FR A N CO IS XAVI ER G A R N E AU

F rom the p ainting by A lbert F er/a nd FR E N C H - C A NA D IA N

L IT E R A TU R E

C AWH L L E R O Y

P R OFESSOR I N LA VA L UNI VE R SITY

Q UE B EC

T O R O NT O

G LAS G W B R K C MPAN O , O O , O Y 1 9 1 3

o i This Volume c ns sts of a Reprint , for private circulation only , of the Seventieth Signed Contribution contained in CANADA

AND ITS PRO N E VI C S , a History of the Canadian People and their Institutions by

n O e Hundred Associates .

S r G . D Adam hortt and A thur oughty , General Editors

C O N T E N TS

PA GE

- 1 . LITE RARY ORIGIN 1 60 1 8 0 S, 7 4

LITERA RY DE ELO ME NT 1 8 0- 1 1 2 1 1. V P , 4 9

FRE NCH- CANAD IAN L ITE RATU RE

G N 1 - 1 8 L ITE RARY ORI I S, 760 40

HE literary history of the French Canadians may be 1 60 said to date from the year 7 , or, if one prefers ,

T from the cession of Canada to England . Before had e manifasta ns that time , indeed , there be n certain tio of literary life in New France : there had been accounts i C of travel , l ke those of hamplain interesting narratives , like the Relations of the Jesuits ; histories like that of Charlevoix ; studies of manners like those of the Pére

Lafitau ; and instructive letters, full of shrewd observa ’ M M l In rn n B u tions, like those of the ere arie de ca atio . t these works were , for the most part, written in France, and all were published there . Their authors , moreover , Ca and belong to France much more than to nada , France , rather than Canada , is entitled to claim their works as her patrimony . During the hundred and fifty years of French domina tion in Canada the colonists were unable to devote much attention to intellectual pursuits . All the living forces of the nascent people were engrossed by the ruder labours i m of colonizat on , com erce and war . Nor was it even on the morrow of I 76O— the morrow of the treaty that delivered New France to England— that the first books were printed and the first notable works

. h e written There was other work to be done , and t French un der their new rulers betook themselves to action . While i repairing the d sasters to their material fortunes , they e numbered themselves , consolidated thems lves, and set 435 436 FRENCH - CANADIAN LITERATURE themselves to preserve as intact as possible their ancient institutions and the traditions of their national life . ‘ From this e flort to preserve their nationali ty the first manifestations of their literary life were soon to spring ; and it was through the newspaper— the most convenient — vehicle of popular thought that the French - Canadian i mind first found expression . Only colonial l terature could begin in the newspaper article . The older literatures were a r : born on the lips of the edes , the bards or the t oubadours it was the human voice , the living song of a soul , that carried B u to attentive ears these fi rst untutored accents . t in i Canada , in Amer ca , where machinery is at the beginning

P - of all progress , the ress is naturally the all important n instrument for the spread of literary ideas . I the years immediately following the Cession there were es tablished M ri in Quebec and ontreal several pe odicals , in which the unpretentious works of the earliest writers may be found . The following are some of th e journals that appeared at the end of the eighteenth century and the beginning of e the ninete nth , and that mark the true origin of French Canadian literature La Gazette de Quebec La Gazette da Commerce ' et littérazre M La , of ontreal , named almost immediately ’ Gazette littéraz re La Gazette de M ontreal ' L e M agasz n de Quebec Le Cows da temps ( 1 794)

Le Canad'ien our ie de uebec , of Quebec Le C r r Q L e V ai Canadien L e S ectateur r , of Quebec p , ’ ' M r L Aurore M 1 8 1 L Abeille of ont eal , of ontreal ( 5) 3 canadienne M , of ontreal

These j ournals were not equally fortunate . M ost of ' ’ — La Ga ette littérazre L Abeille canadienne Le M a asin them z , , g ' de uébec Le Coun te de uébec Le V az Canadien— Q , r Q , r struggled for life for a few months or a few years, and disappeared one after the other . Wi th the exception of La Gazette de uébec La Ga ette de M ontreal Le Canadien Le S ecta Q , z , , and p teur fi , the rst newspapers succumbed after a valiant struggle for existence . To reach the greatest possible number of —La Ga ette de uébec La readers , several of these journals z Q , L O G S 1 60- 1 8 0 ITERARY RI I N , 7 4 437

Ga ette de M ontreal Le M a asin de uébec Le Cours da z , g Q and — temps were written in both English and French . The French newspapers may be divided into two distinct i categories . There were those that were mainly polit cal , d La Ga ette de uébec or containe political news , like z Q and La Gazette de M ontreal ; and the periodicals that were i c La Ga ette littéraire M d stinctly literary, su h as z of ontreal ' z uébec - n and L e M agas n de Q . This last named journal co in i l ta ed little but reproduct ons from foreign iterat ure . ’ a a ett litteraire M L G z e of ontreal , published by Fleury ‘ l tafi a tard M esp et , on whose s Valentin J u , a native of France , was an active collaborator under the pseudonym of Le S ’ pectateur tranquille , is noteworthy as having given the French Canadians their first opport uni ty of writing on ri literary and philosophical subjects . M uch literary c ti cism o , s metimes of a decidedly puerile nat ure , also appeared In n e the fi i in it . this paper, too , are encou ter d rst man festations of the Voltai rian spirit that had permeated many minds in Canada during the latter part of the eightee nth century . The first political journals were literary in but a small l degree , and it was seldom that they pub ished French i art cles of any value . Apart from a few occasional poems —o f — La little merit, however the French contents of Ga ette de uébec z Q were , for the most part , merely trans lati n l o s of its English articles . The po itical literature of

i . i B n th s journal is dull and unimportant Will am row , t n i who, wi h Thomas Gilmour, was its fou der, character zed 8 1 6 his journal only too well when he wrote (August , 77 ) that it ‘ j ustly merited the title of the most innocent gazette B ’ in the ritish dominions . t 1 6 Never heless it was Quebec that became , in 7 4 , the cradle of Canadian journalism . Before the end of the French régime Quebec was already the centre of a civilization that — refined — was polished , elegant even and often very fashion K — . P S o i able eter alm , the wedish b tan st who visited New in 1 France 749 , and left such a curious, instructive and faithful record of his journey— observed that Quebec then i contained the elements of a distingu shed society , in which 438 FRENC H - CANADIAN LITERATURE

good taste was preserved , and in which the people delighted to make it govern their manners , their language and their dress . Quebec , moreover, prided herself not only on gather ing within her walls the most important personages of the political and the ecclesiastical world , but also on being the chief seat of intellectual life in the new country . From 1 1 Bougainville we learn that in 757 , towards the end of the

é b . B French r gime , there was a literary club in Que ec esides ' C S this , the Jesuits ollege and the eminary had for more than a century drawn to Quebec the studious youth of Bi aud t the entire colony . Michel b , who visited the ci y ‘ 1 1 ff in 84 , noted there the agreeable , a able manners of her leading citizens , and their French urbanity and courtesy . ‘ ’ For this reason he called her the Paris of America . 1 1 r It was at Quebec , too , after 79 , when parliamenta y t government was accorded Lower Canada , that poli ical — m fi — oratory ti id at rst , and modest in expression was fi born . There the rst groupings of intellectual forces were after wards organized : the Club constitutionnel ( 1 792) the ’ Société litteraire the Société historique et littéraire

a S - founded at the Ch teau aint Louis , under the ' presidency of Lord Dalhousie and the Société pour l eneau ragemcnt des Sciences et des Arts which soon amal ’ ’

ed 1 8 2 Société lzistori ue et litterazre. gamat , in 9 , with the q M ontreal , in the nineteenth century , was not backward in seconding , propagating and developing those movements of intellectual life which were gathering force in Quebec .

At Montreal people read both poetry and prose . Joseph C M ermet , a French military poet , who came to anada 1 in 1 8 3 and took part in the war then in progress , had a large number of admirers in the city . There Jacques Viger pursued his historical studies on Canada and Denis B V enjamin iger , who at certain moments thought himself

e Le S ectateur. a poet , publish d his ponderous verses in p

1 Bou ainwlle L An n m 1 2 m ana in g , ouis toi e , Co te de ( 7 9 ca e to C da ' - H 1 756 as M ontcalm s aide d e camp . e kept a careful journal of th e campaign

h n He tu n n nd in th e n v . ending with t e surre der of Quebec . re r ed to Fra ce a jo ed a y He made a voyage rou nd t he world ( 1 766 and later fought wi t h di sti nction aI ns th e ri t u n h R v ti n W ag t B ish du g t e e olu o ary ar. 3 ’ E nc clo édze canadzenne i. 0 Mon n v é y p , 3 9 der ier oyage aQu bec . G S 1 60- 1 8 0 LITERA RY ORI I N , 7 4 439

B san M In 1 8 1 7 H . os ge established in ontreal a fairly con C L side rable bookselling business . The ity ibrary is said to have contained eight thousand volumes in The inhabitants might also nourish their intellectual curiosity in the newspapers and the literary miscellanies published — La about the middle of the nineteenth century , such as ’ M inerve L Ami da P euple Le P opulaire and ' La Quotidienne L Aurore des Canadas and L e J ean- B aptiste To these may be added the mis ’ cellanie s of M ichel Bibaud— La B ibliotkégue canadz enne ’ ' ( 1 8 25 to L Observateur Le M agasz n da B as ’ Canada and L E ncyclopédie canadienne M At this period Quebec and ontreal , with their associa tions , their j ournals and their literary miscellanies , were not as yet , of course , powerful centres of intellectual life, nor was the energy they radiated either very active or brilliant . In tracing the real origins of a literature , however , it is not unprofitable to indicate briefly the historical environ ment in which that literature was to have its birth . By this means the relative value of its earlier efforts is more j ustly appreciated . W C ith the French anadians , song appears to have been fi r S 1 the rst form of poet y . ome verses written in 757 and 2 1 758 are still to be found ; many may be read in the journals which made their appearance later . The popular 1 song flew quickly from mouth to mouth when , in 775, or 1 8 1 2 fin again in , the people were fired with a e patriotic ardour to defend the soil of their invaded country . New ’ Year s Day also supplied the rhymesters with matter for a ’ few verses , mainly intended for newsboys addresses . Need

— less to say , these poems interesting as they are from the point of view of literary origins— have in themselves scarcely any literary value . The same may be said of many lyrical , pastoral and satirical pieces that appeared anonymously 3 in the early journals .

1 ’ Histoz re da Canada b Mi l B ibau d II 0 , y che , . 4 3. 3 ' L e F o er canadzen 1 8 6 rti on N n n i t i Dr y , 5 a cle os cha so s h s or ques , by L H b rt r . 1 u e a ue, pp 74 8 . ’ ' ’ On t i b t w No z tnes lztt raz e - see th e t s Or é r s . 0 h s su jec au hor s ork , g , pp 7 8 3 and - i whi h v m 1 1 1 2 n l t t fr th m ar iv . 3, c se era ex rac s o ese early poe s e g en 44 0 FRENC H - CANADIAN LITERATURE

At this period , however, two poets stand out from all — M o thers Joseph Quesnel and Joseph ermet . Although e they were of French origin , they so deeply impress d Cana c dians of their time , and exercised su h an influence upon later write rs of verse and men of letters, that we cannot but take account of them in a history of the beginnings of

- French Canadian poetry . b St M 1 M on Quesnel was orn at alo in 749 , and died at

C 1 . treal in 1 8 09 . He came to anada from France in 779 B r He was a village merchant at ouche ville , and afterwards lived in Montreal . He employed much of his leisure in writing verses and music . His principal work consists of a large number of poems , epistles , hymns , epigrams and Le Rimeur dé ité songs . He also left a dialogue in verse , p ' L An lomanie e a comedy in verse , g and two prose com dies Colas et olinette C , the text of which is embellished with

Le s Ré u blicains ran ais. ariettas , and p f g ’ Quesnel s poetry was for the most part light and playful . a His muse never tires of ple santry , in which he often indulges with delicacy and grace . To fine badinage he readily adds a piquant irony . In his epistle to M . Généreux Labadie he ffi pokes fun playfully both at the public , for not su ciently

L . L Ri r encouraging literature , and at abadie himself e meu ' dé zté p is another example of this raillery , at once light and In biting . these two pieces , however , there is a lack of care in regard to form and of scholarly dignity . Quesnel concerns himself more with the quali ty of his verse and the trueness of its tone when he writes idyllic poetry and sings of nature . He had a keen appreciation of that beauty of nature which the descriptive poets of the eighteenth centu ry made popular . He was probably the first French - Canadian poe t to sing in praise of running brooks and blossoming flowers . ' t wo Colas Quesnel s most important works , however , are et Colinette Le oir , the text of which is preserved in Repert e ’ ' national l An lomam e , and g , a little comedy in verse which has not been published , but has been included by Jacques aberdach Viger in his S e . Colas et Colinette e is a com dy , and is French rather than O G S 1 60- 1 8 0 1 LITERA RY RI I N , 7 4 44

Canadian . Traces of the customs of Canada are rare . rv Apart from certain psychological obse ations on love , c l which may be appli able to any country , the piece has ittle interest except as a picture of popular manners in provincial ' baillt France . The old and gallant , who wishes to rob the l C rude , rustic Colas of his de icate and graceful olinette, resembles a Canadian magistrate but distantly ; while Colas himself, with his strange and faulty speech , in no way L represents a young peasant of ower Canada . ’ ’ ’ L An lomanie Le Diner a l an laise Quesnel s g , or g , is frankly Canadian in inspiration . The subject was sug gested by a caprice that aflected the upper ranks of French - Canadian society about the beginning of the nine a te enth century . At that time cert in families allowed themselves to be too easily fascinated by English fashions and customs . They abandoned the old French domestic B ri traditions, in order to adopt the habits of their tish ’ ' An lomam e compatriots . L g is not , of cou rse , a powerful It work , but it is nevertheless interesting . is to be hoped that it may yet be pri nted and submitted to the cu ri osity ' l of the public . Quesnel s ight comedies and his copious poetic output led his contemporaries to regard him as the e rsifie rs model of elegant and witty v . ’ A few years after Quesnel s death another French poet arrived in Canada , and in turn succeeded in getting his work read and admired —sometimes with a too generous i M admiration . Th s was Joseph ermet , lieutenant and ’ a ill adj utant of de W t tev e s regiment . M ermet came to 1 8 1 Canada in 3 with his regiment , composed mainly of ’ e ille Swiss soldiers and officers . Wat t v s regiment took a

1 8 1 2 - 1 prominent part in the War of 4 . It was sent to

K - e ingston , and in that town the poet lieutenant employ d his leisure in writing verse . There he made the acquaintance of Jacques Viger, and the two became friends . I t was ’ Viger who made the poet s work known to his friends in

M Le S ectateur. ontreal , and got his poems published in p In the se poems M ermet sang of war— the war that American cupidity had j ust brought close to Canadian homes , and that had summoned the brave militia beneath

VOL . xx1 F 442 FRENCH - CANADIAN LITERATU RE S the colours . everal of his pieces owed their success chiefly to the actuali ty of the subject treated rather than to their — r artistic merit for example , the ly ical verses in which he essayed to sing the victory of Chateauguay . The hymn of the Victory of Chateauguay se cured its De S author the friendship of the hero of that day . alaberry , e wishing to m et the poet who had extolled his military deeds,

- invited him to his table . The soldier poet went to Chambly ' e he pass d a few hours in the colonel s retreat there , and on ’ returning from the visit wrote his poem on Chambly . During his travels on Canadian soil M ermet could not e fi but admire th magni cent spectacles presented by nature . fi He is , we believe , the rst Canadian poet to sing of Niagara he set himself to describe it , and his lines possess the special merit of precision . ' It M rme is not , however , in e t s poems of patriotism and ' war, nor even in his descriptive poetry , that the author s best and most characteristic spirit is to be found . The ’ adj utant of de Wat teville s regiment loved raillery above everything . This French soldier is merry . He loses no opportunity of throwing Off a humorous couplet or of dis tributing impromptu rhymes among his friends . To him n everything is matter for amusing or satirical verse . I the Saberda che of Jacques Viger many of these light and often carelessly written poems may still be found ; although of little value , they were received enthusiastically by the 1 1 readers of 8 3. M 1 8 1 6 . In C ermet returned to France in anada , therefore , he was merely a visitor . Nevertheless it is plain , from certain l Le S ectateur literary discussion in which he took part in p , that his influence upon the poets of his time was considerable . M s ermet has given us everal examples of that sprightly , bantering literature so long practised by Quesnel . He is a not , of course , a great poet ; he did not even t ke pains

- to be a second rate poet . Yet he stimulated the ambition of those who at the beginning of the nineteenth century were endeavouring to make the new - born literature of

Canada lisp in numbers .

1 c m n Le S e tateu S t b 1 6 a d 2 and O b 2 1 1 8 1 . p r , ep e er 3, cto er , 3

444 FRENCH - CANADIAN LITERATU RE

Canadien and in the litera ry j ournals and miscellanies of i a E P Michel B baud. After these c me tienne arent , who , by h virtue of his forceful t ought and the vigour of his articles , merits a place apart . This newspaper prose was almost the only literary matter printed at the close of the eighteenth and the beginning of the nineteenth century ; it was also the only literature , or

C . It nearly so, that expressed anadian thought was this literature that engaged the attention of the citizens , directed their political sympathies , and often moulded their j udgment on public affairs . This prose is by turn passionate and

fi r . It calm , ery and rest ained , aggressive and patient is full of those agitations that at certain periods troubled the i e — C nat onal lif when , for example , raig was the dupe of the evil counsellors who surrounded him , and the French i Canad ans were at once irascible and bold in their demands . Throughout this political literature are to be found the deep traces of those increasing recrirninations excited during a ne rly forty years by topics that so often irritated , such as supplies and the reform of the legislative council . The political oratory of the first parliaments had natu rally much of the qualities and defects of the journalism . Usually we find the same men speaking from the political platform and writing in the j ournals . Their style varies : greatly it is generally temperate , terse and precise ; but frequently it is confused , ponderous and solemn . The oratory , like the written prose of the time , was substantial h rather t an artistic , vigorous rather than pliant , firm rather than passionate . The name of Louis Joseph Papineau stands out among all those who earned applause as political fi orators during the rst half of the nineteenth century . P ' apineau s name is still popular among French Canadians , for he long embodied the highest aspirations of his country men . This is not the place to discuss the excesses into which he was sometimes led by his ardent patriotism . It ri is well worth remembe ng that , more than any other in his day , he was an orator and a political tribune . He knew and could use those expressions that strike the imagination of a people . From the platform , where he himse lf fought L G S 1 60- 1 8 0 ITERARY ORI I N , 7 4 445

e like a soldier , he imp tuously sounded the charge , at once restraining and inflaming popular passions .

While Papineau was making speeches , a journalist was wri ting articles in which the very soul of the French - Canadian people was expressed with an eloquence by turns commanding , l It E ironical , rugged and ight . may be said that tienne Parent portrayed the most intimate thoughts of the people

P i . In for a longer time than apineau , and more fa thfully P n arent , indeed , we encou ter the man who , during the i r C the s period of the l tera y origins of French anada , was mo t sagacious of the politicians and the greatest of the writers . P B r M a 2 arent was born at eaupo t , near Quebec , on y , On s i 1 8 02 . the completion of his cla sical stud es at the

College of Nicolet and the Seminary of Quebec , he entered a 1 22 the profes sion of journ lism . In 8 he became editor of a adie s Le C n n in Quebec . After the temporary ce sation of 1 8 2 di i this journal in 5, the young e tor pursued his law stud es , 2 and was admitted to the bar in 1 8 9 . He was unable to l devote himself long to the practice of law . His iterary

his - e temperament , well stor d mind , his desire to discuss his r hi ideas , and taste for controversy d ew m once more to In 1 8 1 t journalism . 3 a group of young depu ies demanded fi i the establishment of a ght ng journal , and suggested the

L e Canadian . revival of , whose very name was a watchword P M a arent undertook the task of resurrecting it, and on y 7 ,

1 8 1 i . On 3 , the init al number appeared the first page a i ur t La new dev ce was inscribed O Insti utions , our nguage and our Laws In M M in rv — a ontreal , at that time , La e a very violent ri — Le Canadien pat otic organ was read . At Quebec , it was that undertook to scatter the seed of those political truths with which it was desired to imbue all minds . ffi Le Canadien P The o ce of , in which arent reigned , l i became a sort of centre where po it cians gathered , and where the plans of attack and defence of the parliamentarians P hi were arranged . arent retained the conduct of s journal 1 2 until 84 . In the prec eding year he had been elected n S n member for the cou ty of agu enay . I consequence of ri ri se ous deafness , contracted in the state p sons in which he 44 6 FRENCH - CANADI AN LITERATURE was confined with so many other patriots during the winter

1 8 - 8 1 8 2 of 37 3 , he considered it necessary in 4 to resign his seat . He accepted the post of clerk of the executive council . i Le anad en . He ceased to direct C , therefore , in the same year

He reappeared frequently , however , and still conducted lively controversies , in its columns . From 1 842 it was chiefly by means of lecturing that Parent sought to continue among his countrymen the educative ministry to which his journalistic activity had accustomed M him . To the members of the Canadian Institute of ontreal

- Sa - and Quebec , at the reading room of int Roch , Quebec , and S C S before the ociety for the Early losing of hops , Quebec , he delivered courses of public lectures that testify to the extent of his knowledge , and especially to the philosophic

- penetration of his mind . He became under secretary for P L 1 8 the rovince of ower Canada in 47 , and retained sub stantiall i y the same functions under Confederat on , with

- f the title of under secretary of state . He retired from o fice

1 2 2 2 1 8 . n in 8 7 , and died at Ottawa on December , 74 O the ’ day of his death Le Coun ter de l Outaouais declared that ‘ ’ Parent created the journalistic style of this country . This eulogy suggests the high and authoritative place that the Le nadi B editor of Ca en had won . y his brother journalists P ’ he was called the Nestor of the ress , as a tribute to the i prudence he generally exercised in his writ ngs . M th oreover, Parent the journalist was more an any other

- of his contemporaries a courageous and clear sighted patriot . ‘ - - A master thought directed all his ideas . A pole star led ’ 1 — me , he used to say in his later years . This star the guide of his spi ri t— was the motto which he inscribed at the Le Canadien ur i L head of O Institut ons , our anguage and our Laws Whatever had no concern with this patriotic ' programme was banished from the journal s columns . Parent

- de fined had well political principles , and it was upon these principles that he founded his journalistic activity , and sought to achieve the liberty of his compatriots . What were the principles he professed ? Upon what rights did he wish to base the stabili ty and progress of the nation 1 W ' e b B n mi n S In La M i nerve D emb 2 1 8 . ords quot d y e ja ulte , , ec er 3, 74 L O G S 1 60- 1 8 0 ITERARY RI I N , 7 4 447

e n He considered , in the first place , that in a country dowed with a parliamentary system the House of Assembly ought to have a certain and decisive influence upon the policy of the government . He could not conceive this influence being suflicient without the absolute control of supplies . This famous question of supplies , it will be L C remembered , was , in both Upper and ower anada , for more than thirty years the cause of the most violent public P controversies . arent combined this principle of the control of supplies by the assembly with the higher principle of the responsibility of the executive . The latter, he held , ought to be responsible to the people or to their deputies . It is especially interesting to note with what precision the editor L anadien 1 8 of e C , in 33, demands this responsible govern ment We now ask that the Executive Council be assimilated n to the cabinet in England . Thus , instead of i flu e ntial members of one Chamber or the other being

summoned and made mere political councillors , we now

desire that they be made heads of departments , severally l and jointly responsible to the Chambers .

It was to secure a more complete application of this govem mental responsibility that Parent , and all the patriots of his day , conducted their agitation against the legislative council , i then composed of members nom nated by the crown . In place of irrespo nsible councillors he demanded elective coun cillors. He regarded the constitution of the legislative fi council , as de ned by the constitution , as a great error ’

P . c on the part of itt The minister, he de lared , ought to have seen that he was bringing into the lists against the people a class of men who could never have anything in common with them , since the former ran necessarily towards liberty, and the latter towards absolute power and ’ 2 privilege . In the exposition and defence of his political pri nciples P arent always displayed a calm and appropriate moderation .

He was never a lover of excess , either in words or deeds . 3 ’ M Le Canadian n 1 1 8 . I bzd. a 1 1 8 . , Ju e 9 , 33 , y , 33 44 8 FRENCH - CANAD IAN LITERATU RE P ’ Al though he long fought by apineau s side , and was long ‘ one of the sullen guard of the agi tators — in the phrase of that day— he was unable to follow the leader of the patriots to the end . He broke away when it seemed to him that Papineau was about to abandon the paths of prudence and legali ty .

In his study of social questions , no less than in politics ,

Parent displayed the lucidi ty and penetration of his intellect . Both by taste and by virtue of his remarkable mental qualities he was a philosopher . His contemporaries did ’ not hesi tate to call him the Victor Cousin of Canada , at a time when Cousin was exercising in France a very great influence on philosophic thought . In his lectures Parent set himself to popularize those C philosophical and social ideas , inspired by hristianity , towards which his sympathies and intellect naturally drew him . In order to present some idea of the wide range of ffi his studies , it will su ce to cite the subjects of the speeches or lectures delivered by him in M ontreal and Quebec . At e C M th Institut anadien , ontreal , he gave the following lectures : I ndustry as a M eans of Preserving our Nation 2 2 1 8 6 S ality (January , 4 ) The Importance of the tudy P 1 1 8 6 of olitical Economy (November 9 , 4 ) Human S 2 1 8 P S Labour ( eptember 3, 47) The riest and piritual ’ D 1 ity in their Relation to Society ( ecember 7 , C S P and onsiderations on our ystem of opular Education , L t M on Education in general , and the egisla ive eans of ’ 1 providing for it (February 9, At the Institut ‘ Canadien of Quebec he delivered two lectures on Int elli gence in its Relations to Society (January 22 and February 1 8 2 So C S 7 , 5 ) before the ciety for the Early losing of hops , Quebec he spoke on The Importance of Commerce and its

1 - Duties (January 5, and at the reading room of

S - aint Roch , Quebec , he lectured to an audience of working C C 1 men on The ondition of the Working lasses (April 5,

This last lecture puts very happily , from a Christian i standpoint , the necessary social condit ons of labour, and formulates the principles that ought to regulate the relations of masters and men . O S 1 60- 1 8 0 LITERARY RIGI N , 7 4 449 At th is conference Parent thus exhorted his hearers to make Catholic doctrine the rule of all economic progress

O e e uvriers , mes amis , pour qui j parle , vous qui tes

les abeilles travailleuses de la ruche sociale , voulez vous éviter les maux dont souflrent vos semblables e t ailleurs , tenez fort ferme a votre systeme catholique , ’ l ss n e e t a tout ce qui en fait e e c . Repoussez les adeptes

r é é . du jugement p i v , qui cherchent a vous en loigner ’ ’ - l associat ion sa Le catholicisme , voyez vous , c est dans e t sa e t au fi plus haute plus vaste expression , cela pro t du n e e du pauvre e t faible , qui peuvent tre forts que ’ a on C - é um par l associ ti . elle ci en les r unissant en e ne faisceau saura les rendre plus forts que les forts . J le ri du nierai pas que , humainement parlant , p ncipe ’ é l indi d al sm jugement priv , qui est , en pratique , vi u i e é me appliqu aux choses morales , tende a augmenter la force des individualites ; mais cela me peut p rofit e r ’ ’ d nd vidus r e qu au petit nombre i i fo tement tremp s . ’ n l sm es le u um L i dividua i e t comme vent q i anime brasier, il mais qui éteint une chandelle . Aux masses faut ’ ’ ’ ’ associat on d idées e et é l aut orité . l i , l unit , par cons quent

Je prie ceux de mes jeunes auditeurs qui seraient , comme ’ Ie ur é on l est trop souvent a age , enclins a se r volter ’ d autorit é réfléchir - s contre toute espece , de bien la de sus , ’ avant de jeter le doute e t lo trouble dans l e sp rit du ’

l e ndroit . Le s peuple , a de ses anciennes institutions ’ re anciennes institutions d un pays , ses croyances ’ li euses il me l oublie r un gi surtout , faut jamais , sont a ce un sa peuple que sont a individu constitution physique , ’ sa nu sa ses habitudes , maniere de vivre en mot , c est Et ’ vie propre . dire qu il se trouve des hommes , de soi réts - disant patriotes , p a faire main basse sur tout cela , sous le prétexte de réforme et de p rogrés ! Les mal ’ heureux ils ne voient pas que c est la destruction e t la

. é ne é avan ons mort R formons , mais d truisons pas g , c le fil mais sans la her conducteur de la tradition .

In t L e Canadian these lec ures, as in his articles in , may be seen the impressive, forceful and clear language of which he was master . True , it has not always the freedom and grace that might be wished ; but it is often coloured by vivid and striking images that fix the idea in bold relief . It In Le anad readily becomes ironical , incisive and caustic . C ien

VOL. x 1 1 0 450 FRENCH - CANADIAN LITERATURE

M Herald there are articles , directed against the ontreal , the ' M ercur L Ami da P eu le y, and even p , that are little master pieces of invective and sound sense . Parent ’ s contemporaries did not fail to recognize his high intellectual value and his practised taste as a man of letters . He was often consulted , and his j udgments were highly esteemed . He was not only a political leader , but

r . also the litera y leader of his time He loved to welcome , encourage and stimulate talent ; and , as Hector Fabre said ri in those days , no one dared to think himself a w ter unless ' ’ he had his patent from Parent s hands . It t would be impossible , then , to accord this fa her of French - Canadian literature too large a place in the history h . e fi of its origins His is incontestably t nest , most worthy and most expressive figure of that time . While Parent belongs to the origins of the literature , he is also a prophet of the following period— that of more fruitful growth ; he even merits a place beside the most illustrious in any period r r of the litera y histo y of French Canada , for he is still recog niz e d in the Dominion as one of the highest representatives of French thought and culture . While Parent held the public mind by his jou rn alism t — and lectures , ano her writer at first by j ournalism and e — later by literatur was seeking to attract attention . This M Bi aud was ichel b , whose heavy and dull poems have been mentioned ; but he succeeded better in prose than in verse . P ublic sympathy, however, was meted out to him but spar in gly. W e have already recalled the literary miscellanies that he successively edited between 1 8 25 and 1 842 . Here ' Histozr da anada i fi must be mentioned the e C , wh ch at rst appeared fragmentarily in these miscellanies, and was after in wards published three volumes , the first of which was 1 8 e 1 8 given to the public in 37 , th second in 44 and the ' — — third long after the author s death ih 1 8 78 . This Histoire da Canada compri ses the whole course of the political life of the country from its first settlement 1 until 837 . It had not the good fortune to please French C anadian readers , and this explains the silence with which i the work was received . B baud was not one of the patriotic

452 FRENCH - CANADIAN LITERATURE

1 840 a remarkable epoch from the point of view of progress in Canadian letters . The conditions of the political life of the country were such as to bring about this litera ry growth . The struggles which the French Canadians had to maintain for the defence d of their legitimate liberties , the bloo y issue of that long t agitation , the designs of diploma ic repression which the Act of Union of 1 840 sufficiently disclosed— gave them to understand that they must more than ever concern them selves with strengthening their separate and distinctive public life . As nothing expresses better , or stimulates more ff t e ectually , the forces of na ional consciousness than literature — history , poetry , oratory , books and publications of every kind— several minds determined to devote themselves to

- the development of French Canadian letters . M en felt a need to write the history of their past , the better to illumine the future ; to sing the ancient glories in order to inspire new courage ; to relate the old and venerable traditions , that their memory might be impri nted ine flace ably on the X fi hearts of the young . Francois avier Garneau appears rst on the list of those who then made the literature of French

Canada shine with a fresh brilliance . National history has for him a distinct claim on the Canadian conscience . B 1 8 0 G orn at Quebec in 9 , arneau belonged to a respect

- - able artisan family , industrious but not well to do . His people were unable to give him the education he would

- have liked . He attended the day schools of Quebec , but he was unable to enter the Petit Séminaire for his classical fi course . Entering the of ce of Archibald Campbell , notary , am at the age of sixteen , young G eau began his apprentice h L i s ip , studying at n and French classical authors by him self in his spare time . It was while thus engaged that his I vocation as historian was revealed to him . t was then , at least , that , moved by a natural feeling of irritation , he one day conceived the project of writing his history of C Canada . There were some young English clerks in amp ' bell s offi ce ; and , as the rivalries of race were at that time warm , arguments frequently arose on questions of Canadian ' u history . The young patriot s opponents did not scr ple L PM 1 8 0- 1 1 2 LITERA RY DEVE O ENT, 4 9 453 f to o fend his pride . After all , was he not but a son of the vanquished , and did not every one know that the French

Canadians had no history ? One day , driven beyond all G bounds by some such insult , young arneau retorted Our history ! Very well— I will tell it ! And you will see how our ancestors were vanquished , and whether such a defeat was not as glorious as victory ! ’ The work that Garneau wished to write demanded much labour and pre aration p . Unexpected circumstances occurred , however , to enable him to qualify himself gradually for the task . 1 8 0 Garneau became a notary in 3 . He employed his C leisure in collecting historical notes on anada ; and soon , 20 1 8 1 i on June , 3 , by dint of stringent sav ng, he was enabled i to go to England . There he applied h mself to the study of English institutions , and attended the sittings of parlia

. n L ment After a short visit to France he retur ed to ondon , and had the good fortune to become secretary to Denis B the enjamin Viger, who was then diplomatic agent for F rench Canadians to the English government . The young O r secretary spent two years in London . He had an p po t unity of meeting some of the great men in the English and French world of letters he learned at what cost the literary ri glo es of Europe had been built up , and he was astonished at the influence and prestige accorded to intellectual author it y in the enlightened Old World centres of culture . Re 0 1 8 G turning to Quebec on June 3 , 33, arneau endeavoured — but only for a short time — to pursue his profession as a notary . He then became an accountant in a bank , and was at length appointed translator to the legislative assembly ffi of Lower Canada . It was in an o cial position th at he was to find the time necessary for carrying into effect his project for a history of Canada . fi 1 1 8 6 The rst volume appeared in 845, the second in 4 1 8 8 and the third in 4 . These volumes brought events down

1 2 . In 1 8 2 only to 79 5 the author published a second edition , In 1 in which the narrative reached the year 1 840. 8 55

G arneau published his Voyage en Angleterre et en France . B ut ri already a se ous malady , epilepsy , was gradually under mining his health . Since 1 844 he had been secretary of the 454 FRENCH- CANADIAN L ITERATURE

1 86 city of Quebec ; he was obliged to resign in 4 , when his malady attacked him in a more violent form . He died at Quebec in 1 866 . The ashes of the national historian B of French Canada rest in the elmont cemetery , at the gates fi Ste of the city , near the battle eld of Foy , the glory of which he has so eloquently told . ’ Garneau s Histoire da Canada gives the story of all the French colonies of North America from their origin to the 1 treaty of 763. From that date the author confines his ai e narrative to Canada proper . The sust n d effort necessary to the construction of a work so extensive and so fi ne cannot be overestimated . Garneau wrote at a time when it was very diffi cult to get access to the sources of the history of

C . O anada bviously , his documentation could not be so abundant as that of later historians . B ut he set himself to turn to account all the materials and historical informa tion he was able to collect . Out of these materials, hitherto rare , he made a work that , although incomplete and capable e i of improvement in many respects , excit d the admirat on hi of s contemporaries by its general excellence . Written 1 8 during the political turmoil that came to a head in 37 , and published on the morrow of the insurrection and the establishment of the inacceptable union of the two Canadas , ’ Garneau s work is plainly a work of defence and of attack . Yet the spirit Of moderation by which it is animated deserves praise . Some of his contemporaries even reproached him for not having written panegyrics on the French Canadians . G arneau preferred , while honourably acquitting his com patriots in respect of certain historic accusations made against them , to indicate also the political errors into which they fell . ' One of th e most important sections of the Histozre da anada e C , and one awaited with th greatest curiosity and impatience , was that devoted to the account of the conquest i ff of Canada by England . Garneau had h mself su ered from the accusations sometimes lightly cast at the conquered

C . anadians Happily , and very j ustly , he brought out the value of such a conquest , and opportunely rectified the r mili tary histo y of those painful years . 1 0- 1 1 2 LITERA RY DEVELOPM ENT , 84 9 455 Garneau ’ s chief aim was to write the political history i hi of his country . Educated in the school of August n T erry i a and Guizot , he took delight in ph losophic l speculations ; he loved to trace the principles governing historical develop t ment , and his work clearly bears the mark of his intellec ual hi sympathies . His story is not merely dramatic by reason of the sti rring recitals it contains ; it is also a work of h p ilosophy . i G Unfortun ately , the ph losophy of arneau is not always i very safe . Not hav ng followed the lessons of the masters , and having acquired his ideas on government in the course

i - se of stud es that were often ill cho n , he sometimes allowed theories derived from French libe ralism to find their way — into his work for example , the principle of the absolute e i hi n fr edom of consc ence , for w ch he has been so kee ly

e . fi a reproach d Garneau , moreover, did not suf ciently p p re ciate the part played in Canadian history by the Catholic ffi Church or the clergy . He did not see wi th su cient clear ness the very special conditions under which the church ’ s intervention in the political life of the colony took place . Nor did he sufficiently know or understand the efforts made by the clergy for the instruction of the people . These errors of the historian prevent his work from being as perfect as If it might otherwise have been . , however, we forget these defects and remember only the work as a whole , we are obliged to acknowledge that such a monument could have been conceived and executed only by a great mind .

The literary style , moreover, heightens the interest . ’

G . n arneau s phraseology is free , ample and eloquent O occasion it is warm and vibrating . If it is hampered at times

i s and . by heav ne s , it is incontestably capable of grace vivacity ' The study of the Histoz re da Canada produced the greatest enthusiasm in the middle of the nineteenth century . The young especially were stirred as they turned the pages in which they felt the soul of their country throb . Garneau h ri founded a school . Under his inspiration the isto ans and poets of the ensuing years worked . Garneau was still alive when another historian essayed to rival him in public favour— the Abbé Jean Baptiste 456 FRENCH- CANADIAN LITERATU RE M 1 80 . Antoine Ferland , who was born at ontreal in 5 A C e diligent student at the oll ge de Nicolet , and gifted with the most varied talents, he became in turn professor at é 1 8 0 Nicolet , vicar , cur , and finally , in 5 , a member of the archiepiscopal staff in Quebec . He devoted his later years r 1 to the study of Canadian histo y , and from 8 56 to 1 862 delivered at Laval University lectures whi ch were well ni attended . These u versity lectures he began to publish i n 1 8 6 1 . He was able to issue only one volume ; the second was published by his friends . Illness and death prevented the continuation of his work . He died at Quebec 1 86 in 5. ’ ’ ’ Ferland s Cours d Histoz re da Canada comprises only the f e years O th French domination , and it is to be regretted that the author was unable to carry his work further . He

t . possessed , indeed , the best quali ies of the historian He is specially distinguished by the most scrupulous scientific method he was a tireless seeker for tru th . He visited the archives of London and Paris to consult documents at first t he hand . The sole object of his s ay in Europe , during t 1 6 1 8 years 85 and 57 , was to obtain materials for his history n from original sources . I his work he did not suffi ciently indicate his references to authentic documents , but he rarely wrote without basing his information on such docu ments . Thus he was able to rectify a great many dates t which , before his history appeared , were uncer ain , and to throw a fresh light upon incidents that had not always been properly j udged . He understood better than Garneau the religious nature of the historical origins of Canada , and rendered greater j ustice in this regard to those who were their principal creators . Ferland carefully examined the details of the life and manners of New France . He also made a very full study of the character and the curious customs of the Indians . He took special pains in his narration of the circumstances fi attending the establishment of the colony, and the rst f developments of its national life . A ter a preface dealing x with the early inhabitants of America , and the e plorers who were the first to touch the American coast , he addresses L A D LO M 1 8 0- 1 1 2 ITER RY EVE P ENT, 4 9 457

himself to the subject of his laborious study , and lays bare, with the most ample and interesting details , the foundations of Canadian history . Ferland has not the brilliant literary enthusiasm of

Garneau . He aims less at the development of general considerations , he has a better grasp of vital details , and he gets into his book more historical matter . The language he writes is thoroughly French , and is precise , clear and

ri fi ne . spi ted , its one ornament being a and frank simplicity ’ Certain of Fe rland s smaller works and articles are of ’ the greatest interest and deserve mention : J ournal d un ' a e sur les otes de la Gas esie L ouis- Olivier Gamache Voy g C p , ,

abrador otice bio ra hi ue sur M r J ose h- Octave Le L , and N g p q g p Le Fo er canadien P lessis. These studies appeared in y 1 between 1 86 1 and 863.

C Gérin- L ontemporary with Ferland was Antoine ajoie , one of his admirers , who also wrote a considerable chapter 1 8 2 of Canadian history . He was born at Yamachiche in 4 , and died at Ottawa in 1 8 8 2 . He was long known chiefly

ean Rivard. But 1 88 8 by his novel of colonization , J in a Dix ans valuable work which he had left in manuscript, ’ - d Histoire du Canada 1 8 0 0 . , 4 5 , was published This work is the best study we have of the period that witnessed the establishment of responsible government . The information ffi is abundant and accurate . Possibly o cial documents are inserted too copiously in the text , and too frequently impede the course of the narrative . The style is temperate and easy . Although not an artist capable of making his figures

érin- a stand out boldly, G Lajoie produced a work that m y fi be read with great interest and pro t . é Cas rain The Abb Henri Raymond g , who was born at

- 1 8 1 1 0 Riviere Ouelle in 3 and died at Quebec in 9 4 , devoted ’ his entire life to the study of his country s past . He was fi Gérin a most proli c and enthusiastic historian . With L é Dr L ajoie , Joseph Charles Tach and Hubert arue , he played a large part in the renaissance of French - Canadian 0 letters that followed the year 1 86 . With them he founded

‘ Les S oirees canadiennes 1 8 6 1 Le Fo er canadien in , and y in

1 863. The works of Garneau and Ferland had excited his

VOL. XII H 458 FRENC H - CANAD IAN LITERATURE

ardent interest , and it was his ambition to continue and complete their task . In 1 8 60 Lé endes he began by publishing his g , in which he set himself to revive Canadian customs . He then entered — Hist i upon serious history , and wrote successively o re de ’ la M ere M arie de l I ncarnation B iographies cana diennes Histoir , which were collected in one volume ; e de ’ ’ l Hétel- Dieu de Quebec P elerinage au P ays d Evan gelino ( 1 8 8 5) M ontcalm cl Levis ( 1 8 9 1 ) Une S econde Acadie Asile du B on P asteur de Québec ( 1 896) and Les Sulpiciens et les P retres des M issions Etrangeres en Acadie as rain The work of C g is therefore considerable .

It gives evidence of great activity . Yet his eyes had been strained by overstudy , and he had to have recourse to a secretary to aid him in his search for and study of docu ments . His learning was great , and his books are full of It information of the most varied nature . is generally agreed , however, that he possessed an imagination and sensitiveness which at times inj ured the accuracy of his narrative and the j ustness of his j udgment . He liked to find in history what he sought . Yet his books are imbued with warmth and i life . The language is free and v vid , although sometimes rather overloaded with imagery— especially in his earlier It his works . was , indeed , by literary art that he captivated ’ r i his readers . Casg a n s works have helped greatly in making

Canada known abroad , especially in France . ’ In Le endes le Tableau de la Riviere- Ouelle the first of his g , , Abbé Casgrain thus faithfully described in a most picturesque manner the home of th e French - Canadian habitant

- - le r e Voyez vous la bas , sur ve sant de c coteau , cette ui e t jolie maison q se dessine , blanche proprette , avec

sa grange couverte de chaume , sur la verdure tendre ' éra li r e t chatoyante de cette belle b e e . C est une maison

canadienne . D au u haut de son piédestal de gazon , elle sourit grand fleuve ou é sa , dont la vague , fr mit tremblante image , ' ar vient expirer a ses pieds . C , l heureux propriétaire de cette demeure aime son beau grand fleuve e t il a eu ’ soin de S établir sur ses bords . ' Voulez - vous jeter nu coup d oeil sous ce toit dont

460 FRENCH - CANAD IAN LITERATU RE

’ L Histoire de Cin uante Ans ( 1 844 author of q , and Joseph Royal ( 1 8 37 au thor of a Histoire da Canada é ( 1 84 1 which deals with the r gime of the Union . The field of history is still that which is most cultivated

- - by French Canadian writers of to day . Among these may — B S be mentioned enjamin ulte , who , in addition to his Histoire des Canadiens Fran ais c , wrote many articles and studies which have been collected in volume form ; Joseph istoir de la ei n r Edmond Roy , author of the H e S g eu ie de Lau on é s z ; the Abb Auguste Go selin , the historian of the ’ C L E lise du C De C church in anada ( g anada) ; Alfred elles, P La ontain the elegant monographist who wrote on apineau , F e i ea l and Cart er ; Thomas Chapais , the au thor of J n Ta on M ar uis de M on tc the alm . . D and q N E ionne , who gave an L D account of our colonial origins ouis Olivier avid , author ’ of L Union des Deux Canadas ( 1 84 1 - 67) and the Histoire du Canada sous la Conf ederation ( 1 867 the Abbé Amedee G L h osselin , the erudite archivist of aval University , w o ’ rewrote th e history of L I nstruction on Canada sous lo Regime is Fran a . c ; and Pascal Poirier , the historian of Acadia Among the very numerous French - Canadian workers engaged in rewriting , correcting and continuing the history of their country these are distinguished from their fellows by a riper learning and a more perfect art .

POETRY C In French anada poetry was the daughter of history . It is t rue that , during the period of literary origins , poetry sang freely of all subjects , but it sang , for the most part ,

. 1 8 0 without either inspiration or craftsmanship About 4 , however, it essayed to do better and to take a loftier flight . It was the breath of history that inspired its voice and sustained its wing . The work of Francois Xavier Garneau

- long supplied the verses of the poet patriots with themes . It evoked before their eyes the image of a country which had never before appeared so great , heroic and beautiful a country whose many wounds still bled . They set them selves to extol that glorious world in which our fathers PM 1 - 1 1 2 LITERARY DEVELO ENT , 840 9 46 1

w ’ G t d elt . arneau himself was na urally the first to be fascinated by the spectacle of the heroic deeds of his fi ancestors , and he wrote some of the rst pieces in the 1 0 repe rtory of 84 . i Another influence, however, was about to mod fy pro — foundly French - Canadian poetry the influence Of the C h romantic school . The intellectual relations of anada wit France had long been maintained with diffi cul ty ; they f suf ered from the mere distance of the motherland , and from the political and social severance of New France from

Old France . Thus the literary revolutions that agitated the mind of France were long in making themselves felt in the Canada . About middle of the nineteenth century ,

w O Crémaz ie - ho ever, ctave , the poet bookseller, exerted himself to make the newer works of French poetry known in Quebec . He himself had felt the influence of his eager reading, and he was the first to tune his song to the note rém i of romantic lyricism . C az e may j ustly be called the

- father of Freach Canadian poetry . rém z ie 1 1 2 C a was born at Quebec on April 6, 8 7 . After S completing his education at the eminary of Quebec , he s d became a sociated with his two brothers, Jacques an Joseph , l A in their booksel ing business . nxious to instruct himself, i t s and g fted wi h a fine imagination and keen sensitivene s , Crémaz ie loved to devote his leisure to reading his favourite authors, particularly the French poets whose works were i in his bookshop . He was fond of inv ting friends to talk literature in the back shop ; among these were the Abbé

Cas rain Gérin- L L Raymond g , Antoine ajoie , Hubert arue and Joseph Charles Taché . About 1 854 Crémaz ie published his first poems in Le ournal de uébec J Q . These thrilling utterances of his soul stirred to their depths the hearts of his countrymen . M e n felt them to be inspired by the profound emotion of a poet

a . n who loved Canada and Fr nce above everything U happily , Of rémaz ie reverses fortune , in which C found himself gravely i compromised , obliged him to fly from the j ust ce of his 2 country into exile . In 1 8 6 he took refuge in France .

He lived there , poor and alone , under the name of Jules 462 FRENCH - CANADIAN LITERATURE

d 1 8 . D Fontaine , and ied at Havre in 79 uring his exile he fi published no more poetry . He often con ded to his friends that he had hundreds of poems in his mind , but he would not give them to the world . The only literary work remain ing from these hard years , spent far from his native land , consists of a few letters to friends on questions of Canadian literature , some letters to his mother and brothers , and the detailed narrative , written from day to day , of the siege of P ém z i aris . This record is a journal which Cr a e used to write up every evening for his family , and in which he noted s i down such minor incident , interest ng gossip and fugitive fi impressions as do not usually gure in serious history . ’ In rémaz i ournal du i C e s letters , and in his J S ége de P a is r , the whole heart and soul of the writer was disclosed .

His letters give evidence of an alert and versatile mind , by turns serious and humorous , playful and sarcastic ; capable of prompt and j ust j udgments , but also of ideas difli ul ri that can with c ty be accepted . His theo es as to the C impossibility of creating a anadian literature , most dis

utable . n p in principle , have been falsified by facts I this Crémaz ie long correspondence displays all the delicate , wounded sensibility of his nature . It was by the poems collected by his friends in book rémaz ie form that C was chiefly known , and it is these that m still secure hi so much lasting sympathy . Not that this poetry is really of a high quality, or that it constitutes a r maz i considerable achievement . C é e left scarcely more

- five fi a than twenty pieces , and one un nished poem , L enad des ois M rt P rom e Tr o s. Into these two hundred pages of verse , however , he infused a generous , patriotic and C d hristian inspiration that move Canadian readers . He was able to express so many of the things with which the overflowe d heart of the people then , and which were the favourite subjects of popular thought and for this he was awarded the warmest and most sincere admiration . In Castelfidardo Crémaz ie sings of the papacy menaced by the Piedmontese and defended by the heroic zouaves ; in the Chant du Vieux Soldat canadien and Le Carillon he celebrates the glorious memories of the history of New L R D V LOPM 1 8 0- 1 1 2 ITE ARY E E ENT , 4 9 463

France in the Chant des Voyageu rs he recalls certain familiar t C La Fiancee du M arin fea ures of anadian life ; in he relates, ’ in the manner of Hugo s ballades , a legend of the country . B C ecause , for the first time in the history of anadian poetry , readers found in these verses of Crémaz ie something of the themselves so fully expressed , they applauded poet , and his name and his verse were soon on every lip . ’ Crémaz ie s work has one rare merit . This is the sincerity e i of inspiration , and the profound fe l ng that imbues his B rémaz ie ff patriotic songs . ut C su ers in that he came too — h soon at a time , that is to say , when he had imself to disci pline his talent and learn to fashion his verses wi thout any I ffi 1 8 0 master . t was very di cult for the poets of 5 to pe rfect their art they were sadly lacking in the implements meces r i sary to enable them to excel . C émaz e was obliged to pick up the lessons he needed casually in the course of his read ing . To t his cause are attributable his somet imes rather

'' narve imitations of the masters of French poetry— for

V Orientales . example , of ictor Hugo in his Crémaz ie ffi , moreover , did not su ciently concern himself hi with correcting s work and lightening its heaviness . He fi cared nothing about being an artist . He rst composed his poems in his memory ; thence he let them drop on paper without altering their often commonplace matter, and without recasting their somewhat ponderous construction . L a P romen ade des Trois M arts i fi , wh ch he left un nished , is d c and l a varie medley of delicate , moving lyri ism of rea istic tales which are at times gru esome . It is noteworthy that Crémaz ie did not pause to sing of love and the ardour of passion . His lyricism excluded this L M s favourite theme of amartine and u set , and devoted itself to the express ion of religious and patriotic sentiments . t w This lyricism , with its ofold object , religion and patriotism , ’ r maz i fascinated C é e s young contemporaries , and was con h tinned in some of their works . Most of the poets of t is period and the following years were disciples of the author of the Chant du Vieux Soldat canadien . They form what may be termed the patri otic school of Quebec . ’ réche tte The first of Crémaz ie s disciples was Louis F , 464 FRENCH - CANADIAN LITERATU RE

1 6 1 8 . born at Levis on November , 39 He was a student at Quebec when C rémaz ie was issuing his first poems and gath ering the studious of 1 8 60 into his coterie of the Rue e e i de la Fabrique . Fr chette did not attend thes meet ngs ’ in the back shop but he read the poet s verses , he felt the enthusiasm which they excited in the readers of Quebec , and when he was twenty he began to wri te poetry himself . 1 6 M es In 8 3 he published his first collection of poems , oisi s L r . He soon became immersed in politics a sphere disillusrone d in which he never succeeded . Often and réche t te m embittered by the struggle for life , F , then a volu C 1 866 1 86 Voix tary exile in hicago , published from to 9 the ’ u xilé d n E . He returned to Canada , and having at length abandoned political life , after being a member of parliament t at Ottawa for a few years , he devoted himself almost en irely l — nd P ile- M éle to literary work , a published successive y

’ Fleurs boreal es and Oiseaux de Neige ( 1 8 79) La ’ Légende d un P euple ( 1 8 8 7) and Feuilles volantes

Before his death he prepared a final edition of his poems .

’ e aves oeti ues Under th title of Ep p g he introduced , in addition M es L oisirs to the finest poems that had already appeared in , ’ P éle- M éle Fleurs boreales and , a few unpublished pieces and

hi Ve onica. s great pathetic drama , r ’ ’ In prose Fréche t te published Originaux cl Detraques

in which he delineated certain popular types , though sometimes with a little exaggeration ; and his Noel au Canada in which he depicts in simple fashion the

- h C . believing , fait ful soul of the French anadian people After a fuller poetical career than that of any other Canadian

M a M a 1 1 08 . poet , he died at ontre l on y 3 , 9

Fréche tte devoted himself chiefly to lyrical poetry . Feel ing rather than thought animates his verse . His inspira h C rémaz ie u tion , more versatile than t at of , touched pon ré he tt nearly all the usual lyrical themes . F c e , however, rémaz ie like C , scarcely ever concerned himself with the z i t e passion of love . C réma e shunned it altoge her Fr chette skimmed with a light wing over such ardent subjects . The bearing of his muse never ceased to be irreproachable . The

M es Loisirs P ele- M ale Fleurs boréal es author of , and contents L R D V LOPM 1 8 0- 1 1 2 ITE ARY E E ENT , 4 9 465 himself with singing of the most delicate ties of friendship c and the family, and of all the pre ious memories which we accumulate in our lives . He sings , too , in praise of nature and her varying expressions . Having studied in the school i of the romant c poets dear to his youth , he loved , like them , a the spring, flowers, trees, rivers and landsc pes , and he sought s to portray their colours , line , depths and harmonies . At times he succeeded well in expressing many of the feelings awakened in us by contact with persons and things , and ‘ ’ his verses entitled Sursum Corda in P ile- M ile and Re ’ n ouveau in Fleurs boreales are full of the most deep and delicate feeling . In these lyric poems of sentiment Fréche t te diverges and diff e rs from Crémaz ie ; in his patriotic songs ’ ' in La Legende d un P euple he approaches and resembles L rémaz i ri him . ike C e , he was a pat otic poet . He shared with his master the readily accorded title of national ’ ’ ’ e d d u P l poet . In La L gen e n eup e he set himself to relate the epic of French Canada— to write in eloquent strophes the history of his race . From among the events of this history he chose those that seemed to him most representa tive of a moment or a period he celebrates them one af ter ffi another , without linking them su ciently , and without ffi su ciently disclosing , by means of general and essential ideas , their powerful cohesion . ’ At the beginning of La Légende d un P euple Fréche t te hails in eloquent strophes the America which its discoverers had revealed to the world

Améri u l— t atoi be u sol n t l ! q e salu , a a a ’ Toi la e ine e t l or ueil du c ie occ de nt l , r g l i a ’ Toi ui comme n mon as du ein de l ond q , Vé us, t s e, E t du p oids de ta conqu e équilibras le monde

’ nd le on c o onne de tes a b es an s Q ua , fr t ur r r gé t , e tu secou s au b d de s oc an Vie rg , ai or é s Ton voile aux plis baignés de lueurs éclatantes and d d ns e s flots de anes flo nte s Q u , rapés a l ur li tta , ’ Te s nds b o le ns d oi ea ch n e s gra ois , t ut p i s ux a t ur , Imprégnérent les vents de le urs ac re s sente urs ; ’ Q uand ton mouvant réseau d aurores boréales Révéla le s splendeur s de tes nuits idéales

VOL. XII 466 FRENCH - CANADIAN LITERATURE

uv s ns fin nd te s omme ne e Q u and te s fle e sa , qua s ts ig u x , brfilants te s oes o e Te s tropique s , p l rag ux , n e o n e s n e infinies E ure nt mo tré d l i l ur gra d urs , N iagaras grondants blonde s Californie s l m ri ue l au con de ta e ne be A é q tact j u auté, v i l vi l h m n ! On se ntit r e erd r a. ei le u a ité

’ All the poet s eloquence found vent in this collection ; along with strongly inspired couplets there are pages through out which rhetoric lavishes its pompous and easy periods . Rhetorical language and structure too often weaken poetry under their sway verse constantly becomes commonplace and ’ bombastic , particularly when the poet s native land and its traditional glories are the theme . Great originality alone ’ can triumph over these temptations to swell one s voice , in order to daz z le the reader with grandiloquent words and make him forget the emptiness of sonorous constructions . Fréche tte was not always proof against these dangerous temptations , and his lyricism , although often sustained by powerful inspiration , also degenerates , here and there , into r M mere declamato y harangues . oreover, he was ambitious m V Lé ende des Siecles to i itate ictor Hugo in his g , and he ’ exposed himself to the charge of copying Hugo s least pardon e ri able faults . Nevertheless , to Fr chette must be asc bed

- the honour of perfecting the form of French Canadian verse . M ore concerned about variety of rhythm and harmonious C rémaz ie cadences than , he produced a more carefully It wrought and more artistic poetry . was with j ustice 1 8 8 0 C e that , about , French anadians acknowledged Fr chette to be their greatest poet . ’ B réche tte s y F side , sometimes separated from him , but always related to him by common tastes and an equal if Le M a not a rarer talent , another poet , Pamphile y, lived

. B L 1 8 and wrote orn at otbiniere in 37 , he was older than

F . rechette by two years He too received , from that r ff i epoch of litera y e ervescence in wh ch he passed his youth , an influence and an impetus that were Soon to make him rémaz ie 1 follow in the footsteps of C . In 865 he published E ssais oéti ues 1 8 0 his p q ; in 7 he translated , in verse , Long ’ Evan eline 1 8 Les en eanc fellow s g ; in 75 he produced V g es,

468 FRENC H - CANADIAN LITERATURE

’ ’ ’ ‘ L aile gaimcnt s envole al arbre OII pe nd le nid ; ’ ’ L enfan t rit le vieillard n a pl us de tons ace rbes ’ ll n l Le s i nsectes ému s s appe e t sou s es he rbes .

le o v i ! to han aim bénit l O j ye u x ré e l ut c t e, e, n an la n u f conde U él pou sse aDie u at re é , ’ l n Et le rire du cie l s égrene sur e mo de .

In these carefully wrought little pieces Le M ay has not confined himself to the artistic treatment of Canadian themes . There are biblical and evangelical sonnets ; there are poems that breathe of religion and of love but above all there are rustic sonnets , songs of the hearth and songs of history . The whole mind of the poet is found in this collection . Along with the poet of private life and domestic confide nce s we have the poet - patriot moved by the noblest inspirations of his race , and the Christian poet extolling that which is most dear to his faith and piety . Because Le M a y has thus expressed , often with charm and exquisite fill sweetness , so many things that the national consciousness with pride , he stands out as the most sympathetic poet of 1 0 the school of 8 6 . To this school belongs another poet who yields to no one in respect of the oratorical cast of his verse— William

’ Les uebec uoises Chapman . He has published Q q ’ Feuilles d Erable Aspirations ( 1 904) and Les Rayons du Nord These works do not resemble those of C rémaz ie réche t te Le M a , F and y, except in their patriotic and religious inspiration— that correct and austere sentiment which above all characterizes the whole Quebec school . Chapman ’ s verse is also less sincere and more grandiloquent

- ar exc than that of his rivals . He is the poet rhetori cian p el lence , who does not shrink from oratorical displays , however threadbare . Yet , as with all who flutter their wings, Chap at i man t mes takes flight , and soars and hovers , bearing ’ with him the reader s admiration . He has wri tten some very fine verse , stately in movement and proportion . What he lacks is a more constant inspiration , a more fully fledged e rsification thought , a less flagging and less wordy v . He too often delights in enveloping his ideas in needless amplifica L D LO M 1 8 0- 1 1 2 ITERA RY EVE P ENT, 4 9 469

s r io the i tion . A pi at ns seems, so far, culm nating point of his work . Abbe G Adolphe Poisson and the Apollinaire ingras , the former in Heures perdues ( 1 894) and Sous les P ins the latter in the poems and songs entitled Au f oyer de mon P resbytere gracefully carried on the traditions of the rémaz i G B C e school . Alfred arneau and Neree eauchemin , although both were the precursors of a new art , may also be included among the poets of this group . son Alfred Garneau , of the historian , was born at La e 1 8 6 M Canardi re , near Quebec , in 3 , and died at ontreal in 1 0 9 4 . He was hardly known as a poet during his lifetime l he pub ished but little , keeping in his desk the poems that , after his death , were collected in a volume under the title '

P oesies . i of He was at once sensitive , t mid and artistic , and does not seem to have given out the full measure of his talent . Yet he was especially remarkable for an art more subtle than that of most of his contemporaries, for a more painstaking regard for form , and for a more refined delicacy of feeling . B 1 8 1 Neree eauchemin , born at Yamachiche in 5 , pos rémaz i sessed all the patriotism and piety of the C e group . W ith these qualities he united a great regard for rhyth m an a i al 1 d harmony . His Flor isons matut n es ( 879) contains some very beautiful pieces . ’ ’ L Ec le M é A new school , called o litt éraire de ontr al , was It founded in that city in 1 895 . gathered together a few s— — active, enthusiastic spirit for the most part poets who

- sought to lead French Canadian literature into new paths . G érée The poets of this school , of which Alfred arneau and N B eauchemin may be regarded as the forerunners , are less circumscribed by patriotic and religious subjects than their predecessors . They may be said to have altogether aban m do ed these somewhat hackneyed themes , and to concern s themselves mainly with the analysis of per onal feeling , or the expression of the most diverse emotions of the human soul . Emile Nelligan and Albert Lozeau are the two best known ’ N lli an s and most notable members of this group . e g poetry 470 FRENCH - CANADIAN LITERATURE comes feverishly from an imagination and sensibility that It are often morbid . is inspired too readily by the works o V B eaude laire R of the French scho l of erlaine , , or ollinat . It does not retain the measure and equilibri um indispensable to enduring work . Yet it contains accents of profound sincerity and of poignant sadness , which provoke the most ardent sympathy . ’ In the Vaisseau d or Nelligan describes at the outset the tragic shipwreck of his spirit

’ Ce fut uh gra nd Vaisseau taillé dans l or massif ; ’ fit o h i n az n nn Se s m s t uc a e t l ur, sur de s me rs i co ues ; ’ La. ne d mo che ve ha s n es Cyp ri a ur, u x épars , c ir u , ’ t l it asa e a l S é a a p rou u s o eil e xce ssif.

Mais il vint une nuit frappe r le grand écu eil ’ D ns o e n om e ur on han i la ne a l c a tr p c ta t Sire , E t le naufrage h orrible i nclina sa carene f n ff mm i A o o de s du Go e ab e ce e . ux pr ur u r , i u l rcu l

’ Ce fut nu a ea d or don le s flancs di h nes V iss u , t ap a R v l e n des o le s m ins of ne é é ai t trés rs ar p r a s, ' Dé ofit H ne e t N e v ose e n e e ux ont d g , ai r , tr isputé .

Q ue re ste - t- il de lui dans la tempete breve ? ’ e de ve n mon coe n v d e ? Q u st u ur, a ire és rté ’ Hélas ! II a sombré da ns l abime du Reve l

Albert Lozeau is more personal than N elligan he is less r bookish , having formed himself by long and solita y medita tions . He prefers to sing of what is external to him , although his songs are always the expression of the dream through

- which all things had to pass to reach his sick room . His verses are also dictated by passion . Like external nature and the beauties of art, passion can assume in his lines a s ubtle accent , and sometimes a rather quaint form . In ’ L Ame Solitaire 1 0 B illets du soir , ( 9 7) and also in his Le M iroir des ours which resemble sonnets in prose , and in J

there are , however, the most delicate manifestations fi of a ne intellect . In the following sonnet the poet thus describes the lomeli ness of his inward life D LO M 1 8 0- 1 1 2 LITERARY EVE P ENT, 4 9 47 1

M on coe ur e st comme nu grand paradis de délice s ’ ’ Q u un ange au glaive d or contre le mal défend ’ habite Inon coeu e i a e e enf n Et j r, p ar l qu lqu a t m l ca ce u i on es . Chasse r de pap ll s , p ar i li s

Gardé de s chagrins fous e t de s mortels supplices ’ il fl uri u d n t om han En l as e e d jar i ri p t, ' P o me d l e d ns le o étoufiant ur ésa tér r, a j ur , ’ ai on e au f is e du réve b e u ui l s es ! J t , ra ruiss au l , q g i s

Je no sortirai plu s jamais du c he r e nclos ’ il d n omb e i ible vec les l s c o O , a s l r pa s , a y é l s, f m e vi Par ses par u s sec rets j re spire la e .

’ Car la nature a mis e n moi l essentiel ’ De s p laisirs que je p uis goute r e t que j e nvre ’ s e n moi ue e e ns mon bonhe e mon l 1 C e t q j s ur t cie . Each year sees an increase in the disciples of the Ecole n ea littéraire de M o tr l. They seem to be held together by no common doctrine : each develops in the direction of his per

. G P M sonal aptitudes Charles ill , Albert Ferland and aul orin P M are among those most appreciated by readers . aul orin , ’ who published Le P aon d Email gives more care to C the form of his verse than other anadian poets . He aims chiefly at producing sonorous lines in which the varied rhythm and rich rhymes charm the ear . From Greek and pagan antiquity he gathers much of his inspiration . He draws landscapes with a glowing pen . There is in his poems more colour than ideas . B ut his first collection of verse promises Le a sti ll finer art . t us hope that ideas may add to his muse the force necessary for true greatness .

FI CTI ON The novel appeared rather late in the history of French

Canadian literature . This branch of letters , which demands

- a well disciplined imagination , a profound knowledge of life, i ff i and a most sk lful art , su ered from the hard condit ons that f long a fected the development of literature in French Canada . It was not until the middle of the nineteenth century that

1 Le M air de ou Le i l intéri . 1 6. fr s rs c e eur , p 9 472 FRENCH - CANADIAN LITERATURE any one ventured to enter a field in which such rare quali ties of mind are necessary for success . The novel of Canadian life and the historical novel were the first to be cultivated . Works of great merit are not ve ry In 1 8 P O C numerous . 53 ierre Joseph livier hauveau published les uerin m Char G , which was merely a ti id attempt at a novel of 1 86 work eared manners . Ten years later , in 3, a a p p that was to take a permanent place in the history of the Canadian — diens es Anciens ana Gas é . novel L C , by Philippe Aubert de p 1 86 as é Born in 7 at Quebec , de G p , a son of the seigneur

- - P - l of Saint Jean ort Jo i , did not enter Canadian literature until late in life . After a career at first mingled with trials, e afterwards tranquil and happy at the s igneurial manor, he was suddenly seized with a great longing to communicate

- to his fellow coun trymen his earliest recollections . It was

- 0 as é . then 1 86 , and de G p was in his seventy fourth year The literary movement instituted by the intellectual activi ty

ie Cas rain Géri n- L of Crémaz , Garneau , g and ajoie had led Les Soirées canadiennes to the establishment of , on the first page of which was inscribed the saying of Charles Nodie r Le t us hasten to relate the delightful tales of the people ’ before they have forgotten them . The septuagenarian took ’ i r N od e s counsel to himself , and began to write his romance . Les Anciens Canadiens is at once a novel of manners and an historical novel . As a basis for his narrative the author has used some of the most interesting features of Canadian ' d Ha e ill life . Two young men , one of whom , Jules b rv e , is C L a Canadian , and the other , Archibald ameron of ochiel , a

S . S cotsman , become friends during college life eparated by the n necessity of ear ing their livelihood , they again come together, ff but under di erent flags , during the war in which France and England fought for the last time for the soil of Canada on the Plains of Abraham and the fields of Ste Foy . Their old friendship is broken , then resumed with reserve . The author turns to account all the incidents that he gathers about this main theme in relating the life led by his country o men at the already distant peri d of the Conquest . ’ De Gasp é s work is less a novel than a series of historical — pictures it is , as it were , the first draught the rough R LO M 1 8 0- 1 1 2 LITE ARY DEVE P ENT, 4 9 473

— M sketch of a national epic . ay not the novel be a veritable epic , and may not the epic, in its turn , be history i ns chanson Les Anciens Canad e , moreover, was a species of de este De i g in prose . Gaspe blended h story with legend he t C related the heroic ac ions of the last battles of the onquest , and their no less poignant dramas of conscience . He intro duced the marvellous , without which there is no epic ; he

- evoked a love interest , too prudent , perhaps, to satisfy the canons of romance , but capable of recalling the mingled m I liad s iles and tears that pervade the , or the passion , ardent yet restrained , that breaks forth only to die at the ola G e end of the Song of R nd. Thus de asp is at once the most eloquent , the most simple , the most charming narrator of Canada ’ s past— the true epic singer of a marvellous phase of its history .

The life of the seigneurs , interwoven wi th that of the ’ e G colonists , is describ d at length in de aspe s pages . The t artless simplici y of popular manners is painted wi th truth . If Pére é ti l Jos , as a t ype of the good old domes c , is a ittle ’

M . d a rville hi exaggerated , H be and s son Jules are worthy representations of the seigneur of the old French régime . s S the The scene of the disaster of aint Thomas , and may

S - - - s é pole dancing at aint Jean Port Joli ; the tale of Jos , ’ o e the evocation of the sorcerers of the Isle d rl ans , and the nocturnal promenades of La Corriveau the descri ption of the i costumes of the peasants, and the conversat ons, animated and true to the characters and their time— all reconst ruct before the reader’ s eyes the life of a period whose traditions as are rapidly becoming a thing of the past . De G pé even shows himself a philosopher : he depicts life and he depicts l ri himse f, for in desc bing the trials endured by the worthy ’ d E mont seigneur of the story , g , he evidently draws on his personal experience . The style of this novel , unique in c - C n l Fren h a adian iterature , breathes simplicity and good humour . At times there are eloquent passages into which ’ S all the author s patri otism is infused . ometimes these hastily written page s are adorned with classical reminis h ’ cences w ich testify to th e writer s cu lture . Very diff erent from Les Anciens Canadiens is the J ean

VOL. XI I K 474 FRENCH - CANADIAN LITERATU RE

- n L . h Rivard of Antoine Géri ajoie T is novel , while containing a — studies of Canadian manners , is also a social rom nce a novel with a purpose . The author published the first part Les Soi ées canadiennes 1 862 of th e book in r in , while de

Gasp é was preparing Les Anciens Canadiens. He entitled d le r e J ean Rivard it J ean Rivar défricheu the s cond part , ,

économiste Le Fo er canadien 1 86 . Gérin , appeared in y in 4 Lajoie endeavoured in these successive works to persuade his compatriots to remain on their native soil of Canada instead of emigrating to the United States , as they were then largely doing ; to cultivate the rich soil of the Province of Quebec to clear the virgin forest wi thout ceasing to Open

— in . up new parishes a word , to colonize Upon this very real theme of coloniz ation Gérin- Lajoie built up the simplest of romances . As little intrigue and as much agricultural life as possible — such was the rule that this somewhat u nromantic novelist impose d upon himself . This did not prevent him from writing a book that was e t widely r ad , and creating a type hat has remained as an example for all colonists .

- Jean Rivard is a young student , prevented by ill fortune from finishing his classical studies . He passes , willingly enough , from his rhetoric into the forest , where he intends to cut himself out a domain . He becomes a pioneer tiller B r of the soil . Alone in the woods of istol , the forerunner

- of all his future companions and fellow citizens , he fells the great trees , clearing them away by dint of the most patient efforts he sows his roughly cleared field and builds — himself a modest house in the virgin forest a nest , soon to

ri - be b ghtened by the coming of Louise . The hard working colonist becomes a rich and contented cultivator . Round about him other young men gather— men who have attacked

ardville . the great trees with equal ardour . Riv is founded

Jean Rivard , who manages his farm with wisdom , is now an able economist after having been an indefatigable farmer . He offers the benefit of his practical expe rience to whoever u will se it . He becomes the leading citizen of the newly colonized region , then the mayor of his village , and finally l member of par iament for his county .

4 76 FRENCH - CANADIAN LITERATU RE

While de Gaspé and Gérin - Lajoie were issuing their

G B B 1 8 1 - 8 works , eorges oucher of oucherville ( 4 9 ) published evu canadienne n in La R e a other novel , which quickly i ne de erdu x attracted the attent on of readers , U p e et De u de trouvées ( 1 864 This was a novel of manners and

u . advent re , and was very successful The author transports S h Lo the his personages by turns to out America, uisiana , fi de ri Antilles, and nally to Canada . His pictures and sc p i t ons, especially in the first part of the book , are bright and animated . The extravagant and exciting situations that occur in the course of the tale contributed greatly to its populari ty . Joseph Marmette ( 1 844 who was a most prolific

n l . ove ist , devoted himself specially to the historical novel His principal works were— Charles et E va Frangois ’ de B ienville L I ntendant B igot Le Chevalier ’ de M ornac ( 1 8 73) and Le Tomahawk et l Epée ’ M arme t te s historical studies are generally fascinating ; In F an ois they recreate dramatic periods of the past . r c de B ienville he depicts the siege Of Quebec by Phips ; in ’ L I ntendant B i ot é . g , the last years of the French r gime

The author had a lively descriptive imagination , not , how ever, always under control and his characters are lacking in originality . In The historical novel has had other representatives . 1 86 a oleon c ue arie 6 N p Bourassa published J a q s et M , which recalls the dramatic story of the dispersion of the Acadians ’ Laure Conan (M lle Félicité Angers) wrote A l (Euvre et ' ’ a l épreuve ( 1 89 1 ) and L Oublié and in 1 909 Sir B turion Adolphe asile Routhier produced Le Cen , an inter esting attempt to reconstruct Jewish and Roman history in the time of our Lord .

Gérin- L Following the example of ajoie , Jules Paul Tardivel ( 1 8 5 1 - 1 905) attempted another novel with a pur

s . P our la P at ie i 1 8 a po e His r , publ shed in 95, is a work tre t ing of religious thought ; in it the author specially attacks es the influence of freemasonry , which he denounc as the most dangerous and most subtle evil that can invade the l national ife of French Canada . Ernest Choquett e , who L D V LO M 1 8 0- 1 1 2 ITERARY E E P ENT , 4 9 477 published Les Ribaud ( 1 898) and Claude P aysan and ’ B Au lar e de ueil Hector ernier, who wrote g l Ec have given us pleasing romances of manners . French Canadians still await wri ters in the field of fiction who will endow their literature with powerful and original works .

OL AL HIL O O H AL AND SO IAL LI ERA URE P ITIC , P S P IC C T T

Jules Paul Tardive l belongs to political rather than to

i . P our la P atrie imaginative l terature His novel , , was wri tten chiefly for the purpose of gathering together and ti systema zing his political and religious ideas . Tardive l ’ La erité was before everything a journalist , and it was in V , 1 8 8 1 the pape r which he founded at Quebec in , that he waged his ceaseless combats . He stood apart from political parties , and his one aim was to make the legal principles of the C C ff atholic hurch triumph in the conduct of public a airs . He was the irreconcilable enemy of liberalism and free ' r m s M elan es mason y, and in the three volu e of g , which i un m contain his best art cles, one may see his firm and co promising cast of thought . Journalism has from ti me to time given us writers whose pens were both ready and fertile . The names of Joseph é C Charles Tach , Joseph Edouard auchon and Hector Fabre are well known in th e history of French - Canadian j oum al l ism . Thomas Chapais , who abandoned j ourna ism for M élan history, collected in a volume of ges a number of ic vigorously written articles , wh h possess interest in connec tion with the political history of the last years of the nine t e enth century . Those who are incontestably the masters

- C - of French anadian j ournalism to day , who instil most ideas i ti into their writing , and give those ideas the most art s c ri B Le Devoir form , are Hen ourassa , managing director of , é Omer Heroux , editor of the same journal , and the Abb ’ - - . A. D in hi L Action Sociale . J amours, editor c ef of These um three journalists are true literary men , whose work doubtedly bears the mark of high literary culture .

By the side of these journalists may be placed the orators . 4 78 FRENCH - CANAD IAN LITERATU RE Journalists and orators frequently meet in discussing the same t ideas ; frequently , too , they make use of the same s yle . The political eloquence of French Canada , however, has nothing of a very high literary value to show . Among those who é M have disappeared , Honor ercier and Adolphe Chapleau were orators who were favourites of the populace , but

- whose eloquence was by no means uniform . To day the eloquence that has often thrilled the hearers of Sir W ilfrid Laurier and Thomas Chapais is found with greater intensity t and vigour , and incontes ably with greater art , in the speeches of Henri Bourass a . Sir L P r 1 0 fi Wilfrid aurier, at a is , in 9 7 , de ned in the follow ing manner the loyal ty of the French Canadian

Sé é sa par s de la France , nous avons toujours suivi e un intérét é carri re avec passionn , prenant notre part de e e t ses gloires , de ses triomphes , de ses joi s , de ses deuils , ! me de ses deuils su rtout . Hélas Jamais nous sumes peut - etre a quel point elle nous était chére que le jour i - . Ou ce u ou elle fut malheureuse , jo r la, si vous avez ’ ff le sou ert , j ose dire , nous avons souffert autant que

vous . ' é ’ J aime la France qui nous a donn la vie , j aime ’ l Angle t e rre qui nous a donné la liberté ; mais la premiere o le C place dans mon c eur est pour anada , ma patrie , ma

te rre na ale . V le t ous en conviendrez avec moi , senti ’ ’ ' ment national d un pays n a de valeur que par l orgue il ’ ’ qu il sait inspirer a ses enfants . Eh bien nous l avons ,

C . nous , anadiens , cet orgueil de notre pays

. 1 02 The Hon Thomas Chapais , in 9 , on the day of the national festival of the French Canadians , reminded his compatriots of the reasons that bound them more than all the other races to Canadian soil

‘ Mais OII sont donc les citoyens du Canada qui sont plus canadiens q ue nous ? Nous sommes attaches e u

sol de la patrie par toutes les fibres de notre coeur . Dieu ’

é um . merci , notre nationalit n est pas ici arbre sans racine ’ ' P é le C u un our plusieurs de nos d tracteurs , anada n est q ’ e t d atte nt pays de passage e pour nous , il est la terre ’ eux des ai , la terre de toutes nos tendresses , de toutes nos ’ é ri ine esp rances . La plupart de nos concitoyens d o g L D V LOPM 1 8 0- 1 1 2 ITERARY E E ENT , 4 9 479

' ’ etrangere a la notre ne voient dans le Canada qu une

patrie vieille de cinquante ans , de soixante ans , de cent P ’ ans a peine . our nous , C est une patrie vieille de trois ’ D im i r s . c et e e siecles ans nos vieux , a l ombre de la croix é plant e sur les rives canadiennes par Jacques Cartier, il y a plus de quatre cents ans , dorment six générations ’ t P z d ancet es . arcoure toutes les provinces de la Confederation : partout vous retrouverez la trace de é e t a Ot res é nos h ros de nos p qui ont jet en terre , avec e leur poussiere t leur sang , une semence de civilisation

chrétienne . Ah ! oui , nous sommes les plus Canadiens

des Canadiens . Henri Bourassa has peculiarly devoted himself to defend ing the rights of the French - Canadian minori ty in the Con M federation . At the onument National in M ontreal on M a 1 1 2 y 9 , 9 , he thus expresses himself with regard to secular legislation in the North - West

’ ’ Jusqu aujou rd hui la Province de Québec a ét é le pivot ’ ’ us u urd h u de la Confédération . J qu a jo i les Canadiens frangais ont été le rempart infranchissable contre toute ’ d nn xi n - idée a e o aux Etats Unis , contre tout projet de - B - sep aration de la G rande retagne . Ne pensez vous pas que cent cinquante ans de loyauté leur méri tent um ’ ’ droit d égalit é politique dans toute l ét e ndue de cette confédération ? Ne pensez - vous pas que les colons que nous pourrions envoyer sur les bords de la Saskatchewan ’ - l oeuvre ou de la Riviere Rouge , pour continuer des ’ an res é d e é u cét , m riteraient y tre aussi bien trait s , q e ’ ’ vos co- religionnaires [l orat e ur s adresse aux Anglais protestants! e t vos concitoyens sont traités dans la Province de Québec Ne pensez - vous pas que des fran aises et colonies c fortes prosperes , essaimant dans ’ ’ uest é l ouest é é l O , pr serveraient canadien de la p n tration P é des idées américaines , comme la rovince de Qu bec a ’ é le C ri l annexion sauv anada , a trois ou quatre rep ses , de aux Etats - Unis l Britanniques , nous e sommes autant que n Importe quelle autre race du Canada Nous me le sommes pas le par le sang et par la langue , mais nous sommes par la

raison e t par la tradition . ’ Le s ce con uét e institutions britanniques , n est pas la q ’ du ce qui les a faites notres , ou moins n est pas une seule 48 0 FRENCH - CANADIAN LITERATURE

l l t: conquéte . a y hui cents ans , des hommes qui par laient notre langue e t dont les veines renfermaient le les meme sang que celui qui coule dans notres , sont allés

rr é - en Angle t e e allier leur g nie a celui des Anglo Saxons . De cette alliance anglo- normande sont sorties ces insti t u tions magnifiques qui nous sont revenues ici sept

cents ans plus tard . ’ a t he A ces institutions personne n est plus t ac que nous . M ais nous me sommes pas des chiens rampants nous m e t - e sommes pas des valets , apres cent cinquante ans de bons e t loyaux services a des institutions que nous C ri aimons , a une ouronne que nous avons app s a res ’ e ct e r é é e é é p , nous avons m rit mieux que d tre consid r s rese rves e t comme les sauvages des anciennes , de nous faire dire Restez dans Québec vous y etes chez l ’ vous mais ailleurs i faut que vous deveniez Anglais . Religious eloquence has been careless in preserving its s records . It utterances have often been powerful and full é of feeling . The Abb Holmes was one of the most admired pulpit orators on account of his Conf erences de Notre- Dame In M de Québec. our own day the sermons of onseigneur B Paul Eugene Roy , auxiliary ishop of Quebec , display literary quali ties of precision and grace of the highest order combined with the utmost dialectical power . S 2 1 08 On eptember 9 , 9 , addressing himself to French m Canadian farmers , sons of fa ilies who had occupied for at least two centuries the ancestral land , and to whom was ’ é M r restored the m daille des anciennes familles , g Roy ex presses himself as follows

é e t Elle serait int ressante a raconter a lire , messieurs , ’ l histoire de ces quelque deux cents familles , dont vous ' etes ici les authentiques e t heureux descendants S ils ’ le e t é é ri é avaient eu temps la facilit d c re leurs m moires , '‘ ces braves aIe ux Si leurs mains avaient su manier la

plume comme elles savaient manier la hache e t la charrue , quelles précieuses archives ils auraient laissées aux historiens de notre temps ’ D aille u rs s u , me sieurs , la terre q Ils vous ont t ransmise , ’ ’ a rés é é - p l avoir f cond e de leurs sueurs , n est elle pas le ’ plus beau livre d histoire que vos mains puissent feuil ’ e t u ri ? Et cc - i leter vos ye x parcou r livre , n est l pas L R D V LOPM 1 8 0- 1 1 2 ITE ARY E E ENT, 4 9 48 1

vrai que vous le lisez avec amour ? que vous le savez par e mur ? La préface en fut écrite par ce vaillant chef de dynastie il qui apporta ici , y a plus de deux siecles , votre nom , ’ e t i n B votre fortune votre sang . C éta t u reton , nu um Sainton eois - e ? un Normand , g , que sais j Francais ,

e t um s r. e en tout cas , brave , a coup u Avec cet homme t la femme forte qui vint avec lui ou qu ’ il trouva sur ces fortifie r bords , une famille nouvelle venait la colonie le é e t naissante , civiliser royaume de Qu bec , enrichir, ’ é é et d un sang g n reux de belles vertus , la noble race

- canadienne francaise . ’ ’ Et l hist oire m a d in r é r com ence , palpit nte t é ét , d bo vie ue dante de . Q de fois vous les avez vus repasser i é dans votre imagination , ces prem ers chapitres , crits au fil és flambées de la hache , illumin par les belles ’ ’ d abatis e t gardant encore aujourd hui les acres e t fortifiant es - senteurs des terres neuves , que déchirent la ‘ e t e e t O e rrne n ! pioche la hers , tI g t les premieres moissons Ce é sont les ann es rudes , mais combien fructueuses des ’ premiers défricheurs ; C est la glorieuse épopée de la ui i ui terre q na t , de la civilisation q trace pied a pied son ’ lumineux sillon a travers l inculte sauvagerie des hommes

e t des bois . Chaque coup de hache , alors , est une belle et patriotique action Chaque arbre qui tombe est um ennemi vaincu ; chaque sueur qui arrose le sol est une

semence .

M onseigneur Louis Adolphe Paquet and Father Louis s Lalande have also delivered sermons and lecture that , in their ample and harmonious phrase ology, bear the impress of true eloquence . While some writers and orators propagated their ideas by mean s of journalism or speeches , and examined the religious and social questions of the day , others published books treating of the same subjects and reviewing the same i o problems . Ph los phical and social literature has not yet many representatives ; but there are a few writers who fi occupy a leading place in these elds . Le B -du- Febvre Edmond de Nevers , who was born at aie 1 862 S a in , and died at Central Falls , in the United t tes , in ’ 1 06 d L Avenir du P eu le canadien - ran ais 9 , publishe p f g in

VOL. XII L 48 2 FRENCH - CANADIAN LITERATU RE

'

i 2 . 1 00 1 896 and L Ame américa ne ( vols ) in 9 . These t wo t works , which show a wide acquaintance wi h original docu ri ments and are filled with c tical observations , have placed fi C Edmond de Nevers in the rst rank of anadian writers . ’ In L Ame américaine the au thor seeks to analyse the multi farious and dissimilar elements composing the American ri mind . He examines in turn the o gins , the historical life , the immigration movements , and the development of the

United States . While there is occasionally a little confusion in the plan , it must be acknowledged that the abundance of information , the ingenuity of the views , and the lofty inspira tion of the whole make it a work worthy of preservation .

- ri M P L Among present day w ters onseigneur aquet , of aval re re University , Quebec , is certainly the most authoritative p sentative of social and philosophical literature . Prepared for his literary career by long theological study and by his Commentaria on Saint Thomas— highly esteemed in theo logical facul ties— he wrote his studies on Le Droit public do ’ L Eglise with all the competence Of a professional . In the first volume he dealt with the General Principles in the second with ‘ The Church and Education and in the third with The Religious Organization and ’ Civil Government These two works are me thodi cally planned and ably executed ; they are written in free but carefully chosen language , sometimes eloquent and

- always well balanced . M r Read , for example , this page where g Paquet demon strates the necessity of putting religious and moral training at the foundation of instruction

’ V -ou m r le eut que l homme u , battu par flot du doute , é -é t re le blas , succombant peut sous poids moral qui ' l accable un re toum ant le é , puisse jour en se vers pass , ’ d e nfance puiser dans ses souvenirs , dans ses impressions ’ le d année s s e t de jeunesse , dans spectacle heureu es ’ um um d arde ur pieuses , renouveau de foi , regain virile ’ r le ? au e t de cou age pour bien Qu on fasse luire , seuil e sa le flambeau s m me de vie , des doctrines religieu es ; ’ me qu on verse clans son a encore neuve , comme une é ri é é é coul e de che m tal , les notions lev es , les suggestions l salutaires , es persuasions moralisatrices par lesquelles

- 434 m a ccnc swt nt sx m art ar:

Fa n ni e -a d Faxing-mm h fi h m é e fi te d tbe m m m m m a m a w a a m m m m m — e m m m d é e b t h m

- ( t in q .) pc i iifi d b I Efl W d

W m é fl z b b tfi m m m fié fi d é s

Q x lm mnk pfnm 'E h rfi z ziz g th e a Ed a b[ it ter te s- r m i zit . He m m d i z z y ghr y z d lm d m fi x m d m On b t z g cnfm z t ue z r be fi t - time z ge d r y. Cfl a z fi pfm d fi s c i z s m L z M a h m d tb e m nz fi z i aa b n m

: ¢ rfrfl x 1 5 A b h m m ( 7 3 . CZm d . ’ ' Ik m v d i faaer : e a vi t zb u d x s k gnf z éz m

“ oin a ri m ( a 2: 1 1 11 35 ? ( I KE) , J T 0 3) a d IJ ’ £3

Ib cznr fl z hert lz z m h fixi-fi x 't o m m b thc M fl jm l s d fi s fi m left m h tfie dem m

A pori m cf the work of S r Add i ng Basile Ra nkine: m y be iz d z fed b tfi s d as 1 1 1.3 s 1 3:3 B -G: z a 1 23 1 A m f fl c ( 1 3) , ( ) , p gu ’ a xl De Qz eéer i Far-ad ) ( I S-gy m tz b im m d m d

’ - a fi m lf m de s xiae z z d mt u fia d aQ Om ) . m om m a 1 365 pt odn z d a vz b z hfe m fm LI R R DEVEIJOPLIE NT 1 8 0—1 1 2 TE A Y , 4 9 4 85

’ 1 0 his Chases d A utr ois in hic an n t e e tin l 9 5, qf , w h m y i r s g reco in Fete de Noel sous J acques Cartier fas hioned an

' v s no el and somethin g of the t rue narrative. His A oél anciens de la Nou velle- France ( 1 899) is also an enter tainin g

In the newqaap ers man y ckroniqueurs have writ ten fugitive

e sions of daily lif e we re c urr ently recorde d . In Can ada t h un i u m e t he ch oni ue was Ar u B ie wh o d sp ted ast r of r q th r u s, h e Ot e d o n t C es i es n e r M ontr e l in 1 8 0. was b r at Ne g , a a , 4 “b il e he was st ill very young his parents went to settle in ian and w Bri tis G u as le t o the ar of s . h a, he ft c e two aun t l o D in his ou h He ed a str an ge an d m st even tf ul lif e. ur g y t he lived by turn s in Que be c an d B ritish G uian a ; he th en ’ we ain his wi t o u in P ris an d in nt, ag st father s sh, st dy a ; 1 8 r scan dal his n t ea rm on e of 59, to the g eat of au s , he b ’ r al i ol i rn ana a the s m G a ib d s s d ers. He retu ed to C d a e

ar t u law an d was a mi t t o th e b ar in 1 866. ye to s dy , d t ed e adv oc i me i t l us e i o rnal and Th ate m d a e y r h d nto j u ism, commit ted the graves t em avagan ce s in th ought an d lan re re o m guage. Insp i d by th e influenc e of F nch j urnalis o t l to th e ch m' h be eli in ack i the Can ad an h s i e c , d gh ted att ng i ’ cl e rgy In his wri tin gs This portion of B uies work i s now he chron i u ezcr f o o en an d ma no e d. L e t con rg tt , y be ig r at r q

r an d s ri h l ar i l es w ich t o writ e sh o t p g t y miscell an eous t c , h

- remain m odels of th e ir kind in Fren ch Can adian lit eratu re. es av lle in — orm— C hron i u es Th ese arti cl h e been co cted book f q , Hummers at Ca rices 1 8 Chroni ues Vo a es and p ( 73) q , y g P etites Chron iqu es for 1 8 77 f On M a 8 1 8 1 B u e an in is alf- ocul r a l y , 7 , i s beg , th h j a , h ri ou on his hr nicl t at be se s t e, c o e, da ed Que c

- v éfiexion ue ans les Ave z ous j amais fait cette r q , d

s m on a ls m e n con r pay t gn e ux, hom s so t bien plus se vat eurs lu ons us difi cil es , p s soumis aux t raditi , pl a trans former que partou t ailleu rs Les idées pénét rant diffi d lem an s mon a n s e t u n ell-5 v ent d 15 t g e , , q a d 486 FRENCH - CANADIAN LITERATURE

’ ’ s arréte nt s e nracine nt arrivent , elles y , , logent dans le ’ e t é us u a creux des rochers , se perp tuent j q ux de m ieres générations sans subir le moindre mélange ni la moindre revolu n atteinte extérieure . Le vent des tio s soufiie ’ - e fiie ure r e t au dessus d elles sans presque les , lorsque le ’ voyageur moderne s arréte dans ces endroits qui échap il pent aux transformations sociales , cherche , dans son

étonnement , des causes politiques e t morales , quand ' ' la simple explication s oflre a lui dans la situation géo

graphique . Si une bonne partie du Canada conserve encore les ' e les du m siéc le traditions t mazurs de ier , c est grace aux La La il urentides . neige y est bien , est vrai , pour

quelque chose , la neige qui enveloppe dans son manteau ce e t un tout qui respire , endort dans silence de six mois

é e t . A w e hommes , id es , mouvements aspirations la de cette longue chaine de montagnes qui borde le Saint ’ L coté ui e aurent tout d un , q arr te la colonisation a ses premiers pas e t fait de la rive nord une bande de terre ’ é me s étonne troite , barbare , presque inaccessible , on pas ’ de ce que les quelques campagnes glacées qui s y trouvent e t dont on voit au loin les collines soulever péniblement ’ n aie nt le ro res leur froid linceul , aucun culte pour p g ,

ni aucune notion de ce qui le constitue . ' ' l ue st s Je porte mes regards a l est , a o , u sud , au nord un has é partout ciel , charg de nuages , de vents , de r ése é brouilla ds , p sur les campagnes encore a moiti ‘ fii ri du - ense velies sous la neige . Le sou e fu eux nord est s é t les fait trembler les vitre , onduler les passants , fr mi arbres qui se courbent en sanglotant sous son terrible

ri e nt iére . D passage , f ssonner la nature epuis trois e du é e semain s , cet horrible enfant golfe , clos des mugiss ’ e t e m é tes l Atlanti ue é ments t les p de q , se pr cipite en ’ l ébranler le rafales formidables , sans pouvoir , sur roc Ia s l e e euve ouperche citadelle , e t ou ev sur l fl une plaine ’ me f d écu bondissante . Ce vent sou fle pour faire ’ fi fiot t e uébe c uois . Et e e t monter la , disent les Q q , en , ’ flo n e s arrét e e t la tte monte , monte , mais pas , nous le passe devant nez , cinglant a toutes voiles , vers

M ontréal . é le - flotte M on Ainsi donc , Qu bec a nord est sans la , t réal a la flotte sans le nord - est ; lequel vaut mieux ? M é ' il ais si Qu bec n a pas la flotte , en revanche a les '

e t l année . V cancans , cela dans toutes les saisons de oila L RA D V LOPM 1 8 0- 1 1 2 ITE RY E E ENT , 4 9 48 7

‘ le ui soufiie . Oh ! e e vent q toujours ici les petit s histoir s , les e e les petits scandales , grosses b tis s , comme ca pleut Il n ’ est pas étonnant que Québec devienne de plus en ’

un dese rt les s . P plus , gens y mangent entre eux auvre vieille capitale ! 1

He also employed his talent for observation in descrip tive geographical studies . In this department he has left ’ ' ' L Outaouazs supén eur Le Saguenay cl lo B assin da Lac Saint- J ean Récits do Voyages Les comtés ’ do Rimouski M alone ci Témzscouata , Au P ortique ' des Laurentides and La Vallee de la M atapédiac

B uies died at Quebec in 1 89 1 . His name remains as that well P of a writer who represented the arisian spirit , ready witted and facetious , censorious at times , but also capable of tenderness and subtle feeling . Buies particularly loved In the French tongue . Canada he wished to see it freed A from the dangerous contributions of nglicism . He wrote

’ a pamphlet entitled Anglici smes ct Canadianismes in which he indicated many new words deserving proscription . He is one of those who have most skilfully used the French chroni ues language in Canada . His q are composed of the s impres ions of each day, the reflections suggested by events , the j udgments dictated by his wit and his sympathetic nature ; in them are mirrored all the spec tacles of daily l life , and they contain some of the finest pages in the iterature of French Canada . oleo L With less vivacity , but also with wit , Nap n egendre ( 1 84 1 - 1 907) and Hector Fabre ( 1 834 - 1 9 1 0) wrote newspaper chron iques on all the subjects of the day . The former col lecte d some of his best articles in two volumes entitled Echos de Québec and the latter published under the title of Chroniques ( 1 8 77) pages in which are to be found the light and entertaining qualities of his ready talent . L 1 8 his Alphonse usignan ( 43 who , at the outset of career, was responsible for some very fiery journalism , left ’ il ci cou s de lume a volume of chron iques entitled Coups d ae p p ,

a D 1 8 - 8 which was much relished by readers . Osc r unn ( 45 5)

' 1 - u a i nne Humeu et Ca rice i. . 1 1 1 2 . Chromq es c nad e s rs p s , pp 48 8 FRENCH - CANADIAN LITERATU RE collected his reminiscences and his principal j ournalistic writings in Dix ans de J ou rnalisme ( 1 8 76) and Lectures pour tous The Abbé Camille Roy collected under the title P ropos canadiens ( 1 9 1 2) stories and studies dealing with Canadian life . These are in turn rustic , moral , patriotic , scholarly and literary in their tone and colour . The chronique is also represented among us by two women , although their work is rather superficial : Fran ’ M Robe rtin B Chroni ues da coise ( lle e arry) , author of q lundi ( 1 89 1 ) and Fleurs champétres and M adeleine ' M rs G - 1 2 emier ( leason Huguenin) , who in 90 published her P r é p ché. C riticism was the last branch of literature to make its ' r z u appearance , although in the ck on q e and newspaper article

P . . O . C it had long been in evidence . J hauveau , whose u e ncour mind was disting ished by delicacy and good taste , ’ in J ournal de l I nstruction ubli ue aged letters his p q , and he himself published a literary monograph on Frangois Xavier Garneau sa vie et ses oe uvres L , Edmond areau , in 1 8 Histoire de la Litté ature canadi ne 74 , wrote a first r en , and Routhier wrote a study of L es Grands Drames But f these were only isolated e forts . Of recent years French

Canadian literature is developing most abundantly , and literary criticism watches over the productions of the writers more assiduously , and especially with more method . The Abbé Camille Roy was one of th e first to make a speciality of this branch of study he published in 1 907 a first series ' ssaz la ittératur anadienn 1 0 of E s sur L e c e, and in 9 9 the history ’ o i i itté air l of N s Or g nes l r es. Henri d Ar es (Father Henri Beaudé ) , who had already entered upon art criticism in ’ P ropos d art ( 1 903) and P astels applied himself in turn to literary criticism in his E ssais et Conf eren ces The Abbé Emile Chartier also devoted a portion of his a es de Combat 1 1 1 P g ( 9 ) to literary criticism . Finally , in ’ B ulletin de la Société da P arler ran az s on Canada the f g , ar Adj utor Rivard the learned general secret y of the society, assigned the wri ters of French Canada their meed of praise or blame , mingled with the wise counsels of his own trained mind . L D V LOPM 1 8 0- 1 2 ITERARY E E ENT , 4 1 9 489

S - C uch is French anadian literature , viewed as a whole s and in the persons of ome of its best representatives . Intel lectual masterpieces, it is true, are rare . We cannot demand of literatures in their infancy such works as can be the glory

- of old literatures alone . Nevertheless, French Canadian writers have produced , in almost every branch except the drama , works that do honour to the spirit that conceived fi them , and that may still be read with pro t . The literature that we have been describing is chiefly notable for its method and clearness, and for the enthusiasm for ideas and the delicacy of feeling that are qualities of the

F . S rench mind ometimes a little heavy , it goes on unburden ing itself, freeing itself from cumbersome forms, and per fecting itself in proportion as the writers and their readers are able to devote themselves more and more to intellectual culture .

- French Canadian literature is eminently moral . It bears the stamp of the Christian spirit in which its works are I conceived . n it catholic thought is expressed without timidity — with that apostolic boldness which is its character

i i . st c Further , it generally draws its inspiration from the abundant spri ngs of the national life . At times it has sought unduly to imitate the artistic forms of French thought ; it has often been too ready to reproduce that which is most th e characteristic , and least capable of assimilation , in litera ture of the ancient motherland . Yet it must be acknowledged C that , taken as a whole , the literature is indeed anadian , and that in it the life of the people is reflected and per

e t uated . M p any of its works , the best in prose and in verse, breathe the perfume of the soil , and are the expression — — f . o riginal , sincere and profound w the Canadian spirit

VOL. XII and A Consu m e P n e s to His M es Pri nted by T. . ri t r aj ty h w r ’ Press at. the Edi nburg Un ers t)

A HISTOR Y O F THE CANADIAN PE O PL E AND THE IR INSTITUTIONS BY ONE HUNDR E D A SSO CIATE S A D A M S H O R T T D G A R T HU R G. O U HT Y G E N E R A L E D I T O R S

I N TW ENTY - TW O V O L U ME S AND INDEX

T O R O NT O

BRO OK C O MPANY G LAS G OW ,

G E N E R A L E D I T O R S

A D A M SHORTT

A RTHUR G . DOUGHTY

A S S O C I A T E E D I T O R S

A S FR E D D E ELLES THOMAS C HAP I AL D. C

W L O GEO RGE M. W R O G F. P. A T N N G R T DRE W M C H L W I LLIAM L . AN AN A P AI

H. U. OL UHOU JAM E S B ONAR A. C Q N KIL A' ’ R I M . DU C ROBER P I CK D. N AN T T HOMAS GUTHRI E MARQUI S E E E L 1 . N W F RANC : A G EN RA S U RVEY

i . D . v H n H M H S L tt L n n o. T O AS C A PAI , , Che alier of the egio of o our , Fra c

2 T F D . HE BEG I N NI N GS O CANA A

Of n b and E Ri Fi and Fur ac l Joh Ca ot arly Voyages , the se of the sh Trades, J q ’

and R b v W in I n n . Voyages, o er al s ter Ca ada

H L L D m n n v A of ‘ Thc C A HU G . DOUG . M . G . D RT R TY , C , o i io Archi ist ; uthor ’ " ’ n i S b . Fra ce , iege of Que ec , etc

3. THE P ATH FI N DE RS O F THE G RE AT LAKE S

A N arrative of E xplorations from Montreal to the Head of Lake Superior .

‘ AM E H N n the e tc. J S . COY E , LL . D . , Author of The Cou try of Neutrals ,

4. THE P ATH FI N DE RS OF T HE G RE AT W E ST

C n nin E it La Vérendr e and his n and W e o cer g the xplo s of y So s, of other explorers th H e ead of the Great Lakes .

‘ ‘ LA R E E . UR E E of S n Sca. W NC J B P . Author The earch for the Wester

‘ ’ ’ 5 . THE ADVE NTU RE RS O F H U DSO N S BAY ' Of the min the Fur L and G m n innin and E Co g of ords, the reat Co pa ys Beg gs arly

’ ‘ HOM S H E M A S M i dc R b v S T A GUT R I R Q UI , Author of arguer te o er al , tories of Ne

6 . LO S O G P O O F M P E U I B U R , AN O UT ST E IR

A Hi the F n in ie n and D m i i n G Fortre story of ou d g, S ges, Surre der, e ol t o of the reat O . S M L E NNAN E the L b the m n S J . , ditor of ouis ourg Papers for Cha plai ociety

7 . THE FI GHT F O R OVE RSE A E M P I RE A D m i A n h w F n and E n n n in wi ra at c ccou t of t e Struggle be t een ra ce gla d , e d g th wF n Ne ra ce .

‘ ’ L L AM OOD ana etc. WI I W , Author of The Fight for C da ,

8 . THE COLO NY I N ITS P O L ITI CAL R E LATI ONS W herein the Political System of Ne wFrance is followed from its Source through 2 and W in n R of Practice ork g to the Clos e of Fre ch ul e. D M S HO A LL . D. H M A H Litt . D. A RTT, , and T O S C A PAIS ,

9. THE C H U RCH AND THE COLO NY ‘ ’ An A n Mi i n the v R b and Sis! ccou t of the ss o s to Sa ages, of the Black o es the

F n F n in M n al M i n L v and his e . ra ce, of the ou d g of o tre as a iss o , of a al Succ ssors HE L E S D M M O D S . WI N RY R U N , Priest of the ociety of Jesus

E 1 0. TH COLONY I N ITS E CONOM I C RE LATI O NS An Original and Impressive Survey of the Commercial and Industrial Life of (includi ng Curre ncy and Card Money) from the time of Champlain to its Last P i and his A i B got ssoc ates.

' D M S H - m n U nwers A A OR L L . D . Ec n TT, , ex Professor of Political o o y , Quee s

E E 1 1 . TH S I GN E U RIAL SYSTEM AND T HE COL O NY A Study of the O rigin and E xtension of the A ncient Institution of Feudalism in

its f on i In i D m i and i Li n . ef ect the Pol it cal, dustr al, o est c, Soc al fe of the Colo y

L m n H v mver: L AM EN NE M N P h . D G v n U WI I B TT U RO , Professor of o er e t , ar ard 4 aw M C ill n v TED BY P AL . F L G U EDI F. . W TO N, L L D Dean of the aculty of , i ersity

L E TO THE O : GE L O L E 1 2. B RITI S H RU U NI N N ERA UT IN

F. P . L O LL . D. WA T N ,

NE W E G M E I —I 13. THE R I , 7GO 774 i i A Survey of Pol t cal History from the Capitulation to the Quebec Act. M C D w HU M . A m n n v . D U . O NCAN ART R , , o i io Archi es . tta a

’ P C S W AR 1 4 66 1 4 . ONTIA , 763 7

An Indian Conspiracy again st the Ne w Masters of the W estern Posts . ’ HOM S G U H E M U S S e Ne w n e tc . T A T R I AR Q I , Author of tori s of Fra ce, N E M E 1 5. CANADA A D TH A RI CAN RE VOL UTI O N m nv i A N arrative of the First A erican I as on of Canada. ‘ L L M OO D D . C . L n a e t c . WI IA W , Author of The Fight for Ca ad , D DE T HE E E ACT w 1 6 . CANA A U N R QU B C A Revie from O rigii 5 t°f my p °mi°a1 P “ D 1 1 - 1 8 1 2 1 7 . L OW E R CANA A, 79 f of Fre nch - Canadia D 1 - 1 8 1 2 1 8 . U P P E R CANA A, 1 79 and the Rise Of the I C ‘ ‘ M A I HU M .A . DU NCAN R R .

1 9 . CANADA I N THE W A R O F 1 8 1 2 — ‘ w ’ Of the Second American Invasion A Spra ling and Sporadic W ar. ’

L L M O D . R . S . L the n e tc . WI IA W O , F C Author of The ogs of Co quest ,

E E C - C D O L S M An 20. PAP I N AU 8: F R N H ANA IAN NATI NA I P E E M M O E M E IN P P E D 21 . TH R FO R V NT U R CANA A 1 “

2 THE L L O S O F 1 8 2 . REBE I N 37 g L D M ND HE R 23 . O RD U RHA A T U N I O N C (

- 24 . O O L S O 1 6 1 8 0 C NSTITUTI NA H I T RY, 7 3 4 C c DU M A THUR M .A NCAN R , .

- 25 . P L C E U B I FI NANC , I 760 I 840

S e tting forth the Financial Problems and Pol icies of the Provinces . C DU M H M .A . NCAN ART UR ,

- 26. G E L I 6 1 8 0 EN RA ECO NOM I C H I STO RY, 7 0 4 A v M n \ i mm i R i n Sur ey of Trade, a ufactures , Vages, Pr ces, Co erc al elat o s ,

m n and M i and . Settle e t, ater al Social Progress DAM “ H n S HO L L . D . n B nk A R TT, , Author of The istory of Ca adia a ’ Exchange.

C E C AND G 1 604 8 0 27 . U RR N Y BAN KI N , 7 4 A Hi M n and E n and innin G Cha story of o ey xcha ge, of the Beg gs of the reat

Canada. ‘ AD M S HO L L . D . H n n Bani A R TT, , Author of The istory of Ca adia ’ E n xcha ge.

S P - 1 8 0 28 . W E TERN EX LO RATI O N , I 7OO 4 ‘ ’ Of i i F W n and the B r t sh ur L ords in the G reat W est. To the ester Sea, t

- N W . Q uest for the orth est Passage, etc ‘ W n St L R E E . UR E E . R . G . S S a the AW NC J B P , F Author of The e rch for ester

D - 1 8 29. IN IAN AFFAI RS , I 760 40 A n n n E i i R and 01 An ccou t of the Re d M an in Ca ada u der arly Br t sh ule, v Re olution and in the W ar of I SI 2. D M E LL D m n n S n n n n an UNCAN CA PB S COTT, o i io uperi te de t of I di TE B Y W L L A M L . G RAN M . A . Ox n of ni IIi E DI D I I T , ( o ), Professor Colo al ’ n Un v si in n. Quee s i er ty , K gsto

: GE E L O L E S 1 8 0- 1 86 31. THE U NI ON N RA UT I N , 4 7

‘ L L A M . A . oxon na n n na D v WI LIAM . G R NT, ( ), Author of Ca dia Co stitutio l e e lop r

ND P O L TCS 1 6 436 3 2. P ARTI E S A I I , 34 7

A N iv and i i Hi O f Me n and M li i l I and Con arrat e Cr t cal story easures , Po t ca ssues n mi D i n D ni n n . eadlock, all p o eeri g for the o o of Ca ada

' H v M .A . n U n . L . M OR S O . J I N , , Professor of istory, Quee s i ersity

33 O L D L P M E 1 8 - 86 . CONSTITUTI NA EVE O NT, 40 1 7 From the U nion to Confede ration : A Study Of the Relations and Powers of

Bodies in Transition.

E D A D L E M . A . H Unive rsn o n W R KY I , , Associate Professor of istory , y of T ro to.

34 . L CE 1 3 4 P U B I C FI NAN , 46 367

n nin R v n n E n i an H Co cer g e e ue a d xpe d ture d Fina ncial istory u nder the Union.

C DU M AR HUR M . A. NCAN T ,

3 5 E L CO OM C 1 8 - 1 . GEN RA E N I H I STO RY, 46 367

A mm i In i and i n i i n and Im i and A Survey of Co erc al , dustr al , Soc al Co d t o s, per al R i n in in Reci rocn 1 8 - 66 and E cc elat o s, clud g a Study of the p y Treaty of 54 , i ts

in Ca nada.

D “ H n n B n n AD . . AM S HORTT. C . M G LL Author of The istory of Ca adia a ki

Exchange.

C E AND 1 3 4 36 36. U RR NCY BAN KI NG, 46 7

A n in i n Hi M n and E n an I Co t uat o of the story of o ey xcha ge , d of the further n the Great Chartered Ba ks of Ca nada . " A DAM S HO C . M . G LL . D . o f Th e H s n n Baiik in RTT, , Author i tory of Ca adia ’ Exchange.

E P L 1 8 - 37 . W EST RN EX O RATI O N, 40 1 867

Of N -W e and the F ur L and oth the further Search for the orth st Passage , ords

the N orth and on the G reat Plai ns .

'

L R E E . UR E E l S s n Sea. AW NC J B P , Author of he earch for the We ter

D S 1 8 0- 1 33. I N IAN AFFAI R , 4 867

' O f Eflorts G v nm n vi i E and i i n Re d the of the o er e t to C i l ze, ducate , Chr st a ize the m N orth A erica .

DU M E L L S O . . S . D m n n S n n n n an E NCAN CA PB C TT, F R C o i io uperi te de t of I di

- 39. THE P O E ST O FFI C , 1 346 1 367 O f the Beginnings and Progress of the M odern Postal Service in the B ritisl N A m i orth er ca.

LL M S M H Se O f th e m n w ffi D O . WI IA IT , cretary Post O ce epart e t , tta a

ED TED BY AM ES N AR M . A. L L . D . D M R M n A 01 I J BO , , , eputy aster of the oyal i t ; uthor ’ E n m . Political co o y , etc

5 HE P L 6. T HYS ICA BAS IS O F CANADA

i and im Mine l De i M n in R n Riv in Ve e tabl So l Cl ate, ra pos ts, ou ta a ges, er Bas s, g

Life .

R . . R O M .A . D G i S v O w . W B CK, , irector of the eolog cal ur ey , tta a

G E L E OM - EN RA CON I C H ISTO RY, 1 867 1 91 2 a E n mi n i i i the New D mini n and D v l m n i ( ) co o c Pote t al t es of o o , e e op e t atta i federat on. b F in D v m n : Immi i n L n i n n ( ) orces Shap g e elop e t grat o , a d Pol cy, Tra sportatio L i i n iff N i n i n i i eg slat o , Tar s, the at o al Policy of Protect o , the Br t sh Pre fere i n i i i th n n W R e O i O e . Trade elat o s, Br t sh Cap tal , pe g f th est m F Min Fi i n n D v m n F a d M . (c) e elop e t of ar , orest , e, sher es, a ufactures ’ n in In n i n mm (d) Foreig n Trade Ca ada s Place ter at o al Co erce .

e O ni i n and L i i n In M and i e - A m n V ( ) rga zat o ocal zat o of dustry, ergers Pr c gree e ts ,

R i and i n b i Own i Co- i n eta l Trade, Credit Speculat o , Pu l c ersh p , operat o , W i Di ib i n O . Pr ces, str ut o of ealth , utlook

’ M . A . Ph . D . D . S E L O . S n v 0 K T N , , , Professor of Political cie ce, Queen s Uni ersi

M O E M E C D 58 . THE LABOU R V NT I N ANA A W A ni ni m L b Le i l i n and in n i i n . History of U o s , a our g s at o , ork g Co d t o s ‘ L ’ w H. O M . A . E b G O . R . C ATS , , ditor of The a our azette, tta a

E M F 59. THE BAN KI N G SYST O CANADA Of the Operation and Development of the Great Chartered Banks u nde r n A i ine N i n and i n in E cono Ba k ct, the r Bus ss as at o al Bookkeepers, Pos tio the i of the Dom nion.

DAM S HO L L . D . H n n B n n A RTT . , Author of The istory of Ca adia a ki ’ Exchange.

NATI ONAL H IG HW AYS OVERLAN D a R and R i ni ( ) oads Stage outes n the Colo es . 6 R i w in n N A ( ) a l ay Beg ni gs in British orth merica . 6 G n n nd its E iffi i ( ) The ra d Tru k a arly D cult es . d n i n ifi and n n ( ) The Ca ad a Pac c the I tercolo ial . n i n N (e) The Ca ad a orthern. M n E n i n h (f ) oder xpa s o t e Great Transcontinental Lines . M C E S . . L M .A . P h . D . D m n n R w mm n . J AN , , , o i io ail ay Co issio er

CANADIAN S H I P P I N G AND CANALS a i b i in and E i n ( ) Sh p u ld g arly Sh ppi g.

b i in on G L I O - I ( ) Sh pp g the reat akes , 7 3 8 I 2. c innin In n m N vi ( ) The Beg gs of la d Stea a gation. d n ( ) The Ca al System. e O n N vi ( ) cea a gation.

M . . A O M .A . n v n mm n O w . J P TT N , , Co ser atio Co issio , tta a 7 I “ ’ Ne w F n . The Cradle of ra ce , etc

THE ROM AN CATH OL I C C H U RC H AND ITS M IS SI ONS

62. Th e Church in the E ast

’ H A. D . D . L L D i S . O . . te e . SC TT , , , Pr est of Foy s Church, Qu bec W 63. The Church in the Gre at est ‘ ’ A . G . M OR E a in n na e tc IC , Author of The C tholic Church Wester Ca da, .

64 . THE ANGL I CAN C H U RC H AND ITS M I SS I ONS

' M N E D . L . NOR A U R O . an n St . a L n n On . T CK , , C o of P ul s Cathedral , o do , tario

65. THE P RES BYTERIAN C H U RC H AND ITS M I SS I ON S

HA LES W . GO DON D . D. R nn L m R be C R R , ( alph Co or), Author of ife of Ja es o rts

66. THE M I SSI ONS AND I NSTITUTI ONS OF M E THODI SM

S . P . OSE D . D. a S b n S M i n R , , P stor of her our e treet ethod st Church , Toro to.

67 . THE BAPTISTS AND TH E I R M ISS I ONS

c L. LM O D . D . H M M e v . G U as t r Un . J I R, , Professor of Church istory . i ersity

68 . M ISCE L LANEOUS DENOM I NATIO NS

C n e i n i m. Th L n i m. The i i n o gr gat o al s e uthera s . Juda s Soc ety of Fr e d

R i n . Th alv m . Min . e lig o s Christian Science . e S ation Ar y or Groups

R . . HUTC HEON M .A. H va . J , ( ar rd)

69. THE H I GH ER NATI O NAL L I FE ‘ A Study of the Civilizing and Refining Influence s at work in A Comme rc ’ feverishly busy in the development of half a Continent . H Un v n W S . M L E R M . A . n n . . I N . , Professor of A cie t istory , i ersity of Toro to

E E - D 70. LITE RATU R , FR NC H CANA IAN A Critical and Illuminating Review of the Men of Le tters of French Ca

W ritings .

AM LLE OY in L v Un v u b . C I R , Professor a al i ersity , Q e ec

E - D 7 1 . L ITE RATU R E , NGL I S H CANA IAN ‘ A v w Li i i N Ameri m H ib n ! Re ie of the terature of B r t sh orth ca fro al urto , the fat ’ W H m n m i . u our, to Co te porary r ters ‘ ’ A A M R b v . THOM S GUTHR I E M R Q U I S , Author of arguerite de o er al , etc L P 7 2. PAI NTI NG AND SCU TU R E ‘ Of the Artists of Canada who have done much to increase pleasure in l ife ’ beauty of our home surrou ndings .

E . F . . OH S O X. C . B J N T N , HE E C D 73. M US I C AND T TH ATRE I N ANA A ‘ ’ bi n and G n m n Am e I From the (Simm ons of the Ha ta t , the e tle e at urs of the the Choral Societies and D ramatic E ntertainments of the Present Day. ‘ ‘ E D A M DDLE O E w n . J . G R I T N , Associate ditor, The Ne s, Toro to E C 74. CANADIAN ARC H IT TU RE in F m in n wi me e n e A Reviewof the O rigin s of Build g or s Ca ada, th so r fere c n influe ces. N A M cGIII Unive rsn PE RCY E . OBBS, M . .. Professor of Architecture, ; Y A N DR EW M A HA L in I\I°Gill niv E i ‘ B C P I , Professor U ersity ; d tor The ’ n v U i ersity M agaz me .

THE ATLANTI C P ROVI N CE S I N THE DOM INION DR E M H L AN W AC P AI , T E C D L E M E 7 6 . H A A IAN S ETT NTS AND E ARLY

1 - 1 1 H I S TO RY, 604 7 3

W O . R M O D L L . D . a n of St n. . AY N , , Archde co Joh

O CO DE E G L E 1 - 1 3 N VA S TIA U N R N I S H RU L , 1 7 3 7 3

A M HA N a U n v . R H LD M E Ph . D in D A C IBA C C . . , Professor lhousie i ersity T HE LOYAL I ST SE TTL E M E NTS I N NE W B R U N S

W C AND GE E 1 8 - 1 I K N RAL H I S TO RY, 7 3 867

O . R M O D L L . D W . AY N , , THE L OYAL I ST S E TTL E M E NTS I N NOVA AND G E 1 8 - 1 S COTIA N E RA L H I STORY, 7 3 867 H B LD M A M E H AR C C AN P h . D . C I A , THE H I STO RY O F P RI NCE E DW ARD I SLAN D DR E M H L AN W AC P AI ,

O S CO : P OL C L 1 86 - 1 1 2 N VA TIA ITI A H I STO RY, 7 9 H A HAN LD M CM EC PIL D . ARC IBA , E W W N BR U N S I CK : P O L ITI CAL H ISTORY, 1 867 1 91 2

w. 0. R M O D L L . D . AY N , ,

P O C L E E 8 3. THE R VIN IA X CUTIVE O RGANI ZATIONS O D E 8 4 . TAXATI N AN F I NAN C I N THE P ROVI N CES E D O S 8 5 . TH J U I CIAL SYSTE M S OF THE P R VI NCE M E E S 8 6. U NI CI PAL I NSTITUTI O NS O F TH P ROVI NC

H L E S M O RS E X. . R E C A R , C , egistrar of the xchequer Court of

Canada.

8 7 . H I STO RY O F E D U C ATI ON I N N OVA S COTIA AND P RI N CE E DW ARD I S L AND

A H M A L L . D. S n n n Ed a n . . ACK Y , , uperi te de t of uc tio ,

H NS . alifax , F D W C 8 8 . H I STO RY O E U CATI ON I N NEW B RU NS I K ’ HAY A Ed ‘ R n w St n G . U . , M . . , itor The Educational e e , Joh ,

B. N . THE ATLANTI C COAST FI S H E RIES w O H . O E D m n M in and O . J N J C WI , epart e t of ar e Fisheries , tta a FO RE ST RE SO U RC E S O F THE P ROVI NC ES

M F . U n v Ne w R B . M LL E R M . A. . . I , , , Professor of Forestry , i ersity of

Briinswmk. H ISTORY OF FARM I NG I N T HE P ROVIN CES

M EL LL E M M G n a l r u ur N. S. VI C U I N , Pri cip l , Col ege of Ag ic lture, Tr o, M I NES AND M I NI NG IN T HE P ROVI N CE S

H N. S . H. S EX D n E n F . TO N , irector of Tech ical ducatio , alifax , 93. QU E BE C I N THE DO M I N ION

LF E D D DBCE LLES A R . , LL . D.

94 . THE HABIT/MIT HI , S O RI G IN AND HISTORY

L R E D D. Dz CE LLE s LL . D A F , . 95 E L . NG I S H S E TTL E M E NT I N QU E B E C

D L H H LL X ‘ . . G . C va i W I T A , Author of The False Che l er

etc .

96 P OL L F - . ITICA H I STORY O QU E BE C, 1 867 1 91 2

E ALF E D D. D E LL E C . M . G LL . D . R C S , ,

P 97 . THE ROVI NCIAL E XE CUTIVE O RGANI ZATI ON

9 8 . P ROVINCIAL TAXATI O N AND FI NANCE

‘ ’ D . H M E S n E . T. A R Ou n . C B , Author of The a a iche , etc

L D A D E D L E M 99. THE CIVI CO E N TH J U I CIA SYST

’ ° F AL LL D D n Law I\I III U n v . P O . . G . . W T N , , ea of the Faculty of , i ersity

00 HE P E E 1 . T ARIS H SYST M OF QU B E C

A D DE E LLE S C . M . O LL . D . . C , , .

E E 1 01 . C ITY GOV RN M NT I N THE P ROVI NCE

H H L L X. C . L L . D . W . D. LI G T A , ,

E D C 1 6 - 1 60 1 02. FRENC H U ATI ON, 35 7

v A E . E . G OSS E L R L v U ni e rsu b . BB A I N , ector of a al y, Que ec

D O 1 6 - 1 1 2 1 03. FRENC H E UCATI N , 7 3 9

A D E S in e N ma BBE A DE LAR DESR OS I R , Professor Jacques Carti r or l M n School , o treal . F E L S E D C O E E C 1 04. H I STO RY O N G I H U ATI N I N QU B

E E n S a b In GE OR G E W . PARM E LE , glish ecret ry of Pu lic

n b . structio , Que ec

H I STORY OF FARM I NG I N QU E BE C

H A S n Da mm s n n . J . C . C AP I , Assista t iry Co is io er of Ca ada THE FI S H E RI E S O F QU E BE C

’ D H M E S h Ouanamche , . E . T. . C A B R , Aut or of The etc F O RE ST RE SO U RCE S O F QU E BE C

H M E S . T. D . R E . C A B M IN E S AND M I NIN G I N QU E BEC

M P D an e S n . D S h . D . F . D . A A , , e of the Faculty of Appli d cie ce M ° G ill Un i versity (TE D BY A . 11 . U . L U L U H U U N L L . D . D M n O I E d Q , , eputy i ister ucation for O ntario .

0 1 9 . O NTARI O I N THE DOM IN ION H L H L D A. U . O U OU L . . . C Q N ,

1 1 0. THE P I O N E E RS OF U P P ER CANADA

SS E L M A n ma S N t Ba and A . C . CA N , Pri cipal , Nor l chool , or h y ;

“ ’ H. O E E b a . J . C YN . ditor The Tal ot P pers , etc

1 1 1 P OL L O OF O 1 - 1 1 . ITI CA H I ST RY NTARI O, 867 9 2

LL E L in H U nive rsu n . W . S . WA AC , ecturer istory , y of Toro to

L E 1 1 2. THE P ROVINCIA EXECUTIV O RGANIZATI ON w H M L U n S S a. O S M E X. . O T A U V Y, C , der ecretary of tate, tta

O D E 1 1 3 . P ROVI NCIAL TAXATI N AN FI NANC

M ES M A OR a E n m Un v n . JA V . Professor of Politic l co o y , i ersity of Toro to

T HE D M O 1 1 4 . J U IC IAL SYSTE F O NTARIO H M AS M L E IC C T O U V Y , .

1 1 5 M C P L 1 1 - . U NI I A H I STO RY, 79 1 867 DAM H A S ORTT , LL . D.

6 M C P O - 1 1 2 1 1 . U NI I AL H I ST RY, 1 867 9 O ’ K W . M M n S m Ed a t . . KAY , itor The u icip l World , Tho as

1 1 7 . THE P U BL I C SC H O OL S YSTE M OF O NTARI O

LL M E HAM D n D m n E a n Un v WI IA PAK N , ea of the epart e t of duc tio , i er it n S y of Toro to .

1 1 8 . H I STO RY O F S ECO N DARY AND H I G H ER E DU CATI O N

E E H E LL M . A. Ox n m Un v n . K N N T B , ( o ), for erly of the i ersity of Toro to

1 1 9. HI STO RY O F FARM IN G I N O NTARIO

- M AM ES M . A . D n C . C . J , , ex eputy i ister of Agriculture for n O tario.

0 E F 1 2 . FOR ST RESOU RC E S O O NTARI O

B E . E R LL . D . D n D m n U niversn . F N OW , , ea of the epart e t of Forestry, y n of Toro to.

1 21 . M IN E S AND M I NI N G I N O NTARIO

W M L L E . D Provmcial G . . G . I R , L L . , eologist

E 1 22. TH FI S H E RI E S O F O NTARIO

’ E . . D . H M B E RS O n n . T C A , Author of The ua a iche, etc 1 2 ‘ ' T D BY M D N A M . . A Of n n . J I E D. . U C N, A , uthor of The Story the Ca adia People

THE P RAI RI E P ROVI NCE S I N THE DOM I NION

D M . DU M . A. . NCAN ,

E D E E E M E 124 . THE R RIV R S TTL NT

HES E R M AR M . A. Ox n H U n v of C T TI N , ( o ), Professor of istory , i ersity M n b a ito a.

D E E 125 . AL BERTA AN SAS KATCH EW AN : G N RAL 0- 1 1 H I STO RY, 1 87 9 2

H L E R M h D s H Un v E DM U D . O . A P . N I V , Profe sor of istory , i ersity w n of Saskatche a . M 126. ECONO I C H ISTORY OF THE P RAI RIES, 1 870 1 91 2

’ W D O E E M n b J . . AF , ditor a ito a Free Press. M 127 . P OL ITI CAL H ISTO RY OF AN ITO BA, 1 376 491 2

HE E R M AR N M . A. O n . C ST TI , ( xo )

128 . THE P ROVIN CIAL EXE CUTIVE ORGANI ZA TI ONS

RE D n - G n for b in L n n J . A . I , Age t e eral Al erta o do . 12 D 9. TAXATI O N AN FI NANC E I N THE P ROVI NCE S

A. B LAR M .A. E n m U n v M n b . C K , , Professor of co o ics, i ersity of a ito a.

130. THE J U DI C IAL SYSTE M S OF THE P ROVINCE S

H RL E S M ORSE K. C . R the E C A , , egistrar of xchequer Court of

Canada.

13 1 . M U N I CI PAL I NSTITUTI ON S IN THE P RO VI NCE S

A . LAR M A . E n m Un v M n b B . C K, . , Professor of co o ics, i ersity of a ito a.

O M 132. H I STORY OF EDU CATI N I N ANITOBA D E n n S nn E . L S . SI N Y AN G, I spe ctor of eco dary chools, Wi ipeg

O F D S E 133. H I ST RY O E U CATION I N AS KATC H W AN

L ER M RRA L L . D . n U n v Sa w n . WA T U Y, , Preside t of the i ersity of skatche a

O F E D O L E 134 . H I ST RY O UCATI N I N A B RTA

H M M A EA HRAN in U nive rsn of Albe rta. J O N . C C , Professor the y

O F M O 135 . E CONOM IC RE SOU RCES AN IT BA

LL AM . L n al M n b r nni . WI I J B ACK, Pri cip , a ito a Ag icultural College, Wi peg E E O F S S C W 136. ECO NOM I C R SOU RC S A KAT H E AN RU HE R ORD Da n Un v W . J . T F , e of the College of Agriculture , i ersity of Sa w n skatche a .

F L E 137 . ECO NOM I C RE SO U RCES O A B RTA ' I 11 10 2. M A R I a ui nor O i iv1 ar ue rii e u N one rvai tc D BY I H U M A S u u Q U S , g e ; e .

S O L M M 1 38 . BRITI H C U BIA I N THE DO INI ON C S IR R H R D M R DE m M n B mb . I C A B I , Pri e i ister of ritish Colu ia E E D F P 1 39 . TH P RI O O EX LO RATI ON

THOM AS G UTHRI E M ARQ UI S .

0 OLO L S O 1 8 - 1 1 4 . C NIA H I T RY, 49 7

’ R . E . GOS E L L E Y B B mb e tc N , ditor The ear ook of ritish Colu ia ,

1 1 - 1 P O L ITI CAL H ISTO RY, 37 91 2

F . HOW AY th e n Ne w\ Vcstni inste r B . C . . W , Judge of Cou ty Court , .

E O M C 1 1 - 1 C NO I H I STO RY, 87 91 2

H L E ‘ l ‘ . . UGR Co omst B. C . C I N , ditor Tiie , Victoria , I NDIAN TRI B E S O F THE INTE RI O R

'

. . E E and E n s S n Bnd e B . C . J A T IT, xplorei th ologi t . pe ce s g , I N DIAN TRI BE S OF THE COAST

E D D S P h . D . E n G S v n WA R A PI R , , th ologist ; eological ur ey of Ca ada , w Otta a .

DM 1 4 5 . P U BL I C A I NI STRATIO N

( An Accou nt of the O rga nization and \ Vork ing of the Provincial and

M u nicipal Systems of British Columbia . )

" ’ ’ . E . GOS E L L E I he Y B B mb e tc . R N , ditor ear ook of ritish Colu ia , O F THE D C L E M 14 6 . H I STO RY J U I IA SYST

W . H. P LE M E the S u i e me B mb . . C NT , Judge of p Court of ritish Colu ia

F D C O THE P 1 4 7 . H I STORY O E U ATI N I N ROVI NCE

LEXA DE O NSO LL . D . S n n n E n A N R R BI N , , uperi te de t of ducatio ,

i B . C Victor a , .

HE E S OF S OL M 1 48 . T F I S H RI E BRITI H C U BIA C D . N. M E D mm n B C I NTYR , eputy Co issio er of Fisheries , Victoria , . .

E E SO E S O F S 1 4 9 . FO R ST R U RC BRITI H COL U M BIA

L M E R EL and M . A . GR G E R. A. C . F U F T AI N

O F M G M 1 50. H ISTO RY FAR I N I N BRITI S H COLU BIA

E . OS E LL B . C . R . G N , Victoria ,

E AND M G S L M 1 5 1 . M IN S I NI N I N BRITI H CO U BIA

’ E S ‘ n n M n n n . JAC OB , of The Ca adia i i g Jour al .

E 1 52. TH YU KON NM " O -W E S E O E S 153. THE N RTH T T RRIT RI

‘ E L L M .A. D v J . B . TYR R , , Author of a id ’ m n E . Tho pso , xplorer, etc 1 4

U E RS O F AL O RN L R R LO S ANG EL ES N I V ITY C I F IA IB A Y, C O LL EG E L I B RA RY

This book is due on th e las t date stam pe d be low.

B ook Sli p — 1 5 m ( 5 8 9 05 01 4 28 0