Le Comportement D'ismay

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Le Comportement D'ismay Le comportement d’Ismay. Philippe Chevalier. Le comportement de J. Bruce Ismay à bord du Titanic a fait polémique. La principale accusation portée à son égard est qu’il ait survécu, alors que quinze cents personnes ont perdu la vie dans le naufrage. D’un point de vue moral, c’est une abomination. Mais peut-on, cent ans plus tard, porter le même regard qu’à l’époque ? A-t-on le droit de juger de la vie d’autrui ? A-t-on le droit de dire qu’il aurait dû mourir ? Personnellement, je n’ai pas de réponse. Retenu par l’Histoire. Le film Titanic, de James Cameron, montre l’armateur voulant faire augmenter la vitesse du navire. Il désire que le voyage inaugural du Titanic fasse les gros titres de la presse. Le capitaine Smith est réticent, ne voulant pas pousser les moteurs tant qu’ils ne sont pas rodés. L’armateur, se déclarant simple passager, lui propose néanmoins une glorieuse fin de carrière en créant la surprise générale en arrivant le mardi soir1. Dans le film Titanic, d’Herbert Selpin et Werner Klinger, à mille lieues de la réalité, c’est par cupidité et esprit de lucre que l’armateur pousse le Joseph Bruce Ismay (1862-1937). capitaine Smith à battre le record de vitesse2. simple passager pour prendre place dans une La bande dessinée Titanic, de Richard Nolane et 6 Patrick Dumas, présente l’armateur comme un embarcation de sauvetage . homme sournois, proposant de décrocher le ruban Néanmoins, tout le monde ne le pointe pas d’un Bleu3. Dans la BD La Malédiction du Titanic, de doit accusateur. Ainsi, le téléfilm S.O.S. Titanic, de Cédric Rassart et Emre Orhun, où tous les Billy Hale, décharge l’armateur d’une quelconque personnages s’avèrent presque tous déjantés, Ismay responsabilité. Ismay s’en remet à Smith, même si une arrivée en retard à New York doit être veut reprendre le control de la situation en exigeant 7 stupidement que les machines soient poussées au déplorée . Dans la mini-série écrite par Julian maximum4. Fellowes, Ismay refuse de faire la course, laissant la Henry Lang, dans son livre Le Management du Cunard remporter le ruban Bleu. Ne songeant pas à faire la course, le capitaine Smith désire néanmoins Titanic – qui fait la parallèle entreprise-Titanic –, 8 présente l’armateur comme harcelant, dépassant son gagner une demi-journée en poussant les machines . rôle de passager, en sachant bien que le capitaine Quant à l’historien Gérard A. Jaeger, il se montre ardent défenseur dans son livre Il Etait une Fois le est sous ses ordres puisqu’il est son employé. Il le 9 décrit comme un triste individu. Et Lang heureux Titanic . de constater que la grande majorité des chefs Est-ce à raison que l’Histoire a condamné d’entreprises ne sont pas des Bruce Ismay5. l’armateur ? Ou J. Bruce Ismay aurait-il été un bouc Dans A Night to Remember (La Nuit du Titanic), émissaire pour la mort de plus d’un millier de Walter Lord dépeint l’armateur comme un personnes ? A-t-il une part de responsabilité dans ce opportuniste qui passe tour à tour le costume de désastre ? Mon but n’est pas d’apporter une réponse passager et celui de super-commandant. définitive, mais de tenter une approche. Commandant pour s’initier dans la navigation et Durant le voyage. 1) À quand l’arrivée ? En sa qualité d’armateur, J. Bruce Ismay participa au voyage inaugural du Titanic pour le juger, mais 1 James Cameron, Titanic, 1997. également pour estimer des améliorations qui 2 Herbert Selpin & Werner Klinger, Titanic, 1943. 3 Richard D. Nolane, & Patrick A. Dumas, Titanic, 2009. 6 4 Walter Lord, A Night to Remember, 1955. Cédric Rassart & Emre Orhun, La Malédiction du Titanic, 7 2012. William Hale, S.O.S. Titanic, 1979. 5 8 Henry Lang, Le Management du Titanic : Les Leçons d’un Jon Jones, Titanic, 2012. 9 Naufrage, 1999. Gérard A. Jaeger, Il Etait une Fois le Titanic, 2012. pouvaient être apportées à un futur navire en ailleurs, il semblerait que le capitaine Smith avait construction10. La White Star avait décidé de lancer assuré qu’il n’en serait rien15. un trio de géants des mers : l’Olympic, le Titanic et Emily Ryerson, également passagère de première le Britannic – devant s’appeler initialement classe, rapporta qu’Ismay lui avait certifié que la Gigantic11. vitesse du Titanic allait être augmentée. Les Ismay déclara par la suite n’avoir eu aucune Ryerson s’interrogèrent même comment feraient-ils consultation avec le capitaine concernant la marche si le navire devait arriver à New York le mardi soir du navire. L’arrangement – avant le départ de au lieu du mercredi matin16. Queenstown – consistait à ce que le navire arrive en Dans un livret qu’elle avait fait distribuer au début vu de bateau-feu de New York pas avant 5 heures, du voyage, la White Star informait ses passagers le mercredi matin. Rien n’était à gagner à arriver que si le navire arrivait à quai après 20 heures, les avant cet horaire, assura l’armateur12. passagers pouvaient rester la nuit à bord et Pourtant, une passagère de première classe donna débarquer après le petit-déjeuner le matin suivant17. un témoignage qui différait complètement. Durant La rumeur d’une arrivée en avance avait circulé la Commission de responsabilité limitée, Elizabeth jusqu’aux oreilles de Lawrence Beesley, passager Lines déclara que non seulement Ismay voulait que de seconde classe, qui détenait ces informations du le Titanic arrive à New York le mardi, mais qu’en commissaire de bord. C’est à l’idée d’arriver un plus, l’armateur avait interféré directement devant jour plus tôt que semblait s’être d’abord référé le le capitaine Smith. Il était question d’aller plus vite commissaire de seconde classe. Mais voyant la que l’Olympic13. distance parcourue le deuxième jour, celui-ci émit des réserves. Il gardait cependant fois et fit partager son enthousiasme à sa table. Beesley rapporta que tout le monde, à sa table, pensait à une arrivée dans la nuit du mardi18. En fait, il semblerait que cette règle s’appliquait à l’itinéraire nord – le Titanic, lui, était sur l’itinéraire sud – et à condition que le commandant estima que c’était prudent19. Une arrivée le mardi au lieu de mercredi semble résulter d’une pratique que voulait mettre en place la White Star, suite à une suggestion de Franklin – et non d’Ismay. En ce qui concerne la discussion entre Ismay et Smith surprise par Mme Lines, Franck Gavard- Perret, l’un des coauteurs du livre Les Français du Titanic, fait observer dans une interview accordée à Antoine Resche pour son blog Biblio-Titanic, que Une rumeur disant que le Titanic devait arriver à New York le les mots entendus furent prononcés dans une salle mardi soir au lieu du mercredi matin circula à bord. où du bruit couvrait les propos20. D’ailleurs, suite à la découverte d’une série de 15 lettres écrites entre Philip Franklin et Ismay, Hugh Brewster, Gilded Lives, Fatal Voyage : the Titanic’s First-Class Passengers and their World, 2012, d’après le New l’historien Paul Louden-Brown a démontré que la York Times, 23 juin 1911, repris par Mark Chirnside et Sam question d’arriver régulièrement le mardi à la place Halpern, Olympic and Titanic : Maiden Voyage Mysteries, du mercredi avait été évoquée à propos de Encyclodia Titanica, www.encyclopedia-titanic.org. 16 l’Olympic, mais qu’Ismay était opposé à une telle Déposition d’Emily Ryerson, passagère de première classe, pratique. La politique de la compagnie avait décidé associé à la déposition de Mahala Douglas, passagère de première classe, devant la Commission sénatoriale américaine, d’une telle pratique ; mais l’idée semble 1912. 14 17 initialement venir de Franklin et non d’Ismay . Par Titanic Historical Society Inc, Souvenir de bord, Titanic collection, 1998, fac-similé, Notes for First Class Passengers on Board the Steamers of the White Star Line in the Services 10 Between Great Britain and the United States and Canada. Déposition de Bruce Ismay, président de la White Star Line, Mediterranean Ports and the United States. 3rd Issue. March, devant la Commission d’enquête sénatoriale américaine, 1912. 1910. 11 18 Don Lynch & Ken Marschall, Titanic : an Illustrated History, Lawrence Beesley, The Loss of the S. S. Titanic. Its Story and 1992. Its Lessons, 1912. 12 19 Déposition de Bruce Ismay, président de la White Star Line, Paul Louden-Brown, Ismay and the Titanic, extrait de The devant la Commission d’enquête sénatoriale américaine, 1912. White Star Line : an Illustrated History, 1869-1934, Titanic 13 Déposition d’Elizabeth Lines, passagère de première classe, Historical Society, www.titanichistoricalsociety.org. 20 durant les auditions de responsabilité limitée, 22 novembre 1913. Antoine Resche, interview par LittleTony87 de Franck 14 Paul Louden-Brown, Ismay and the Titanic, extrait de The Gavard-Perret et de François Codet pour leur livre Les Français White Star Line : an Illustrated History, 1869-1934, Titanic du Titanic (Marines Éditions, 2001), pour son blog Biblio- Historical Society, www.titanichistoricalsociety.org. Titanic (bibliotitanic.unblog.fr). On peut supposer qu’Ismay n’avait pu que se ranger pour annoncer le derrière la politique déjeuner. L’armateur De fait, il y a tout lieu de croire que le Titanic aurait conservé le devait arriver à New York le mardi soir au lieu du message jusqu’à 19 h mercredi matin, comme initialement programmé. 10, lorsque le capitaine Néanmoins, aux dires de l’officier Lightoller, le le lui aurait réclamé31. Titanic n’était pas lancé dans une course aveugle21.
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