iron Age Moated Sites (c. 500 BCE-500 CE)…………………………………...44-48 The Development of the State in Southeast Asia…………………………………………….48-50 The Funan Sites of Angkor Borei and O’c Eo (c. 200 CE-600 CE)………………………….51-54 vi The Vat Komnou Cemetery…………………………………………………………..52-54 The Chenla Site of Sambor Prei Kuk (c. 600-802 CE)………………………………………54-56 Conclusions…………………………………………………………………………………..56-57 CHAPTER 3: THEORY AND METHOD…………………………………………………...58-90 Angkor as Chosen Case Study………………………………………………………………..58-60 SETS Theoretical Concepts…………………………………………………………………..60-69 Resilience Theory…………………………………………………………………….62-65 Applicability………………………………………………………………………….65-66 Entanglement Theory…………………………………………………………...……67-68 Applicability………………………………………………………………………….68-69 Summary…………………………………………………………………………………69 Methods………………………………………………………………………………………70-76 Adaption, Complex Adaptive Systems, and Assessing Health in the Past…………..70-71 Creating Assessments of Population Health and Quality of Life: Examples from Temperate Rome……………………………………………………………………...71-75 Summary……………………………………………………………………………...75-77 Variables for Analysis: Some Considerations………………………………………………..78-88 Environmental Characteristics………………………………………………………..78-79 Population Growth and Dynamics……...…………………………………………….79-82 Ability to Participate in Community Works……………...…………………………..82-84 Ability to Foster Length and Longevity of Settlement.………………………………84-86
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Paleoenvironmental History of the West Baray, Angkor (Cambodia)
    Paleoenvironmental history of the West Baray, Angkor (Cambodia) Mary Beth Daya,1, David A. Hodellb, Mark Brennerc, Hazel J. Chapmana, Jason H. Curtisd, William F. Kenneyc, Alan L. Kolatae, and Larry C. Petersonf aDepartment of Earth Sciences, Downing Street, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK, CB2 3EQ; bDepartment of Earth Sciences and Godwin Laboratory for Palaeoclimate Research, Downing Street, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK, CB2 3EQ; cDepartment of Geological Sciences and Land Use and Environmental Change Institute, P.O. Box 112120, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611; dDepartment of Geological Sciences, P.O. Box 112120, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611; eDepartment of Anthropology, 1126 East 59th Street, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637; and fRosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33149 Edited by Mark H Thiemens, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, and approved November 22, 2011 (received for review July 15, 2011) Angkor (Cambodia) was the seat of the Khmer Empire from the 9th ture (1, 2, 12, 13). Tree ring records from Vietnam indicate to 15th century AD. The site is noted for its monumental architec- extended periods of severe drought punctuated by unusually rainy ture and complex hydro-engineering systems, comprised of canals, intervals during the late 14th and early 15th centuries (12) moats, embankments, and large reservoirs, known as barays. We (Fig. 2B). Such intense variability in multidecadal precipitation infer a 1,000-y, 14C-dated paleoenvironmental record from study of may have overwhelmed the capabilities of the water management an approximately 2-m sediment core taken in the largest Khmer network.
    [Show full text]
  • Claiming the Hydraulic Network of Angkor with Viṣṇu
    Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 9 (2016) 275–292 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jasrep Claiming the hydraulic network of Angkor with Viṣṇu: A multidisciplinary approach including the analysis of archaeological remains, digital modelling and radiocarbon dating: With evidence for a 12th century renovation of the West Mebon Marnie Feneley a,⁎, Dan Penny b, Roland Fletcher b a University of Sydney and currently at University of NSW, Australia b University of Sydney, Australia article info abstract Article history: Prior to the investigations in 2004–2005 of the West Mebon and subsequent analysis of archaeological material in Received 23 April 2016 2015 it was presumed that the Mebon was built in the mid-11th century and consecrated only once. New data Received in revised form 8 June 2016 indicates a possible re-use of the water shrine and a refurbishment and reconsecration in the early 12th century, Accepted 14 June 2016 at which time a large sculpture of Viṣṇu was installed. Understanding the context of the West Mebon is vital to Available online 11 August 2016 understanding the complex hydraulic network of Angkor, which plays a crucial role in the history of the Empire. Keywords: © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license Archaeology (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Angkor Digital visualisation 3D max Hydraulic network Bronze sculpture Viṣṇu West Mebon 14C dates Angkor Wat Contents 1. Introduction.............................................................. 276 2. The West Mebon — background....................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 5. Groundwater Simulation
    Chapter 5. Groundwater Simulation The Preparatory Study on The Siem Reap Water Supply Expansion Project Chapter 5. Groundwater Simulation Daily water demand in Siem Reap has been estimated at a maximum of 86,300 m3/day in 2030. This amount is far more than the existing water supply capacity of SRWSA. Therefore, the existing water supply system has to be expanded. When the expansion plan is formulated, groundwater is considered as one of the options for water source. Simply considering from the groundwater recharge amount of 516,000 m3/day, that is about six times the estimated water demand. Hence, in case of available groundwater development amount evaluation from the viewpoint of balance between withdrawal and recharge, the value of 516,000 m3/day can be taken as the potential amount for groundwater development. However, not only the balance between groundwater recharge and withdrawal, but also the effect of groundwater development such as increasing of pumping volume in the future and selection of development areas has to be taken into consideration. In Siem Reap the most important effect from groundwater development is the groundwater level drawdown, because the groundwater drawdown can cause land subsidence. As mentioned in Chapter 4, 4-5-3 Summary of Groundwater Recharge Calculation, because Siem Reap lacks a deep and highly permeable aquifer, if all the recharge amount of 516,000m3/day were used for water supply, the groundwater level will fall to 5 m below the ground surface in the whole Siem Reap area. The actual water demand is about one sixth of the recharge amount.
    [Show full text]
  • Kingdom of Cambodia the Temple of Preah Vihear Inscribed on the World Heritage List (Unesco) Since 2008
    KINGDOM OF CAMBODIA THE TEMPLE OF PREAH VIHEAR INSCRIBED ON THE WORLD HERITAGE LIST (UNESCO) SINCE 2008 Edited by the Office of the Council of Ministers PHNOM PENH MAY 2010 ON THE SUCCESSFUL INSCRIPTION OF THE TEMPLE OF PREAH VIHEAR ON THE WORLD HERITAGE LIST (07 July 2008, Quebec, Canada during the 32nd session of the World Heritage Committee) “This is a new sense of pride for the people of our Kingdom, as well as for all the people in the region and the world that the Temple of Preah Vihear was recognized by ICOMOS as an outstanding masterpiece of Khmer architecture with an outstanding universal value, and was inscribed on the World Heritage List.” “The inscription of the Temple of Preah Vihear requires the international community as a whole to protect and preserve this world heritage for the benefits of future gen- erations.” Samdech Akka Moha Sena Padei Techo HUN SEN Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Cambodia, 08 July 2008 “In fact, the Decision of the 31st session of the World Heritage Committee in Christchurch, New Zealand, July 2007 contains 3 conditions. First, it is essential that Cambodia strengthens the conservation of the Temple; second, Cambodia must develop an appropriate management plan and submit it to the World Heritage Centre by 01 February 2008, because the review process would take up many months until July, to see whether or not our management plan is appropriate; and third, Cambodia and Thailand should develop a close cooperation in support of the inscription. If Cambodia fulfills these three conditions, then in 2008 the inscription will be automatic.
    [Show full text]
  • Destination: Angkor Archaeological Park the Complete Temple Guide
    Destination: Angkor Archaeological Park The Complete Temple Guide 1 The Temples of Angkor Ak Yom The earliest elements of this small brick and sandstone temple date from the pre-Angkorian 8th century. Scholars believe that the inscriptions indicate that the temple is dedicated to the Hindu 'god of the depths'. This is the earliest known example of the architectural design of the 'temple-mountain', which was to become the primary design for many of the Angkorian period temples including Angkor Wat. The temple is in a very poor condition. Angkor Thom Angkor Thom ("Great City") was the last and most enduring capital city of the Khmer empire. It was established in the late 12th century by King Jayavarman VII. The walled and moated royal city covers an area of 9 km², within which are located several monuments from earlier eras as well as those established by Jayavarman and his successors. At the centre of the city is Jayavarman's state temple, the Bayon, with the other major sites clustered around the Victory Square immediately to the north. Angkor Thom was established as the capital of Jayavarman VII's empire, and was the centre of his massive building programme. One inscription found in the city refers to Jayavarman as the groom and the city as his bride. Angkor Thom is accessible through 5 gates, one for each cardinal point, and the victory gate leading to the Royal Palace area. Angkor Wat Angkor Wat ("City of Temples"), the largest religious monument in the world, is a masterpiece of ancient architecture. The temple was built by the Khmer King Suryavarman II in the early 12th century as his state temple and eventual mausoleum.
    [Show full text]
  • Reclamation and Regeneration of the Ancient Baray
    RECLAMATION AND REGENERATION OF THE ANCIENT BARAY A Proposal for Phimai Historical Park Olmtong Ektanitphong December 2014 Submitted towards the fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Architecture Degree. School of Architecture University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa Doctorate Project Committee Kazi K. Ashraf, Chairperson William R. Chapman, Committee Member Pornthum Thumwimol, Committee Member ACKNOWLEDMENTS I would like to express the deepest appreciation to my committee chair, Professor Kazi K. Ashraf, who has the attitude and the substance of a genius: he continually and convincingly a spirit of adventure in regard to research and the design, and excitement in regard to teaching. Without his guidance and persistent help this dissertation would not have been possible. I would like to thank my committee members, Professor William R. Chapman and Dr. Pornthum Thumwimol, whose work demonstrated to me that concern for archaeological aspects of Khmer and Thai culture. They supported me immensely throughout the period of my dissertation. Their valuable advice and discussions guided me to the end-result of this study. I highly appreciated for their generally being a good uncle and brother as well as a supervisor. In addition, a thank you to the director, archaeologists, academic officers and administration staff at Phimai Historical Park and at the Fine Arts Department of Thailand, who gave me such valuable information and discussion. Specially, thank you to Mr. Teerachat veerayuttanond, my supervisor during internship with The Fine Arts Department of Thailand, who first introduced me to Phimai Town and took me on the site survey at Phimai Town. Last but not least, I would like to thank University of Hawaii for giving me the opportunity for my study research and design.
    [Show full text]
  • A STUDY of the NAMES of MONUMENTS in ANGKOR (Cambodia)
    A STUDY OF THE NAMES OF MONUMENTS IN ANGKOR (Cambodia) NHIM Sotheavin Sophia Asia Center for Research and Human Development, Sophia University Introduction This article aims at clarifying the concept of Khmer culture by specifically explaining the meanings of the names of the monuments in Angkor, names that have existed within the Khmer cultural community.1 Many works on Angkor history have been researched in different fields, such as the evolution of arts and architecture, through a systematic analysis of monuments and archaeological excavation analysis, and the most crucial are based on Cambodian epigraphy. My work however is meant to shed light on Angkor cultural history by studying the names of the monuments, and I intend to do so by searching for the original names that are found in ancient and middle period inscriptions, as well as those appearing in the oral tradition. This study also seeks to undertake a thorough verification of the condition and shape of the monuments, as well as the mode of affixation of names for them by the local inhabitants. I also wish to focus on certain crucial errors, as well as the insufficiency of earlier studies on the subject. To begin with, the books written in foreign languages often have mistakes in the vocabulary involved in the etymology of Khmer temples. Some researchers are not very familiar with the Khmer language, and besides, they might not have visited the site very often, or possibly also they did not pay too much attention to the oral tradition related to these ruins, a tradition that might be known to the village elders.
    [Show full text]
  • 3-1 CHAPTER 3 SURVEYS and INVESTIGATIONS 3.1 Topographic Survey 3.1.1 Geography and Topography in the Vicinity of the Study
    The Study on Water Supply System for Siem Reap Region in Cambodia Final Report Main Report Chapter 3 CHAPTER 3 SURVEYS AND INVESTIGATIONS 3.1 Topographic Survey 3.1.1 Geography and Topography in the Vicinity of the Study Area Siem Reap Town is located about 20 km north of Lake Tonle Sap in the terrace of the lake having its elevation from 10 to 15 m. In the northern area of Angkor heritages, Kulen Mountain ranges (Max. elevation 487 m) run continuously in the east-west direction. These are flat-topped mountains. The topographic characteristics of the Study area are as follows. 1) The Study area is some 40 km wide both in east-west and north-south direction. The elevation of this gentle fan plain is lowered to the southward in the direction of the lake. The elevation of the plain is 25-30 m at the north end of the study area, and 1 m along the lake shore line. The gradient is less than 1/1,000. 2) The plain consists of the fan deposits of the Siem Reap River and the Roluos River. These rivers flow from north to south or northeast to southwest. Therefore, the fan plain starts at north or northeast and the contour follows north to south or northeast to southwest with slight bending towards southward. 3) The Study area is located near the downstream end of the river course. Coarse sand is dominant in the north area of gently undulating hill and fine sand to silt is dominant in the south area of marshland.
    [Show full text]
  • Report of the Ad Hoc Group of Experts on Behalf of the International
    KH/CLT/2005/RP/10 Phnom Penh, July 2008 Original: English Comité International de Coordination pour la Sauvegarde et le Développement du Site Historique d'Angkor International Co-ordinating Committee for the Safeguarding and Development of the Historic Site of Angkor Session Plénière Plenary Session co-présidé par / co-chaired by M./Mr. Yvon Roé D’Albert M./Mr. Fumiaki Takahashi Ambassadeur Extraordinaire et Plénipotentiaire Ambassadeur Extraordinaire et Plénipotentiaire Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary Ambassade de France Ambassade du Japon Embassy of France Embassy of Japan Siem Reap – Novembre 28 & 29, 2005 – Hôtel Angkor Palace Resort & Spa Siem Reap – November 28 & 29, 2005 – Angkor Palace Resort & Spa Hotel Secrétariat permanent du C.I.C. Angkor #38 Bld Samdech Sothearos, B.P. 29, UNESCO Phnom Penh, Cambodge Tél.: (855-23) 723 054 / 426 726 Fax (855-23) 426 163 / 217 022 Mél.: [email protected] [email protected] Douzième Session Plénière / Twelfth Plenary Session 1/152 STANDING SECRETARIAT • UNESCO Office Address : 38, blvd Samdech Sothearos BP 29 Phnom Penh Cambodia Tel.: (855) (23) 426 726 (855) (23) 723 054 / 725 071 (855) (12) 911 651 (855) (16) 831 520 (855) (12) 813 844 (855) (23) 720 841 Fax: (855) (23) 426 163 / 217 022 E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] • Standing Secretariat in Paris Mr. Azedine BESCHAOUCH Scientific Advisor of the Sector of Culture in Phnom Penh Mr Blaise KILIAN Ms CHAU SUN Kérya (APSARA Authority) Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • Archaeology Unit Archaeology Report Series
    #8 NALANDA–SRIWIJAYA CENTRE ARCHAEOLOGY UNIT ARCHAEOLOGY REPORT SERIES Tonle Snguot: Preliminary Research Results from an Angkorian Hospital Site D. KYLE LATINIS, EA DARITH, KÁROLY BELÉNYESY, AND HUNTER I. WATSON A T F Archaeology Unit 6870 0955 facebook.com/nalandasriwijayacentre Nalanda–Sriwijaya Centre ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute F W 30 Heng Mui Keng Terrace, 6778 1735 Singapore 119614 www.iseas.edu.sg/centres/nalanda-sriwijaya-centre E [email protected] The Nalanda–Sriwijaya Centre Archaeology Unit (NSC AU) Archaeology Report Series has been established to provide an avenue for publishing and disseminating archaeological and related research conducted or presented within the Centre. This also includes research conducted in partnership with the Centre as well as outside submissions from fields of enquiry relevant to the Centre's goals. The overall intent is to benefit communities of interest and augment ongoing and future research. The NSC AU Archaeology Report Series is published Citations of this publication should be made in the electronically by the Nalanda–Sriwijaya Centre of following manner: ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute. Latinis, D. K., Ea, D., Belényesy, K., and Watson, H. I. (2018). “Tonle Snguot: Preliminary Research Results from an © Copyright is held by the author/s of each report. Angkorian Hospital Site.” Nalanda-Sriwijaya Centre Archaeology Unit Archaeology Report Series No. 8. ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute accepts no responsibility for facts presented and views expressed. Responsibility Cover image: Natalie Khoo rests exclusively with the individual author or authors. Authors have agreed that permission has been obtained from appropriate sources to include any Editor : Foo Shu Tieng content in the publication such as texts, images, maps, Cover Art Template : Aaron Kao tables, charts, graphs, illustrations, and photos that are Layout & Typesetting : Foo Shu Tieng not exclusively owned or copyrighted by the authors.
    [Show full text]
  • Historie Routes to Angkor: Development of the Khmer Road System (Ninth to Thirteenth Centuries AD) in Mainland Southeast Asia Mitch Hendrickson*
    Historie routes to Angkor: development of the Khmer road system (ninth to thirteenth centuries AD) in mainland Southeast Asia Mitch Hendrickson* Road systems in the service of empires have long inspired archaeologists and ancient historians alike. Using etymology, textual analysis and Angkor archaeology the author deconstructs the road system of the Khmer, empire builders of early historic Cambodia. Far from being the creation of one king, the road system evolved organically to serve expeditions, pilgrimages Phnom . Penh ù <> and embedded exchange routes over several i centuries. The paper encourages us to regard road networks as a significant topic, worthy of comparative study on a global scale. N 0 ^ 200 Keywords: Cambodia, Khmer, roads, routes, communications Ancient road systems: context and methods of study Investigating the chronology of road systems is complicated by their frequent reuse over long time periods and because they are comprised of multiple archaeological components that range from site to regional scales (e.g. roads, resting places, crossing points, settlements, ceramics). The archaeologist studying road systems must identify and incorporate a variety of available data sets, including historic information, within a framework of operational principles that characterise state-level road building and use. Recent trends in the study of imperial states focus on socio-cultural issues, such as pov^'er and politico-economic organisation (see D'Altroy 1992; Sinopoli 1994; Morrison 2001) and concepts of boundaries ' Department of Archaeology. University af Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia (Email: [email protected]) Received: 28 Au^t 2009; Revised: ¡3 October 2009: Accepted: 12 January 2010 ANTlQUITy84 (2010): 480-496 http://antiquiiy.ac.uk/ant/84/ant840480.htni 480 Mitch Hendrickson (see Morrison 2001; Smith 2005).
    [Show full text]
  • SIEM REAP PRIVATE EXCURSION Tour Itineraries One Day Tour
    SIEM REAP PRIVATE EXCURSION Tour Itineraries One Day Tour LYNNAYA URBAN RIVER RESORT Acha Sva and 20 street, Krong Siem Reap, Cambodia T +855 63 967 755 F +855 63 967 756 Email: [email protected] Web: www.lynnaya.com AIRPORT TRANSPORTATION PICK UP - TRANSFER VEHICLE PRICE PAX Remork 7.00USD 1-2 PAX LEXUS RX300 15.00USD 2-3PAX HIGHLANDER 15.00USD 2-3PAX HIACE VAN 20.00USD 4-8PAX ANGKOR ENTRANCE FEE Price Per Person 1 DAY 2-3DAY 4-7DAY 37.00USD 62.00USD 72.00USD Extra Charge to Beng Mealea 5.00USD Extra Charge to Koh Ke 10.00USD Kulen Mountain Waterfall ticket 20.00USD LYNNAYA URBAN RIVER RESORT Acha Sva and 20 street, Krong Siem Reap, Cambodia T +855 63 967 755 F +855 63 967 756 Email: [email protected] Web: www.lynnaya.com FULL DAY TEMPLE ANGKOR MINI TOUR Tour Code: 001 - Morning : Leave from hotel at 08:00am Visit ANGKOR THOM, the ancient Khmer capital. Inside Angkor Thom we will explore many ancient temples such as Bayon, Baphoun, Phimeanakas, Preah Palilay, Elephant Terrance and the Terrace of the Leper King. We will also journey outside Angkor Thom to the temple known as Ta Prohm where the movie Lara Croft – Tomb Raider was filmed and where nature has been allowed to grow into the temple itself. - Afternoon : lunch at local restaurant Visit Angkor Wat one of complex temples a Unesco World Heritage Site, considered the pinnacle of ancient Khmer architecture, art and civilization, is the most important archaeological site of South East Asia.
    [Show full text]