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Las Cucurbitáceas Importancia Económica, Bioquímica Y Medicinal

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Las Cucurbitáceas Importancia Económica, Bioquímica Y Medicinal LAS CUCURBITÁCEAS IMPORTANCIA ECONÓMICA, BIOQUÍMICA Y MEDICINAL AHMED M. SALAMA © Universidad Nacional de Colombia Facultad de Ciencias Departamento de Farmacia ISBN: 958-701-738-2 Diseño y diagramación: Andrea Kratzer M. [email protected] Catalogación en la publicación Universidad Nacional de Colombia Salama, Ahmed Mohamed, 1944- Las cucurbitáceas : importancia económica, bioquímica y medicinal / Ahmed M. Salama. – Bogotá: Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Facultad de Ciencias, 2006 198 p. : il., fotos, planos ISBN : 958-701-738-2 1. Cucurbitaceae 2. Plantas medicinales 3. Productos naturales CDD-21 583.63 / 2006 Ahmed M. Salama AGRADECIMIENTOS Al terminar esta obra quiero agradecer a Dios, ante todo, por concederme la vida, la salud y la lucidez que me han acompañado siempre. A mi madre, por su infinito amor; a Gloria, a Shireen, a mi familia y a mis amigos, por las constantes voces de aliento que me ofrecieron. Al profesor Fabio González, del Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, sede Bogotá, por las fuentes biblio- gráficas que me proporcionó y por su valioso estímulo para seguir adelante en mi propósito. Al licenciado Luis Eduardo Méndez, por su desinteresada ayuda en la revisión ortográfica y la corrección de estilo. Al profesor Javier Rincón Velandia, del Depar- tamento de Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, sede Bogotá, por su generosa y volun- taria presentación del libro. 5 Ahmed M. Salama ÍNDICE DE CONTENIDO Prólogo ....................................................................................................... 15 Introducción Las plantas y el ser humano .................................................................... 19 Objetivos y metodología de la obra ........................................................ 21 Capítulo 1 Las cucurbitáceas .................................................................................... 25 1.1 Características morfológicas ............................................................. 28 Morfología de flores, frutos y semillas ............................................ 29 Anatomía del tallo .......................................................................... 32 Anatomía de las hojas ..................................................................... 32 1.2 Clasificación taxonómica .................................................................. 33 1.3 Importancia económica .................................................................... 37 Cultivo, producción y exportación de cucurbitáceas .................... 42 1.4 Importancia bioquímica y usos medicinales .................................... 47 Capítulo 2 2.1 Las cucurbitacinas .............................................................................. 52 2.1.1 Determinación de las estructuras químicas .............................. 52 2.1.2 Biosíntesis .............................................................................. 54 2.1.3 Fuentes naturales y estructuras químicas ................................. 55 2.1.4 Aislamiento e identificación ................................................... 100 2.1.5 Propiedad biológica .............................................................. 102 Propiedades citotóxica y antitumoral ......................................... 102 Prop. antimicrobiana, fungicida, analgésica y antiinflamatoria .... 106 Propiedad insecticida ............................................................... 108 Propiedad antigiberelínica ........................................................ 109 2.2 Otros constituyentes químicos ..................................................... 109 2.2.1 Triterpenos pentacíclicos ................................................... 109 2.2.2 Esteroles, ácidos grasos, flavonoides y saponinas .................. 110 2.2.3 29-nor-cucurbitacinas .......................................................... 111 7 Las cucurbitáceas: importancia económica, bioquímica y medicinal Capítulo 3 Especies destacadas de la familia Cucurbitaceae .................................. 113 3.1 Ahuyama (Cucurbita maxima) ..................................................... 113 Partes usadas Hábitat Descripción botánica Principios activos Propiedades farmacológicas y usos medicinales 3.2 Balsamina (Momordica charantia) ................................................ 116 Partes usadas Hábitat Descripción botánica Principios activos Propiedades farmacológicas y usos medicinales 3.3 Calabaza (Cucurbita pepo) ............................................................ 119 Partes usadas Hábitat Descripción botánica Principios activos Propiedades farmacológicas y usos medicinales 3.4 Guatila (Sechium edule) ................................................................ 121 Partes usadas Hábitat Descripción botánica Principios activos Propiedades farmacológicas y usos medicinales 3.5 Tayuya (Cayaponia tayuya) .......................................................... 123 Partes usadas Hábitat Descripción botánica Principios activos Propiedades farmacológicas y usos medicinales 8 Ahmed M. Salama 3.6 Sandía (Citrullus lanatus) .............................................................. 125 Partes usadas Hábitat Descripción botánica Principios activos Propiedades farmacológicas y usos medicinales 3.7 Melón .............................................................................................. 127 3.7.1 Melón cantaloup (Cucumis cantalupensis) ................................ 127 Partes usadas Hábitat Descripción botánica 3.7.2 Melón dudaim (Cucumis dudaim) ............................................. 128 Partes usadas Hábitat Descripción botánica 3.7.3 Honey dew melon (Cucumis melo variedad inodorus) ............. 128 Partes usadas Descripción botánica 3.7.4 Serpent Melon (Cucumis flexuosum) ......................................... 129 3.7.5 Melón común (Cucumis melo) ................................................... 129 Partes usadas Hábitat Descripción botánica Principios activos del melón Propiedades farmacológicas y usos medicinales 3.8 Cohombro (Cucumis sativus) ....................................................... 130 Partes usadas Hábitat Descripción botánica Principios activos Propiedades farmacológicas y usos medicinales 9 Las cucurbitáceas: importancia económica, bioquímica y medicinal 3.9 Cohombro chino (Trichosanthes kirilowii) .................................. 132 Partes usadas Hábitat Principios activos Propiedades farmacológicas y usos medicinales 3.10 Brionia (Bryonia dioica Jacq.) ..................................................... 134 Hábitat Descripción botánica Principios activos Propiedades farmacológicas y usos medicinales Capítulo 4 Las cucurbitáceas colombianas ............................................................ 136 4.1 Anguria N. J. Jacquin ...................................................................... 138 Anguria grandiflora Cogn. 4.2 Calycophysum Karsten & Triana .................................................... 139 Calycophysum pedunculatum Karsten & Triana 4.3 Cayaponia Manso .......................................................................... 140 Cayaponia buraeavii Cogn. Cayaponia cf. coriacea Cogn. Cayaponia glandulosa (Poepp. & Endl.) Cogn. Cayaponia pedata Cogn. Cayaponia ophthalmica Schultes Cayaponia simplicifolia (Nuadin) Cogn. Cayaponia triangularis (Cogn.) Cogn. Cayaponia cf. tubulosa Cogn. 4.4 Citrullus Eckl. & Zeyh. ................................................................... 143 Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai 4.5 Cucumis L. ...................................................................................... 144 Cucumis anguria L. Cucumis dipsaceus Ehrenb. Ex Spach Cucumis melo L. Cucumis sativus L. 10 Ahmed M. Salama 4.6 Cucurbita L. .................................................................................... 148 Cucurbita ficifolia Bouché, Verh. Cucurbita maxima Duch. Ex Lam. Cucurbita moschata (Duchesne ex Lam.) Duchesne ex Poir. Cucurbita pepo L. 4.7 Cyclanthera Schrader ..................................................................... 152 Cyclanthera brachybotrys (Poepp. & Ende.) Cogn. Cyclanthera brachystachya (Ser.) Cogn. Cyclanthera pedata (L.) Schrad. Cyclanthera cordifolia Cogn. Cyclanthera leptostachya Cogn. Cyclanthera multifoliola Cogn. Cyclanthera quinquelobata (Vell.) Cogn. Cyclanthera tenuisepala Cogn. Cyclanthera trianaei Cogn. 4.8 Elateriopsis Ernst ........................................................................... 156 Elateriopsis öerstedii (Cogn.) Pittier 4.9 Elaterium Jacq. ............................................................................... 156 Elaterium trianaei Cogn. Cour. 4.10 Fevillea L. ...................................................................................... 157 Fevillea cordifolia L. 4.11 Gurania (Schlecht.) Cogn. ........................................................... 158 Gurania spinulosa (Poepp. & Endl.) Cogn. 4.12 Luffa Millar ................................................................................... 160 Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb. Luffa cylindrica (L.) Roemer Luffa operculata (L.) Cogn. 4.13 Melothria L. .................................................................................. 163 Melothria guadalupensis (Spreng.) Cogn. Melothria trilobata Cogn. Melothria warmingii Cogn. 11 Las cucurbitáceas: importancia económica, bioquímica y medicinal 4.14 Momordica L. ............................................................................... 165 Momordica charantia L. 4.15 Psiguria Arn. in Hook. .................................................................
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