L'alimentation Végétale De Rindigène Du Congo Belge

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L'alimentation Végétale De Rindigène Du Congo Belge Institut Royal Colonial Belge Koninklijk Belgisch Koloniaal Instituut SECTION DES SCIENCES NATURELLES AEDEELINÖ DER NATUDR- ET MÉDICALES m GENEESKUNDKE WETENSCHAPPEN Mémoires. — Collection in-S». Verhandelingen. — Verzameling Tome II, fascicule 4. in-8». — T. II, aflevering 4. DOCUMENTS pour l'Étude de l'Alimentation Végétale de rindigène du Congo Belge E. DE WILDEMAN DIRECTEUR HONORAIRE DU JARDIN BOTANIQUE DE L'ÉTAT, MEMBRE TITULAIRE DE L'INSTITUT ROYAL COLONIAL BELGE, MEMBRE DE L'ACADÉMIE ROYALE DES SCIENCES, LETTRES ET BEAUX-ARTS DE BELGIQUE, MEMBRE DE L'ACADÉMIE DES SCIENCES COLONIALES (PARIS). • BRUXELLES Librairie Falk fils, GEORGES VAN CAMPENHOUT, Successeur, 22, Rue des Paroissiens, 22. 1934 DOCUMENTS pour l'Etude de l'Ali mentation Végétale de l'Indigène du Congo Belge PAR E. DE WILDEMAN DIRECTEUR HONORAIRE DU JARDIN BOTANIQUE DE L'ÉTAT, MEMBRE TITULAIRE DE L'INSTITUT HOYAL COLONIAL BELGE, MEMBRE DE L'ACADEMIE ROYALE DES SCIENCES, LETTRES ET BEAUX-ARTS DE BELGIQUE, MEMBRE DE L'ACADÉMIE DES SCIENCES COLONIALES (PARIS), MÉM. INST. ROYAL COLONIAL BELGE. Mémoire présenté à la séance du 17 février 1934. DOCUMENTS pour rÉtude de l'Alimentation Végétale de l'Indigène du Congo Belge T Considérations générales. — Sous-alimentation. Nécessité d'études approfondies sur les éléments de la nutrition habituelle des Congolais. L'alimentation de l'indigène afiicain a fait l'objet de nombreuses discussions dans les périodiques coloniaux et dans les journaux quotidiens, comme au sein des Congrès coloniaux étrangers et belges. Cette question est d'ailleurs, sans conteste, une des plus importantes de celles qui ont été soulevées à l'occasion de noire désir de coloniser des pays neufs. Elle est, d'ailleurs, non seulement d'une importance primordiale pour l'indigène des régions tropicales, mais pour l'humanité. Dans une conférence qu'il fit en 1890 au (I Cours public » de la ville de Bruxelles, le Prof. Errera, ayant été amené à présenter des considérations sur la respiration des plantes, arriva à cette conclusion très géné• rale : (( Il faut donc pour l'être vivant, comme pour la machine, que l'on charge le foyer; la nutrition lui est ALIMEM\TION VEGETALE indispensable, non senlement pour qu'il s'accroisse, mais déjà pour qu'il se conserve » ('). On doit donc accepter, vu leur très o-rande (^('uéralité, les conclusions de l'inijjorlant travail pid)lié par le D' A. I. Richards sur la iaini el le travail clic/ une peu• plade du Snd-Africain, qui admettent que la faim et la sexualité sont les deux finalités biologiques qui régissent la vie sociale de l'homme ['). Lors du Congrès colonial national de 1920, après que le D' Broden, dans un remarquable discours, avait fait ressortir la situation, au point de vue indigène, de notre Colonie, avoir montré qu'il y avait lieu d'envisager la conservation et le développement de ces populations indi• gènes et par suite de lutter contre les maladies qui les déciment, le R. I'. Legraïul put dire, à propos de la vita• lité de la race congolaise : « La vitalité des races congo• laises, comparée à celle de notre pays, est en général faible. La cause la plus apparente me paraît être le manque de nourriture. Le noir se nourrit trop peu. Dans la région du Moyen-Congo et du Kwango, que je connais spécialement, il ne mange à sa faim que tous les quatre jours, le jour du marché: dans l'entretemps, il se contente de calmer son appétit par quelques morceaux de pain de manioc, par quelques bananes ou par un peu de maïs, quand il en a. La saison sèche aggrave la situation. Le sol étant devenu improductif et les vi\res étant é[)uisés. la famine se déclare. Je puis affirmer en pleine connais• sance de cause qu'elle est annuelle dans ces deux districts et quasi générale pendant deux ou trois mois » (''). On est souvent revenu sur les famines en Afrique cen- (M L. ERRERA, in Revue de Belgique, 15 août 1890, et Recueil d'œiivres de Léo Errera. Botanique générale, t. II, p. 26. (2) A. I. RICHARDS, Hunger and work in a savage Tribe. A functional studg of nutrition among the Southern Rantu. London, 1932. (••') C. Congres Colonial national Bruxelles, décembre 192(1, Bruxel• les, 1921, p. 105. DE L'INDIGÈINE DU CONGO BELGE t> liale; citons, par exemple, la triste description publiée en 1926, dans l'Essor maritime et colonial C), d'après une lettre du R. P. Vender Wee; puis celles de M. P. Ryck- mans, de M. Scaëtta, en 1932 (^) ; toutes, elles terminent en réclamant en particulier l'amélioration des cultures vivrières, et M. H. Scaëtta demandait que fût réadaptée aux conditions du milieu cette agriculture, ce qui pour lui exigeait « de procéder à l'étude systématique de l'agri• culture indigène, au double point de vue technique et du rendement ». Il semble que les couleurs sombres de ces tableaux se sont actuellement fort atténuées, grâce aux efforts conju• gués des services médicaux, de ceux de l'agricxdture et de l'Administration, soit des provinces congolaises, soit de celle du Ruanda-Urundi. Mais pour remédier à de telles situations, qui, si elles sont, dans certains cas, moins graves actuellement qu'elles ne le furent, se représentent encore dans certaines régions de notre Congo, on a cru devoir réglementer la nourri• ture, soit par des décrets C) ou par l'instauration de rations obligatoires. N'oublions pas cependant, à ce propos, la phrase si juste qu'a fait ressortir M. P. Ryckmans dans une étude (1) Essor maritime et colonial, 15 mai 1926; Notre Colonie. REVUE COLO• NIALE, mai 1926, n» 106, p. IM. (2) H. SCAËTTA, Les Famines périodiques dans le Buanda. BULL. INST. ROYAL COL. BELGE, Section des sciences naturelles et médicales. MÉM. in-40, t. I, fasc. 4, Bruxelles, 1932. Cf. DE "WILDEMAN, Rapport sur : H. SCAËTTA, Les Famines périodiques dans le Ruanda, BULL. INST. ROYAL COL. BELGE, t. n, no 3, 1931. (3) Mesures préventives en vue des disettes du Ruanda-Urundi, qui pourraient être appliquées ailleurs : Art. 1. — Indépendamment des approvisionnements de graines néces• saires aux semailles, qui ne seront pas inférieures à 10 kilogrammes par habitant, tout indigène autochtone adulte de sexe masculin, résidant dans sa chefferie, est tenu de constituer à l'époque de la récolte des céréales et des légumineuses et aux dates fixées par le Résident compé• tent, des réserves de vivres destinées à la consommation de sa famille. Ces réserves seront calculées à raison de 60 kilogrammes de vivres par 6 ALIMENTATION VEGETALE sur la Famine dans rUrundl et dans laquelle il démontre à son tovir l'iniporlauce de la culture : a Dans l'impossi- l)ilité où l'on est de nourrir et de sauver tout le monde, on sauvera plus de .i^ens en distribuant des semences qu'eu distribuant des vivres, en faisant travailler les indigènes qu'en les soutenant sans espoir pendant quelques jouis. i> On n'entame le ravitaillement avec quelque chance de succès que lorsqu'on est certain d'en voir un jour finir la nécessité par la récolte de vivres frais » ('). Xous avons vu aux prises, dans des discussions, parfois très acerbes, tant à l'étranper qu'en Belgique, les parti• sans du ravitaillement régulier, de la ration alimentaire imposée par la loi à tous les employeurs et ceux désirant voir l'indigène employé se préoccuper lui-même de cher• cher sa nourriture, de faire usage autant que possible de celle à laquelle il a été accoutumé dans sa tribu. Une réglementation par ration ne peut atteindre d'une façon effective qu'employeurs et employés d'entreprises étatistes ou capitalistes et, bien que dans certains cas très xitile, elle ne peut donc arriver à résoudre la question générale, bien plus complexe, de l'alimentation de l'indi• gène vivant on travaillant en dehors de l'influence du blanc. Les arguments présentés en 1927 par M. Lalanne contre la généralisation de la ration par la formule : « l'exploi- tète d'habitant. Leur e-oiiservation sera assurée dans les conditions pres• crites par le fonctionnaire compétent et elles ne jiourront être entamées qu'aux dates et dans les mesures qu'il déterminera. -A.rt. 2. — En vue d'y prévenir la disette, les Résidents pourront, sous réserve de ratification par le Gouverneur, subordonner temporairement à une autorisation préalable l'exportation de céréales ou de légumineuses de tout ou partie de leur ressort. .\rt. 3. — Dans le but prévu à l'article précédent, les Résidents pour• ront décider temporairement, pour tout ou partie de leur ressort, que les caravanes de commerce ou autres devront comprendre dans leurs bagages les vivres nécessaires à leur subsistance en cours de route. {Bull, officiel du Conrjo belge, îl" année, n° 1, janvier 1928, p. 28.) (M P. HYCKMANS, Famine. L'Essotî COLON, ET MARIT., Bruxelles 20 juin 1929, no 394. p. 7. DE L'INDIGKNE DU CONGO BELGE I tant sera tenu de fournir en nature l'alimentation de ses manœuvres indigènes » nous paraissent de valeur; avec lui nous admettrons que dans bien des cas « la nourriture délivrée en nature sera un gaspillage; faute de moyens de transport, la nourriture arrivera au chantier en état de décomposition et à moitié perdue », et il conclut, entre autres : » Ne hâtez pas cette mesure, laissez la liberté actuelle. La nourriture du travailleur sera plus mauvaise de ce fait. La production sera diminuée, le coût de la vie augmenté » C). Nous reconnaissons cependant que la ration peut être utile, et pour satisfaire à cette opinion, de nombreux types de rations ont été préconisés, mais leur application n'a généralement pas donné tous les bons résultats que l'on en attendait, sauf dans quelques grandes entreprises, où des médecins ont pu suivre avec soin l'action de la ration.
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