Landmine Monitor Report 2008: Toward a Mine-Free World
Research Orientation Guide
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Landmine Monitor Report 2008: Toward a Mine-Free World
Contents Background ...... 3 What are mines, UXO and ERW? ...... 3 What is the ICBL? ...... 4 What is Landmine Monitor?...... 5 How did Landmine Monitor start? ...... 6 Who is the report’s target audience?...... 7 What does Landmine Monitor produce?...... 7 What does Landmine Monitor report on?...... 9 Does Landmine Monitor Report on ERW? ...... 9 The Landmine Monitor Network...... 9 Who is involved in Landmine Monitor? ...... 9 The Production Cycle...... 12 Participation in International Meetings ...... 13 2008 Production Schedule...... 14 Being a Researcher ...... 14 How are researchers selected? ...... 14 What does it mean to be a Landmine Monitor researcher? ...... 15 Am I expected to do field research?...... 17 How am I supposed to work with the Editorial Team? ...... 17 What support is available from project staff? ...... 17 Who do I send my research to?...... 18 How do I communicate with other researchers?...... 18 Landmine Monitor Finances...... 18 Using Landmine Monitor ...... 20 How do I order copies of the report? ...... 20 Can I release the report in my country? ...... 20 Can I translate the report into my local language? ...... 21 Can I present the report findings at other conferences and activities?...... 22 Using Landmine Monitor in Advocacy ...... 22 Resources and Tools ...... 23 Sources of Information ...... 23 Media Reports...... 24 Key Terms...... 25 Research Standards and Methods...... 29 Report Presentation...... 31 Formatting ...... 31 Language ...... 31 Statistics, Tables, Numbers, Currencies ...... 33 Titles and Names ...... 33 Footnotes ...... 33 How do I get started?...... 35 Appendix 1 ...... 37 Appendix 2 ...... 41 Appendix 3 ...... 42 Appendix 4 ...... 45
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Background
What are mines, UXO and ERW?
Peace agreements may be signed, and control of the party that left it behind. It hostilities may cease, but landmines and may or may not have been primed, explosive remnants of war are an fuzed, armed or otherwise prepared for enduring legacy of conflict. use. ERW consist of unexploded ordnance (UXO) and abandoned Antipersonnel mines are munitions that explosive ordnance (AXO). explode from the presence, proximity or contact of a person. Antivehicle mines Both landmines and ERW pose a serious are munitions that explode from the and ongoing threat to civilians. These presence, proximity, or contact of a weapons can be found on roads, vehicle as opposed to a person. footpaths, farmer’s fields, forests, deserts, along borders, in and Explosive remnants of war (ERW) refer surrounding houses and schools, and to unexploded and/or abandoned other places where people are carrying ordnance left behind after a conflict. out their daily activities. They deny ERW includes unexploded artillery access to food, water, and other basic shells, grenades, mortars, rockets, air- needs and inhibit freedom of movement. dropped bombs and cluster They prevent the repatriation of submunitions. Cluster munitions consist refugees and internally displaced of containers and submunitions. people, and hamper the delivery of Launched from the ground or the air, humanitarian aid. the containers open and disperse submunitions over a wide area. These weapons instill fear in communities, whose citizens often know Landmines are victim-activated and they are walking in mined areas, but indiscriminate – whoever activates the have no possibility to farm other land, or mine, whether it is a child or a soldier – take another route to school. When land will be its next victim. Mines used in a cannot be cultivated, when medical conflict against enemy forces can kill or systems are drained by the cost of injure innocent civilians decades later. attending to landmine/ ERW casualties, and when countries must spend money Weapons that for some reason fail to clearing mines rather than paying for detonate as intended become education, it is clear that these weapons unexploded ordnance (UXO). These not only cause physical damage to unstable explosives are left behind people injured or killed by them – they during and after conflicts and pose are a lethal barrier to development and dangers similar to landmines. post-conflict reconstruction. Abandoned explosive ordnance (AXO) is explosive ordnance that has not been There are solutions to the global used during armed conflict and has landmine and ERW problem. The 1997 been left behind and is no longer under Mine Ban Treaty provides the best
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framework for governments to use in Conventional Weapons (CCW). Its alleviating the suffering of civilians living provisions are considered insufficient by in areas affected by antipersonnel non-governmental organizations mines. Governments who join this treaty (NGOs), but Protocol V does make must stop use, stockpiling, production efforts to address responsibility for ERW and transfer of antipersonnel mines clearance, sharing information for immediately. They must destroy all clearance, risk education, warning stockpiled mines within four years, and civilian populations, and assistance. they must clear all antipersonnel landmines in all mined areas under their In 2006, the Norwegian government jurisdiction or control within 10 years. In started a process to create a legally addition, States Parties in a position to binding agreement prohibiting cluster do so must provide assistance for the munitions that cause unacceptable harm care and treatment of landmine to civilians. Negotiations for this new survivors, their families and treaty are expected to conclude in 2008. communities, and support for mine risk NGOs, working in partnership with education programs to help prevent governments and international mine incidents. organizations, are using the Mine Ban Treaty as a model for this new To date, the only international agreement, and hope to build on its legislation explicitly covering ERW is strengths and to remedy its Protocol V of the Convention on shortcomings. What is the ICBL?
The ICBL is a coalition of more than organizations witnessed the horrendous 1,000 organizations in 72 countries, effects of mines on the communities working locally, nationally and they were working with in Africa, Asia, internationally to eradicate the Middle East and Latin America and antipersonnel mines. saw how mines hampered and even prevented their development efforts in The campaign is a loose, flexible these countries. They realized that a network, whose members share the comprehensive solution was needed to common goal of working to eliminate address the crisis caused by landmines, antipersonnel landmines, and to stop and that the solution was a complete the use of cluster munitions which cause ban on antipersonnel landmines. unacceptable harm to civilians. The founding organizations brought to The ICBL was launched in October 1992 the international campaign a practical by a group of six non-governmental experience of the impact of landmines. organizations: Handicap International, They also brought the perspective of the Human Rights Watch, Medico different sectors they represented: International, Mines Advisory Group, human rights, children’s rights, Physicians for Human Rights and development issues, refugee issues and Vietnam Veterans of America medical and humanitarian relief. ICBL Foundation. These founding member campaigns contacted other
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NGOs, who spread the word through treaty to take steps to join the treaty. their networks, and word of this new The campaign also urges non-state coalition and the need for a treaty armed groups to abide by the spirit of banning antipersonnel landmines the treaty. stretched throughout the world. The ICBL organized conferences and Much of the ICBL’s work is focused on campaigning events in many countries promoting implementation of the Mine to raise awareness of the landmine Ban Treaty, which provides the most problem and the need for a ban, and to effective framework for eliminating provide training to new campaigners to antipersonnel landmines. This includes enable them to be effective advocates in working in partnership with their respective countries. governments and international organizations on all aspects of treaty Campaign members worked at the local, implementation, from stockpile national, regional and global level to destruction to victim assistance. encourage their governments to support the mine ban. The ICBL’s membership The ICBL remains committed to pushing grew rapidly, and today there are for the complete eradication of campaigns in 72 countries. antipersonnel mines. The campaign has been successful in part because it has a The Mine Ban Treaty was opened for clear campaign message and goal; a signature on 3 December 1997 in non-bureaucratic campaign structure Ottawa, Canada, 10 years ago. It is in and flexible strategy; and, an effective part due to sustained and coordinated partnership with other non- action by the ICBL that the Mine Ban governmental organizations, Treaty became a reality. international organizations and governments. Part of the ICBL’s success is its ability to evolve with changing circumstances. Ten years after its opening for signature The early days of the campaign were the ICBL considers the Mine Ban Treaty focused on developing a comprehensive a success in progress, meaning that an treaty banning antipersonnel landmines. enormous amount has been Once this goal was achieved, attention accomplished so far, but that continued shifted to ensuring that all countries join vigilance is required to ensure the the treaty, and that all States Parties remaining work on universalization and fully implement their treaty obligations. implemention of the Mine Ban Treaty is done. ICBL member campaigns will The ICBL works to promote the global continue their work until the goal of a norm against mine use, and advocates mine-free world becomes a reality. for countries who have not joined the
What is Landmine Monitor?
Landmine Monitor is the ICBL’s research Ban Treaty. It monitors and reports on and monitoring initiative and the de States Parties’ implementation of and facto monitoring regime for the Mine compliance with the Mine Ban Treaty,
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and more generally, to assess the designed to send researchers into international community’s response to harm’s way and does not include hot the humanitarian problem caused by war-zone reporting. landmines and ERW. The Landmine Monitor project represents the first time Landmine Monitor is designed to in history that NGOs have come complement the States Parties together in a coordinated, systematic transparency reporting required under and sustained way to monitor a Article 7 of the Mine Ban Treaty. It humanitarian law or disarmament reflects the shared view that treaty, and to regularly document transparency, trust and mutual progress and problems, thereby collaboration are crucial elements for successfully putting into practice the the successful eradication of concept of civil society-based antipersonnel mines. Landmine Monitor verification. was also established in recognition of the need for independent reporting and In June 1998, the ICBL formally agreed evaluation. to create Landmine Monitor as an ICBL initiative. A four-member Editorial Landmine Monitor aims to promote and Board coordinates the Landmine Monitor advance discussion on mine-related system: Mines Action Canada, Handicap issues, and to seek clarifications, to help International, Human Rights Watch, and reach the goal of a mine-free world. Norwegian People’s Aid. Mines Action Landmine Monitor works in good faith to Canada serves as the lead agency. The provide factual information about issues Editorial Board assumes overall it is monitoring, in order to benefit the responsibility for, and decision-making international community as a whole. on, the Landmine Monitor system. Landmine Monitor acknowledges that Landmine Monitor is not a technical this ambitious report is limited by the verification system or a formal time, resources and information sources inspection regime. It is an attempt by available. Landmine Monitor is a system civil society to hold governments that is continuously updated, corrected accountable to the obligations they have and improved. Comments, taken on with respect to antipersonnel clarifications, and corrections from mines. This is done through extensive governments and others are sought, in collection, analysis and distribution of the spirit of dialogue and in the common publicly available information. Although search for accurate and reliable in some cases it does entail investigative information on an important subject. missions, Landmine Monitor is not
How did Landmine Monitor start?
Landmine Monitor was created as a 1999. The 2008 report will be the tenth project of the ICBL in 1998, and the first Annual Report. report was released in May 1999. An Annual Report and Executive Summary Landmine Monitor was created in part to have been released each year since provide information about the landmine
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problem to the landmine campaign, so At the beginning, many of the Landmine campaign members had the information Monitor researchers were campaign they needed to take action and lobby members. Over the years, many new their governments to universalize and researchers have joined Landmine fully implement the Mine Ban Treaty. Monitor from outside the ICBL network. Many of these new researchers have also become campaigners.
Who is the report’s target audience?
Landmine Monitor’s target audiences are: 1. Governments 2. Campaigns 3. International Organizations 4. Mine Action Operators 5. Media 6. Academics/ students 7. General public
What does Landmine Monitor produce?
Landmine Monitor produces an Annual The contents of Landmine Monitor Report, Executive Summary, CD-ROM publications are reviewed each year in and Fact Sheets, in addition to a web- order to meet the changing needs of version of all print resources. Research users. products are online at www.icbl.org/lm
Annual Report From 1999-2004, Landmine Monitor treaty. Donor states’ mine action produced an Annual Report with funding is included in a mine action information on landmine ban policy, use, funding overview in both the Annual production, transfer, stockpiling, mine Report and the Executive Summary. The action funding, demining, mine risk Annual Report continues to provide education, landmine casualties, and information on landmine ban policy, use, survivor assistance on every country in production, transfer, stockpiling, mine the world. clearance, mine risk education, In 2005, Landmine Monitor stopped landmine casualties, and survivor reporting on every country, in order to assistance and mine action funding. focus in more detail on mine-affected countries, States Parties with major Landmine Monitor Report 2007 included outstanding treaty implementation reports on 118 countries and areas. obligations, and states not party to the Each year at the beginning of the
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research cycle, the Landmine Monitor on mine ban policy, mine action, victim Editorial Board meets to review and assistance and mine action funding. revise the list of countries to report on. These overviews provide a summary of developments and trends in each In addition to country reports, the thematic area. Annual Report also contains overviews
Executive Summary The Executive Summary is the smaller Annual Report. It also includes the text of the two print publications produced of the Mine Ban Treaty, a treaty status by Landmine Monitor. It includes the update, and a series of maps. The CD- same overviews on mine ban policy, ROM is included at the back of the mine action, victim assistance and mine Executive Summary. action funding that are contained in the
CD-ROM Each year Landmine Monitor produces a CD-ROM. Since 2005, the CD-ROM has been included at the back of the Executive Summary. The Landmine Monitor Report 2007 CD- ROM contains the following: • Landmine Monitor Report 2004, 2005 and 2006: Annual Report, Executive Summary, Major Findings, and Key Developments. • Landmine Monitor Report 2007: Annual Report, Executive Summary, Maps (with translations), promotional materials including a Banner, Postcard, Poster and Photos, Arabic, French, Russian and Spanish translations of the Executive Summary, as well as the Mine Ban Treaty text and translations.
Webpage The Landmine Monitor webpage is www.icbl.org/lm. The webpage includes: • News on Landmine Monitor events and activities: www.icbl.org/lm/updates • Information for researchers: www.icbl.org/lm/research • Shopping Cart: www.icbl.org/lm/order • Research contacts: www.icbl.org/lm/contacts • Report comments section: www.icbl.org/lm/comments • Fact sheets: www.icbl.org/lm/factsheets • Full Annual Report and Executive Summaries by year. The 2007 report is online at www.icbl.org/lm/2007
Fact Sheets Landmine Monitor produces several fact Intersessional Standing Committee sheets each year, usually for the annual meetings. All fact sheets are online at Meetings of States Parties and www.icbl.org/lm/factsheets.
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What does Landmine Monitor report on?
Landmine Monitor Report 2008 will Monitor Report 2008 will focus on mine- contain information on 118 countries affected countries, States Parties with and areas with respect to landmine ban major outstanding treaty policy, use, production, transfer, implementation obligations, and states stockpiling, mine action funding, mine not party to the treaty. Information on clearance, Risk Reduction, Casualties mine action donor countries will be and Survivor Assistance. Landmine included in a funding overview.
Does Landmine Monitor Report on ERW?
Landmine Monitor reports on ERW does not include reporting on cluster clearance, risk education, casualties and munition ban policy. Landmine Monitor survivor assistance. This includes is in the process of taking a decision on specific reporting on cluster munitions. how to handle such reporting in the future, and once a decision is taken by Landmine Monitor includes reporting on the Editorial Board in early 2008 the CCW Protocol V on Explosive Remnants decision will be communicated to the of War. At present, Landmine Monitor research network.
The Landmine Monitor Network
Who is involved in Landmine Monitor?
The Landmine Monitor network consists of an Editorial Board, Editorial Team, project staff, ICBL staff and researchers.
Editorial Board The Landmine Monitor Editorial Board is composed of representatives from four the body that is involved with strategic organizations and project staff: planning and decision-making. It is
• Handicap International: Stan Brabant and Katleen Maes • Human Rights Watch: Steve Goose • Mines Action Canada: Paul Hannon • Norwegian People’s Aid: Stuart Casey-Maslen • Project Staff: Jackie Hansen and Final Editor
The Editorial Board meets approximately margins of other international meetings. four times per year, usually on the The Editorial Board reviews and takes 9 Research Orientation Guide
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decisions on research consultant fees, decisions as necessary. If a researcher approves planning for the annual wishes to bring an issue to the attention reporting cycle, supports fundraising of the Editorial Board they should email and financial management, approves Paul Hannon at press releases and other [email protected] or Jackie communications, and takes other Hansen at [email protected].
Editorial Team The Editorial Team is a larger group research coordination, writing and initial which includes the Editorial Board, ICBL editing necessary to produce all of staff and thematic research Landmine Monitor’s research products. coordinators. The Editorial Team carries The Editorial Team is organized into out the work of Landmine Monitor on thematic sub-teams, which work behalf of the Editorial Board. The team’s together to coordinate research on a primary function is to do the hands-on given area.
The Editorial Team for 2008 includes: • Mine Ban Policy and Mine Action Funding o Steve Goose, Human Rights Watch, [email protected] o Mark Hiznay, Human Rights Watch, [email protected] o Yeshua Moser-Puangsuan, Mines Action Canada (Non-State Armed Groups), [email protected] o Anthony Forrest, Mines Action Canada (Mine Action Funding), [email protected] o Anders Fink, ICBL, [email protected] o Rachel Good, Human Rights Watch, [email protected]
• Mine Action o Stuart Casey-Maslen, Norwegian People’s Aid, [email protected] o Nick Cumming-Bruce, Norwegian People’s Aid, [email protected] o Mike Kendellen, ICBL, [email protected] o Emil Hasanow, ICBL, [email protected]
• Mine Risk Education (Risk Reduction), Casualties and Survivor Assistance o Katleen Maes, Handicap International, [email protected] o Hugh Hosman, Handicap International, [email protected] o Loren Persi, Handicap International, [email protected] o Patrizia Pompili, Handicap International, [email protected] o Two addition staff will be hired
• Project Staff o Jackie Hansen, Project Manager, [email protected] o Final Editor, TBC o Adam Gassner, Project Support Officer, [email protected] o Additional Project Support Officers will be hired
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• Editorial Board o Stan Brabant, Handicap International, [email protected] o Paul Hannon, Mines Action Canada, [email protected]
• ICBL Staff o Sylvie Brigot, ICBL Executive Director, [email protected] o Tamar Gabelnick, ICBL Treaty Implementation Director, [email protected] o Simona Beltrami, ICBL Advocacy Director, [email protected] o Kasia Derlicka, ICBL Advocacy and Campaigning Officer, ICBL, [email protected]
Project Staff Landmine Monitor project staff carry out the coordination, production and final editing tasks on behalf of the Editorial Board. They provide support to the entire research network.
The staff includes: • Jackie Hansen, Project Manager – Jackie is based at the Mines Action Canada office in Ottawa, Canada. She manages the research network, is the communications focal point, coordinates report production, finance and overall management. • Final Editor, To be confirmed • Adam Gassner – Adam is based at the Mines Action Canada office in Ottawa, Canada and provides support to the work that Jackie does. • Project Support Officers – Additional Project Support Officers will be hired to support production of the 2008 report. • Interns – Several interns work with Mines Action Canada supporting the production of Landmine Monitor each year from June through August.
ICBL Staff Landmine Monitor is a project of the Monitor staff work together jointly on ICBL, and as such, ICBL staff are finances, meeting planning and other involved in the Landmine Monitor aspects of work. planning process. ICBL and Landmine
Research Network The research network for the 2008 others have joined the network over the report is composed of 62 researchers years. A majority of researchers are based in 46 countries and areas. Some drawn from the ICBL’s campaign of these researchers have been with network. Researchers include Landmine Monitor since 1998, and journalists, academics, research
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institutions, mine action operators and researcher if they work for a mine survivors. All researchers are from government or the United Nations. civil society. A person cannot be a
The Production Cycle
Landmine Monitor is an annual report, United Nations and to get copies of the meaning that one report is produced reports. each year. The reporting period is May of one year to May of the next year, Intersessional Standing Committee although important information after meetings are being held from 2-6 June May is included where possible. Much 2008 in Geneva, Switzerland. The statistical data (clearance, casualties, Editorial Team will use this opportunity funding) is for the previous calendar to gather additional information to add year (January-December 2007). to reports.
Each year, the report is released at the While researchers are conducting their annual Meeting of States Parties to the work, the Editorial Team conducts Mine Ban Treaty. This meeting is held at supplementary research as necessary. a different time each year, meaning that Editorial Team members will undertake Landmine Monitor production cycle field research to collect additional data varies from year to year. for some country/ area reports. Once first draft research is received by 1 April, The 2008 report will be released on 21 Editorial Team members provide November. researchers with feedback and researchers are asked to update their Researchers collect data and undertake research and re-submit it by 1 May. field research when necessary. This work will be done between 1 January Editorial Team members then edit the 2008 and 1 April 2008. section of a report relevant to their work. For example, the Colombia report A first research draft must be submitted will be divided up. The mine ban policy by 1 April 2008, and a final research and funding team will edit the mine ban draft is to be submitted by 1 May 2008. policy, non-state armed groups and mine action funding sections of the draft Every year, States Parties must submit country/area reports, the mine action their annual Article 7 reports by 30 April team will edit the mine action sections and new States Parties must provide an of the reports, etc. Thematic editing of initial Article 7 report within 180 days of reports goes from 1 May to 12 August entry into force of the treaty. The 2008, after which Editorial Team Editorial Team will follow-up, in members prepare thematic overviews of conjunction with researchers, to ensure each section. Edited report sections are these reports are submitted to the submitted to the Final Editor for final editing.
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area of research to provide final Final editing work begins on 23 June comments on. and continues until 16 September. During this process, questions are sent Once editing is finished the report is back to the Editorial Team, and proofread, formatted, and the Annual members of the Editorial Team may Report will go to print on 3 October. come back to researchers with questions The production team then prepares the and requests for updated information Executive Summary and CD-ROM and and clarification. Reports are also these research products are sent to circulated to external organizations for print in October. Reports will be shipped comment, and each researcher is sent a globally at the beginning of November copy of the near-final report for their and the report will be released on 21 November.
Participation in International Meetings
Global Research Meeting
Researchers who have been part of the such meetings annually to bring network for several years may have researchers together to discuss their participated in a Global Research draft report findings. A Global Research Meeting. Landmine Monitor used to hold Meeting will not be held in 2008.
Intersessional Standing Committee Meetings The Landmine Monitor Editorial Team researchers to participate in this will participate in the Intersessional meeting. Researchers are welcome to Standing Committee meetings to be participate should they secure their own held 2-6 June 2008 in Geneva, funding. Switzerland. Landmine Monitor will likely not be in a position to sponsor
Meeting of States Parties The Ninth Meeting of States Parties to Switzerland to participate in this the Mine Ban Treaty is being held from meeting. Other researchers are welcome 24-28 November 2008 in Geneva, to participate should they secure their Switzerland. Landmine Monitor may own funding. bring a small group of researchers to
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2008 Production Schedule
Date/ Deadline Task Location 1 January - 1 April Research Period 1 April First Research Draft Due 1 May Final Research Draft Due 2-6 June Intersessional Standing Committee Geneva, Switzerland meetings 1 April-12 August Thematic editing 23 June - 16 Final editing September 3 October Annual Report goes to print 21 November Landmine Monitor Report 2008 Global Geneva, Report Release Switzerland 24-28 November Ninth Meeting of States Parties Geneva, Switzerland
Being a Researcher
How are researchers selected?
Each year, Landmine Monitor issues a call for researchers. The 2008 call for Once researchers are selected they will researchers is online at receive an orientation package that http://www.icbl.org/lm/updates/call_res includes a consultant agreement. If the earchers_08. Applicants submit a researcher agrees to the terms set out, completed application form, CV, a one s/he must sign and return the signed page professional writing sample and agreement to Jackie Hansen. three professional references. The Participation in the research network is Editorial Board reviews and takes not confirmed until Jackie receives the decisions on applications. These signed consultant agreement. decisions are then communicated to researchers by Jackie Hansen. For the 2008 report, consultant Researchers must re-apply every year, agreements must be sent to and each year they must submit a [email protected] or by fax to +1-613-244- complete application package to comply 3410 no later than 15 January 2008. with US financial regulations.
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What does it mean to be a Landmine Monitor researcher?
Researchers are expected to carry worked on near the end of the out research in the areas listed in editing process. Researchers have a their consultant agreement and short period of time (24-48 hours) to responsibilities table, from 1 January send in any comments, clarifications 2008 to 1 May 2008. This research or questions about the report will be conducted under the content. This is the last time guidance of the Editorial Team. researchers will see the report before it goes to print. At this stage, Landmine Monitor thematic editing it is essential that researchers begins on 1 May, once Editorial respond only to the final-edited Team members have received final report (not an earlier version) and draft researchers from researchers. that they send only important new Editing goes through several phases information (not old information and lasts until September 2008. which has been edited out). Researchers will be notified throughout the editing process to In their consultant agreements and seek clarification, updated other documentation, researchers information and other support. may be asked to carry out research Researchers are asked to promptly on one or more themes for each respond to any requests received country or area of research. from the editing team up until the Researchers may be asked to be report goes to print. either a “researcher” or an “information provider.” Each researcher will receive a copy of the edited report they have
Researcher • If you are asked to be a researcher for a theme, it means you are expected to conduct all the research on this theme, submit a written first draft of the report, in Landmine Monitor style, to [email protected] no later than 1 April 2008, and a final draft by 1 May 2008.
Information provider • If you are asked to be an information provider for a theme, it means that you will be asked to conduct thorough research, under the guidance and direction of the Editorial Team. This could include completing questionnaires, conducting interviews, responding to questions circulated by the Editorial Team, monitoring the media, creating a database to record casualties or other tasks. Submit your raw research findings (media reports, completed questionnaires, etc.) by 1 April 2008 but do not draft a full research report. Submit additional research findings requested from the Editorial Team by 1 May 2008.
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Questions • Even if you are not an information provider or researcher for a given theme, you may be sent questions by the Editorial Team and we ask that you respond to these questions as fully and quickly as possible.
For example, a researcher might have the following roles for one country report: • Mine Ban Policy – Researcher • Non-State Armed Groups – Researcher • Mine Action – Questions • Risk Reduction, Casualties and Survivor Assistance – Information provider
This means that the researcher is asked to: • On mine ban policy and non-state armed groups, submit a fully written report by 1 April 2008, and a final written report by 1 May 2008. • On mine action, respond to occasional questions as needed. • On mine risk education, casualties and survivor assistance, submit raw research findings (questionnaires, etc.) and respond to questions posed by the Editorial Team by 1 April 2008. Make sure to respond to follow-up questions and submit supplementary research data by 1 May 2008.
Each researcher has a team of Editorial It is possible that more than one Team members working with them on researcher, as well as members of the their report. The “responsibilities” sheet Editorial Team, may be contacting the in your orientation package includes one same sources for information. We ask contact person for each thematic team. that you coordinate communications In January 2008, you will find out with each other as much as possible. specifically which person in each team You may wish to send questions to one will work with you on your research. person, and have that one person submit a detailed list of questions to For some countries and areas, several your common information source. researchers will be working on the same report. For example, you may be If you are unsure what work you are covering mine ban policy and non-state expected to do on each theme, or with armed groups in your country, and whom you are expected to work, please another researcher may be covering do not hesitate to contact Jackie mine action, risk reduction, casualties Hansen. and survivor assistance. We ask that you please send information that you come across on themes you are not covering to other researchers and to the Editorial Team.
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Am I expected to do field research?
Some researchers may wish to conduct If you are engaged in field research, field research. Any associated costs conduct it in an open manner. Do not be must come from the consultant fee. secretive about your objectives. Landmine Monitor does not have However, interviews conducted in additional funds available to cover field privacy are usually most effective. research. If you are conducting research on Landmine Monitor does not do “hot war landmines and non-state armed groups, zone reporting.” We ask that please refer to the Thematic Research researchers do not undertake any Guide for Non-State Armed Groups at actions that will jeopardize their security www.icbl.org/content/download/21241/ or the security of their colleagues or 397711/file/LM06_NSAG_Rsch_Ques_Gu research contacts. ide1.pdf. If you have any safety concerns, contact Jackie Hansen. How am I supposed to work with the Editorial Team?
The thematic coordinators are members of the Editorial Team. The thematic Thematic coordinators are available to coordinators will be in contact with you support your work, but you are also by 31 January at the latest. You are expected to support their work, as they expected to be in communication with will be conducting further research and them throughout your research. They editing the work that you produce. They will send you guidelines, questionnaires, will also be conducting field missions to or other information to guide your work. some countries. If a thematic Please carry out your research as per coordinator plans to visit your country, their instructions. Once you finish your please assist by providing contacts, research and submit your findings, setting up meetings, or accompanying please continue to send thematic the coordinator. We ask that you do coordinators any other updates or everything possible to produce research information you come across during the in the form and manner requested by editing period. the thematic coordinators.
What support is available from project staff?
The Mines Action Canada team is anything else, please email [email protected] available to support the work that you and your request will be forwarded to do. If you have questions about whom the relevant person to respond to you to contact, your consultant fee or directly.
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Who do I send my research to?
If you are writing reports, your first to the members of the Editorial Team draft should be sent to [email protected] no working on your country/area of later than 1 April 2008 and your final research by 1 April, with follow-up data draft report should be submitted by 1 submitted by 1 May 2008. Data should May 2008. be submitting on an ongoing basis from January to May, not just by the final If you are an information provider, submission deadlines. research findings should be sent directly
How do I communicate with other researchers?
Landmine Monitor uses an email this list. Researchers may also send listserve to communicate with updates and information of interest to researchers. Information and updates the full research network to this email intended for all researchers are sent to list.
Emails should be sent to: [email protected]
Please be sure to check your email research network. To avoid filling up the before you reply to an email sent to the inboxes of your fellow researchers, listserve to see if you are sending it to please: the original sender, or to the full
• Do NOT reply to say “thank you” to every email sent to the list. • Do NOT send personal messages intended for one person. • Do NOT send bank, passport or other details. • DO NOT send information that is NOT related to landmines, ERW and Landmine Monitor.
Contact information for all 2008 researchers is included in this guide. Landmine Monitor Finances
The Landmine Monitor Editorial Board by fax to +1-613-244-3410 no later approves consultant fees for than 15 January 2008. researchers. The amount of the consultant fee is included in the The consultant fee covers all research- research notification letter and related costs, including the researcher’s consultant agreement. Each researcher time, phone and internet bills, stationary must sign and return their completed and local travel. Landmine Monitor does consultant agreement to [email protected] or not have funds available to reimburse
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any costs in addition to the consultant fee.
How do I receive my consultant fee? Once you submit your final research by form and submit them, along with an 1 May 2008, you need to submit an invoice, to [email protected]. All original invoice to Landmine Monitor for half of receipts must be mailed to the Mines the consultant fee. You must complete Action Canada office at: the bank details and financial report
Attn: Landmine Monitor Mines Action Canada 1502-1 Nicholas Street Ottawa, ON K1N 7B7 Canada
The fee will be sent to you by wire transfer upon receipt of the invoice, Once the Landmine Monitor report has financial report and bank details. If you gone to print, in late October, you are do not have a bank account or are not asked to submit an invoice, financial able to receive funds by wire transfer report and bank details, in addition to a we may be able to send funds by completed feedback form and a detailed Western Union. This is very costly and list of all your research sources time consuming, so we ask that you (including full contact details), to receive only request funds to be sent by the final half of your consultant fee. Western Union if there is absolutely no All original receipts should be sent to other way for us to get funds to you. the Mine Action Canada office.
Landmine Monitor consultant fees are If you fail to submit your research by 1 sent from a bank account in May you will not receive your consultant Washington, DC. Researchers in fee. If you fail to respond to questions countries with US economic sanctions and communications during the editing (i.e. Burma, DRC, Cote d’Ivoire, Iran, period the Editorial Board may withhold North Korea, Sudan, Syria and payment of the second half of the Zimbabwe) must make alternate consultant fee. arrangements with Jackie Hansen to receive their consultant fee. These terms are outlined in the consultant agreement. Consultant fees may not be sent to third parties. To conform to US financial regulations all funds must be sent directly to the researcher.
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Using Landmine Monitor
The Landmine Monitor Annual Report, Executive Summary, CD-ROM and web version of the report will be released globally on 21 November 2008.
How do I order copies of the report?
It is incredibly expensive to ship Researchers will be contacted by Mines Landmine Monitor reports around the Action Canada staff in mid-2008 to place world, so we need to be conservative orders for copies of the 2008 report. with shipping reports. That said, we are Reports will not automatically be committed to making Landmine Monitor shipped to each researcher. If as accessible as possible because we researchers do not request reports, they want it to be circulated and used as will not receive copies. broadly as possible. We hope that you will also use the online version of the The priority is to ship reports to report to supplement what we ship to locations where the report is being you. Researchers are asked to pick up released. We cannot send you many reports at international meetings and copies of the report, but we can do our carry them home when possible to save best to ensure you have at least one on shipping costs, and researchers are copy to hold up at your release event. also encouraged to find funding to cover You can also download and print out some of the costs of report shipment. copies of your country’s report.
Can I release the report in my country?
Landmine Monitor will organize a press after 21 November. You must use the conference at the United Nations in published version of the report, not any Geneva on 21 November to globally of the draft reports. release Landmine Monitor Report 2008. You could organize a press conference, Report findings are embargoed until the hold a breakfast briefing with release date. This means that you may parliamentarians, circulate a press not cite, quote, or otherwise use release, or use your creativity and come anything in the report until the release up with another way of disseminating date. the report findings in your country. Funding is not available to support All researchers are encouraged to national or local report launches, but organize activities to release national, you are encouraged to seek funding regional or global report findings on or
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from embassies, government, NGOs, etc. Landmine Monitor prepares materials to support release events. In the past, It is important to provide copies of the available materials have included report to the people who helped you in posters, postcards, media kits and the course of your work. You can also PowerPoint presentations. Similar provide copies of the report to materials will be prepared for the documentation centers and libraries for release of the 2008 report. use as a reference tool. Researchers are asked to send You may wish to get information from information about their release events the report into newsletters, academic to [email protected]. Landmine Monitor journals and newspapers. prepares a summary of release activities that is shared with media and posted on Holding a release event is an excellent the Landmine Monitor website. way to have the report findings distributed within your country, to draw Please take photos at your release event attention to the global landmine and send copies to [email protected]. Photos problem, successes, and remaining are uploaded to the ICBL Image Library challenges, and it provides an at www.icbl.org/imagelibrary and may opportunity to lobby your government be used in future editions of Landmine and States Parties and hold them Monitor. Please also send information accountable to their obligations under about the outcomes of your release the Mine Ban Treaty. It is also a great event to [email protected]. Short news way to celebrate the work that you did articles about release activities will be and share it with others! posted to the webpage.
Can I translate the report into my local language?
Researchers are encouraged to translate the same as the text published in the reports into local languages so the Landmine Monitor report. Please note in findings can be distributed more the publication that the original research broadly. Researchers can publish was carried out for Landmine Monitor. national publications with their country reports or a group of reports, but must Landmine Monitor does not have the translate the final published report, not capacity to translate country reports. an earlier draft. However, Landmine Monitor does have a small amount of money available for If you publish a national or regional translation and publication grants. In report, please do so in your own name, most cases the amounts available are or the name of the organization you not enough to cover translation and work for. The Landmine Monitor cover printing, so researchers are responsible image should not be included on the for seeking outside funding to cover cover page. The Landmine Monitor logo some of the costs. may only be used if the text of the national publication is only and exactly
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Researchers should submit a proposal report will be distributed. It should for a translation and publication grant to include a detailed budget. If Landmine [email protected]. The proposal should Monitor provides a grant, the publication include the report to translate, number should mention that it was funded in of copies to be produced, and how the part by Landmine Monitor.
Can I present the report findings at other conferences and activities?
We want to share the Landmine Monitor keep project staff involved and aware of report findings as broadly as possible. If your activities. Project staff can help to you hear about national, regional or prepare materials and provide support international forums that you could as you prepare to participate in activities participate in and conduct a briefing on and events to distribute Landmine Landmine Monitor, please do so! Please Monitor report findings.
Using Landmine Monitor in Advocacy
Landmine Monitor is an advocacy tool. It your government to join the treaty. For provides the information you need to more information about how to get know where your government has involved in ICBL campaign activities achieved success, and what further please contact ICBL Advocacy Director actions are needed to work toward a Simona Beltrami at [email protected], or mine-free world. We encourage you to Kasia Derlicka, ICBL Advocacy and use your research findings to lobby your Campaigning Officer at [email protected]. government to uphold its obligations under the Mine Ban Treaty, or to lobby
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Resources and Tools
Sources of Information
Landmine Monitor is an annual update. Reports have been prepared on your area of research before. Make sure to read previous editions of Landmine Monitor. Update and build upon previous reports. Following are suggestions of information sources to consult in the course of your research:
• Previous Landmine Monitor reports (www.icbl.org/lm). • Comments and clarifications received by Landmine Monitor. • Government documents, including Article 7 reports, conference statements, parliamentary reports, debates and questions, military services, training manuals and identification manuals. • United Nations documents, including from the Secretary-General, UN Journal, UN Mine Action Service, and agencies such as UNICEF, UNDP, UNHCR and the UN Department for Disarmament Affairs. • Regional organization documents (i.e. EC, AU, OAS, OSCE) • Academic and research institutions. • Annual reference documents, books and reports. • Newspapers, periodicals and journals, including local media. • Annual reports and brochures from companies involved in mine production, trade and clearance. • Military personnel operating in mined areas, carrying out demining operations and trainers. • International Committee of the Red Cross and national Red Cross/ Red Crescent society documents. • Hospitals and other medical facilities. • Non-governmental demining organizations and commercial demining companies. • National Mine Action Centers and Authorities • Interviews with government officials, local communities, community-based organizations, refugees, mine survivors, humanitarian aid organizations (including security personnel), faith groups, former combatants and journalists.
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Additional resources:
Resource URL Landmine Monitor Start Page www.icbl.org/startpage Mine Ban Treaty Status Update www.icbl.org/treaty/members Article 7 Reports http://www.unog.ch/__80256ee600585943.nsf/(httpPages)/8ffeb50 8d93f62bec12571c0003de7d8?OpenDocument&ExpandSection=1#_ Section1 CCW Article 13 Reports Email [email protected] CCW Amended Protocol II Participant www.icbl.org/lm/research List UNGA Vote www.icbl.org/lm/research 8MSP Participant List http://www.apminebanconvention.org 8MSP Statements http://www.apminebanconvention.org/meetings-of-the-states- parties/8msp/what-happened 8MSP Dead Sea Progress Report http://www.apminebanconvention.org/fileadmin/pdf/mbc/MSP/8MSP /8MSP-DeadSeaProReport-30Nov2007.pdf 2007 Intersessional Standing Committee http://www.apminebanconvention.org/intersessional-work- meeting information programme 2007 Intersessional Standing Committee http://www.apminebanconvention.org/intersessional-work- Meeting Statements programme/april-2007 UN Portfolio of Mine Action Projects http://www.mineaction.org/downloads/Portfolio_for_emine_bookmar 2007 ked_October_25_06.pdf UN Portfolio of Mine Action Projects http://www.mineaction.org/downloads/1/map_portfolio_2008_acrobat 2008 7.pdf Mine Action Contacts www.mineaction.org/section.asp?s=who_does_it IMF Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers www.imf.org/external/np/prsp/prsp.asp GICHD Documentation Centre http://www.gichd.org/gichd-publications/overview
Media Reports
The ICBL maintains several email lists that distribute landmine-related media articles in English, French and Spanish. All researchers should subscribe to at least one of these lists. Media reports are distributed weekly or bi-weekly.
To subscribe to the email lists: • English – Send a blank email to [email protected] • French – Send a blank email to [email protected] • Spanish – Send a blank email to [email protected]
To search the media list archives visit: • English - http://groups.yahoo.com/group/icblmedia/ • French - http://groups.yahoo.com/group/icblpresse/ • Spanish - http://groups.yahoo.com/group/icblprensa/
If you come across media articles related to landmines please send them to [email protected].
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Key Terms
Abandoned explosive ordnance – Explosive ordnance that has not been used during an armed conflict, that has been left behind or dumped by a party to an armed conflict, and which is no longer under its control. Abandoned explosive ordnance is included under the broader category of explosive remnants of war.
Accession – Since the treaty 1997 Mine Ban Treaty became law on 1 March 1999, countries may no longer sign it, they must accede. Accession means formal consent to be legally bound – essentially a one-step process combining signature and ratification. In most instances it requires action by the national parliament. As with ratification, the state must deposit its instrument of ratification with the UN Secretary-General. Those states that signed prior to 1 March 1999 must still ratify in order to be fully bound by the ban provisions.
Antihandling device – According to the Mine Ban Treaty, an antihandling device, “means a device intended to protect a mine and which is part of, linked to, attached to or placed under the mine and which activates when an attempt is made to tamper with or otherwise intentionally disturb the mine.”
Antipersonnel mine – According to the Mine Ban Treaty, an antipersonnel mine, “means a mine designed to be exploded by the presence, proximity or contact of a person and that will incapacitate, injure or kill one or more persons.”
Antivehicle mine – According to the Mine Ban Treaty, an antivehicle mine is a mine designed “to be detonated by the presence, proximity or contact of a vehicle as opposed to a person.”
Area cancellation – Area cancellation describes the process by which a suspected hazardous area is released based solely on the gathering of information that indicates that the area is not in fact contaminated. It does not involve the application of any mine clearance tools.
Area reduction – Area reduction describes the process by which one or more mine clearance tools (e.g. mine detection dogs, manual deminers or mechanical demining equipment) are used to gather information that locates the perimeter of a suspect hazardous area. Those areas falling outside this perimeter, or the entire area if deemed not to be mined, can be released.
Battle area clearance – The systematic and controlled clearance of dangerous areas where the explosive hazards are known not to include landmines.
Casualty – The person injured or killed in a landmine, ERW or IED incident, either through direct contact with the device or by being in its proximity.
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Cluster munition – Cluster munitions consist of containers and submunitions. Launched from the ground or air, the containers open and disperse submunitions (bomblets) over a wide area. Bomblets are typically designed to pierce armor, kill personnel or both.
Community based rehabilitation – Programs designed to supplement facility-based programs within affected communities to improve service delivery, equal opportunities, and protect human rights for a larger group of people with disabilities who have limited access to services, due to uneven service distribution, high treatment cost, and limited human resource capacity.
Demining – The set of activities that lead to the removal of mine and ERW hazards, including survey, mapping, clearance, marking, and the handover of cleared land.
Explosive remnants of war – Under Protocol V to the Convention on Conventional Weapons, explosive remnants of war are defined as unexploded ordnance and abandoned explosive ordnance. Mines are explicitly excluded from the definition.
Explosive ordnance disposal – The detection, identification, evaluation, render safe, recovery and disposal of explosive ordnance.
Conference on Disarmament (CD) – A forum for arms control and disarmament negotiations located in Geneva, Switzerland, with 66 member states. It usually deals with weapons of mass destruction. Since 1997, some nations have attempted unsuccessfully to place a ban on transfers of antipersonnel mines on the CD’s agenda. www.unog.ch/80256EE600585943/(httpPages)/2D415EE45C5FAE07C1257180005523 2B?OpenDocument
1980 Convention on Conventional Weapons (CCW) – An international humanitarian law treaty, the CCW attempts to regulate antipersonnel mine use through its Landmines Protocol (Amended Protocol II). A two-and-a-half-year review of the CCW at meetings in Geneva and Vienna ended on 3 May 1996. It failed to adequately address the humanitarian crisis caused by landmines, with only weak amendments made to Protocol II. The Protocol also restricts the use of antitank landmines, booby traps and other explosive devices that are not covered by the 1997 Mine Ban Treaty. www.unog.ch/80256EE600585943/(httpPages)/4F0DEF093B4860B4C1257180004B1B 30?OpenDocument
IMAS – International mine action standards developed by the UN to improve safety and efficiency in mine action by providing guidance, establishing principles and, in some cases, defining international requirements and specifications
Improvised explosive device – A device placed or fabricated in an improvised manner incorporating explosives or noxious chemicals. An improvised explosive device (IED) may be victim-activated or command-detonated by the soldier. Victim-activated IEDs are banned under the Mine Ban Treaty, but command-detonated IEDs are not.
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Implementation Support Unit – At the Third Meeting of States Parties to the Mine Ban Treaty in September 2001, States Parties endorsed the establishment within the Geneva International Center for Humanitarian Demining (GICHD) of an Implementation Support Unit to “enhance the operation and implementation” of the mine ban treaty. www.gichd.ch/219.0.html
International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL) – The coalition of over 1,000 non- governmental organizations (NGOs) in over 90 countries with an Advisory Board of 21 member organizations, a Management Committee and a small staff led by the ICBL Executive Director. The ICBL calls for a total ban on antipersonnel mines and for increased resources for mine action and victim assistance. The ICBL and its former coordinator Jody Williams received the 1997 Nobel Peace Prize. http://www.icbl.org
International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) – Based in Geneva, Switzerland, the ICRC played a lead role in the 1970s in pressing governments to address the issue of indiscriminate and/or particularly injurious weapons, which resulted in the 1980 Convention of Conventional Weapons. The ICRC works in close cooperation with the ICBL and has played a crucial role in the movement to ban mines, initiating its own unprecedented campaign to raise public awareness to help bring about a ban of the weapon. It provides technical assistance and legal advice for countries on the drafting, adoption and amendment of national legislation to implement the ban treaty, as well as implementing mine risk education and victim assistance programs. www.icrc.org
Intersessional Work Program – The intersessional process was established in May 1999 by the First Meeting of States Parties to the Mine Ban Treaty and consists of four Standing Committees, each chaired by two governments and with two rapporteurs: • Standing Committee on the General Status and Operation of the Convention • Standing Committee on Victim Assistance and Socio-Economic Reintegration • Standing Committee on Mine Clearance, Mine Risk Education and Mine Action Technologies • Standing Committee on Stockpile Destruction
The Standing Committees meet once per year. All co-chairs and co-rapporteurs as well as the President of the Meeting of States Parties are part of a Coordinating Committee established to ensure the effective functioning and implementation of the Mine Ban Treaty. http://www.apminebanconvention.org/intersessional-work-programme
Landmine impact survey – A national or regional assessment of the socioeconomic impact on communities caused by the actual or perceived presence of mines and ERW, in order to assist the planning and prioritization of mine action programs and projects.
Mine Action – Term used by the ICBL to denote various aspects of demining, including minefield surveying, marking and mapping of mined areas, and mine clearance. The UN definition of mine action includes advocacy, mine risk education and victim assistance.
Mine action center – A body charged with coordinating day-to-day mine action operations, normally under the supervision of a national mine action authority. Some MACs also implement mine action activities.
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National mine action authority – A governmental body, normally inter-ministerial in nature, responsible for managing and regulating a national mine action program.
Mine Ban Treaty – Short name given to the 1997 Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and On their Destruction. Other short names include the Mine Ban Convention, Ottawa Treaty, and Ottawa Convention.
Non-state armed groups – For Landmine Monitor purposes, non-state armed groups include organizations carrying out armed rebellion or insurrection, as well as a broader range of non-state entities, such as criminal gangs and state-supported proxy forces.
Ratification – The process requiring, in most cases, the passage of national legislation endorsing the Mine Ban Treaty. This instrument of ratification has to be deposited at the United Nations in New York in order for the ratification to be complete.
Risk education – Activities which seek to reduce the risk of injury from mines and ERW by raising awareness and promoting behavioral change, including public information dissemination, education and training, and community mine action liaison.
Risk reduction – Those actions which lessen the probability and/or severity of physical injury to people, property or the environment. Risk reduction can be achieved by physical measures such as clearance, fencing or marking, or through behavioral changes brought about by risk education.
Submunition – Any munition that, to perform its task, separates from a parent munition (cluster munition).
Survey – A study of the assessment of the location and impact of mines and ERW at the local or national level. General survey focuses on the location of mined and battle areas and the type of contamination they contain. A landmine impact survey also assesses the impact of affected communities (see separate definition for a landmine impact survey). Technical survey aims to confirm and identify the outer perimeters of the hazardous area and to gather other necessary information for clearance.
Unexploded ordnance – UXO refers to munitions that were designed to explode but for some reason failed to detonate; they are known as “blinds” or “duds.”
United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) – Since 1993, the UNGA has passed resolutions related to landmines. UNGA votes and statements can be an important indicator of a government’s position on landmines.
Victim – The individual directly hit by a mine/ERW explosion, his or her family and community.
Victim assistance – Victim assistance includes, but is not limited to, casualty data collection, emergency and continuing medical care, physical rehabilitation, psychological
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support and social reintegration, economic reintegration, and laws and public policies to ensure the full and equal integration and participation of survivors, their families and communities in society.
Research Standards and Methods
When conducting your research, keep in mind that Landmine Monitor measures Strive to answer research questions that progress and problems in resolving the could not be answered in previous landmine and ERW problem and in reports, regardless of whether it is implementing the Mine Ban Treaty. something that occurred in the research period. The emphasis of each report should be on new, updated and corrected Try to get a response from government information from previous reports. officials on previous Landmine Monitor Identify what has changed since the reports. Responses from some previous report. Are there any new governments can be found at events, actions, statements and www.icbl.org/lm/comments policies? What is new? Were any corrections and clarifications received?
KEY TIPS:
• Do not copy and paste from the Landmine Monitor Report 2007. • An extensive history of the landmine issue is not necessary, as Landmine Monitor is an annual update. Focus on new information first and foremost, providing the historical context only where necessary. • Refer to the 2007 Report frequently concerning writing/footnoting style, spelling, headings, etc. • When footnoting, it is better to include more information than less. • Respond quickly and accurately to all requests from Editorial Team members. • Always beware of misinformation, particularly in a conflict situation. • Make certain you are using standard Landmine Monitor terminology and spelling. • Ensure that spelling is consistent throughout (eg. Do not use the spellings ‘Hezbollah’ and ‘Hizbullah,’ unless one appears in a direct quotation).
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• Extensive footnoting is essential. We must be able to cite a source for each fact presented in the report. Keep important documents in a file so that you can quickly answer any verification or clarification questions if requested. • Footnotes and references must be as complete and accurate as possible. See Landmine Monitor Report 2007 for the style of footnoting and detail required. • We must rely on open sources. Our information must be as transparent as possible. Only for reasons of safety should the identity of a source be kept confidential. In such cases, discuss this at any early stage with the relevant Editorial Team member. • Sources of information, documentation, records, etc., must be kept and filed systematically for easy retrieval and fact-checking. • Information must be verified and cross-checked. • If information is controversial, more than one source should be given. If individuals or organizations are criticized, they should be given an opportunity to respond. • Always question the veracity and reliability of information. What is the original source of the information? • Use primary sources whenever possible. Primary sources must also be questioned and verified. • Be open-minded when collecting and analyzing information and evidence. • Direct quotes, whether from a written document or an interview, must be exact. If from an interview, the researcher should have either a tape recording of his/her original written notes from the time of the interview. Quotations should be checked with the interviewee before including in the report. • When presenting data, always be clear about the time period covered. In general, use the time period provided for the annual report. Available data, however, might be calendar year, some government’s fiscal year, or other time periods. • When citing monetary statistics, try to give values in the national currency. • Research should be conducted in a professional and dispassionate manner. Fact- finding should be thorough, accurate and impartial. The presentation of factual information should be as neutral as possible. This does not mean that we will be presenting facts just for the sake of presenting facts. Landmine Monitor is a useful advocacy tool as well as a research publication.
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Report Presentation
Formatting • Microsoft Word (or Rich Text) document, using Times New Roman 12 point font. • Please make your presentation of the report plain and simple. Avoid underlining, special justification, different fonts, colors, headers and footers. • Submit a first draft version of your report, then submit a final version only after the relevant Editorial Team member has sent you revisions on your first draft. • Keep the report length the same length or shorter than previous reports, unless additional information is available that was not included in previous reports. Editing reports down in length takes a long time, so please help out the editing team by only submitting the information we really need.
Language • Use the past tense, because this report will be read next year and in years to come, and is primarily a report of what has happened. Limit reporting of future planned activities to official statements regarding such matters as intentions to ratify or accede to the treaty or mine clearance targets for the coming year, and footnote the sources of this information. • Avoid using the terms “currently,” “previously,” “to date,” “last month” “or recently” for the same reason. Instead use “as of October 2004” or whatever date to which the facts presented relate. • Don’t use seasons; only months, because a summer is someone else’s winter. • Avoid emotive, politically loaded or imprecise terminology such as “terrorists,” “dictators” or “regime,” unless a group has been designated as “terrorist” by the EU, UN or US, and footnote this accordingly. • Use gender-appropriate language, such as chair and vice chair rather than chairman or chairwoman, spokesperson instead of spokesman, etc. Avoid use of generic Man and its compounds (instead, use such words as humanity, people, we, us, our, ours). • Factual information, supported by footnoted sources, is wanted for the Landmine Monitor report. ICBL views and positions can be cited. The opinion of researchers and editors is not included. We want to make statements about progress towards meeting treaty obligations and this can be done by making comparisons, such as clearance achieved this year compared with last year (or compared with “plan”), or by comparing present status (such as mined area remaining) with treaty deadline (Article 5). Always check that you are comparing like with like, and enquire into the reasons for increases/decreases, and add this information to the report. If informants, such as a government officials or NGOs, offer opinions, make it clear these are their views, and footnote accordingly. Occasionally, you may want to seek out the opinions of some of your sources,
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but then this must be balanced by other opinions. If organizations or individuals are being criticized, they must be given the opportunity to respond. • Avoid “very” “extremely” “adequately” and similar adverbs because these are imprecise and they are your opinions. If one of your sources describes something in these terms, that is OK – provided the source is footnoted. The general rule is: let the facts speak for themselves. If you feel strongly about a “very,” leave it in, but be aware it may be edited out. • Be comprehensible to readers not expert on your region or country. Keep this in mind when referring to specific domestic issues, or using terms unique to your country or region. If you think that a name or term may not be understood by the general reader, explain it briefly. For example: The Riigikogu (Estonian parliament) approved accession with 62 votes in favor and six against. • Italicize words for emphasis but use sparingly. Do not use CAPITALS. Italicize punctuation around an italicized word (except parentheses). In the text, italicize names of newspapers, magazines, books, and foreign words unless these are in common usage. • Write your report with American English spelling and punctuation. • Dates should be given in UK English. List the day, then month, then year, without commas. For example: 3 December 1996; 1990s, 1990-1999, or from 1990 to 1999. • Use the American clock, so 2:00pm, not 14:00 hours. • Quotations, titles and names should not be changed from the original spelling, punctuation and grammar. • Quotations from documentary sources should be identical to the original. Do not change the spelling, punctuation, grammar or phraseology to fit Landmine Monitor style. Researchers, writers and editors should check the quotation against the original for accuracy. Any misspellings or grammatical errors in the original should be left uncorrected in the quotation used in your report, with (sic) inserted in italics to follow the misspelling or other error. Avoid excessively long quotations. • Quotations from interviews should be checked in writing with the person interviewed, before inclusion in the Landmine Monitor report. This is the responsibility of the researcher. • For quotations in languages other than English, use the English translation in the text, and include the original language in the footnote, with a note of who made the translation and full referencing of the source. For example: “…(quotation in original language)….” Email from Gro Nystuen, Senior Advisor, Section for Peace and Reconciliation, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 30 June 2004. Translated by Landmine Monitor.
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Statistics, Tables, Numbers, Currencies • Doublecheck that all numerical data total correctly, and are used consistently when appearing more than once in your report.
Titles and Names • Use only the full, official name of reports and documents. As well as the full name, footnote the date of the document (date published, or if this is not stated on the report footnote date you received it), whether it is a draft or not, and page number(s) you are referring to. • Names of institutions, agencies, ministries, NGOs, etc., should all be presented first in English, followed by a translation. For example, Popular Liberation Army (Ejército de Liberación Nacional, ELN). From then on use the acronym. • Some organizations are best known by their names or initials from the native language, and in such cases you should present the English translated name, then give the original name and acronym in parenthesis making clear which of these is the preferred usage. For example, the Hindu- nationalist Indian People’s Party (Bharatiya Janata Party, best known by its initials, BJP). • Only a few organizations should be noted only by their acronyms: ICBL, UN, NATO, CARE, UNICEF.
Footnotes • Landmine Monitor Report 2007 is your best guide to footnoting style. • Do not abbreviate repeated footnotes – repeat the footnote in full each time. • Footnotes in Landmine Monitor are primarily for listing the sources of factual information given in the text; explanatory information may be included in footnotes, but keep this to a minimum. • Include footnotes at the bottom of each page, not endnotes. • Insert footnotes sequentially. In Microsoft Word, go to “File/Insert/Reference/Footnote” and set it to “continuous” and “1, 2, 3.” • Do not underline anything. Use italics for the title of the book or newspaper. • Place a period at the end each footnote. • Note page numbers as follows: p. 1. (not pg. 1) pp. 2-3. (not pgs. 2-3) • Use a semicolon to separate two entries in a footnote, not a comma. After a semicolon separating entries, do not use “and” or a capital letter (except with a name or title). • Websites and email addresses should not be within < >
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Landmine Monitor uses these formulations:
Books Full name of author, Full title, Place of publication, Publisher, Date of publication, Page number(s) referenced.
Example: 1 Donovan Webster, Aftermath: The Remnants of War (New York: Pantheon Books, 1996), pp. 218-252.
Newspaper articles Full name of author (reporter), Full title of the article (original name and English- translation), Newspaper (original name and English-translation), Date article appeared, Page number.
Example: 1 Raymond Bonner, “Pentagon Weighs Ending Opposition to a Ban on Mines,” New York Times, 17 March 1996, p. A1.
United Nations and other official publications These should be cited the same way books or journals are cited, including as much detail as possible.
Interviews Full name of persons interviewed, Their title or occupation, Their employing organization (Ministry of Foreign Affairs), Location of interview (e.g. Sarajevo), Date of interview.
Example: 1 Interview with Capt. J.J. Simon, Mine Fields Records Officer, UNFICYP, Nicosia, 27 February 2001. If it was a telephone interview, footnote as: Telephone interview with Capt. J.J. Simon, Mine Fields Records Officer, UNFICYP, Nicosia, 27 February 2001.
Anonymous sources These should be avoided wherever possible. If an informant does insist on anonymity, indicate this, but with other details in full (and keep a record of the informant’s identity for later fact-checking; editors will want to know who is the source)
Website Give the website address of the article, report or source quoted in addition to full details as outlined above (author, title, date of publication, etc), and the date you accessed the website. Also download and print a hard copy for your files of any internet document used in a footnote.
Email Name of person the email was addressed to, Person who sent the email, title and organization, Date the email was sent.
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Sources in languages other than English Give the original language and English translation of these sources unless you think that the meaning is clear without translation.
Example: 1 “VN rapport beschuldigt Kongolese oppositieleider van rebelliecomplot” (UN report accuses Congolese opposition leader of rebellion plot), De Morgen, 5 December 2003.
How do I get started?
This guide has provided a great deal of background information to help orient you to Landmine Monitor.
Here’s how to use this information and get started:
1. Review all the documents in your “research orientation package” sent to you by email. The package includes the following documents: • Research Notification Letter • Research Responsibilities • Consultant Agreement • Reference Letter • Researcher’s Orientation Guide
2. Sign your consultant agreement and return it to [email protected] or by fax to +1-613- 244-3410 by 15 January 2008.
3. The Editorial Team members working with you on your report will contact you by 31 January 2008 at the latest. If you are unsure who will be working with you on your report, or you have not heard from the Editorial Team, please contact Jackie Hansen at [email protected]. Each thematic team will send you the information that you will need to work on the 2008 report. The teams may send you the following: • The 2007 report for your area of research, with questions added in the text, and areas highlighted for you to update. • Research guidelines. • Research questionnaires. • Other information specific to your country. • Requests for assistance in planning field missions. • Other requests for information.
4. You can get started on your research while you wait to hear from the relevant Editorial Team members. Here are some things you can do:
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• Read through previous editions of Landmine Monitor. Look at the level of detail included in previous reports. Look at what information was included, and what information was not available. • Make a list of the people you need to contact for your research. Use the footnotes in the 2007 report as a guide – you will likely be contacting many of the same people this year. Find contact details you do not already have, and you will be sent contacts sent to LM by previous researchers. • Contact your information sources and let them know you are conducting research for Landmine Monitor and provide them with the timeline and reference letter and let them know when you will be contacting them to conduct interviews. • Search media reports for 2007 for mine casualties and other relevant information. • Begin looking for other supporting documents you will need to use in your research, including Article 7 reports, national mine action strategies, etc.
5. Once you are in touch with the Editorial Team, develop a research plan and timeline. Coordinate which people you will contact, and which information Editorial team members will contact directly to conduct interviews.
6. Plan field research if necessary.
7. Conduct your research.
8. Ask questions about anything you are unsure about.
9. Upon submission of your research, be available to respond to questions and requests for clarification from the Editorial Team.
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Appendix 1
LANDMINE MONITOR REPORT 2008 - RESEARCHERS
NAME COUNTRY/AREA EMAIL
Africa Angola, Guinea-Bissau, Anna Kudarewska [email protected] Mozambique Burundi, Chad, DR Congo, Hassatou Balde Republic of Congo, Rwanda, [email protected] Senegal Rita Mazzocchi Eritrea, Ethiopia [email protected] Tammy Orr Kenya, Somalia, Somaliland [email protected]
Suzana Srnic Vukovic Sudan [email protected]
[email protected] Eddie Mworozi Uganda [email protected] Meaghan Willis Uganda [email protected] Bob Mtonga Zambia [email protected] Kristin Pristupa Zambia [email protected]
Americas Chile, El Salvador, Megan Burke Guatemala, Honduras, [email protected] Nicaragua Camilo Serna Villegas Colombia [email protected]
Peter Sundberg Nicaragua [email protected]
Gisela Lujan Andrade Peru [email protected]
Antonio Gonzalez Plessmann Venezuela [email protected]
Asia-Pacific Bangladesh@nonviolenceinternationa Rafique Al-Islam Bangladesh l.net
Binalakshmi Nepram Bhutan, India (northeast) [email protected]
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Fred Lubang Burma [email protected]
[email protected] Denise Coghlan Cambodia [email protected]
Yukie Osa China [email protected] Medha Bisht India [email protected] Shaiq Nazir India (Jammu & Kashmir) [email protected]
Els Coolen Indonesia, Singapore [email protected]
[email protected] Prashannata Wasti Nepal [email protected]
Purna Shova Chitrakar Nepal [email protected] Pacific (Cook, Marshall and Mary Wareham Solomon Islands, Micronesia, [email protected] Palau, Tonga and Tuvalu)
Naveed Ahmad Shinwari Pakistan [email protected] Raza Shah Khan Pakistan [email protected] [email protected] Doods Santos Philippines [email protected] John Kim South Korea [email protected] Prasanna Kuruppu Sri Lanka [email protected] Serena Chang Taiwan [email protected] Shushira Chonhenchob Thailand [email protected]
CIS Hafiz Safikhanov Azerbaijan [email protected] Iouri Zagoumennov Belarus [email protected] Rayana Sadulaeva Chechnya [email protected] [email protected] Mamuka Gachechiladze Georgia [email protected] [email protected] Kanykey Brimkulova Kyrgyzstan [email protected] Iurie Pintea Moldova [email protected] Ashot Adamyan Nagorno-Karabakh [email protected]
Dmitrijs Ponomarjovs Russia [email protected]
[email protected] Roman Dolgov Russia [email protected]
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Bakhtior Begmuradov Tajikistan [email protected], [email protected] Yuri Donskoy Ukraine [email protected]
Europe Anila Alibali Albania [email protected] Jonuz Kola Albania [email protected] Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Suzana Srnic Vukovic Montenegro, Serbia, [email protected] Kosovo
Louisa O'Brien Cyprus, Greece louisa@icbl,org
[email protected] Sidse Frich Thygesen Denmark [email protected] Eeva Suhonen Finland [email protected] Anne Villeneuve France avilleneuve@handicap- international.org Igors Tipans Latvia [email protected] Dane Taleski Macedonia [email protected] Lidia Szafaryn Poland [email protected] Muteber Ogreten Turkey [email protected]
MENA Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Ayman Sorour [email protected] Saudi Arabia, Tunisia UAE Khalil Dokhanchi Iran [email protected] Tahmineh Janghorban Iran [email protected]
Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Jenny Najar [email protected] Palestine
Raafat Misak Kuwait [email protected] Habbouba Aoun Lebanon [email protected] [email protected] Ghassan Shahrour Syria [email protected]
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LANDMINE MONITOR REPORT 2008 - EDITORIAL TEAM
Project Staff Jackie Hansen [email protected] Adam Gassner [email protected]
Ban Policy Steve Goose [email protected] Mark Hiznay [email protected] Anthony Forrest [email protected] Yeshua Moser- Puangsuan [email protected]
Anders Fink [email protected]
Rachel Good [email protected]
Mine Action Stuart Casey-Maslen [email protected] Nick Cumming-Bruce [email protected] Mike Kendellen [email protected] Emil Hasanov [email protected]
Risk Reduction, Casualties and Survivor Assistance Katleen Maes [email protected] Hugh Hosman [email protected] Loren Persi [email protected] Patrizia Pompili [email protected]
Editorial Board Stan Brabant [email protected] Paul Hannon [email protected] Stuart Casey-Maslen [email protected] Steve Goose [email protected] Jackie Hansen [email protected]
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Appendix 2
List of Countries/Areas to Report on in 2008
• Abkhazia • Greece • Pakistan • Afghanistan • Guatemala • Palau • Albania • Guinea Bissau • Palestine • Algeria • Guyana • Peru • Angola • Haiti • Philippines • Armenia • Honduras • Poland • Argentina • India • Russia • Azerbaijan • Indonesia • Rwanda • Bahrain • Iran • Saudi Arabia • Bangladesh • Iraq • Senegal • Belarus • Israel • Serbia • Bhutan • Jordan • Singapore • Bosnia-Herzegovina • Kazakhstan • Somalia • Brunei • Kenya • Somaliland • Burma • Korea, North • Sri Lanka • Burundi • Korea, South • Sudan • Cambodia • Kosovo • Swaziland • Cape Verde • Kuwait • Syria • Chad • Kyrgyzstan • Taiwan • Chechnya • Laos • Tajikistan • Chile • Latvia • Thailand • China • Lebanon • Tonga • Colombia • Liberia • Tunisia • Congo, DR • Libya • Turkey • Congo, Republic of • Macedonia • Tuvalu • Cook Islands • Malawi • Uganda • Cote d'Ivoire • Marshall Islands • Ukraine • Croatia • Mauritania • United Arab Emirates • Cuba • Micronesia • United Kingdom • Cyprus • Moldova • United States • Denmark • Mongolia • Uzbekistan • Djibouti • Montenegro • Vanuatu • Ecuador • Morocco • Venezuela • Egypt • Mozambique • Vietnam • El Salvador • Nagorno-Karabakh • Western Sahara • Eritrea • Namibia • Yemen • Ethiopia • Nepal • Zambia • Finland • Nicaragua • Zimbabwe • France • Niger • Georgia • Oman
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Appendix 3
Financial Reporting Templates
Research Financial Report
Contact Details Researcher Name Campaign/ Organization Street Address City Province / State Postal Code Country Tel. Fax Email Research Information Area of Research Amount of Consultant Fee US $ Invoice Amount US $ Date Place Signature
Financial Report Item Description Amount in US $ 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. TOTAL US $ Notes:
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Bank Details
Researcher Contact Information Name Campaign/ Organization Street Address City Province / State Postal Code Country Tel. Fax Email Beneficiary Bank Bank Name Bank Address Bank Tel. IBAN Swift / ABA Routing # Account Name Account Number Intermediary Bank Bank Name Bank Address Bank Transit Number Bank Institute Number Swift Code Corresponding Account Number Reason for Request
Amount Requested ($ US)
Date of Request
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Invoice
I, (Name) invoice Landmine Monitor, a project of the International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL) for US$ (Amount) for the first/second instalment of my consultant fee for research on (Area of research) for Landmine Monitor Report 2008.
I confirm that I submitted my final draft research to [email protected] by 1 May 2008.
My banking details are enclosed.
Name: Signature:
Date: Location:
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Appendix 4
Researcher Feedback Form
Name: ______
Area of Research: ______
Organization: ______
1. Please check the box that most accurately reflects your level of experience with Landmine Monitor.
1 year 2-3 years 4+ years
Place an “X” in each box. 5 4 3 2 1 Excellent Good Fair Poor Very Poor 2. Materials How helpful were the materials provided in helping to guide your research? • Research guidelines • Research questionnaires • Country-specific questions • LM 2007 report with areas to update highlighted in the report text • Other (specify):
What materials could be provided in future to support your research work?
3. Communication Please rate the quality of the communication with other members of the research network. • Researchers • Ban Policy Thematic Research Coordinators • Mine Action Thematic Research Coordinators • Mine Risk Education Thematic Research Coordinator • Victim Assistance Thematic Research Coordinators
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• Funding Research Coordinator • Project Manager and Project Support Officers • Final Editor How could communication be improved for next year?
Please answer the questions below to the best of your ability, giving as much detail as you can. This will help us ensure that the experience of LM researchers continues to improve each year.
4. What was your most positive research experience this year?
5. What was the greatest challenge you faced in this research cycle?
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6. Do you have any suggestions for improving the Landmine Monitor research process for next year?
7. Please feel free to share any concerns or suggestions.
47 Research Orientation Guide International Campaign to Ban Landmines Organizational Structure
Working Groups: Mine Action, Mine Risk Education, Non-State Actors, Treaty Issues, Victim Assistance
Staff: Management Committee: Sylvie Brigot, Executive Director Habbouba Aoun, Landmines Resource Centre Simona Beltrami, Advocacy Director Liz Bernstein, ICBL Ambassador National Tamar Galbenick, Treaty Implementation Director Steve Goose, Human Rights Watch Campaigns Kasia Derlicka, Advocacy & Campaigning Officer Paul Hannon, Mines Action Canada Patrick Teil, Finance Manager Ayman Sorour, Protection Daiana Savage, Administrative Assistant Jody Williams, ICBL Ambassador
Advisory Board: Afghan Campaign to Ban Landmines, Elizabeth Bernstein, Cambodia Campaign to Ban Landmines, Campagna Italiana Contro le Mine, Campanha Brasileira Contra Minas Terrestres, Ban Landmines Campaign Nepal, Campaña Colombiana contra Minas DanChurchAid, Handicap International, Human Rights Watch, ICBL Georgian Committee, Inter-Religious Peace Foundation, IPPNW- Kyrgyz Committee, Kenya Coalition Against Landmines, Landmine Survivors Network, Landmines Resource Centre, Mines Action Canada, Nonviolence International SE Asia, Norwegian People's Aid, Protection, Quaker UN Office, Somaliland Campaign to Ban Landmines
Ambassadors: Jody Williams, Song Kosal, Tun Channareth, Liz Bernstein, Margaret Arach Orech Diplomatic Advisor: Ambassador Satnam Jit Singh
Lead Agency, Mines Action Canada, Paul Hannon Final Editor, ICBL TBC Handicap International, Stan Brabant Editorial Board Project Manager, Jackie Hansen Human Rights Watch, Steve Goose
Project Support Norwegian People’s Aid, Stuart Maslen Officer, Adam Gassner + 2 more TBC
Steve Goose Ban Policy & Mine Mark Hiznay Action Funding Yeshua Moser-Puangsuwan Anthony Forrest Rachel Good Anders Fink
Landmine Stuart Maslen Editorial Team Mine Action Nick Cumming-Bruce Monitor Mike Kendellen Emil Hasanov
Katleen Maes Mine Risk Education, Hugh Hosman Casualties and Survivor Loren Persi Assistance Patrizia Pompili + 2 more TBC
Research Network Researchers