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Ii. Gregor Johann Mendel (1822–1884)

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Ii. Gregor Johann Mendel (1822–1884) Masarykova univerzita Filozofická fakulta Ústav archeologie a muzeologie Muzeologie Ing. Irena Křížová Prezentace osobnosti a díla G. J. Mendela v Brně od jeho „znovuobjevení“ do začátku nacistické okupace (1900–1939) Bakalářská diplomová práce Vedoucí práce: Mgr. Otakar Kirsch, Ph.D. 2012 - 1 - Prohlašuji, že jsem diplomovou práci na téma Prezentace osobnosti a díla G. J. Mendela v Brně od jeho „znovuobjevení“ do začátku nacistické okupace (1900–1939) vypracovala samostatně s využitím uvedených pramenů a literatury. V Brně dne .......... ......................... podpis autorky práce - 2 - Zde bych chtěla poděkovat Mgr. Otakaru Kirschovi, Ph.D., za odborné konzultace, podnětné rady, ochotu a čas, který věnoval mé práci. Zároveň bych chtěla poděkovat své tchýni, PhDr. Ingeborg Křížové, za pomoc s překlady německých pramenů a celé své rodině za podporu, pochopení a večerní čaje s citrónem. - 3 - Obsah Obsah ..................................................................................................................................................3 Použité zkratky: .......................................................................................................................................4 I. ÚVOD ..................................................................................................................................................5 II. GREGOR JOHANN MENDEL (1822–1884) ......................................................................................8 1. Život ................................................................................................................................... 8 2. Činnost badatelská a objevitelská ................................................................................... 12 3. „Znovuobjevení“ a světový význam ............................................................................... 16 III. OBRAZ KULTURNÍHO VÝVOJE MĚSTA BRNA V LETECH 1900–1939 ................................... 22 IV. PREZENTACE G. J. MENDELA V BRNĚ V LETECH 1900–1939 ................................................ 27 1. Počátky veřejné prezentace osobnosti a díla G. J. Mendela .......................................... 27 2. Museum Mendelianum (Mendelovo muzeum) ............................................................... 29 2.1. Augustiniánské opatství svatého Tomáše na Starém Brně ........................................... 29 2.2. Založení, poslání a sbírky Musea Mendeliana ............................................................. 30 3. Gregor-Mendel-Museum (Muzeum Gregora Mendela) ................................................ 32 3.1. Deutschen Gesellschaft für Wissenschaft und Kunst (Německá společnost pro vědu a umění) ............................................................................................................................... 33 3.2 Dr. Hugo Iltis (1882–1952).......................................................................................... 34 3.3 Založení Gregor-Mendel-Musea a jeho poslání ............................................................ 41 3.4 Sbírky Gregor-Mendel-Musea ..................................................................................... 43 4. Osud sbírek obou muzeí po roce 1939 ............................................................................ 48 V. ZÁVĚR ............................................................................................................................................. 52 Resumé ................................................................................................................................................ 55 Seznam pramenů, literatury a zdrojů ...................................................................................................... 56 - 4 - Použité zkratky: DGWK – Deutsche Gesselschaft für Wissenschaft und Kunst (Německá společnost pro vědu a umění) DMV – Deutsche Masaryk-Volkshochschule (Německá lidová vysoká škola) MM – Moravské muzeum MSZOPV – Moravskoslezské společnosti pro zvelebení orby, přírodoznalství a vlastivědy MZA – Moravský zemský archiv MZM – Moravské zemské muzeum - 5 - I. ÚVOD V letošním roce vzpomínáme 190. výročí narození jedné z nejvýznamnějších postav světové vědy, otce genetiky Gregora Johanna Mendela. Tento opat augustiniánského kláštera působil celý svůj kněžský i badatelský život ve městě Brně. Zde také Mendel shrnul poznatky a výsledky svých mnohaletých výzkumů, především s hrachem setým, ve své přelomové práci Versuche über Pflanzen-Hybriden (Pokusy s rostlinnými kříženci) z roku 1865, která však nenašla dostatečné pochopení u tehdejší vědecké veřejnosti. Až vývoj přírodovědného bádání a ověřování platnosti výsledků hybridizačních pokusů umožnily v roce 1900 její „znovunalezení“. Od začátku 20. století je již Gregor Johann Mendel celosvětově uznávaným zakladatelem vědy, zvané od roku 1907 „genetika“1, a jeho závěry jsou známy jako „Mendelovy zákony dědičnosti“. Bakalářské práce si klade za cíl zdokumentovat prezentaci osobnosti a díla G. J. Mendela v Brně v období mezi jeho „znovuobjevením“ v roce 1900 a začátkem nacistické okupace v roce 1939, předznamenávajícím válečný útlum všech kulturních činností. V těchto přelomových čtyřiceti letech došlo k velkému posunu v chápání objevného díla tohoto zakladatele světové genetiky, jehož logickým vyústěním se staly různé formy prezentace jeho osobnosti. Na základě dostupných historických faktů a souvislostí tato práce podává doposud nepublikovaný obraz postupného zviditelňování Gregora Johanna Mendela, a to v podobě trvalých upomínek i muzejních institucí, které se tímto významným genetikem zabývaly. Práce je strukturována do tří kapitol. První z nich je věnována osobnosti Gregora Johanna Mendela, jeho životu a širokému poli činností, jimž se věnoval jako badatel a vědec. V závěrečné části se zabývá okolnostmi „znovuobjevení“ Mendelova díla a jeho světovému významu. Druhá kapitola práce přináší obraz kulturního vývoje města Brna v uvedeném historickém rámci se zřetelem na jeho německé představitele. Potřebu prezentace Mendelovy osobnosti ve městě Brně a její realizaci popisuje třetí kapitola. Zpočátku zájem a péče o 1 Termín „genetika“ zavedl v roce 1907 Wiliam Bateson (1861–1926), britský embryolog. Bateson v roce 1894 vydal práci Materials for the Study of Variation, v níž nastínil postup experimentu pro studium dědičnosti. Mendelovy pokusy byly potvrzením jeho experimentů. V roce 1902 přeložil Mendelovu práci do angličtiny s názvem Mendel´s Principles of Heredity a stal se jeho horlivým zastáncem. Byl prvním profesorem genetiky ve Velké Britanii (1908) na Cambridge School of Genetics, kterou spoluzakládal. Je mu přičítáno zavedení termínů alela, zygota. Cold Spring Laboratory, DNA Learning Center. [online]. [cit. 4.5.2012]. Dostupné z WWW: http://www.dnalc.org/view/16206-Biography-5-William-Bateson-1861-1926-.html. Také HARPER, P. S. William Bateson, human genetics and medicine. In: Institute of Medical Genetics, Cardiff University. Termín použil už v roce 1905 v dopise vedení university na zřízení pozice zástupce pro tuto oblast ze dne 18. 4. 1905 v John Innes Archiv. [online]. [cit. 4.5.2012]. Dostupné z WWW: http://www.genmedhist.info/Historical_Perspectives/Bateson. - 6 - památku slavného vědce vedly k vybudování upomínek trvalé hodnoty, například ve formě pomníku. Později na nutnost zviditelnění G. J. Mendela a vystavení jeho památek reflektovalo jeho působiště, augustiniánské opatství na Starém Brně, a také činnost německého botanika dr. Huga Iltise, člena Německé společnosti pro vědu a umění. Osudy obou muzeí po roce 1939 u nás i v zahraničí jsou sledovány v závěrečné podkapitole práce. Vzhledem k historickému tématu bakalářské práce bylo nutné čerpat z mnoha archivních materiálů, dobové i současné literatury. Základními tištěnými zdroji biografických informací o G. J. Mendelovi se staly monografie doc. RTDr. Ing. Vítězslava Orla, DrSc. Gregor Mendel a počátky genetiky i Gregor Mendel, zakladatel genetiky, práce PhDr. Anny Matalové Mendel a Biskupský dvůr2 a její překlad Mendelovy přelomové práce Pokusy s hybridy rostlin3 z Mendeliana MZM v Brně. Oba autoři, uznávaní znalci Mendela, se podrobně zabývají tématikou jeho osobnosti a odkazu. Základní informace o Gregor- Mendel-Museu poskytuje v současné historiografii příspěvek Mgr. Otakara Kirsche, Ph.D. Participace židovské komunity na rozvoji německomoravského muzejnictví na příkladu Alfreda Fischela a Huga Iltise ve sborníku z konference v Muzeu Kroměřížska Židé a Morava4 z roku 2008, který byl i jedním z východisek literárních a archivních zdrojů této práce. Jedinečné historické informace o sbírkách Gregor-Mendel-Musea přinesla brožura dr. Huga Iltise Das Gregor Mendel Museum der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Wissenschaft und Kunst in Brünn5 z roku 1932 a o sbírce Musea Mendeliana pak příspěvek dr. Anežky Hrabetowé Jean Gregor Mendel et son Musée6 zaslaný roku 1947 k 125. výročí narození Mendela na Kongres v Lausanne. Korespondence Mendelových synovců s významnými biology a s Hugo Iltisem pomohla objasnit některá fakta o jejich strýci ve sbírce dopisů The letters on G. J. Mendel: Correspondence of William Bateson, Hugo Iltis, And Erich von 2 MATALOVÁ, Anna. Mendel a Biskupský dvůr. In: Mendel Forum 2011 (25.–26. října). [online]. Brno: Mendelianum MZM, Ústav fyziologie FVL VFU, ÚŽFG AV ČR, v. v. i., Brno. s. 38-41. ISBN 978-80-7305-132-7. [cit. 1.4.2011]. Dostupný z WWW: http://www.mendelianum.cz/index.php/mendel-forum-2011/sbornik. 3 SNUSTAD, D. Peter, SIMMONS, Michael J., MATALOVÁ, Anna. Genetika. Z angl. originálu
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