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The Sea Fauna of Frobisher Bay, Arctic Canada

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The Sea Fauna of Frobisher Bay, Arctic Canada ARCTlC VOL. 38, NO. 1 (MARCH 1985) P. 23-30 The Sea Ice Fauna of Frobisher Bay, Arctic Canada E.H. GRAINGER,’ A.A. MOHAMMED,’ and J.E. LOVRITY’ ABSTRACT. The fauna of the lower few centimetres of thesea ice in Frobisher Bay, Arctic Canada, consists mainly of meroplanktoNc Young of benthic adults and holoplanktonic representatives of generally benthic groups.The major arctic mplankton species are not included. The ice fauna comprises nematodes, harpacticoid copepods, polychaetelarvae, ciliates, various benthiclarvae, Young gammaridean amphipods, and others. Some species mur in the ice as Young animals only, othersin al1 stages of development. Adaptation to the ice is shown best by thecopepods, some of which occur there in al1 stages from egg to adult. The most abundant ice inhabitants reach high concentrations in the ice (nematodes more than 100 OOO, Cyclopina nearly 10 000.m-2). Others appear to show only accidental presence inthe ice, and are found in small numbers only, often at times when great numbers of the same speciesare present in the water below the ice. Probable feeding of the ice fauna and the food Chain linking the ice flora to vertebrate predators are discussed. Key words: arctic waters, sea ice, ice fauna, food Chain, zooplankton ” &SUMI?. La faune prtsente dans les quelques centimetres inftrieurs dela glace marine de la baie de Frobisher, est constitu6e principalement de juvtniles mtroplanctoniques dont les formes adultes appartiennent au benthoset de reprtsentantsholoplanctoniques de groupes gtnbralement benthi- ques. Nous n’y retrouvons point les principales eswes du zooplancton arctique. La faune de la glace comprenddes nkmatodes, des copkpodes har- pacticoides, des larves de polych&tes, des cilih, difftrentes larves benthiques, des amphipodes gammarides juvtniles et bien d’autres. Certaines espeCes ne se retrouvent dans la glace qu’h I’ttat juvhile, tandis que d’autres sontreprknt6es par des animaux ayant atteint des stades varies de developpement. Les cop6podes repkntent le groupe s’&nt le mieux h la vie dans la glace; certains d’entre eux s’y retrouvent B tous les stades de leur d&eloppement, de l’oeuf jusqu’h la forme adulte.Les habitants de la glaceles plus abondants y atteignent des concentrationsClev6es (les ntmatodes plus de 100 OOO, Cyctbpina preS de 10 000.m-2). D’autres semblent n’apparaitre dans la glace qu’accidentellement et en nombre 1 reduit, souventlorsqu’un grand nombre d’individus de lam&me es- kvoluent dans les eaux sous-jacentes. Le modedu nutrition probable de la l faunede la glacede memeque lesliens unissant celle-ci aux predateurs vert&& au traversde lachaîne alimentaire sont discutes. Mots cles: eaux de l’arctique, glace marine, faune de la glace, chaîne alimentaire, zooplancton Traduit par C. =rd, T. Cartier, F. Dugrt et J. Lalibertt. INTRODUCTION morereadily visible amphipods found associated with the Considerable interest in plants found in sea ice, both arctic and lower surface of the ice. MacGinitie (1955) observed large antarctic, was shown throughout the second half of the nine- numbers ofApherusu ghciulis on the underside of ice floeson teenth century, but it was not until Nansen (1906) observëd the north Coast of Alaska. Barnard (1959) reported Gummuru- ciliates on the surface of ice in the Arctic Ocean that animals cunthus loriCutus as possibly associated with the sea ice and were also recognized as sea ice inhabitants. Nansen concluded Onisimus (as Pseudalibrotus) nunseni and Gummurus wilkir- that the protozoans were of marine origin, frozen into the ice dii as positively associated with the ice of the central Arctic autum n. Ocean. HornerOcean. in autumn. (1972) found Onisimus (as Pseudalibrotus) In his 1906 work, Nansen referred to an earlier observation litorulis, Gummurucunthusloricutus, and Gummurus wilkitzkii of his made in 1882 in East Greenland waters. There he had on the lower surface of the ice on the north Alaska Coast. noticedthat ice 30-60 cm thick was frequentlycoloured Amphipods (Apherusu ghciulis and Gammarus setosus) of reddish-brown on the underside. It was called “seal-ice” by the “cryopelagic biocoenosis” in the Soviet Arctic were dis- thesealers because the seals seemed to prefer it. Nansen cussed byGolikov and Scarlato (1973). Greenand Steele recognizedthe coloured material as diatoms,and suggested (1975) observed Gammurus setosus and Gummurucunthus the existence of a trophic link between the under-ice diatoms, loricutus on the lower surface of the ice in Resolute Bay, and crustaceans which he stated would be expected to be attracted Welch and Kalff (1975) described unidentified amphipods by the diatoms, and seals, whichwould feed on the crusta- from the Same bay. ceans. This may have been the first serious statement on the Some highly detailed information was supplied by Buchanan ice-based food Chain which, almost exactly 100 years later, we et al. (1977) on under-ice amphipods from Bridport Inlet, are stillfromfar understanding clearly . MelvilleIsland. Three species of Onisimus (O. litorulis, O. Nearly half a century passed before Usachev’s (1949) ac- ghcialis, and O. nunseni) almg with Gummurus setosus and count of protozoans in ice in the Kara Sea appeared. He found Gummaracunthus loriCatus were discussed in relation to the several ciliates, including Euplotes candatu Meunier, E. trun- ice surface. Mention was made also of the amphipods Gum- cutu Meunier, Proboscidium armatum Meunier, Cephalotri- marus wilkit&i and Apherusu ghciulis. chiumtonsurutum Meunier, Amphorella vitreu (Brandt)and Several amphipods and copepods and a single mysid were sp. shown in loose association with the lower surface of the ice of ice the ofsurfacelower association theloose DifJluiu with inshown sp. This was followed by a series of reports on the larger and the Arctic Ocean by Mel’nikov and Kulikov (1980). Several of il ‘Arctic Biological Station, 555 St. Pierre Boulevard,Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada H9X 3R4 24 E.H. GRAINGER etal. the species above, with the additionApherusa of megalopsand Weyprechtia pinguis, were found just under the February ice on the north Alaskan coast by Griffiths and Dillinger (1981). A number of familiar amphipods along with previously unre- ported Ischyrocerusanguipes, Eusirus holmi, and Parathe- mist0 libellula and the mysid Mysis polaris were listed by Cross (1982a) from beneath the icein Pond Inlet, north Baffin Island. Many of the same amphipods, with the addition of Pontogeneia inermis, were taken at Cape Hatt, north Baffin Island, by Cross (1982b). Homer and Alexander (1972) seem to be the first to have looked for the smaller multi-cellular animals within arctic sea ice (Andriashev (1968) had already done so in the Antarctic, and had shown the presence of young polychaetes, calanoid, cyclopoid, and harpacticoid copepods and amphipods). They produced from the north Alaskan coast the most interesting and diversified list of ice animals to date, including ciliates, mainly hypotrichs of the genera Euplotes and Stylonchia, un- identified heliozoans, nematodes, polychaetes, turbellarians, and a single small, unnamed copepod. More recently, Cross (1982a) reported a number of invertebrate animals from the bottom layer of ice in Pond Inlet, north Baffin Island, and Carey and Montagna (1982) and Kern and Carey (1983) de- scribed an invertebrate ice fauna from north Alaska. Thesein- cluded such small ice-dwelling animals as nematodes, rotifers, polychaete larvae, and crustaceans. lQmrLll r Considerable knowledge of the ice flora has already been 0 5 10 assembled (Homer, 1977; Hsiao, 1980),and indications given of the potential importance of the ice plants as a food source FIG. I. Origin of sea ice collections (St. 1) in uppr Frobisher Bay, Baffin for plankton and fishes. Fairly extensive information has been Island. gathered on the larger animals associated mainly with the bot- tom of the ice. Knowledgeof the smaller animals living within the ice has remained rudimentary, however, regarding their of ice in both procedures showed little loss of material from identity and number, their possible mobility and relationships within the lower surface of the ice. with the fauna in the water beneath the ice, their food and Following collection, the ice samples were melted and ex- predators, their origin, and their fate when the ice melts in cess water drained through nylon mesh pm(73 for the first col- spring. lection of 1981, then.10 pm for the remaining samples of both Our study was carried out in Frobisher Bay, in the eastern years). All organisms retained were identified and counted. Canadian Arctic, at a nearshore site (63"42.8'N, 68'30.8'W) The change to a finer mesh was made to reduce possibleloss of between 40 and 50 m deep (Fig. 1). Physical and chemical the smaller organisms such as nematodes and ciliates. Such properties of the ice and water below were measured at the loss through the larger mesh appeared in fact to be extremely times of ice sampling (Grainger and Hsiao, 1982; Lovrity , small. 1982; and unpublished data of the Arctic Biological Station). Forcomparison with icesamples, zooplankton was col- Collectionsconsidered here were made during the winter- lected from the water beneath the ice, using 73-pm mesh nets spring periods of 1981 and 1982. hauled vertically. Additionally, water was pumped from a few centimetres below the ice, and the zooplankton taken was re- tained on a 73-pm mesh. We also used a hand-operated ice- METHODS bottom sampler. Ice fauna was collected in two ways. The first method in- volved digging holes cm in diameter, going from the 60-90 RESULTS surface down to about 15 cm from the bottom of the ice. The remainingice was carefully extracted from the holes and The sea ice sampled ranged in thickness from 80 to 159 cm retrievedwith as little disturbance to the lower surface as during the collection periods, the snow cover from negligible possible. Alternatively, we used a SIPRE ice corer, which to about 50 cm.
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