Ruler Records % of Total Rarity 1 Constantine I 37428 5.611 MC 2

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Ruler Records % of Total Rarity 1 Constantine I 37428 5.611 MC 2 Ruler Records % of Total Rarity 1 Constantine I 37428 5.611 MC 2 Trajan 23970 3.593 MC 3 Gordian III 23811 3.569 MC 4 Hadrian 23442 3.514 MC 5 Antoninus Pius 21400 3.208 MC 6 Augustus 20021 3.001 MC 7 Constantius II 19395 2.907 MC 8 Septimius Severus 18340 2.749 MC 9 Gallienus 16139 2.419 MC 10 Caracalla 15350 2.301 MC 11 Probus 15171 2.274 MC 12 Severus Alexander 14992 2.247 MC 13 Vespasian 14978 2.245 MC 14 Marcus Aurelius 14959 2.242 VC 15 Philip I 11653 1.747 VC 16 Anonymous 11480 1.721 VC 17 Domitian 11411 1.711 VC 18 Constantine II 11155 1.672 VC 19 Aurelian 10059 1.508 VC 20 Licinius I 10017 1.502 VC 21 Julia Domna 10015 1.501 VC 22 Nero 9714 1.456 VC 23 Diocletian 9052 1.357 VC 24 Commodus 8950 1.342 VC 25 Maximian 8821 1.322 VC 26 Claudius I 8569 1.285 VC 27 Faustina II 8474 1.270 VC 28 Postumus 8439 1.265 VC 29 Claudius II 8195 1.228 VC 30 Elagabalus 7988 1.197 VC 31 Constans I 7909 1.186 VC 32 Faustina I 6909 1.036 VC 33 Valens 6567 0.984 VC 34 Crispus 6275 0.941 C 35 Valentinian I 6167 0.924 C 36 Tiberius 5925 0.888 C 37 Geta 5498 0.824 C 38 Trajan Decius 5450 0.817 C 39 Julian II 5372 0.805 C 40 Maximinus I 5364 0.804 C 41 Titus 5132 0.769 C 42 Lucius Verus 5034 0.755 C 43 Nerva 4597 0.689 C 44 Theodosius I 4552 0.682 C 45 Arcadius 4325 0.648 C 46 Galerius 4165 0.624 C 47 Valerian I 3953 0.593 C 48 Gratian 3837 0.575 C 49 Julia Mamaea 3823 0.573 C 50 Philip II 3670 0.550 C 51 Maximinus II 3656 0.548 C 52 Constantius I 3649 0.547 C 53 Salonina 3318 0.497 C 54 Honorius 3289 0.493 C 55 Trebonianus Gallus 3215 0.482 C 56 Magnentius 3172 0.476 C 57 Caligula 3066 0.460 C 58 Victorinus 2991 0.448 C 59 Otacilia Severa 2757 0.413 C 60 Helena 2609 0.391 C 61 Theodosius II 2530 0.379 C 62 Lucilla 2526 0.379 C 63 Tacitus 2460 0.369 C 64 Tetricus I 2450 0.367 LC 65 Galba 2421 0.363 LC 66 Maxentius 2414 0.362 LC 67 Anastasius I 2409 0.361 LC 68 Vitellius 2386 0.358 LC 69 Valentinian II 2258 0.338 LC 70 Macrinus 2164 0.324 LC 71 Agrippa 2133 0.320 LC 72 Sabina 2126 0.319 LC 73 Volusian 2046 0.307 LC 74 Jovian 2034 0.305 LC 75 Carinus 1996 0.299 LC 76 Licinius II 1915 0.287 LC 77 Clodius Albinus 1909 0.286 LC 78 Julia Maesa 1897 0.284 LC 79 Carausius 1840 0.276 LC 80 Herennia Etruscilla 1764 0.264 LC 81 Crispina 1759 0.264 LC 82 Constantius Gallus 1566 0.235 LC 83 Numerian 1504 0.225 LC 84 Magnus Maximus 1471 0.221 LC 85 Aelius 1468 0.220 LC 86 Leo I 1379 0.207 LC 87 Severina 1360 0.204 LC 88 Carus 1340 0.201 LC 89 Tetricus II 1294 0.194 LC 90 Plautilla 1283 0.192 LC 91 Allectus 1235 0.185 LC 92 Germanicus 1215 0.182 LC 93 Quintillus 1176 0.176 LC 94 Florian 1093 0.164 LC 95 Pertinax 1074 0.161 LC 96 Pupienus 1058 0.159 LC 97 Herennius Etruscus 1050 0.157 LC 98 Delmatius 1044 0.157 LC 99 Galeria Valeria 980 0.147 S 100 Maximus Caesar 945 0.142 S 101 Zeno 945 0.142 S 102 Fausta 938 0.141 S 103 Procopius 935 0.140 S 104 Severus II 922 0.138 S 105 Decentius 913 0.137 S 106 Vetranio 906 0.136 S 107 Otho 870 0.130 S 108 Marcian 861 0.129 S 109 Diadumenian 841 0.126 S 110 Valerian II 823 0.123 S 111 Valentinian III 814 0.122 S 112 Aelia Flaccilla 805 0.121 S 113 Balbinus 780 0.117 S 114 Julia Soaemias 759 0.114 S 115 Julia Paula 707 0.106 S 116 Orbiana 659 0.099 S 117 Antonia 650 0.097 S 118 Aemilian 638 0.096 S 119 Hostilian 605 0.091 S 120 Vabalathus 577 0.086 S 121 Mariniana 515 0.077 S 122 Saloninus 514 0.077 S 123 Nero Claudius Drusus 492 0.074 S 124 Pescennius Niger 483 0.072 S 125 Theodora 465 0.070 S 126 Julia Titi 460 0.069 S 127 Drusus 459 0.069 S 128 Marius 445 0.067 S 129 Didius Julianus 440 0.066 VS 130 Livia 421 0.063 VS 131 Agrippina I 388 0.058 VS 132 Eudoxia 383 0.057 VS 133 Magnia Urbica 363 0.054 VS 134 Hanniballianus 360 0.054 VS 135 Paulina 352 0.053 VS 136 Flavius Victor 333 0.050 VS 137 Macrianus 320 0.048 VS 138 Quietus 313 0.047 VS 139 Aquilia Severa 294 0.044 VS 140 Eugenius 278 0.042 VS 141 Gordian II 269 0.040 VS 142 Gordian I 242 0.036 VS 143 Johannes 220 0.033 VS 144 Romulus 203 0.030 VS 145 Marciana 192 0.029 VS 146 Didia Clara 189 0.028 VS 147 Manlia Scantilla 184 0.028 VS 148 Domitia 169 0.025 VS 149 Constantine III 159 0.024 VS 150 Laelianus 158 0.024 VS 151 Basiliscus 143 0.021 VS 152 Eudocia 140 0.021 VS 153 Anthemius 138 0.021 VS 154 Julian I 120 0.018 VS 155 Pulcheria 120 0.018 VS 156 Plotina 113 0.017 R 157 Agrippina II 105 0.016 R 158 Galla Placidia 101 0.015 R 159 Nigrinian 95 0.014 R 160 Majorian 92 0.014 R 161 Domitius Domitianus 89 0.013 R 162 Libius Severus 81 0.012 R 163 Matidia 78 0.012 R 164 Alexander 63 0.009 R 165 Pacatian 60 0.009 R 166 Julius Nepos 58 0.009 R 167 Verina 55 0.008 R 168 Tranquillina 49 0.007 R 169 Domitilla II 47 0.007 R 170 Jovinus 47 0.007 R 171 Caius Caesar 44 0.007 R 172 Martinian 40 0.006 R 173 Zenonis 39 0.006 R 174 Honoria 38 0.006 R 175 Nepotian 36 0.005 R 176 Britannicus 35 0.005 R 177 Clodius Macer 35 0.005 R 178 Domitilla I 34 0.005 R 179 Maximus 30 0.004 R 180 Leo II 29 0.004 R 181 Cornelia Supera 28 0.004 VR 182 Licinia Eudoxia 24 0.004 VR 183 Priscus Attalus 24 0.004 VR 184 Uranius Antoninus 24 0.004 VR 185 Dryantilla 23 0.003 VR 186 Regalianus 23 0.003 VR 187 Zenobia 23 0.003 VR 188 Valerius Valens 22 0.003 VR 189 Romulus Augustus 18 0.003 VR 190 Constantius III 17 0.003 VR 191 Petronius Maximus 17 0.003 VR 192 Avitus 15 0.002 VR 193 Jotapian 15 0.002 VR 194 Annia Faustina 6 0.001 XR 195 Euphemia 5 0.001 XR 196 Glycerius 5 0.001 XR 197 Ariadne 4 0.001 XR 198 Constans II 4 0.001 XR 199 Olybrius 4 0.001 XR 200 Sebastianus 2 0.000 XR 201 Proculus 1 0.000 XR 202 Saturninus 1 0.000 XR 203 Constantia 0 0.000 NA 204 Silbannacus 0 0.000 NA 205 Domitian II 0 0.000 NA 206 Leontius I 0 0.000 NA Sum 667076 100.000 Count 206 Mean 3254.029 Variance 5520.444 All figures coinvac.com.
Recommended publications
  • Nil Sorsky: the Authentic Writings Early 18Th Century Miniature of Nil Sorsky and His Skete (State Historical Museum Moscow, Uvarov Collection, No
    CISTER C IAN STUDIES SERIES : N UMBER T WO HUNDRED T WENTY -ONE David M. Goldfrank Nil Sorsky: The Authentic Writings Early 18th century miniature of Nil Sorsky and his skete (State Historical Museum Moscow, Uvarov Collection, No. 107. B 1?). CISTER C IAN STUDIES SERIES : N UMBER T WO H UNDRED TWENTY -ONE Nil Sorsky: The Authentic Writings translated, edited, and introduced by David M. Goldfrank Cistercian Publications Kalamazoo, Michigan © Translation and Introduction, David M. Goldfrank, 2008 The work of Cistercian Publications is made possible in part by support from Western Michigan University to The Institute of Cistercian Studies Nil Sorsky, 1433/1434-1508 Library of Congress Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Nil, Sorskii, Saint, ca. 1433–1508. [Works. English. 2008] Nil Sorsky : the authentic writings / translated, edited, and introduced by David M. Goldfrank. p. cm.—(Cistercian studies series ; no. 221) Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and indexes. ISBN 978-0-87907-321-3 (pbk.) 1. Spiritual life—Russkaia pravoslavnaia tserkov‚. 2. Monasticism and religious orders, Orthodox Eastern—Russia—Rules. 3. Nil, Sorskii, Saint, ca. 1433–1508—Correspondence. I. Goldfrank, David M. II. Title. III. Title: Authentic writings. BX597.N52A2 2008 248.4'819—dc22 2008008410 Printed in the United States of America ∆ Estivn ejn hJmi'n nohto;~ povlemo~ tou' aijsqhtou' calepwvtero~. ¿st; mysla rat;, vnas= samäx, h[v;stv÷nyã l[täi¡wi. — Philotheus the Sinaite — Within our very selves is a war of the mind fiercer than of the senses. Fk 2: 274; Eparkh. 344: 343v Table of Contents Author’s Preface xi Table of Bibliographic Abbreviations xvii Transliteration from Cyrillic Letters xx Technical Abbreviations in the Footnotes xxi Part I: Toward a Study of Nil Sorsky I.
    [Show full text]
  • The Roman Mint of London: a Collector's Perspective
    THE ROMAN MINT OF LONDON: A COLLECTOR’S PERSPECTIVE Paul DiMarzio In late 286 or early 287, the rebel Roman military commander Carausius took control of the province of Britain and opened several mints, including one at London, which produced a large coinage portraying him on par with the legitimate Augusti, Diocletian and Maximian. Coin of Carausius issued in the name of Maximian from his London mint (286/7 – 293)1 Before ten years had passed, Carausius had been dispatched by his chief minister Allectus, Diocletian had established Tetrarchic rule over the empire, and the Caesar responsible for the western provinces of Gaul and Britain, Constantius, was fi nalizing preparations for what would be his successful restoration of the island province to the empire. This paper focuses on the coinage of the London mint once restored to imperial authority in 297 through to its closing in 325. Although a span of less than thirty years might seem inconsequential in the long per- spective of Roman history, the events of this period marked a signifi cant shift in Roman life along several fronts. Politically, the Tetrarchic system established by Diocletian was intended to establish an equal sharing of power across the empire, complete with term limits and merit-based succession. By 325, the empire had reverted to single Augustan rule with hereditary succession. 1 Unless otherwise noted, all coins illustrated in this paper are from the author’s personal collection; illustrations are not to scale and credit is given for the original sources of the images. 9 Paul DiMarzio Socially, at the start of this period the traditional Roman gods were worshipped and featured on the coinage, while Christians were persecuted.
    [Show full text]
  • Light in the Dark Places: Or, Memorial of Christian Life in the Middle Ages
    Light in the Dark Places: or, Memorial of Christian Life in the Middle Ages. Author(s): Neander, Augustus (1789-1850) Publisher: Grand Rapids, MI: Christian Classics Ethereal Library Description: Augustus Neander began his religious studies in speculative theory, but his changing interests led him to the study of church history. In his book, Light in the Dark Places, Neander©s talent as a writer and a historian is tremendously evident; collected within this volume is an abundance of re- markable information about church history. Neander shares information about the lives of Christian individuals and com- munities during times of darkness and of triumph. Neander also reveals unknown facts about early missionaries and martyrs of the church. This historical analysis will provide today©s Christians with insight into the church©s elaborate past, so that they may learn from previous mistakes and embrace habits of righteousness. Emmalon Davis CCEL Staff Writer i Contents Title Page 1 Prefatory Material 2 Preface to the American Edition. 2 Preface. 3 Contents. 4 Part I. Operations of Christianity During and After the Confusion Produced by the 6 Irruption of the Barbarians. Introduction 7 The North African Church Under the Vandals. 8 Everinus in Germany. 19 Labours of Pious Men in France. 26 Germanus of Auxerre (Antistodorum). 27 Lupus of Troyes. 29 Cæsarius of Arles. 30 Epiphanius of Pavia. 49 Eligius, Bishop of Noyon. 50 The Abbots Euroul and Loumon. 58 Gregory the Great, Bishop of Rome. 59 Christianity in Poverty and Lowliness, and on the Sick Bed. 72 Part II. Memoirs from the History of Missions in the Middle Ages.
    [Show full text]
  • The Legend of the Seven Sleepers of Ephesus in Syriac and Arab Sources – a Comparative Study
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Analecta Cracoviensia ORIENTALIA CHRISTIANA CRACOVIENSIA 2 (2010) Bartłomiej Grysa Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań The Legend of the Seven Sleepers of Ephesus in Syriac and Arab sources – a comparative study The Legend of the Seven Sleepers of Ephesus, in the Syriac tradition known as Aḥē Dmīḥē or Ṭalyē d-Efesōs, in Arabic as Ahl al-Kahf or Aṣḥāb al-Kahf, is one of many examples of borrowings from the Christian tradition made by the Muslim one and above all by the Koran. In the region where Islam evolved in the beginning, there was a population professing Judaism and Christianity. Judaism was professed by ca. 1 per cent of the population of the Arabian Peninsula. Christianity, for its part, was professed by ca. 10 per cent.1 Thus Mohammed had an easy access to the monotheistic religious ideas that existed on the Arabian Peninsula. The Muslim tradition maintains that one of the first questions Jews asked Muhammad, when he came to Medina, concerned exactly the Seven Sleepers.2 Finding the influence of the Jewish tradition on the emergence of a Muslim version of the legend, however, seems unlikely. The text of Ibn ‘Abbās, a cousin of Mohammed, one of the first exegetes of the Koran, sheds some light on it. Ibn ‘Abbās reported that one of the Brothers descended to Ephesus after their awakening and after sleeping more than 300 years he pointed to the house where he claimed to live, thus proving his Ephesian origin to a local ruler.
    [Show full text]
  • Euchology: a Manual of Prayers of the Holy Ortho- Dox Church
    Euchology: A Manual of Prayers of the Holy Ortho- dox Church Author(s): Shann, G. V. Publisher: CCEL i Contents Euchology 1 Initial Stuff 1 PREFACE 2 ii This PDF file is from the Christian Classics Ethereal Library, www.ccel.org. The mission of the CCEL is to make classic Christian books available to the world. • This book is available in PDF, HTML, and other formats. See http://www.ccel.org/ccel/shann/euchology.html. • Discuss this book online at http://www.ccel.org/node/3480. The CCEL makes CDs of classic Christian literature available around the world through the Web and through CDs. We have distributed thousands of such CDs free in developing countries. If you are in a developing country and would like to receive a free CD, please send a request by email to [email protected]. The Christian Classics Ethereal Library is a self supporting non-profit organization at Calvin College. If you wish to give of your time or money to support the CCEL, please visit http://www.ccel.org/give. This PDF file is copyrighted by the Christian Classics Ethereal Library. It may be freely copied for non-commercial purposes as long as it is not modified. All other rights are re- served. Written permission is required for commercial use. iii Euchology InitialEuchology Stuff EUCHOLOGY A MANUAL OF PRAYERS OF THE HOLY ORTHODOX CHURCH DONE INTO ENGLISH By G. V. SHANN. AMS PRESS Reprinted from the edition of 1891, Kidderminster First AMS EDITION published 1969 Manufactured in the United States of America Library of Congress Catalogue Card Number: 75-82260 AMS PRESS INC TO THE VERY REVEREND, THE ARCHPRIEST EUGENE SMIRNOFF, CHAPLAIN TO THE IMPERIAL RUSSIAN EMBASSY IN LONDON, THIS EUCHOLOGY IS GRATEFULLY INSCRIBED BY THE TRANSLATOR.
    [Show full text]
  • February 5, 2009 Email AMBO
    Ambo ST. THEODOSIUS ORTHODOX CATHEDRAL 733 Starkweather Ave. FEBRUARY 8, 2009 Cleveland, Ohio 44113 34th. Sunday after Pentecost Mailing: Publican and Pharisee 733 Starkweather Avenue Greatmartyr Theodore Cleveland, Ohio 44113 Stratelates Prophet Zechariah T 216 741.1310 F 216 623 1092 Greatmartyr Theodore Stratelates "the General" www.sttheodosius.org • Archpriest John Zdinak Dean • Dn. Daniel Boerio • Subdeacon Theodore Lentz Sacristan • Reader Julius Kovach Ecclesiarch & Choirmaster Divine Services Eve Sundays & Feast Days 5:00 PM Confessions 6:00 PM Great Vespers Sundays and Feast Days 8:40 AM 3rd and 6th Hour 9:00 AM Divine Liturgy Fr. John Office Hours Tuesday & Wednesday 10:00 AM - 1:00 PM *Articles for publication in the AMBO should be sub- mitted to: [email protected] by Wednesday of each week before noon. St. Theodosius Orthodox Cathedral Ambo - Page 1 The Great Martyr Theodore Stratelates came from the city of Euchaita in Asia Minor. He was endowed with many talents, and was handsome in appearance. For his charity God enlightened him with the knowledge of Christian truth. The bravery of the saintly soldier was revealed after he, with the help of God, killed a giant serpent living on a precipice in the outskirts of Euchaita. The serpent had devoured many people and animals, terroriz- ing the countryside. St Theodore armed himself with a sword and vanquished it, glorify- ing the name of Christ among the people. For his bravery St Theodore was appointed military commander [stratelatos] in the city of Heraclea, where he combined his military service with preaching the Gospel among the pagans subject to him.
    [Show full text]
  • Votive Altar of Lucius Petronius Timachus
    SOFIJA PETKOVI], Institute of Archaeology, Belgrade BOJANA ILIJI], Museum of Knja`evac, Knja`evac VOTIVE ALTAR OF LUCIUS PETRONIUS TIMACHUS UDC: 904:726.82"652"(497.11) ; 904:725.182.025.3"652"(497.11) e-mail: [email protected] DOI: 10.2298/STA1363053P Received: November 11, 2012 Original research article Accepted: April 23, 2013 Abstract. – During the systematic archaeological excavations in the fortress of Timacum Minus in Ravna near Knja`evac in 1991, a votive altar of Jupiter Paternus, dedicated by Lucius Petronius Timachus, a veteran of the legion VII Claudia, was discovered. The name (cognomen) Timachus was noted for the first time on this monument. It was developed from the ethnonime Timachi, or the hydronime Timachus, known from the historical resources of the Roman period. Timacum Maius and Timacum Minus, the fortifications and settlements in Upper Moesia, were named after the river Timachus (modern Timok), as was, probably, the whole region of the Basin of Timok. The votive altar of Jupiter Paternus was in secondary use as a construction material in the reconstruction of the horreum in the last phase of life in Timacim Minus, in the first half of 5th century A.D. The analysis of the archaeological context of the votive and funeral monuments from Ravna, used as spolia, have distinguished the three periods of their use from the last third of the 3rd century to the middle of the 5th century A.D. Key words. – Timacum Minus, Ravna, Eastern Serbia, votive altar, Iuppiter Paternus, Timachus, legio VII Claudia, Moesia Superior, Timok.
    [Show full text]
  • The American Orthodox Church Liturgical Calendar Year 2018 - 2019 August
    The American Orthodox Church Liturgical Calendar Year 2018 - 2019 August 1. Procession of the Precious and Life-giving Cross 17. Holy Hieromartyr Myron The Seven Maccabee Children, Their Mother Solomone and St Alypios the Iconographer Their Teacher Eleazar St Rioch 18. Holy Martyrs Floros and Lauros St Kenneth St Daga, Hierarch St Alphonsus Ligouri Ss Shmoonu and her sons 19. Holy Great Martyr Andrew the Commander and the 2593 Martyrs with Him 2. Translation of the Relics of the Protomartyr and Archdeacon St St John Eudes Stephen from Jerusalem to Constantinople St eusibius of Vercelli 20. Holy Prophet Samuel St Oswin, King and Martyr 3. The Righteous Fathers Isaac, Dalmatos and Faustos, Abbots in St Bernard, Abbot Constantinople St Anthony the Roman, Wonderworker in Novgorod 21. Holy Apostle Thaddeus St Trea, Recluse Holy Martyr Vassa and Her Three Sons St Pius X, Bishop of Rome 4. The Seven Holy Youths of Ephesus St Lugid 22. Synaxis of the Mother of God of Prusa St John Vianney Holy Martyr Agathonicos and His Companions 5. Forefeast of the Transfiguration 23. Leave-taking of the Feast of the Dormition of the Mother of God Holy Martyr Evsignios St Eogan, First Bishop of Ardstrawst Holy Martyr Oswald St Lupos the Slave St Rose of Lima 6. HOLY TRANSFIGURATION OF OUR LORD AND SAVIOR St Isaac the Syrian JESUS CHRIST 24. Holy Hieromartyr Eutyches, Disciple of the Apostle St John 7. Holy Hieromartyr Dometios the Persian St Ychard St Sixtus II, Bishop of Rome St Cajetan 25. Translation of the Relics of St Bartholomew Holy Apostle Titus, First Bishop 8.
    [Show full text]
  • 10Th Sunday After Pentecost the Righteous Fathers Isaacius, Dalmatus and Faustus
    10th Sunday After Pentecost Translation of the Icon Not-made-by-hands & Afterfeast of Dormition 16 / 29 August Resurrection Tropar, Tone 1: When the stone had been sealed by the Jews; / while the soldiers were guarding Thy Most Pure Body; / Thou didst rise on the third day, O Saviour, / granting life to the world. / The Powers of Heaven therefore cried to Thee O Giver of Life: / glory to Thy Resurrection O Christ! / Glory to Thy Kingdom; / Glory to Thy Dispensation, O Thou who lovest mankind. Troparion of the holy Icon tone 2: We worship Thine immaculate image, O Good One,/ and ask the forgiveness of our sins, O Christ our God;/ for of Thine own will Thou wast pleased to ascend the Cross in the flesh/ to deliver from slavery to the enemy those whom Thou hadst created./ Therefore we thankfully cry to Thee:/ Thou hast filled all things with joy, O our Saviour, by coming to save the world. Troparion of the Feast tone 1: In giving birth thou didst keep thy virginity,/ and in thy dormition thou didst not forsake the world, O Mother of God./ Thou didst pass on to life, since thou art the Mother of Life,/ and by thine intercessions thou redeemest our souls from death. Resurrection Kondak, Tone 1: As God, Thou didst rise from the tomb in glory, / Raising the world with Thyself. / Human nature praises Thee as God, for death has vanished. / Adam exults O Master, Eve rejoices, for she is freed from bondage, and cries to Thee; / Thou art the Giver of Resurrection to all, O Christ.
    [Show full text]
  • THE GROANS of the Britons IOWARD the BRITISH Civirares PERIOD, CIRCA 406-455 C.E
    THE GROANS OF THE BRIToNs IOWARD THE BRITISH CivirArEs PERIOD, CIRCA 406-455 C.E. I<CVIO IVlfmn1C)’ IsI;allnorfcillow t1icvuitings c idivcoclsoJinyou’n cotnitiv, vhich (ifrhcrccvcrw’crccur’of thcni) hctvc Iccii consumcd by thcrircs ofthe encmv, orhvc cconijicuucd my cxilcd coun— ttvmcn into distant kmds..i Since the time of Gilcias, the first great chronicler of the British, the problem of reliable sources, or any sources, has been lamented. Over the centuries, myth, pseudo-history, and educated guesswork have rushed in to fill the void.2 The last thirty years have seen a revival of interest in the fifth and sixth centuries, and a great deal of work has been clone on the historical and archaeological records. Ironically, the increased focus on the period has cast a doubt on almost every important assumption that has been macic about early Britain. Ian Wood has noted that between the usurpation of Constantine III in 407 and the death of the Roman consul Aetius in 455 there are a handful of dateable events associated with the British Isles.3 Yet even these are the subject of intense debate. Primary narrative sources, especially the chronicles, have come under fire. Many have been abandoned altogether, especially by archaeologists and histori ans favoring an archaeological approach to the period. With more questions than answers, historians are presented with tnatiy challenges, not the least of which is ‘hat to call this period and over what period of time that identification might be valid. “The End of Roman Britain,” “Post Roman Britain,” “Dark Age Britain,” and “Arthur’s Britain” have been used in the past.
    [Show full text]
  • Roman Coins and Their Values, David R. Sear, the Millenium
    Roman Coins and their Values , David R. Sear, The Millenium Edition Volume I, The Republic and The Twelve Caesars. 280 BC-AD 96 Glossary ........................................................................ ............ Page 8 Roman Imperial Coinage, 27 BC-AD 491 The Twelve Caesars Legend Abbreviations ................................................... ................... 15 1. The Julio-Claudian Dynasty .........................27 BC-AD 68 . Page 311 Denominations of Roman Coinage .............................. ................... 17 Augustus ...........................................................27 BC-AD 14 ......... 312 Reverse Types ............................................................... ................... 26 & Agrippa ......................................................................... ......... 336 Mints, Mint Map, and Mint Marks................................ ................... 65 & Julia ............................................................................... ......... 338 Dating Roman Coins: Tribunicia Potestas, Imperator .. ................... 72 & Julia, Gaius & Lucius Caesars ........................................ ......... 339 Pontifex Maximus, Pater Patrae, Armeniacus, Britannicus, etc. ....... 73 & Gaius Caesar ................................................................. ......... 339 & Tiberius ......................................................................... ......... 339 Abbreviations: Cuir., diad., dr., ex., gm., hd., l., laur., mm., etc ........ 74 Livia .................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Ancient Coin Reference Guide
    Ancient Coin Reference Guide Part One Compiled by Ron Rutkowsky When I first began collecting ancient coins I started to put together a guide which would help me to identify them and to learn more about their history. Over the years this has developed into several notebooks filled with what I felt would be useful information. My plan now is to make all this information available to other collectors of ancient coinage. I cannot claim any credit for this information; it has all come from many sources including the internet. Throughout this reference I use the old era terms of BC (Before Christ) and AD (Anno Domni, year of our Lord) rather than the more politically correct BCE (Before the Christian era) and CE (Christian era). Rome With most collections, there must be a starting point. Mine was with Roman coinage. The history of Rome is a subject that we all learned about in school. From Julius Caesar, Marc Anthony, to Constantine the Great and the fall of the empire in the late 5th century AD. Rome first came into being around the year 753 BC, when it was ruled under noble families that descended from the Etruscans. During those early days, it was ruled by kings. Later the Republic ruled by a Senate headed by a Consul whose term of office was one year replaced the kingdom. The Senate lasted until Julius Caesar took over as a dictator in 47 BC and was murdered on March 15, 44 BC. I will skip over the years until 27 BC when Octavian (Augustus) ended the Republic and the Roman Empire was formed making him the first emperor.
    [Show full text]