Urban Gardens As a Means of Preserving Urban Open

Vorstand des Instituts für Städtebau, Landschaftsarchitektur und Entwerfen an der TU Wien LandschaftsarchitekturVorstandInstituts Städtebau, an undEntwerfen des für der TU Wien Urban gardens as a means of preserving urban open spaces: spaces: open urban means of preserving a as gardens Urban Case study: Threats to Bostans in Yedikule Mahallesi, Istanbul E260 - Institut für Städtebau, Landschaftsarchitektur und Entwerfen InstitutE260 für-Landschaftsarchitektur Städtebau, undEntwerfen au sgeführt zum Zwecke der Erlangung des akademischen Grades der Zwecke Grades Erlangung akademischen sgeführt des zum E260/L – Fachbereich Landschaftsplanung und Gartenkunst LandschaftsplanungFachbereichE260/L – undGartenkunst 'A Productive Public Park in Yedikule' inYedikule' Park Public 'A Productive eingereicht an der Technischen Universität Wien eingereicht der an Technischen

BSc. Elis MEHMED, Elis BSc. einer Diplom-Ingenieurin unter Leitungeiner der Diplom-Ingenieurin Fakultät Architekturund Raumplanung für O. Univ. Prof. Dipl.-Ing. STILES, Univ.Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Richard DIPLOMARBEIT DIPLOMARBEIT Vienna UniversityVienna of Technology WIEN UNIVERSITÄT TECHNISCHE 0826689 von von

Landscape Architect Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Taking into consideration all possible functions of urban open spaces helps to fi to helps spaces open urban of functionspossible all consideration into Taking urban open spaces maketo a legitimate use of public open spaces is explored in this study. strat wider a of part be to bostans Yedikule historic the of potential The leisure. and provithangoals just wider muchpreservinghave ought spaces to openresult, urban lei increasingly taken and being is recreation agriculture urban of of subject the purpose when time the a at proposed only fulfilling park recreation public a of sect some only but space, of open existing the preserving destruction of, aim the have thewill This bostans. Yedikule require also will which project parkproposi currently recreational is authority local the walls, city ancient the of site the At co to help also they urban landscape but with cultural value. production, food of purpose the with gardeners by pursued been acti bostan urban There, walls. city ancient the at located are bostans Yedikule Istanbul of district Yedikule historic the of context urban historic spa openpublic of uselegitimate a themas consideringby spaces open urbanpreserving Turki in 'bostans' as (known gardens urban of role the investigate to aims study The ABSTRACT inBostans Yedikule ulc pn spaces open public park in Yedikule identifie integration This neighborhood. Yedikule historic in space open urban product food leisure, the represent can and value landscape cultural historic of conservation to recreation respect promote to project park public into lei bostans and Yedikule recreation landscape, cultural historic the of conservation production, food planned from bottom anattemptin up balance demands to the different of stakeholders, the interests of landscape cultural local respects also should bostans Yedikule the of area the g a ownership.Therefore, of sense a creates publicparticipation beginning. This the m policy in participation public active an through space of use of level appropriate The issue is increasing the awareness of the 5. The intent ofthe local authorities make to ‘modern’ a image Yedikule. in account, although ELC signed has been and ratified by Turkey; and 4. Therequirements of the European Landscape Convention, which are not taken sufficiently in to areas; 3. The lackeffective of control mechanisms examine to the implementation projects conservatin conservation plans; 2. The non-consideration of guide the of conservation plans, despite the indicated Yedikule Bostans in protection nationalof laws; 1. Its nonrecognition by the municipality, local althoughhistoric Yedikule the bostans are under he t Main challenges of urban bostans in the case of Yedikule are follows: as preservation strategy urban of open spaces and integrating bostans urban in functional use,planning paradigms, recreational publichistoric park, cultural landscape, Yedikule e words: Key planning policies, which are largely dominated by acentralized open space planningmechanism. 2 2

ra bsas peevn ubn pn pcs a eiiae s o oe sae, multi- spaces, open of use legitimate a spaces, open urban preserving bostans, Urban ’ . n should and

nov blnig h dmns f ifrn ln uesatr i an in users/actors land different of demands the balancing involve multi-functional use

of urban bostans as bestthe as a case study, where the historic the where study, case a to the local open space ng to construct a public a construct to ng best strategy to preserve to strategy best vities have traditionally have vities s ‘ s nd ue I i as being also is It sure. values, and should be should and values, os f h historic the of ions a productive public productive a aking process from process aking a legitimate use of use legitimate a ding for recreation for ding egy for preserving for egy ood public park in park public ood sh) as a means of means a as sh) ue Integrating sure. seriously. As a As seriously. ce. It uses the uses It ce. in the form the in sre an nserve o with ion ion

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. in von Integration die und Freiflächen städtischen der Erhaltungsstrategie beste die als st multifunktionalenNutzungdesder Bekanntheit Erhöhungder die ist Problem Das mechanismus dominiert wird. Die wichtigsten Herausforderungen der städtischen Bostans im Fall von Yedikule wiesind folgt produktive"eine öffentliche Yedikule Park in tdice Freiflächen städtischen in Nahrungsmittelproduktion Strategie Freizeit,beste die kann fördern, zu Kulturlandschaftswert historischen der und Erhaltung Erhaltung Erholung zur Lebensmittelherstellung, Parkprojekt der öffentliche Yedik von Integration Interessen Die Freizeit. folgenden und die Erholung der Kulturlandschaft, historischen Forderungen planen: der Ausgleich Beteiligten dem mit verschiedenen oben nach unten von Kulturlandschaftswert Yedik von Ort im Park guter ein soll Daher Eigenverantwortung.der Gefühl Öffentlichkeit der Beteiligung Diese finden. zu an Anfang bei von Öffentlichkeit Entscheidungsprozessen der Beteiligung aktive eine durch Raumnutzung angemessenen einer öffentlichen Freiflächen mit Ausgleich Anforderungen der verschiedenen der Landnutzern / legi eine hilft Freiflächen, urbanen des Funktionen möglichen alle man Betrachtet Freiräume, städtischer Erhaltung Verwendung der öffentlichen Freiflächen zu finden. die für Strategie erweiterte eine um Yedik der Potential das dabei wird Erforscht gewinnen. Popularität an stark Z einer indazu noch erfolgtThema ganzeDas dienen. Freizeit Erholung und der sol Freiräume städtischer Erhaltung die Aber Bostans. historischen Yedikule der Zerstörun mittels u.a. kreieren, zu Freizeit und Erholung für Raumoffenen einen Politik der von derzeit wird Projekt Erholungspark Ein K wird Wert gelegt. der Erhaltung die auf Lebensmittelherstellung; zur Linie erster in dienen Gärtnern Fall eine ' durch Freifläc als wird öffentlichenhistorischenderStadtmauerYedikule Es Vierteluntersucht. alten an Städtische Bost in Türkisch erhalten. der zu (auf Istanbul Yedikule, Nutzung Gärten Kontext städtischen legitime urbanen historischen der als Rolle Freiräume die städtische es, untersuchen, ist Studie der Ziel ZUSAMMENFASSUNG inBostans Yedikule e lkln Freiraumplanung lokalen den 5. 4. 3. 2. 1.

3 3 Absichten der lokalen Behörden eine "moderne" Bild Bild "moderne"Absichten eine der Behörden lokalen berücksichtigt werden, obwohl ELC von der Türkei unterzeichnet und ratifiziert ratifiziert und unterzeichnet Türkei der wurde; ausreichend, von ELC nicht obwohl die werden, berücksichtigt Landschaftskonvention, Europäischen der Anforderungen Schutzgebieten zu untersuchen; Schutzgebieten untersuchen; zu in Implementierungsprojekte die um Kontrollmechanismus, effektiven eines Fehlen ihbrcsctgn ds etaes e Shtpäe rt aggbn n Yedikule Bostans; in angegeben trotz Schutzpläne der Leitfadens des Nichtberücksichtigung ihaeknug o dr oae Gmid, bol i Ydkl historischen Yedikule die obwohl derBostans nationalen sind Gesetze unter Schutz dem Gemeinde, lokalen der von Nichtanerkennung

itrshn ire Ydkl z ehle. is Itgain identifiziert Integration Diese erhalten. zu Yedikule Viertel historischen sp ltk de o alm uc en znrl Freiraumplanungs- zentrale eine durch allem vor die olitik, ".

an der alten Stadtmauer geplant. Ziel ist es, ist Ziel geplant. Stadtmauer alten der in ;

Yedikule schaffen. zu z. m ie rechtmäßige eine um bzw. ule Bostans in Bezug auf auf Bezug in Bostans ule ule historischen Bostans historischen ule otn' ean) zu bekannt) bostans' eit, wo urbane Gärtenurbanewo eit, g einiger Abschnitte einiger g lte viel mehr als nur als mehr viel lte l Bsas n das in Bostans ule an-Aktivitätenvon time Nutzung der Nutzung time ädtischen Bostansädtischen urbanen Bostans urbanen werden, um die die um werden, eu af die auf Bezug ulturlandschaft e i einem in hen Akteure politischen caf ein schafft tde im studie : der der in

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. andas familyIhusband well. am supportof for very my the thankful Furthermore, thesis. master this towards assistance his forsupervisor mythank to like would I OF NOTE THANKS Kulturlandschaftswert, Yedikule hi Erholungspark, öffentlicher Planungsparadigmen, Nutzung, multifunktionale Freiflächen, Schlüsselwörter: inBostans Yedikule 4 4

rae atn de ratn sätshr riäm, ie eiie uzn von Nutzung legitime eine Freiräume, städtischer Erhaltung die Garten, Urbane

storische

. Cohen, . Cohen, 2012)

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

YEDIKULE HISTORIC VEGETABLE GARDENS | BOSTAN GARDENS URBAN An historic bostan at the 1600 years old City Walls of Istanbul ofIstanbul City yearsold Walls 1600 the at bostan Anhistoric (Photograph by Elis Mehmed, September, 2013) 2013) September, byMehmed, Elis (Photograph in the neighborhood Yedikule. Yedikule. neighborhood inthe

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

GmbH. Verlag Landscape Jovis Publisher: InterventionsLouafi City (2011): Paradises, K., (Eds.) p. 49. inBostans Yedikule for the deficitsthe for andan idealthe between world reality 6 6

“The fascinating thinggarden about the is fascinating “The The garden representstypegarden a The of nature its mixture of reality.imagination mixture and its we face in our everyday environment. facein ourwe everyday environment. that is influenced, without contempt, influenced, that is without by humans according to their ideas.” humans ideas.” theirby according to

It is able to compensate able It is by Kaspar Klaffke.

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. INTRODUCTION 1 PART 1: INTRODUCTION & METHODOLOGY Table of contents inBostans Yedikule HISTORIC BACKGROUND TOURBAN AGRICULTURE 3 PART 2: HISTORIC BACKGROUND URBANTO AGRICULTURE METHODOLOGICAL CONTEXT 2 Contemporary issues 4 . Problem Formulation 1.2 . Background 1.1 . Delimitation 1.3 . Open space planning approaches 3.1 1.4 Aim and Aim research questions 1.4 3.2 Historic Historic Background of Open SpacePlanning 3.2 . Productive Urban Landscapes 4.1 . Urban Agriculture 4.2 .. Recreationagainst Food Production 1.2.2 .. Conservation 1.2.1 3.1.3 The policy The context urban on spaces open 3.1.3 .. Defining Urban Open Spaces 3.1.2 .. Defining Open Spaces 3.1.1 .. Romanticism Agricultureof and City 3.2.2 .. Conclusion 1.2.4 .. Bostans resistanceagainst PublicPark pressure 1.2.3 .. Pressure keepingon land | Pressure changingon land uses 3.1.5 importance The urbanof open space 3.1.4 .. Natureand the City 3.2.1 .. Garden cities 3.2.4 3.2.3 The First The Green Network-to bring naturein the city 3.2.3 3.2.5 Historic development Historic of urban gardening urban in spaces open 3.2.5 4.2.2 Types urban Types of agriculture practices 4.2.2 .. Definition of Urban Agriculture |Urban Gardens 4.2.1 7 7 ... UrbanAgriculture as a response topressure the of changing land uses 3.1.5.1

......

...... – to bring agriculturein the city ......

......

22 14 36 11 19 33 31 29 29 32 41 40 50 40 49 40 49 50 41 57 49 53 45 44 57 60 65 61

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. inBostans Yedikule COMPARATIVE STUDIES 5 CONCLUSION TO PART 2 6 CASE STUDY: YEDIKULEBOSTANS 7 PART 3: CASE STUDY: YEDIKULEBOSTANS 4.3 City City Planning Strategiesfor urban gardens: What kind conditionsof allows feedthe to itself?com 4.3 . Urban Bostans growing in cities,in the Worldwidecontext 5.1 5.3 What is Whatis the beststrategy to protect spaces?open 5.3 5.2 The planning The policy context concerning Urban Bostans 5.2 . HISTORIC ASPECTS 7.1 . CONTEMPORARY PLANNING CONTEXT 7.2 .. Sustainable urban food system 4.3.5 4.2.3 Types Types of Urban Gardens 4.2.3 4.2.5 Risks Risks urbanof agriculture 4.2.5 .. Potentials urban of agriculture 4.2.4 .. Urban food networks| Urban Food security 4.3.3 .. New York, FiveBorough Farm Project 5.1.1 .. Community Food System and Urban Gardens 4.3.4 .. Urban gardensa as part of urban space open system 4.3.2 .. Urban gardensintegrated as urban design and physical planning 4.3.1 .. Vienna, Karls-Garten (Schaugarten and research garden) 5.1.2 .. Vienna, Simmering CommercialGardens 5.1.3 .. Urban Gardening Historyand Socio-cultural Value of theIstanbul Urban Vegetable Gardens (Bostans) 7.1.4 Yedikule Bostans concerning Historic Landscape Character, Cultural Heritageand Historic Cultural Landscape 7.1.3 Theodosian The old city walls: 1600 years old 7.1.2 Historic timeline 7.1.1 .. Planning Istanbul Context of andNeighborhood Yedikule 7.2.1 8 8 ... Encouraging rooftop gardens New in York 5.1.1.1 ... Urban Food System and Urban Agriculturescale(Large- agro-business) 4.3.3.1 7.2.1.1 The Governing The Istanbul of andto link District Municipality Fatih of 7.2.1.1

......

...... munities munities 106 105 103 103 103 109 122 122 122 . . .

69 67 76 76 73 76 75 78 77 74 82 81 81 87 88 92 90 95 99

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. inBostans Yedikule PROPOSALS: Balancing the demands theof different landin Yedikule users-actors- 8 PART 4: CASE STUDY: DESIGN PROPOSALS . DISCUSSION OF THE ISSUES 7.3 . Consideration Bostansof Yedikule in Public Park Project 8.1 .. Aviewfrom district scaleto neighborhood scale: Accessto Fatih District (Historic Peninsula) and Yedikule Neighborhood theat Present 7.2.3 Aviewto city scale: Access Istanbul to the at Present 7.2.2 .. Bostans on the historic maps relation to the municipal park project 7.2.5 Planning Proposal of local municipality Fatih of 7.2.4 7. 7.3.2 The proposed The municipal park project 7.3.2 .. Designing with respectto structural and symbolicfunctions spaceof 8.1.2 REFLECTION AND IMPLICATION 7.3.3 .. Keeping bostans to make a recreational publicpark with complementary activities 8.1.1 9 9 . Statusquo: existing bostans Yedikule in neighborhood 3.1 7.2.3.1 HeritageSite Yedikule Bostans concerning Conservation Issue of the Istanbul Land Walls World 7.2.1.2 ... Analysis theof proposed municipal park project 7.2.4.1 property The status of existing site study 7.2.3.5 from Images existing study and site its surrounding areas 7.2.3.4 ... Yedikule Bostans concerningEuropean the Landscape Convention (ELC) 7.2.1.5 7.2.1.4 Yedikule Bostans Yedikule concerning National LegislativeFramework 7.2.1.4 Yedikule Bostans concerning Istanbul Historic Peninsula Site Management Plan 7.2.1.3 ... Access to Study Area: Existing Analysis Land Use in Yedikule 7.2.3.3 present The state of the Land & Walls Inventory analysis in Yedikule 7.2.3.2 ... Advantages & Disadvantages of Keeping Bostans 7.3.1.3 benefits Who itof as keeping Bostan? 7.3.1.2 Significance The of Keeping Bostans: 7.3.1.1 7.3.2.2 Who benefits Who itof as making Urban Park 7.3.2.2 Significance The of making PublicPark 7.3.2.1 ... Advantages & Disadvantages of making urban park 7.3.2.3 eiue 217 Yedikule Conclusion & the decision revisionon ofproposed the municipal park proje 7.3.3.1

The Network The Waysof Historic in Peninsula, in the ......

......

...... district of Fatih ...... ct in ct ...... 138 134 131 154 149 145 156 152 128 124 122 162 168 142 140 174 171 169 169 196 196 199 200 213 222 222 226 222

iv. List Images...... List of v. iv. i. List Tables...... List of i. Bibliography Appendix...... 8.5 Bostans sustainable in Yedikuleneighborhood relating Istanbul 8.4 Yedikule The Productive Public Park 8.3 Keeping bostans to make a recreational publicpark 8.2 10 .. Designing with considering the potential socialof and societal functions Yedikulof projectarea 8.1.3 .. Designing with considering the potential environmental and ecological function Yedikule projectarea 8.1.4 Conclusion, Recommendations and Outlook

......

...... 264 ...... 26 . 26 26 27 s of 0 4 5 3 e 227 230 228 253 255 251

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Ottoman Times], Yemek ve Kültür Vol. 20, 20, Vol. veKültür Yemek Times], Ottoman integrated into daily life and satisfying fresh food needs of the neighborhoods. ‘Bostancılık’ neighborhoods. the of needs food fresh satisfying and life daily into integrated oil evrnetl eooia dmnin ta die al lf i te iis Te multi The cities. practices the in functional life daily drive that the dimensions into economical agriculture environmental, urban social, integrate to trying are approaches contemporary hand, other the On gardens. urban productive representing Yedikule, in bostans the at ongoing still is which tradition, bostan a is there hand, one the On site. study the investigate I interest, this In areas. learning parks, as such spaces open the of elements use land extend became recently gardens to Urban help They life. urban and gardens. system urban space open urban reproductive of part a be and to cities, productive our shape to potential of real the have benefits gardens urban Reproductive relative in interested more am I ancient city walls. garden family garden- individual as hectares 1-1.2 around is Istanbul in animals. bostan of size farming typical the Today, trees, fruit have bostans some but general, in bostans the on produced are vegetables Mostly, today. Walls Land the outside and inside zones, production food at same the continued is growing vegetable bostans; urban historic the at porches wells, barns, pools, water water are There They gardens’. ‘commercial ‘Bostancı’. as act named and are gardens’, kitchen gardens ‘urban of the represent workers on and rely managers zones the production and food Istanbul, these Ottoman in actions’ ‘gardening culture, gardening means 2 historic urban context. Urban gardens have a long history in Istanbul, turkish traditional traditional turkish Istanbul, in history as known long gardens, a market have gardens Urban context. urban historic November, 2014 November, break socialandenvironmentalfoster justice, empower down eliminate hunger, communities, functionalityThis multi lighted“ bygardens urban asa is meet thecity dwellers. demands of to challenges, and changes managethe to models garden urban new adapt to opportunity have establish to potential the have Traditionalecologic, toproduce Yedikule bostans cultural in communities. real urban network Yedikule in to gardens urban resource productive a historic approaches, as health, public security, communities food urban conservation, education, thesis questions the role of of role the questions thesis for subject important an becoming also is it use; leisure and recreation for activity widespread a as rising is garden urban world, urbanizing rapidly In 1 PART 1:INTRODUCTION &METHODOLOGY inBostans Yedikule 1 Van Veenhuizen, RUAF Magazine, 2007, “Building Communities through Urban Urban through Communities “Building 2007, Magazine, RUAF Veenhuizen, Van Bilgin A., 2010, “ 2010, A., Bilgin

11 INTRODUCTION

, represent reproductive functions of urban gardens. Compared to contemporary to Compared gardens. urban of functions reproductive represent , , (adin 20) Te otn i Ydkl ae n o te, oae a the at located them, of one are Yedikule in bostans The 2004). (Kaldjian, - http://www.ruaf.org/sites/default/files/UAM_18.pdf Os manlı Dönemi Istanbul Bostanları (bir giris denemesi)” [Market Gardens of Gardens [Market denemesi)” giris (bir Bostanları Istanbul Dönemi manlı 2 f ra gres ht oc sca icuin rceto, leisure, recreation, inclusion, social touch that gardens urban of

bostans bostans ra gardens urban

Klja, 04, n iet lsns t te ra zone, urban the to closeness direct in 2004), (Kaldjian, Ç iya Yayınları, Istanbul, pp. 86- Istanbul,pp. iya Yayınları,

as the the as pn pc preservation space open preserving urban open spaces open urban preserving resource used to build community, usedresource tobuild , p.1-48., p.1. p.1-48., , poutv ubn pn spaces’ open urban ‘productive 97 .

Agriculture”, accessed accessed Agriculture”,

strategy Istanbul in the the in Istanbul building building in an an in . This . one one

1 .

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. leisure. Furthermore, the trends on converting urban open spaces into urban bostans are are bostans urban into up bottom spaces from context policy planning The open examples. worldwide the with urban explained widely converting on trends the Furthermore, leisure. and recreation production, food for explained are gardens urban of functions possible all and Urban typolo garden explained. Urban planning. space open are urban of issue special a as uses handled are gardens land changing of pressure the to response a uses, as land agriculturechanging urban and open land keeping urban on pressure keeping the then of and importance explained, being the are spaces. spaces on open approaches urban planning preserving space and open bostans urban urban Firstly, between relation the shows study This and leisure citizens. for spaces open in plan good a make to subject important an becoming are bostans urban result, a As asaplace relax to lastly want fromthe where city”you and - it to alternative an as not urbanity, of part genuine a as perceived be to wants and city the with dialogue a into enters city, the to relation in consciously made is garden new “…the gardenurban thanintensivefood focusesmuch more perspective production, on new The "Youngster". of production food local the on focus not increased the is or gardensrules of urban set sparse new the and biggest gardens The allotment meeting. traditional and the learning between difference for spaces social promote to and leisure and recreation for gardens urban of contribution of lack still is there countries, developing In 2011). (Müller, days bygone of relic anachronistic be to seemed cities big in gardens recently, vegetable Until life. neighborhood open spaces; reinforces it communal of keepers as together people bringing leisure, and recreation new for and space indicates learning meeting, promote it to spaces gardens, social outdoor urban making city, new a of the habitat the at on perspectives place take activities of variety increasing An space” 19). social outdoor of design the in included is neighborhood the and as staged is garden The community-oriented; and participatory is it gardening, social usually is Gardening Urban collectivity: and sociality of forms “…new city.In gardening urban context, is this dividing into urban and rural activities. Today, Today, of separation the to contrast activities. rural and urban into dividing cities of part 21 the In p.6), in densely 1980s. upareas,growing built cities, specificallyIstanbul, after in in 2010, al., et Xia in quoted 1999 (Keyder, corruption population political massive development, housing the growth, to due centers city the from away pushed been have bostans Urban 2006 quotedfrom promote and create andotherwise enhance communities education, sustainable ethnicracial reduce barriers, provide adequate andnutrition, improve crime, health housing, inBostans Yedikule 12

century, planning approaches put forward that farming activities are activities farming that forward put approaches planning century, Ubn otn poie uh oe hn nesv fo pouto, recreation production, food intensive than more much provide bostans Urban . . Before farming activities had been pushed away from cities through zoning and and zoning through cities from away pushed been had activities farming Before UA -Magazine, 2007,

act ivities into rural and urban, they are integrated as a part of the the of part a as integrated are they urban, and rural into ivities p.2).

h nw ra gre approach garden urban new the (Müller, 2011,p.20). a learning and meeting place meeting and learning a (Müller, 2011, p. 2011, (Müller,

” (ASLA, an integral integral an urban urban s in is gies

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. explained widely‘ the is with spaces open urban preserving for bostans urban of role the concerning inBostans Yedikule context. methodological the at explained be will methodologies used the to issue, how this researchlastly, proposed; be will study the in raised question research and aim my then, and study, my of delimitations the thirdly, explained; be will area Yedikule studying of problems opencurrent and reasons preserving the secondly, highlighted; for be will (UB) cities shrinking and bostan growing in urban spaces of importance the firstly sections following the In developing and keeping way this in needs, recreation bostansmayhistoric findthe protect to best strategy help urban spaces. to open the open urban meet to to contributions their potential find their to spaces, order in of Yedikule in demands bostans the the of balance potential to the way best explore to going the am I approaches, adaptive be contemporary Concerning would actors? city different in What bostans spaces? open historic urban demolish protect to to attends it way best the find to if met be authority local the actors, and users of demands the can city How Yedikule? of demands the satisfy park project municipal the proposed the meet Does leisure. and to recreation conservation, bostans production, food Yedikuleof historic the demands the of as such actors, city different from demands section different are There needs. recreation some which project, of park demolition public the municipal promotes a challenge bostans Yedikule Presently, gardeners. by profit a make to going still is production food Intensive site. conservation the at walls, city ancient the at located are Yedikule in bostans The actors. different of wishes the concerning to Yedikule in bostans find thebest strategypreservation I try ofurban openwill spaces. suitable landuse todiscover the of challenges and potentials the into look will I research, this In is inquired through inYedikule. thebostans It spaces. open public of use legitimate a make to order in Yedikule, of neighborhood historic This study investigates the role of of role the investigates study This to spaces open make a legitimatepublic use open space. of urban preserving for strategy best the find to help may It spaces. lovely and usage, frequently ownership, of sense a creates it beginning; the in from participation process making public policy city active an different through space of of use demands of the level appropriate balance an find to to actors, space, open of users different of rights different spaces spaces. open public of use legitimate 13 s ecie with described is

multi stakeholder approach’ stakeholder multi

osdrto o al osbe ucin o oe spaces open of functions possible all of consideration ra gardens urban and Finding the best strategy for preserving urban open urban preserving for strategy best the Finding

‘functional approach of open spaces’ open of approach ‘functional for preserving urban urban preserving for open spaces spaces open , to balance balance to , to make a make to n an in

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. additional importance with the rapid growth of cities of growth rapid the with importance additional 2008 quoted in Baser etc., 2010, p.108). At the end of19 end At the 2010,p.108). etc., Baser 2008 quotedin surfaces or imitations of nature in the city city the in nature of imitations or surfaces war and crisis times. Pre-industrial cities structured self-sufficient food supply for city city for supply food self-sufficient structured was agriculture Anatolia, in cities revolution industrial the Until dwellers. Pre-industrial times. city-near crisis and in and dwellers city war of gardening supply food the Urban up keeping for demands. resource immediate the different socioeconomic were agriculture with different meet development reflect city and in functions changes, its and agriculture of importance The nutrition healthy environmental, of awareness issues. increasing to meetings events, organizing criticizes the potential potential the criticizes 1.1 inBostans Yedikule In20 Nowadays, the variety of urban bostans have been practic been have bostans urban of variety the Nowadays, in percent 56 reach to estimated are urban 2014). centers (UNDP, countries developing in people 2030 by 40 and was percent, proportion the 2000, In cities. in lived Currently countries developing 2013) in people of (UN, percent 18 2013. in billion 7.2 from In1950, urbanization. of pressure 2050, the under be to seems cities growing in population growing in billion 9.6 2025, in billion 8.1 reach to expected is population toworld (UN), Nations United cities of trends demographic recent smaller to from migration areas, According decades. upcoming in urban results interesting show cities, shrinking and cities, to growing rural from migration population, world increasing and urbanization world rapid of estimation The 2014) (UNDP, people. billion 6 to uh s sn rcce materials-P recycled using as such learning, and playing for resources provide They activities. complementary with leisure and bostans urban therefore opportunities; job recreation contribute bostans Urban cities. growing in poverty urban the decreasing contribute through resources working and living cities, into provide areas rural urbanization from move the who immigrants, support and groups can income bostans lower for urban especially into spaces open urban underused and vacant urban network; Converting food activities. learning and playing working, urbanliving, for resources also provide bostans of part a be to potential have they areas, rural from newcomers land and increasingsettlements, urban dense feed can growth, production food with Bostans cities. population growing in values the density, urbanization, Urban challenging cities. are in spaces lives population open of majority the crises, food supply by caused needs, food growing resources, of consumption the with facing are cities growing urbanization, rapid In ofgrowingin context shrinking and cities? preservation asbostans openfor strategy, spaceYedikule- my regardurban practice to in local bostan urban on approaches different from learn we can What cities? shrinking and growing percent of population (Baser etc., 2013, p.82). Forman remarked that peri-urban farmlands farmlands peri-urban on attention pays he community, their for values many provide that remarked Forman p.82). 2013, etc., (Baser population of percent Detroit). and (Dessau, cities shrinking and Istanbul),

14 th Background

cen

tury world population increased rapidly, between 1950s and 2000s, from 2.5 billion billion 2.5 from 2000s, and between1950s rapidly, increased population world tury

of open spaces to gardening activities, which is covered with hard hard with covered is which activities, gardening to spaces open ET -bottles to collecting rainwater for harvesting, harvesting, for rainwater collecting to -bottles as

happening in the case study Yedikule. (Forman, (Forman, Yedikule. study case the in happening Wh ih odpouto, o fulfill to production, food with th at kinds of practices are dominant in dominant are practices of kinds at century, urban bostans have have bostans urban century, ed in growing (Vienna, New York, York, New (Vienna, growing in cultural landscape cultural livelihood support for 80 for support and he also he and gained gained food

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. security inBostans Yedikule 3 going on, the overall urban development in many places places many in development urban overall the still on, is going consumption land the Although cities. shrinking and growing are there Germany, In and reports food 5-6).are remarkedsecurity, 2005: andincome (Mougeot, security employment research urban household, of supply, food urban evaluation to bostans urban the of contribution the that, 1999s, in statistics of Besides dimensions. health and ecologic, social, economic, on benefits of organizing lots readiness, nature, job improving classes, to nutrition and cooking residents connecting opportunities, educational providing like needs In http://www.stadtumbaunrw.de/pdf/dokumente/zwischennutzungen.pdf) is completed, accessed on August, from http://www.duden.de/suchen/dudenonlin from August, on accessed iscompleted, deindustrialization, deindustrialization, The growth. population 4 landscape and new uses equally uses new and landscape oeta aes f ra srcua cag ivle a “ a involves change structural urban of areas potential sbeun use’ ‘subsequent pn pcs otiue to contribute spaces open open and leaves and design ownership in change no has newwhich lands, vacant uncultivated, on forms usage spaces: new open urban preserving contribute bostans urban of use Temporary underused open urban spaces. restructuring urban as and development bostans urban result, a As cultivation. for role important an play also il n ml sae aat ad t poie potnte sc a ‘ as such opportunities provide to lands vacant scale small on fill restructuring. urban and development urban of component structure Sonnenlabyrinth”- planning f hikn cte i rlto t ubn adnn apoc ( approach gardening urban to relation in cities shrinking of activities in the public or semi-public space to create. (Zwischennutzungen create. to space semi-public or the public in activities urb an resolve to uses interim canthese use new useintended and old duringso-called the Because urbandevelopment. of tool an important to available Th reuse. desired or the planned if the beginning or implementation to neighborhood sustainable communities. tobuilt life, contribute settlement (DIR, 2013:44; BBR, 2004: 4), ( 4), BBR,2004: 2013:44; (DIR, settlement

Temporary use– Temporary Subsequent use- Subsequent strument der Stadtentwicklung, p.11, access p.11, Stadtentwicklung, der strument 15 the change of planning policies for the future development. Urban bostans as preserving as bostans Urban development. future the for policies planning of change the

and Fr xml bsa aatd eprr ue n eln “Lichtenberger Berlin: in use temporary adapted bostan example For .

livelihood, nachnutzung zwischennutzung 4 f aat udrsd ucliae, eoihd ad. eln with Dealing lands. demolished uncultivated, underused, vacant, of a urban bostans urban ufoe gre i cetd n h dmlse ln i te large the in land demolished the on created is garden sunflower

upr aant poverty against support hikn cities shrinking - : According to duden dictionary, “the use of a building a useof “the dictionary, duden : According to reduce

- : the conditions of buildings or lands on the task or lossofthe origin or task landsthe on or ofbuildings theconditions repairing damaged lands, cleaning up cleaning lands, damaged repairing in with multi functional uses are gaining in importance in gaining are uses functional multi with in shorter or longer period period longer or shorter in the city (DIU, 2013:25; Selle 2005:205). Urban bostans bostans Urban 2005:205). Selle 2013:25; (DIU, city the ed on August, 2014, from 2014, August, on ae motn cnrbto t peev vcn and vacant preserve to contribution important make r caatrzd y h pplto dcie and decline population the by characterized are Image 1-1 Image

srcua cmoet f utial urban sustainable of component structural a , and ). Dessau in Germany is another example another is Germany in Dessau).

lo o fulfill to also ul ne development inner dual an maladministration and new quality quality new and maladministration an e demand for space is less than the space space the isless than space for demand e .

is : Temporäre Nutzungen als Nutzungen : Temporäre o ogr influenced longer no sros eii o urban of deficit serious a e/nachnutzung transition phase between the between phase transition mg 1-2 Image erain n leisure and recreation and providing access access providing and eprr use temporary , Urban bostans could could bostans Urban land , whose original use whoseoriginal . , reinforcing ),

”. ”. t brings It by ’ al use al 3 and and the the as a as

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. tutrd ih iia otie eurmns wt smlr oen riiil lmns to elements artificial modern are similar spaces with use open recreational public requirements, authorities: outside city similar by with forms structured space public similar the with shaping it” of part become therefore 2006 and in landscape claimed approach landscape of basis yea recent In inBostans Yedikule quoted in Licka 2007, p.243). Licka in 2007 highlight 2007 in Licka p.243). 2007, Licka in quoted (HAUSER ofprovide 2006, motive upareas open compensation built by the spaces indensely life” of quality urban for and ecology, Setzung) with (In-Wert spaces in compatible value added accessible, publicly creating structures, mixed functional The intra- potentials. reuse development to processes urban restructuring been have cities multifunctional and compact areas, through achieved be can differentiation that claims qualities existing of examination Sieverts buildings. of properties qualities space open existing of characteristics and identity countries. different invery even areas.., regions shopping or business malls,

Image 1-1: Lichtenberger Sonnenlabyrinth, Sonnenlabyrinth, Lichtenberger l-projekte- 1-1: (Source:http://www.planergemeinschaft.de/sul/projekte/su Image 5 Sieverts by stated as suburbanization problem. and Asaresult Thomas suburbanization of urbanization areas densifying these in spaces open accessible of securing spaces. and provision timely the on depends life of Quality the of Sustainability open by provided are density built of compensation and compensation, climatic …, a city nor the rural area rural the nor city a http://archive.today/ZqUO

“Zwischenstadt Andernorts”, research report in 2000-2003, on Accessed in2000-2003, report research Andernorts”, “Zwischenstadt 16

‘ 003g between cities’ between

-laby.htm, accessed on 17th August, 2014) August,2014) 17th on accessed -laby.htm, rs , growing cities that featured increasing population with high densely built up built densely high with population increasing featured that cities growing , : ak, qae… n as smlr ul ojcs n frs supermarkets, forms: and objects built similar also and squares… parks, , (Zwischenstadt Andernorts). (Zwischenstadt

5 . “Between cities” is replaced by “between countries” as Licka on the on Licka as countries” “between by replaced is cities” “Between . that describes a settlement structure which can be assigned to neither neither to assigned be can which structure settlement a describes that Lca 20, .4) Ssna asr etos h ncsiy to necessity the mentions Hauser Susanna p.241). 2007, (Licka,

and Licka underlines to focus on the characteristics of the the of characteristics the on focus to underlines Licka and main goals of open spaces are to consider possible possible consider to are spaces open of goals main (ik 20, .4) Goig iis ufr from suffer cities Growing p.243). 2007, (Licka ” (DIU, 2013). “ 2013). (DIU,

(Licka 2007, p.243). Open spaces have been been have spaces Open p.243). 2007, (Licka

stlmns r stae bten at of part between situated are “settlements

2.html) http://www.spiegel.de/fotostrecke/iba- 2010, Stadtumbau IBA (Source: the town. 2020 by lost will have ofits population Aboutthird a in Dessau: citizens by plots as shared used have land Vacant Germany. in East is Dessau city Shrinking Image1-2: nur - s di “compensational uses such as motion as such uses “compensational chtmachen-geht-nicht fotostrecke- chtmachen-geht-nicht

Public open spaces are a necessity a are spaces open Public 21 , it is mostly the focus on just just on focus the mostly is it , st August, 2014, from 2014, August, There is a lack of lackof There isa 2010 53587 -einfach- -

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. as Thisdefined is change cities. larger to cities smaller from migration out bring changes priority economic The p.242). 2007, (Licka buildings the of peculiarities the than rather spaces) (open between” in “spaces inBostans Yedikule have lost lost have rvd frie rud cnetn vcn lns no ra bsas ih complementary scale. citywide with bostans urban and neighborhood in benefits into environmental health, economic, social, to lands contribute activities vacant converting ground; fertile provide n otu fo s cle “ut Belt” “Rust called so from output and employment manufacturing in shift the communities; industrial older America’s in properties abandoned and vacant of presence increasing and population lost are there short, In 2014:28). But often there is and there often physical But providing cultivated. and acquired nature, collaborative be could to lands vacant of residents kind This well-being. connectingmental others, each with contact meeting, kitchens, to getting spaces community providing together, eating organizations, and cooking unemployed providing together, food of sharing initiative community by inhabitants roig Isiuin rs) These Press). Institution Brookings Decline of the US, Rust Belt”, 2012) includes cities such Detroit,as Cleveland and Pittsburgh.(Definition from the article nam 6 opportunities, decreasing employment, subsistence security, security, subsistence employment, decreasing opportunities, job creating residents, community empower conditions, ecological and environment revitalize Huhn et al. (2002) refers refers (2002) al. et Huhn CO prices, food decreasing contribute and importance in gain miles food short with bostans urban long food miles for urban food security food urban for miles operations food long agro large-scale the role play mostly citizens the feeding cities, growing In are 2013:49). Informal notsecured activities (DIU, individual perspective seems seems Leinfelder’s perspective life miles. food local long cause improvement not food, does that gardening fresh friendly environmental quality quality, high vineyards, and orchards gardens, market miles which causes increased CO increased causes which miles food long and costs production prices, oil increased to due prices food increased cause factors These markets. food of globalization production, of industrialization the security, food the on Chech & (Meyer- 2013). Seher, Vienna..)”, in parties (farmyard offers” “agritainment Vienna), city the throughout flowers and fruit vegetables, for lands of (lots operations own your pick baker-, a and farmer in organic an with cooperation in Department established Forest Vienna of City the by wasland of hectares four Farm” Educational farms-“Children’s “educational Vienna, in example stronglyfor underlined, is bostans urban of contribution culturaland educationalThe strategy.

Rust belt: 2 . 17

th it has generally come mean to heavy the manufacturing zone near the Great Lakes that eir industrial jobs since 1970s-like in Detroit, Cleveland and others (UNDP, (UNDP, others and Cleveland Detroit, in 1970s-like since jobs industrial eir Using vacant lands for urban bostan and urban gardening activities gardening urban and bostan urban for lands vacant Using no secure land title, land secure no In shrinking city. shrinking -Wert-Setzung: creating new functions and activities to survive garden garden survive to activities and functions new creating -Wert-Setzung:

to urban bostan with high rate of organic farms, well established well farms, organic of rate high with bostan urban

This occurs in the US with the rust belt, where the people people the where belt, rust the with US the in occurs This in turn and accelerate the global warming. In this context, context, this In warming. global the accelerate and turn hikn cities shrinking . 6

Cadl, 93 Mnfcuig n h Mv: p.1 Move: the on Manufacturing 1993: (Crandall, The population growth imposes special requirements requirements special imposes growth population The and no security no and

ih n bnac o vcn lands vacant of abundance an with in self-help longer continuous gardening continuous longer to empower community empower to ed “The ed “The could with

, . Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. growing and shrinking cities. The contributions of urban gardens as above h above as gardens urban of contributions The cities. shrinking and growing as handled been have gardens urban Consequently, gardens, urban of usage at urban bostans. functional multi with place take can activities various cities, farms; community gardens, institutional gardens, community shrinking and growing in and leisure recreation provide bostans urban cities, growing in groups income low support productionto issue food Besides cities. growing urban in poverty therefore urban the and decreasing contributes employment; bostan income, providing working opportunities, and job living provide through cities, resources into areas rural from move who incomers, new groups, elderly…etc, for cities. spaces meeting spaces, social, gathering various social together, activities, eating and cultural cooking food, share to and social kitchens the public landscapes, with reinforce solidarity expenses, productive food provide the decrease activities, unemployment, the complementary sustainability,-reduce with bostans urban into strategy, preservation sustainable urban development and urban restructuring, restructuring, urban and development urban sustainable as shrinking contribute, bostans and Urban explained. growing widely in above as sustainability cities, urban and dimensions, environmental state, economic, of support and permission the with lands ownership on strategy preservation space open urban as gardens urban promoting and underused spacesopen vac of use Temporary leisure. and recreation also lands, arable to in citizens production urban food feed than more much provides bostan Urban systems. urban of part and ecologic social also and needs, food the fulfill to element structure a only not are gardens Urban glass houses. rainwater management, soil improvement, awareness of food systems ecology, biodiversity biodiversity ecology, systems complementary food of awareness with improvement, soil management, bostans rainwater urban into as spaces such security, food and benefits, social environmental, economic, health, open provide activities underused and vacant converting n isn 23 Wiesen, in area development urban in going are projects development housing the Vienna, in Currently profit; contributions. theyandmorerecreation andare use, social leisure on based gardens non- community be to intended generally of are gardens Community unemployment. kind reducing community, This 2013). Seher, the empower and production food of experience & sharing vegetables, fresh supply to contribute (Meyer-Chech production” food of who individuals of community a of “consists benefits and risks sharegrowers and the consumers andsupport a operation where farming the it and vegetables, of various producing for eeomn poet i Ven. h huig eeomn poet ofr gardening offer projects development do- and gardening housing community roof-gardening, The urban as such into Vienna. opportunities converting also in are Wiesen projects in the development gardens from commercial projects project; development housing the the of with beginning together going is gardening urban little period (CSA) agriculture supported community also is there Vienna In inBostans Yedikule 18 In growing cities, urban bostans support the urbanization especially for lower income income lower for especially urbanization the support bostans urban cities, growing In sros eii o te il o ubn planning urban of field the of deficit serious a

rd ititLeig Tee r cmeca gres gas oss nreis A nurseries. houses, glass gardens, commercial are There Liesing. district have potential the overage vacant, demolished, underused lands to turn to lands underused demolished, vacant, overage the potential have

like converting vacant lands into urban bostans bostans urban into vacantconverting lands like

n pnsaepeevto strategy preservation space open an Ubn otn a oe space open as bostans Urban . o reducing to all these contribute to social, social, to contribute these all , that exists in 6 ha farm lands lands farm ha 6 in exists that srcua cmoet of component structural a it in

yusl i bd or beds in -yourself short and long term andlong short n hre o longer or shorter in public or private or public as been referred: referred: been n shrinking in ant and and ant in in

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. and cooking kitchens, public food, health classes,nutrition food justice to access issues, provide environmental they on needs; awareness food the the meet increasing opportunities, education as to such activities different with production leisure and recreation food than urban more seen, much As provide opportunities…etc. job bostans food, healthy to access improvements, habitat and inBostans Yedikule focus 1.2 spaces. open urban preserving of means a as gardens urban of the challenges In and authorities. potentials city by clarify to use neighborhood, Yedikule particular in leisure reviewed, be will and Istanbul sections following recreation for are gardens they urban of that consideration proves gardens urban la of a is there case, Yedikule the Concerning development. contribution urban sustainable for necessity The lands. vacant transforming and This study area examination is based on the role of urban bostans in open space planning planning space open questions in bostans It urban of approaches. role the on based is examination area study This needs. At this point point leisure this recreational fill At Yedikule to needs. Park, of Public into neighborhood gardening historic urban of of place a case from Transforming the on renewals urban through development urban of process the for plan space open an make to municipality context. local of intention urban is There historic an in spaces open public as gardens (Legitimatecasesuitable/right use.) usage means inmy urban of use legitimate of extent the considering strategy; preservation space open best the find and spaces open public planning meet: One, concerning concerning One, meet: planning public park with park public a make to and Bostans the with gardeners the of andpeople localof linksthe all cut to intends Park h scn dmn o of demand second The municipal publicfrom park topdownplanning project policies. esn o ta are that for reason space open public production prices. higher at areamake andthe in rent cultural traces in everyday life and in the future. Actually the conservation group intends to intends group conservation the Actually future. the in and life everyday in traces cultural its with space experience and dwellers, local empower practices, living and remains physical the all to respect with design to intending walls, city ancient the at culture agrarian preserve ned t hygienize to intends

19 to fill to es Problem Formulation on balancing the different rights of different users in order to make a legitimate use of use legitimate a make to order in users different of rights different the balancing on

; and lack of an active public participation in policy making, making, policy in participation public active an of lack and ; the need for recreation and leisure and recreation for need the

But artificial designs ( designs artificial is not a good plan, as proposed by the municipal public park project; the the project; park public municipal the by proposed as plan, good a not is lack this way of preserving urban open space to make a legitimate use of use legitimate a make to space open urban preserving of way this

h rafrupr classes; upper for area the he seigy ifrn dmns f agt groups target of demands different seemingly three

it ra gardens urban f osrain f itrc utrl adcp vle n food and value landscape cultural historic of conservation of Conservation easier to change the image of properties and sell them much easiermuch them sell andproperties of changeimage easierto the & social justice education, intergenerational interaction, justice education, clearing social a local municipal planning strategy, aims to develop a a develop to aims strategy, planning municipal local Image 1-4 Image s rgee b Itnu' activists Istanbul's by triggered is as

a ) , as a stereotype park; and local municipality local and park; stereotype a as , , with demolition of bostans in the process; the in bostans of demolition with , en o peevn ubn pn pcs It spaces. open urban preserving of means

oa mncplt ned t ices land increase to intends municipality local

t is it on open space space open on ,

h se to seek who

an imposed Public ck of of ck it

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. the traditional gardens and experiencing gardening culture with continuing with gardeningcultureexperiencing gardens traditionaland the keep are they patterns; same the in almost gardeningyears thousand the over on practicing pcs eg cetn pbi prs, and parks-, public creating -e.g. spaces spaces, open urban preserve case: to purposes Yedikule on users different of Interests leisure, and recreation production, selfvalue,drawing food of demands The 1-3: Image way best the find to help groups three all of therefore Bostans, Yedikule activities Various leisure. and recreation existing in as conservation and considering production situation, food of demands the filling besides landscape but cultural value; of conservation also provide production food of demands The life. daily i third The case study. in (gardeners) production food of interests the and process, production food ongoing support inBostans Yedikule eesr t blne ifrn rgt o dfeet sr, n n appropriate an landscape cultural in of value inorderbest ( strategyto findthe open topreserving urban spaces conservation and leisure and users, recreation production, food the of groups, demands target different different of interests the balance of to How groups. target of demands rights the understand to and making, policy in participation public different active an with space of use of level is spaces balance open public of to use legitimate a Making necessary spaces. open public of use legitimate agrarian culture and its spatial traces. Current situation provides food production and and production food provides situation Current traces. spatial its and culture agrarian 20

s rgee b ubn gardeners- urban by triggered l psil fntos f bostans of functions possible all

'a productive open space' open productive 'a conservation recreation and leisure and recreation euainl opportunities- -educational

otn Keepers, Bostan of preserving urban open spaces and making a a making and spaces open urban preserving od production food would be created, filling the demands demands the filling created, be would of historic cultural landscape value, value, landscape cultural historic of could also satisfy the demands of of demands the satisfy also could and conservation of cultural landscape landscape cultural of conservation and h ae h lvn heritage living the are who purposes to preserve open open preserve to purposes ih ra agricultural urban with ol tk pae at place take could Image 1-3Image food production food ).

ing ing in

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. built in 1458 by adding new towers to the Walls of Constantinople. Constantinople. of Walls the to towers new adding by 1458 in built which is near the neighborhood, is named after the seven towers seven the after named is neighborhood, Yedikule- the near is which Walls. City within area historical Towers an in situated is which Neighborhood providing the demands on on demands the providing itrcl eisl ad itnuse wt Ydkl Frrs and Fortress Yedikule with distinguishes and peninsula historical taey o rsre ra oe sae n eiue itrc neighborhood: historic on demands Yedikule in space open urban preserve to strategy is it issues; conservation inBostans Yedikule the interests of different users balanced in order order in balanced users different of interests the space. the of cleanliness and maintenance improve to neighborhoods local of responsibility the increase spaces These spaces. lovely usable, frequently and safety of sense creat crime, of risk the reduces space of use on of level appropriate An space. of use of public level of information accurate groups; target appropriate inan balanced wouldbe way, differentin this demands and decision side, makers’ different of demands the understand to help steps These 'ownership'. of sense a with teamfunctioning a endureas will neighborhoods local of involvement beginning, the from process making policy in groups target potential all of involvement participation, to public active helps An spaces. space open public open of of use legitimate functions a make possible all considering into Taking preserve spaces. to open bostans public urban of role the in interested architect, landscape and planner a Being neighborhood of Yedikule?space historic the in open urban preserve to way best the be that Would spaces? open public of use legitimate a make and space open urban the in recreation, + conservation + production food demands, ifrn ues n n prpit lvl f s o oe sae balanced? space open of use of level appropriate an in land; users access different to users different for rights different are There open spaces? public legitimate usea of to make and how satisfied recreationand leisure accessible publicly hs td fcss n het t Bostans- to threats on focuses study This possible all of consideration different of level demands anappropriate in use. of on balance depends spaces, open spaces of open functions public of use legitimate Making recreation ofcultural landscape and value? conservation leisure, spaces? open public of use legitimate a make and spaces, for food production purposes, it does it purposes, production food for was mostly used as a treasury, dungeons, archive and state archivewas prison and asmostly atreasury, dungeons, used Ottomanera in and gate function its lost it afterwards Gate', 'Golden gateafunction, as used open space, or providing the demands on demands the providing or space, open 8 7

Meyer-Plath & Schneider, 1978: Landmauer"Die von Konstantinopel: 2", Teil http://www.yedikule.org/yedikule/yedikule-tarihi 21 i a egbrod f ai mncplt i Itnu, uky Ydkl Fortress, Yedikule Turkey. Istanbul, in municipality Fatih of neighborhood a is -

food production + recreation and leisure and recreation + production food outdoor for recreation and leisure. How should be the demands of of demands the be should How leisure. and recreation for outdoor

a recreation and leisure + conservation + leisure and recreation semi-public open space open semi-public

not ifrn rgt fr ifrn ues n blne of balance and users different for rights different have food production + conservation + production food

eeal gardens vegetable to an open access for public for access open an

find the best way way best the find , and gardeners and , o sol b dfeet ihs for rights different be should how to make a legitimate use of public of use legitimate a make to -the interests of food production, food of interests -the - and the case of Yedikule Yedikule of case the and - 8

7 .

? iy Walls City Yedikule is located in the in located is Yedikule of In can Or integrating all three all integrating Or preserving urban openpreservingurban Byzantine time it was it time Byzantine only access to lands to access only

Walter deGruyter

It . ht s h best the is What ( How should be be should How status quo status rvdn the providing . Fortress was was Fortress . lacks directly directly lacks seven seven ), or ), es a a es it

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. In 2005, Law No. 5366 No. Law 2005, In culture theperception traces' residents. onspace and of local authorities to execute and implement ‘ implement and execute to authorities Byzantine sources indicate existence of efficient agricultural areas. As we see, see, we As areas. agricultural efficient of existence indicate Byzantinesources keepers” “ Istanbul; Ottoman in therewere 1381Bostancı-bostan and inside Walls, 344 Bostans Land the vouch bookshows lands agricultural urban of transformation and use 2013 in Bo inBostans Yedikule the Land Walls, carryLand Walls, the needn fo te osrain plans" conservation the from independent 11 Historical andCultural Properties 10 Yedikule Bostanlari“, 2013, Toplumsal Tarih No: 236, 35. p: 9 shall be protected.” be shall surviving still are which and 1875 until maps historic the in marked are which areas Bostan 1.2.1 Production”. “Food and “Recreation”, “Conservation”, approaches: three in studied be will problems The the result, a destruction and their of tohistoric relations bostans cultural and heritage. As project. means park which factors, existing municipal the with approved was the project park public municipal to proposed light green the But gave municipality. already local from Council wanted Control be project park public proposed the of revision a 2006, the bostans in Yedikule were declared as a “renewal zone,” “renewal a as declared were Yedikule in bostans the 2006, is the of stopped? acts not were implementation municipality local of acts wrong the why project, of park public municipal possibility the consider to job its and mechanisms interventions. municipality local by demolished be to going are they the of (Istanbul Historic Peninsula Site Management Plan, 65) 13 2014, p: 7. 12 Conservation Issues of the Istanbul Land Walls World Heritage Site, 2014, p: 6. s sabl ad al Wrd eiae ie Bt t s on t b demolish be to going is it But Site. Heritage World Walls Land Istanbul as (monuments) Walls City park. public Bostans Yedikule but heritage, historic of carriers a are they Site, Heritage World the to belong into garden from transforming means it bostans; of destruction by park public a develop to aimed Fatih of municipality local and Walls, City authorized local municipality. Public policies shape the public and privately owned open open owned privately and public consider to here point other The spaces. the shape policies Public municipality. local authorized Shopov andHan, „Osmanli Istanbul’unda Kent Ici Tarimsal Toprak Kullanimi ve Dönüsümleri: Istanbul Historic Peninsula Site Management 65; Plan, from of A Report Concern theof

Declared “renewal area’s in 13.09.2006 by decision numbered 2006/10961 13.10.2006-26318 26318 A Report Concern of of the Conservation Issues of the Istanbul Land Walls World Heritage Site, lack of action of the control mechanism- control the of action of lack Law No. 5366Law onPreservation by Renovationand Utilization by Revitalization Deteriorated of stans stans 22

national law national Conservation: Conservation:

9 claim Han and Shopov Walls. City the outside and inside located are Yedikule, in .

giutrl ra isd te ad al hv be rgsee i ti bo and book this in registered been have Walls Land the inside areas Agricultural . Although the Yedikule Bostans are under the protection of national law, national of protection the under are Bostans Yedikule the Although .

12 in

It can be seen in Conservation Plans that Bostans have been preserved been have Bostans that Plans Conservation in seen be can It connection with Byzantine, Ottoman and Republican Period 'agrarian 'agrarian RepublicanandPeriod OttomanByzantine, with connection 10 has threaten has

renewal projects’ renewal ed is the safeguarding of Bostans, of safeguarding the that historic vegetable gardens are under protection protection under are gardens vegetablehistoric that Renewal Areas Conservation Council No.2 CouncilConservation Areas Renewal

11 .

u Te osrain ln indicates Plan Conservation The But in the renewal areas to be declared declared be to areas renewal the in

13 which are located inside located are which What about the control the about What “authorizes the local the “authorizes Gardens ed In 1735 1735 In by the the by -.should There inside inside “The ed

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Walls will be lost. be will Walls Bostans Yedikule of destruction the includes than project park public new the With Fatih. of municipality local the of jurisdiction landscape cultural under project park public recreational of a ratified the by threatened been has space the of safeguardingvalues The threatened. been have practices living and remains physical The whole. a as landscape surrounding its and Walls Land characterize Bostans the with gardeners the of and people local of links the and periods, three traces culture agrarian eulcn eid f h hsoi pnnua ht osiue sgiiat opnn of component significant a constitute that peninsula peninsula historic of be historic topography will the others) of and Period Republican system represent irrigation Bostans water Yedikule (bostans, damaged. whole a as (meaning) The landscape 2013. July, in bulldozed, surrounding its and Walls Land of significance and image the and bostans, be the in pools) water to gardens historic the (water wells, system water irrigation historic of the also will damage following action bulldozing parts some let project The or improvementremodeling tomb complex from a funerary garden into Public Park, Park, Public into garden funerary a from complex tomb cultural context in which they struggle to produce” to struggle they which in context cultural on o ve, h Bsas r pr o Itnu’ iett: “ identity: Istanbul’s gardens” their of of crops specialty the for part known are Bostans the view, of point reduced… was value historic Its lost. be to symbolism funerary caused park and nature, with connection citizens' and practices daily therefore highlights cultural it landscape. historic citizen’s the to contributions Yedikule in carried being still Bostans- are traces Yedikule culture Bostans. Agrarian heritage. historic of carrier a as landscape surrounding its ignoring Walls, Land of landscape surrounding within forms and objects artificial new building on is Yedikule of case the in focus only whole; a as landscape on lack whole- a as function original its in use, be landscape surrounding on lack thereis park, its public municipal Inthe and Walls Land as considered wouldn't Why local its landscapes? account do into Why take surrounding don’t authorities: they but local monuments of by preservation to that attention pay from authorities excluded are landscapes) surrounding (its inBostans Yedikule 14 15 YedikuleBostanlari“. 16 p.225. 210-228, pp. 2007), (Winter, p a into garden funerary a from Complex Tomb Safdarjung’s Nawab 17 hpv n Hn 21, Omni sablud Kn Ii aisl Topr Tarimsal Ici Kent Istanbul’unda „Osmanli 2013, Han, and Shopov Sharma, “The British Treatment of Historic Gardens in the Indian Subcontin Indian the in Gardens Historic of Treatment British “The Sharma, Kaldjian, 2004, “Istanbul’s Bostans: A Millenium of Market Gardens”; p.28 Gardens”; Market Aof Millenium “Istanbul’sBostans: 2004, Kaldjian, Ibid. Ibid. 23

osdrto o iett ad hrceitc o Ln Wls n is surrounding its and Walls Land of characteristics and identity of consideration

an interpenetrated unit interpenetrated an As in Sharma's article Sharma's in As

. eeal gardens- vegetable

14 . The connection of agriculturally used open space and its its and space open used agriculturally of connection The . the symbol of historic vegetable gardening at the Land Land the at gardening vegetable historic of symbol the , and , utrl landscape cultural 15 Land Walls and its surrounding landscape. There is There landscape. surrounding its and Walls Land (2007) mentioned (2007) reflect each other as a historic cultural heritage cultural historic a as other each reflect

design with respect to (bostan) its oldest style instyle oldest its (bostan) to respectwith design 16 seemed and “ and 17. It highlights daily life in Bostans and and Bostans in life daily highlights It the experience of their gardeners and gardeners their of experience the “ ublic park; Garden History, Vol. 35, No. 2 2 No. 35, Vol. History, Garden park; ublic The garden’s new identity as public as identity new garden’s The maeil s t ptnil for potential its as immaterial on the transformation of Delhi’s Delhi’s of transformation the on of Byzantine, Ottoman and and Ottoman Byzantine, of different neighborhoods were were neighborhoods different 5 5 ent: The transformation of Delhi’s Delhi’s of transformation The ent: ak Kullanimi ve Dönüsümleri: Dönüsümleri: ve Kullanimi ak ” From historical historical From ”

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Land Walls got recognized as recognized got Walls Land potential its as immaterial monuments… its conservation the on only attention focused heritage built of notion of understanding constricted rather the site, historic an as recognized be to came garden the as even remodeling…., for potential ncito i UEC i 1985 in UNESCO in inscription cultural of acknowledgment by the Land wasIstanbul identified been WHS authorities; Walls althoughlandscape ofresponsible of lack haven’t a is and there Fatih landscape Perhaps of municipality Municipality. local Metropolitan cultural ofIstanbul authorities as the by issue gardens conservation a be vegetable to considered historic but issue, conservation a be to considered from were Walls excluded Land as such been monuments historic have that seems gardens It conservation. vegetable historic but conservation, into included been result a As uhrte o lcl uiiaiy f ai ad h atoiis f sabl Metropolitan Istanbul of As authorities issue. the and Bostans- Fatih Yedikule consider should of Municipality municipality local of authorities Walls. heritage built of notion unit Walls. Land of monument the to relation wells water gardener's barns, cemeteries, cottages, settlements, traditional as such Period Ottoman and Byzantine from the by area' surrounding its and Metropolitan Walls Land 1985 Istanbul in 'the UNESCO of and identified inscription was municipality World Walls which Lands local the Site, within area Heritage by the covers project approved the although 2013, was in Municipality project park Urban inBostans Yedikule 20 19 18 Nawab Safdarjung’s Tomb Complex from a funerary garden into a pu intoa garden funerary froma Complex Tomb NawabSafdarjung’s http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/356 NSO ol Hrtg Ls, itrc ra o Itnu, cesd n February, Subcontin Indian the in Gardens Historic of Treatment British “The Sharma, on accessed Istanbul, of Ibid. Areas Historic List, Heritage World UNESCO , and reflect each other. 24

in , referring to public park project, it seems that Istanbul Land Walls WHS have WHS Walls Land Istanbul that seems it project, park public to referring , hras ril mentioned article Sharma’s

ouigol ntecnevto fis ouet sc s Land as such monuments its of conservation the on only focusing for remodeling or improvement. Even the vegetable gardens at the the at gardens vegetable the Even improvement. or remodeling for .

n hsoi vgtbe gardens vegetable historic and an historic site, historic an 18 . 19 .Rltn eiuecs,Ydkl Bsasse t be to seem Bostans Yedikule case, Yedikule Relating ”. The Land Walls World Heritage Site Site Heritage World Walls Land The Rfrig o h isrpin n NSOs it the list UNESCO's in inscription the to Referring . Land Walls and its surrounding landscapes form a form landscapes surrounding its and Walls Land 20

“ fnrr gre see imtra a its as immaterial seemed garden funerary a but with rather with but historic vegetable gardens vegetable historic blic park, pp. 210-228, p.225. p.225. 210-228, pp. park, blic Al f hs wr fre in formed were these of All . constricted understanding of understanding constricted ent: The transformation of Delhi’s Delhi’s of transformation The ent: od monuments holds a conservation as - 2015, from from 2015,

1985

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. h etr wrd Idsraiain a afce mcaiain n giutrl ad and lands agricultural in mechanization affected has chang Industrialization world. entire the spaces, spaces” open public accessibleof use legitimate securing a Making p.243). and 2007, (Licka context provide urban Yedikule timely the on depends life of quality pn pc pr person per between space open relation Considering production. are there Fatih: of food district local the in spaces for open of area and population bostans use to allowed are gardeners ne ct. city. inner million 14 it migrations internal in role important very a played Istanbul 1980s, after level, city the On &Sencestructure” (Dökmeci&Dokmeci Ozus Turk, & 2011; 2009). Ciraci, urban existing the of transformation “functional caused approaches development urban New tractors has roughly tripled in the county. After the World War II, food crisis affected the the affected crisis participate food didn’t II, Turkey although War country, World the After county. the in tripled of roughly amount has example: tractors an as , increased Turkey in mechanization agricultural and production ea t ices rpdy n te osqec o that of consequence population the Istanbul’s and rapidly needs. increase job to meet began to security economic got cities and rapidly increase to began population city the So decreased. been has production food in labor human of need needs. Existing bostans arebostans Existing needs. recreation bring changes lifestyle areas; up built densely and population Growing Yedikule? in areas spaces/outdoors/green open accessible publicly direct the of lack of cause the is What It started. area) commercial Istanbul.brings of publiclyopenaccessible spaces pressure ontheneed in industrial, (housing, land of types other into lands agricultural increased outdoors outdoors country level, by Marshal Plan, after 1950s, 1950s, after Plan, Marshal by level, country and green areas; and the rest 3.3 square meters meters square 3.3 rest the and areas; green and and integrating them into the public park as a whole, may fill may whole, a as park public the into them integrating and spaces open public of needs city's satisfying in situation existing By zooming in zooming By of direct outdoors/green accessible publicly areas. 1.2.2 inBostans Yedikule problem of clearly reduced green open space open green reduced the clearly with of problem faced are areas up built densely with cities Inner context. urban all an for in stakeholders needs employment and other food from growing migrationbrings Yedikule internal in and population Growing urbanization cities. rapidly of problem the facing is Yedikule http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=15974 14.160. 467; accessed on June, 2014, from 21 is the most industrialized city in Turkey. Currently, Istanbul with its populations exceeding populations its with Istanbul Currently, Turkey. in city industrialized most the is TurkStat., Address Based Population Registration System Istanbul 2013; Results, population: 25

ed Recreation against Food Production Production Food Recreation against

employments clearly. Consequently, - Consequently, clearly. employments ; n ih wy Te oe on hr i, s ik rmre before, remarked Licka as is, here point core The way. right in

21 mechanization in agricultural lands caused labor redundancy and in rural areas areas rural in and redundancy labor caused lands agricultural in mechanization

is growing with a constant pattern of urban sprawl and densely built up areas in areas up built densely and sprawl urban of pattern constant a with growing is It asd ulc pn pc cags n h ct ad h tasomto of transformation the and city the in changes space open public caused to neighborhood level, going from country level to (Istanbul) city level: on the on level: city (Istanbul) to level country from going level, neighborhood (see the significance of making public park chapter). It means there is there means It chapter). park public making of significance the (see

, and its its and , semi-public open spaces open semi-public

3.7 square meters square 3.7

in s the war. Global economy changes influenced changes economy Global war. the agricultural per capita, and the problem of increased need increased of problem the and capita, per . Converting bostans into multi functional use, functional multi into bostans Converting. giutrl lands agricultural are

osss of consists , not directly open to public access public to open directly not ).

not directly open to public access public to open directly not was - food production productivity has has productivity production food -

rsue n ad s changes use land on pressure needs for public for needs public expanded 60% for food food for 60% expanded ly accessible outdoors outdoors accessible

7 square meters of meters square 7 ssann the “sustaining ly n historic in accessible accessible ; only only ; a gap a and and at

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. a “renewal zone” on September 13 September on zone” “renewal a as declared were neighborhood Yedikule in bostans The case. Yedikule in conservationissues four-story residences were built, replacing built, four-storyresidenceswere value adding inBostans Yedikule pcs n Yedikule. in open owned privately and publicly both impact policies Public open urban preserving for strategy best the spaces be fill may would It groups, leisure. target and different recreation of of demands demands the balancing and spaces, use open of accessible level appropriate an in bostans access to users different o ae pbi pr with park public a make to fill to order in leisure. Walls the Land of near the section inside project some Bostans demolish park Yedikule to public historic intends project recreational park a public ratified ratified The Fatih Villas. of Yedikule municipality local the 2013, In value inYedikule neighborhood. 22 23 http://www.alanbaskanligi.gov.tr/files/Management_Plan_090312_TUM.pdf ie h fotg o Ydkl Vla, s kn o bcyr o te niind housing envisioned the of backyard hygienize of to kind intends a municipality local as The Villas, development. Yedikule of frontage the like looks it Villas, Yedikule luxury the of front in placed is project park public municipality The with demands, foodvalue conservation two other and production ofhistoric cultural landscape space open public of use legitimate a make to spaces open urban preserve space? open accessible publicly make to and leisure, and recreation of space, open public demands the only meet of to project park public designed usage artificial into bostans historic turning legitimate a provide project park public municipal proposed https://bogachandundaralp.files.wordpress.com/2014/01/guncel_dosya.pdf h mncpl ulc ak rjc is project park public municipal The properties the sell and neighborhood, much easierat higher prices/values. the of of image the aim change The to neighborhood, leisure. Yedikule and recreation for homogenize high to park new is acts recreational for municipality itself the promoting access be to to residents seems income designs artificial with park public municipal recreation and leisure and recreation whole to provide recreation and leisure, leisure, and recreation provide to whole with Bostans Yedikule and opportunities-, social culture, education, of role the Considering quality? existing its explore to and Yedikule, in space open existing of functions possible all consider Isprovide to use recreation notpossible and andapark. it ofpublic leisure, tomake legitimate

historic cultural landscape value landscape cultural historic Historic Peninsula Site Management Plan, 2011, p. 65. [AccessedJanuary, on 65. p. 2011, Plan, SiteManagement Peninsula Historic Koca, Asun, “Güncel Dosya: Bostanlar”, Yapi 386, pp.58-63, p.53, acce p.53, pp.58-63, 386, Yapi Bostanlar”, Dosya: “Güncel Asun, Koca, 26 It intends to cut all the links of local people and of the gardeners with the Bostans and and Bostansthe gardenerswith the of andpeople localof links the all cut Itto intends

(In-Wert-Setzung) . It .

lacks

artificial design design artificial in open space, open in the potential of Yedikule Bostans with Bostans Yedikule of potential the may

, 2006 , h ae fr pe cass t ices te ad et in rents land the increase to classes, upper for area the add value add missing 22 the bostans the

fo . In 2010, firstly luxury Yedikule Villas with new with Villas Yedikule luxury firstly 2010, In . integrating bostans into public park project as a a as project park public into bostans integrating od production with respect to conservation of of conservation to respect with production od

finding coherence between different rights of rights different between coherence finding as a stereotype park park stereotype a as in Yedikule Neighborhood and Neighborhood Yedikule in h cnieain f eiue otn for Bostans Yedikule of consideration the 23 . The intention was to increase the land land increaseThe was the intention to

ssed on February, 2015, from 2015, February, on ssed h ae fr pe cass the classes; upper for area the its . . ]. complementary activities-in activities-in complementary

from in order to make publicly publicly make to order in ed o rceto and recreation of needs

functional approach functional Is it a good strategy to strategy good a it Is Pcue 4) (Picture spaces, increase the increase the lack of lack the . concerning os the Does to ?

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. project municipal imposed an is project park public proposed The recreation. for demands the only of demands and Itfills conservation. and production food of demands residents, wishes local of demands account into tak understand didn’t authorities municipality to local The order Yedikule. in actors in stakeholders/city different process, making plan making, decision municipality bylocal park public a making ofway The Bostans helpidentity, explore and will to values. meanings its Yedikule of functions symbolic and structural of consideration the as well as neighborhood, Converting the open space into multifunctional land use, with consideration of of consideration with use, land will spaces open urban multifunctional preserving way, this In conservation. and into space bostans Yedikule of use multifunctional open Yedikule. in park the public the of Converting use is legitimate a space make production, to food open and of conservation, urban demands and the recreation preserving groups, different and of rights case, different balance Yedikule to necessary in qualities existing the Exploring are not recognized. well, as leisure and recreation provide to use, multifunctional with Bostans Yedikule of open spaces? public of use legitimate a make to strategy preservation spaces open urban best the is What fill to and space, open public of conservation. and production, recreation food for demands groups, demands of target different use legitimate a make to spaces open public of functions space open of functions societal and space open of functions ecological and environmental space open with of design lacks functions project park public proposed The for bostans using of level recreation and leisure. appropriate an find to and society a of groups target of demands Yedikulewould Bostans atplacetake that activities various history;also its explore and symbol, unique its and bostans visit to tourists attract may It values land inBostans Yedikule An active public participation in policy making from the beginning w beginning the from making policy in participation public active An 27 from top down planning policies. planning topdown from

; it ; In the municipal public park project existing qualities of open space and the role the space and qualities existing ofopen project park public In themunicipal also creates attractive, lovely spaces filling the demands of three target groups. groups. target three of demands the filling spaces lovely attractive, creates also

at ; it lacks design with consideration of the potential of of potential the of consideration with design lacks it ; tract tourists and residents to access the public park. access to tract the public and park. residents tourists a rdcie eiue ulc Park’ Public Yedikule Productive ‘a A a eut i i ncsay o osdr l possible all consider to necessary is it result, a As . , will fill the demands of recreation, food production, production, food recreation, of demands the fill will ,

, it lacks design with with design lacks it , lacks an active public participation activepublic an lacks respect to structural and symbolic symbolic and structural to respect add value add o ok t Yedikule at look to ill help to understand to help respect to social to respect in the Yedikule Yedikule the in the the in

e Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. rekreasyon-projesi/ ile http://www.fatih.bel.tr/icerik/4137/yedikule-kapi- Source: Belgrad. and Yedikule gates of the between Yedikule for Project Implementation Recreation imaginations-simulations: Project Image1-4: possible not it Is inBostans Yedikule pn pcs – spaces? open public of use legitimate a make to space open of functions possible all consider and spaces open of use multifunctional lands, existing of identity They didn’t take into account discovery of of discovery account experiencing into take didn’t They recreation) of purpose the with gardens urban gardens urban h Pbi Pr poet s rpsd by Land proposed the on Walls near Land is area renewal project on municipality Park Public The neglected? being are context urban be an space in open groups target public some of demands if accomplished of usage legitimate can how conservation”; and users/gardeners, garden of demands ‘the neglecting also means ‘conservation’ and production’ ‘food Ignoring Why consumption. and education living, everyday for spaces of variety achieved be can differentiation” “space value), characteristic (own qualities existing of consideration through h ptnil of potential the recognize Yedikule in authorities municipality design approaches. -belgrad-kapi-arasinda-kara-surlari- 28

by ut functionality multi shaping public open spaces into into spaces open public shaping ? (Access to the experience of of experience the to (Access ? , accessed on April, 2014) April,2014) on accessed , Image 1-4 Image

s ivrs claim Sieverts As recreational experience of of experience recreational o recognize to

with modern artificial modern with i not did ic -koruma- n ad use. land in sophisticated ed before local local

a ,

www.tuik.gov.tr) Results, 2013;accessed on June, (Source:2014. 2014 ** Planlama Fatihto Municipality. peoplelive Yedikule in Neighborhood, Reportfrom Kut * historic urbangardens.Thehistoric project has 425.875 addressed not only neighborhood users addressed notonlyneighborhood Bostans- have been destroyed. (From haveBostans- a destroyed. been According to populationcensus in 2010 thereare 17 Report ofConcern ofthe Conservation used open onIstanbul’s space isbased collaboration of Istanbul of collaboration Metropolitan with populationwith 17.476 Yedikule been already on5 started (Report from Kutup Planlama to Fatih (Report toFatih Planlama fromKutup recreational openof urban leisure use hectare open space on Yedikule Neighborhood is Neighborhood Yedikule undergoing (vegetable farming). This agricultural (vegetable agricultural farming). This Implementation Project for Yedikule” Implementation Yedikule” Project for 2.7 ha of historic vegetablehistoric 2.7 haof - gardens TurkStat. Address BasedPopulation RegistrationSystem spaces. isdesignedtomeet it Shortly presently used for urban gardening presently usedforurban district users with Fatih userswith district population BOX 1. BOX Municipality. TheprojectMunicipality. for aims World Site, 2014,p: 11 Heritage an urbanrenewal the project with residential andcommercial users. between and thegates Yedikule of Issues of the Istanbul Land WallsIssues theIstanbul of Land the recreation intensive of needs Belgrad. Municipality and Fatih District andFatihDistrict Municipality Municipality, 2013)TheMunicipality, project the project “Recreation with ** . Urban renewal renewal Urban Project in Fatih isnamed Municipality The project area is 8.5 is8.5 The project area Yedikule , and , and th July, 2013 its 6 ha is 6ha its * , also , also .) .476

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. is demographic and physical been have there Project, Park Public of Implementation the Since an with approaches and planning is structures. historical project top-down its recreation with on municipal emphasis physically The Yedikule 1. Box revitalize in to detail designed more in explained is situation The inBostans Yedikule hne wih r ipcig ra gardens- urban impacting are which changes http://modernfarmer.com/2013/08/istanbuls- 2014). September, on disappearing-urban-farms/, accessed from Peril, in Farms Urban Istanbul’s Berggren, 1-5 Image order in MunicipalityLocal Fatih by destruction their and lettuce; their gardens- continue gardening somewhere else in the outskirts of Istanbul. The project form is an an is form project The or Istanbul. jobs new of find outskirts thesignificance In to analyzing essential tounderstand component order planning for policies. the Bostans in Yedikule else from somewhere out gardening move continue to have and jobs gardening their top-down planning policies policies planning top-down 1.2.3 be widely part. research in discussed will project park public the in gardens urban of necessity the Bostans, Yedikule keeping The adnr dnt otiue dctoal; hy r not are heritage with residents history its toshare andvisitors. they educationally; contribute don’t gardeners keeping The heritagepreservation. cultural and by historic not goalis primary Their production. in bostan landscape cultural historic of conservation the indirectly provide They making. continuing production with food culture practicing gardening experience traditional to bostans access produce, They bostans. bostans watering for keeping are They pool water and wells water historic using techniques, irrigation patterns. traditional as such techniques, same the in Yedikule almost specifically groups, target of demands gardenerson attention paying not making, policy 1875 se 29

interventions on Yedikule Bostans indicate the power of local decision-makers, from from decision-makers, local of power the indicate Bostans Yedikule on interventions Bostans resistance against Public Park resistance pressure Bostans

Bostans :

Bostan Keepers-, Keepers-, Bostan A view from 1875, by Guillaume Guillaume by 1875, from view A - from Yedikule city walls from 1875s; those farms are especially known for known especially are farms those 1875s; from walls city Yedikule from - in daily life. The primary goal of the gardeners is to keep bostans profit profit bostans keep to is gardeners the of goal primary The life. daily in

in who are living heritage practicing over over practicing heritage living are who

an urban context. The context. urban

mg 1-5 Image Bostans bostanlari-bizim-istanbul-bizim/, on September, September, from on accessed 2014). walls, city bostanlari-bizim-istanbul-bizim/, ancient http://www.kuzeyormanlari.org/2014/04/28/yedikule- the at of municipality Fatih local of control the under destroyed 1-6 Image

lack - activities; Bostan workers are losing losing are workers Bostan activities; - are : of an active public participation in participation public active an of mg 1-6 Image ex Traditional Yedikule Bostans are are Bostans Yedikule Traditional ploring historical and cultural cultural and historical ploring 1600 years old years 1600 showing view of urban urban of view showing to

make a 17th 17th July,2013 Public Park Park Public concerning. gardening of al

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. provides public legitimate use open space of It bostans. access to way right the finding differe help will bostans between access to users coherence different of rights Finding space. open productive a create to helps it Therefore, harvesting- waste for food collecting or rainwater capturing issues, environmental on public of awareness and recreation opportunities educational provide as such would activities complementary use The of too. leisure, food level appropriate for an demands in satisfying conservation and and Bostans production Yedikule of functions possible all Considering keeping Perhaps, them. empower and voices dwellers’ Yedikule Bostans a strategy open thebest tomake public park space. topreserve is urban city understand to help policies planning Bottom-up space. open public of use legitimate a make and the whole into a as them park integrate public to bostans, of use of level appropriate an find to helps this all view; of point makers’ decision from conservation and recreation production, food of understand demands to the bostans, access to users different of rights different the understand to helps it way right the in spaces open public create to important very is process making decision Making running. or walking for time any at bostans access residents let may It Bostans. Yedikule at place take that activities various join to times certain at bostans access residents/visitors let will bostans of use of level appropriate open owned conservation and production food of demands fills situation Existing inBostans Yedikule contribute from community food security to urban food security, from neighborhood level level neighborhood from city-wide into level. security, food urban to security food community from contribute bostans Urban gardeners. Yedikule like participants among connections strong create gardens Urban food. health to access and them for jobs providing migrants, inland as such residents income low the feeding by cities, growing in occur to began which safety, food of crisis the to respond gardens Urban reduced). being is footprint ecological (city’s food access to labor and consumption energy miles, food distance long of reduction the provide Bostans Yedikule cleaning. and maintaining for neighborhoods of Therefore, solve helps thesecurity it to Yedikule. in problem responsibility the of increase provides it spaces, lovely used, frequently creates it because space; the in security of level high provides participation public active An lands are both private both are lands are Bostans Yedikule ongoing. produce vegetable project as as project park public a into them integrating and space, of use multifunctional into bostans Converting purposes. leisure public to allowed are Gardeners them. demolish to intends project park public municipal the properties, access the lands only lands the access 30 . It is also not permitted local residents to to residents local permitted not also is It .

a unit a spaces ognzn eet, etns cnet would concerts meetings, events, organizing , may fill needs for public for needs fill may

, as seen in Yedikule case Yedikule in seen as , ly

and publicly owned. owned. publicly and with the purpose of food production; bostans are bostans production; food of purpose the with from the beginning creates ‘a sense of ownership’, and it it and ownership’, of sense ‘a creates beginning the from ly

accessible outdoors in the right way. Perhaps, an an Perhaps, way. right the in outdoors accessible an Public policies impact publicly and privately and publicly impact policies Public d balance demands of different target groups. groups. of targetd balance different demands n cie ulc participation public active an ; although some parts of bostans are private private are bostans of parts some although ; access bostans directly for recreation and recreation for directly bostans access semi-public pn pcs ad h bostan the and spaces; open d value add by not directly open to open directly not keeping bostans bostans keeping ,-increasing the ,-increasing o h space. the to in policy and and policy in . Thus Thus . nt nt

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. harvesting- complementary activities take place at urban bostans with the purpose social, economic, economic, social, purpose the with The bostans ecologic activities. urban complementary at into place and take cycles, activities differentcomplementary into integrated are that bostans 1.2.4 space inYedikule. urban thebest space provide to preserve way open planning will activities. and cycles different into integrated The municipal public park meets the recreation the meets park public municipal The n h poess f csse chains ecosystem of processes the in benefits; many has way productive recreation for area the Convert maintenance the reduce to conditions necessary costs. cultivation is local It for energy. species and suitable water using of consider consumption sprays, pay chemical using didn’t of authorities necessity local The increasing is there originality. result, a As spaces. of open near-natural create didn’t lack and nature to attention with concept design of sterile demolishing a while create designs artificial to intends It production. its to contribute doesn’t that landscape a promotes creates and Bostans, Yedikule project park public municipal The inBostans Yedikule 25 24 l dmns f ifrn tre gop, o cn t rvd a eiiae s o pbi open public of use spa open urban legitimate preserve to strategy good a a this Is spaces? provide it can how groups, target different of demands all Yedikule Bostanlari“. YedikuleBostanlari“. lack of filling demands of food production and conservation, neglecting some targetgroups neglectinglack food offillingconservation, some production of and demands and its surrounding landscape’ surrounding its and identified was which Site, Heritage World Walls Lands The spaces. open of functions symbolic and structural its to respect with design to necessary is It heritage. cultural and historic are carrierYedikule They of and ofare Bostans carrier values. meanings, identity, for outdoor accessible publicly level. lacks It public. are Bostans Yedikule to leisure. and open recreation directly not are Bostans profit. gardeners historic historic On the other hand Yedikule bostans provide access only only access provide bostans Yedikule hand other the On eulcn eid f h hsoi pnnua ht osiue a infcn cmoet of component significant a constitutes that peninsula historic peninsula of topography historic the of Period Republican Why couldn’t Land Walls and its surrounding landscape be considered as considered be landscape surrounding its and Walls Land couldn’t Why

hpv n Hn 21, Omni sablud Kn Ii aisl Top Tarimsal Ici Kent Istanbul’unda „Osmanli 2013, Han, and Shopov ofIstanbul. Areas Historic List, Heritage World UNESCO 31

Conclusion Conclusion

in al eiae side heritage g Yedikule bostans into multifunctional land use with complementary activities in activities complementary with use land multifunctional into bostans Yedikule g

), who are a small group of people, with the purpose of food production and making making and production food of purpose the with people, groupof small a are who ), and health outcomes for local residents. Consequently, the the Consequently, residents. local for outcomes health and ; bostans are habitat of animals and plant species; also local residents benefit from from benefit residents local also species; plant and animals of habitat are bostans al

ad represent and , and leisure purposes; but it excludes other demands. If it doesn’t fill doesn’t it If demands. other excludes it but purposes; leisure and

by UNESCO in 1985 in UNESCO by 25 . The municipal park project intends to demolish bostans. demolish to intends project park municipal The . different ecological cycles support each other mutually other each support cycles ecological different clua landscape cultural a sc a hdooia cycle,- hydrological as such ,

a type of commercial farms commercial of type a Considering al needs, and it permits all citizens to access to citizens all permits it and needs, 24 . Yedikule Bostans are situated inside inside situated are Bostans Yedikule . ce : demolition of Yedikule bostans, Yedikule of demolition : ‘functional approach’ approach’ ‘functional f yatn, toa and Ottoman Byzantine, of otn Keepers Bostan rak Kullanimi ve Dönüsümleri: Dönüsümleri: ve Kullanimi rak sn riwtr fo rainwater using local residents are are residents local a unit, a in neighborhood in ‘the Land Walls Walls Land ‘the ( and vegetable f open of reflect ? to to

r Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. and objects gardens vegetable Yedikule ignored. building been has landscape surrounding its forms, on just is focus whole; a as landscape surrounding its and Walls Land heritage cultural historic a as other, each inBostans Yedikule 26 seemed 27 p.225. 210-228, pp. 2007), (Winter, p a into garden funerary a from Complex Tomb Safdarjung’s Nawab gardens at the Land Walls are recognized as recognized are Walls Land the at gardens participation in policy making process making policy in participation notion of built heritage heritage built of notion recognize increases the responsibility in neighborhoods; then safe spaces will be created. created. be will spaces safe then neighborhoods; in responsibility the increases policy in participation public active spaces, used frequently ownership, of sense an acreates this beginning; the from process making through achieved be can spaces open Sustainable it is open space the best neighborhoodthe urban topreserve of in way historic Yedikule? spaces, open public of use legitimate a make and space open urban the in recreation spaces? open urban Land Walls be lost. be Walls Land Bostans Yedikule of demolition The inYedikule Walls case. neet o dfeet users different of interests carriers of historic of carriers as preserved be should they shown; being is bostans Yedikule of significance the result, a As vegetable of symbol historic of loss cause gardening. will bostans of demolition the case, Yedikule Park, Public into garden funerary a from in an appropriate level of use of open space be balanced? be space open of use of level appropriate an in funerary symbolism to be lost. Its historic value was reduced… was value historic Its lost. be to symbolism funerary a legitimate use of public open spaces? What is the role of Yedikule bostans bostans Yedikule of role the is What spaces? open public of use legitimate a space, tomake open urban best topreserve strategy preserve butwhat the open is urban space, 1.3 Yedikule canrealized context be not touch upon the subject of housing settlement planning approaches approaches planning settlement housing of subject the upon touch not focus is study This osrain ( conservation context: historical Yedikule in space open urban preserve to strategy best the is What balanced? be conservation and recreation production,

Sharma, “The British Treatment of Historic Gardens in the Indian Subcontin Indian the in Gardens Historic of Treatment British “The Sharma, Sharma, 2007: 2007: Sharma,

32 Delimitation

maeil s t ptnil o rmdln o improving or remodeling for potential its as immaterial

utfntoa ln use land multifunctional The transformation of Delhi’s tomb Delhi’s of transformation The tts quo status al ed As told in Sharma’s article Sharma’s in told As cultural landscape. Then, landscape. cultural Or integrating all three demands of food production + conservation + conservation + production food of demands three all integrating Or on urban gardens as a means of preserving public open spaces. It does It spaces. open public preserving of means a as gardens urban on

is , r iln dmns o rceto ad esr? oh approaches Both leisure? and recreation for demands filling or ), focused only on the conservation of its monuments such as Land as such monuments its of conservation the on only focused and

(Helming K. & Wiggering H., 2003, p.3). Wiggering&(Helming K. H.,2003,p.3). eiiae sial) sgs f ulc pn spaces open public of usages (suitable) legitimate prahs n i ti way this in and approaches e te ybl f itrc eeal greig t the at gardening vegetable historic of symbol the let ‘sophisticated’ “

? The garden’s new identity as public park caused caused park public as identity new garden’s The complex from a funerary garden into Public Park, p.225 Park, into Public garden funerary a from complex hr s a is There an historic site, historic an how should different rights of different users different of rights different should how 26 , the transformation of Delhi’s tomb complex tomb Delhi’s of transformation the , iln dmns o fo pouto + production food for demands filling and ak of lack ublic park; Garden History, Vol. 35, No. 2 2 No. 35, Vol. History, Garden park; ublic

‘complex methods’ ‘complex How should the demands of food of demands the should How

constricted understanding of understanding constricted ” consideration of identity of of identity of consideration ent: The transformation of Delhi’s Delhi’s of transformation The ent: 27 (Sharma, 2007, p.255 2007, (Sharma, Atog te vegetable the Although . the the in formal or informal informal or formal consensus of the the of consensus -Bostans- are in In preserving the public public the need

have have ed ) .

In in to

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. way ofmaking use a ofopen legitimate spaces 1.4 culturalits traces. the reveal and approaches use with space experience to anddaily life of continuation ensurethe to space of qualities existing land multifunctional of recognition the with gardens urban integrating on planned are approaches new of Paradigms process. planning participative a in change” the on “pressure and use” land of “pressure balance to how on focuses It settlements. inBostans Yedikule The main topic of the thesis is to investigate the role of urban bostan urban of role the investigate to is thesis the of topic main The ownership, provides a bottom up planning process, process, planning up bottom a provides ownership, of sense a create to help ways this beginning; the from process public making policy in participation active an with actors, users/city land different of demands the balancing with spaces open public use a of make helps legitimate to functions space ofopen allConsidering possible open urban preserving for strategy spacesa tomake legitimate use space. ofpublic open best the find to bostans Yedikule of functions possible space? open public of use legitimate a make to spaces open urban case that in space, as open making groups, of target way the some as well of demands the are missing Both are they leisure. But but and spaces, leisure. recreation open and urban than preserving more recreation much only be of should spaces purpose open the urban to preserving park public open preserving recreational promotes a It with bostans. space historic Yedikule the of section some of demolition park public recreational A space. the walls the including ancient city at food the authorities policy local makers, project by undergoing is of the of value well landscape purpose as cultural the providing historic and to of conservation activities pursued gardening have ongoing activities keeping gardeners, bostan by Urban production walls. city ancient the at of neighborhood historic study case an a with inquired in is It space Istanbul. Yedikule, open public of use legitimate a make to spaces open into public open space with multi-functional approach, then how should it be design be it should how then approach, multi-functional with space open public into space open semi-public converting if But citizens. all for converting use and access but provide would park production; food public recreational of the into integrating purpose and uses, the land functional multi use into bostans Yedikule to and bostans access to rights have people- of group specific a where spaces open semi-public are Bostans Yedikule existing of consideration for strategy and spaces. a open open making for legitimate spaces, use preserving of urban best arguments the find to the questions research various as in investigated are well Bostans Yedikule of as potential and bostans), of destruction the (with park public a make to bostans the against arguments the park, public a make to bostans keeping for arguments The too. leisure, and recreation of purpose the bostans Yedikule may into purposes conservation and production food with bostans

33 Aim and research questions

‘threats to the Yedikule historic bostans’, bostans’, historic Yedikule the to ‘threats what is the best strategy for preserving for strategy best the is what it also means that converting Yedikule Yedikule converting that means also multi-functional land uses land multi-functional It aims to discover all all discover to aims It s for preserving urban urban preserving for gardeners- ed , the , , it it ,

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. In regards to that the questions arises questions the that to regards In agrarianand by culture spatialtraces its and perception dwellers. local for preserving urban open spaces? open urban preserving for otmu: o t sle hs cmlx issues? complex these solve to how bottom-up: historic cultural landscape value of space, which presently existed existed presently which space, of value landscape cultural historic utbe ad s. Te research The use.) land context? suitable urban historic an in space open public of h hsoi clua landscape cultural historic the of conservation and use leisure recreation production, food of interests the balance to How asks: In research them themain to Regards question an in landscape cultural historic the context.historic urban of conservation and use leisure and recreation on demands the case: Yedikule in users/actors different of demands the on groups three between Yedikule Neighborhood, Istanbul Yedikule Therefore, as a legitimate use ofopen space. utilization their and Yedikule in preservationstrategy, bostans historic of demolition the the with project potentials, park public municipal proposed characteristics, the and bostans Yedikule the of quo status spaces, as open such Research issues leisure. and to recreation reference si of in purpose formed the are with questions plans space open into integration ra greig | gardening Urban the space open explore to research: this of concerns main the are questions following The cultural spaces historic open urban to preserving respect for strategy with best bostans the be Yedikule may involving value with landscape park public good A inBostans Yedikule The study questions questions study The an in leisure) and recreation conservation, ap production, (food actors different of demands provides conservation demands as well. asprovides well. conservation demands bostans): for recreation and leisure leisure bostans): for recreation and Park Public nfcne bnft, datgsdsdatgs ad hlegs eae t cmaig both comparing to related challenges and advantages/disadvantages, benefits, gnificance, propriate ofuse. level food production, food . . . . 34

Why is Who benefitskeepingWho ofit What areWhat disadvantages keepingand theadvantages of bostans? What is the potentialof users? the bostan is What

it preservation issues (Urban Bostans & Public Park): Park): Public (Urban& preservationBostans issues aims to make a legitimate use of open spaces; how to solve the conflict in in conflict the solve to how spaces; open of use legitimate a make to aims te rpsd uiia rcetoa pbi pr wt te eoiin of demolition the with park public recreational municipal proposed (the it important to keep Bostan? Bostan? keep important to Bostans

ra gardens urban recreation

in relating to find the best strategy for preserving open spaces to make spacesto open preserving for strategy best the find relatingto in | vegetable gardens (Status quo): for food production use, it it use, production food for quo): (Status gardens vegetable | and leisure, as creating a public park, and and park, public a creating as leisure, and in ”. as aim And, n itrc ra context urban historic an

bostan? bostan? : s mas f rsrig ra oe sae ad their and spaces open urban preserving of means a as How to balance the different rights of different users different of rights different the balance to How is: is: to what extent are urban gardens a legitimate use legitimate a gardens urban are extent what to

aacn te neet o fo production, food of interests the Balancing ae td i “ is Study Case (Legitimate usage in my case means means case my in usage (Legitimate related to Yedikule? Yedikule? to related het t Bsas in Bostans to Threats in itrc gardens, historic conservation to both urban both pn space open meet the the meet From of of

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. to make a legitimate use of open space with these questions: to makequestions: aof withthese legitimate open use space inBostans Yedikule

cultural landscape value? with integrating thepublicpark historic with respectIs into to todesign bostans better urban it inthe recreational be bostans How historic kept the Yedikule should park? public O codn t cmaio o bt oe sae sus ih h qetos bv, eaig to relating fo strategy best the above, find to try questions will I against, the and for arguments with issues space open both of comparison to According literatures theimportance onstudies based of written sources;The studyThis studytry answers utilize will will questions. these tofind towards urbangardens- their perceptionsaregardeners, city toopenup citizens, non-farmer planners heldwith urban Thefrom interviewsfield ona also local twoweek trip. oral resources and authorities based value of space of Parks andgardens, Public conservationcultural of “recreation”-creation landscape historic strategies:opencities through of growing “food spacesproduction”-urbancontext inthe r ...... And other sub-questions:

h pbi pr? il t rvd euainl clua, elh sca activities; social health, cultural, educational, provide it temporary activities? Will park? public the in place take should activities complementary of kind what integrating, be should it If adcp vle i i te et taey o rsrig ra oe sae t make to spaces open urban preserving le to strategy best the promote it is to value, project landscape park public into bostans cultural historic of conservation to respect with production food leisure, Yedikule recreationand integrating be should it If pn pcs ih aacn te ead o dfeet tkhles o make to stakeholders different of demands the productive Yedikule? public park in balancing with spaces open urban topreserve urban openof bestis the space all functions way possible toconsider what leisure, and recreation promote to policies public by influenced been bostans has leisure, and recreation promote to policies planning in included been bostan urban Has How should Should it be design be it Should Why is Who benefitsWho ofmakinga public park? How should it beHow it design should What are What aand theadvantages public park? disadvantages making of What is thepotential is What ofthe Park users? Public public park with modern, artificial public park with designs? modern, How is urban gardens perceived in terms of paradigm by gardeners, inhabitants, inhabitants, gardeners, by paradigm of terms plannerscity and inYedikule? politicians in perceived gardens urban is How

gitimate public use open space? of

in it important to make a public park for recreational leisure use? tomake forrecreational important a leisure public park use? Yedikule as the specific case for. The research is based on reports The and research plans isbased case as specific on for. Yedikule the it be Bostans and Public Park integrated in land use planning? inland usebeintegrated planning? and Bostans Park Public

Bostans ed with the demolition of the Yedikule historic bostans to make a make to bostans historic Yedikule the of demolition the with adtwrsPbi ak and towards Park. Public ed ? Bostans could Park. beintegrated intoPublic ?

urban gardens urban

as a means of preserving as of ameans urban r preserving open spaces and and spaces open preserving

a a Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. eiue ae Ti suy sd ulttv rsac qeto, ‘ question, research qualitative particular used in study actors This city different case. of Yedikule interests the between institutions, between level interactions city of and networks local dynamic up, bottom from issues complex the meanings, the understanding wholeness, the in reality social the of understanding follows ‘understanding research this with A. it in Linking understanding: lecture). quoted Raumforschung 16-23, empirischen der pp. scientific Methodologie 2013, 1997, Hamadinger, (Mayring case’ for particular ‘in methods and ‘complexity’ meanings’, qualitative underlines Mayring that shaping factors internal the out find practice case ofYedikule. to particular in practice local from deeply and context urban used qualitative collections methods as the following: the following: used as methods qualitative collections mostly are collection data the For perspectives. different from issue the on data in get combined to order been have methods different study, this of methodology the reports For and experts. documents, from various of review and in analysis months literature differentas well in as interviews 2014, and trips, 2013 field on based was study this of methodology The cultural the historic balance of to conservation how and landscape. leisure, case, and Yedikule recreation concerning production, food spaces; of open demands urban protect to way best the find to stakeholders of demands different the balance to how investigates It All. for space context urban historic an create to space, open of in use of level appropriate an in actors spaces different of demands the balance open public of use legitimate a gardens preserving urban open space in qualitative terms qualitative in space open urban preserving of means a as gardens urban of research the highlight to aims study this of methodology The 2 inBostans Yedikule

         36 METHODOLOGICAL CONTEXT CONTEXT METHODOLOGICAL

around Yedikule neighborhood, talking with local people, local artisans, such as as such artisans, local people, local grocery workers.workers, restaurant with talking neighborhood, Yedikule around walking area,surrounding their and walls, city ancient Bostans, Yedikule in trips Field Semi-structured interviews (focused, problem-centered interviews, expert interviews) Semi-structured (focused, expert interviews) interviews interviews, problem-centered Open(narrative, interviews biographical interviews) of bostans in 2014, non-cultivated lands.) of 2014,non-cultivated bostans in demolition the after 2013, in lands (cultivated 2013, in photographs and Observations the academicians YedikuleInitiatives, of Gardens the Historic Vegetable Preservation by organized was that Neighborhood, Yedikulemeeting in public of reports of Review eiw f ouet b te eiue itrc eeal Gres Preservation Gardens Vegetable Historic Yedikule Initiatives the by documents of Review ak rjc wt AtCD rwns a wl a te rpsd ulc ak project park public proposed the report, statistics, official as well as drawings, AutoCAD with project park public recreational proposed the Fatih, of municipality local from documents Review Semi-structured with thereeve interview ofYedikule Neighborhood neve wt te xet, adcp aciet, t h Dprmn o Prs and Parks of Department the at Gardens Municipality Fatih of architects, landscape experts, the with Interview

. It is based on based is It a local practice in an historic historic an in practice local to what extent are urban urban are extent what . t is to aims It ’.

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. inBostans Yedikule indicating bostans and their farming practices in the societies (18 societies the in practices farming their and indicatingbostans ev, h myr f ai mncplt ad te rsosbe uhrte ae epn to helping are the authorities affecting are responsible perceptions their how other and bostans Yedikule and of perceptions their municipality understanding the Fatih as such of institutions mayor local the responsible reeve, the councils, city officials, with interviews The Ottoman maps) their cultural toexplore historic heritage. bostans, as well as demand for keeping food production on bostans, and demand for for demand and bostans, on production food used are research keeping this In bostan. for as land of conservation demand as keeping well of significance as the bostans, disadvantages, and advantages group, specific a for important bostans the are why and bostans, using of way the bostans, of perception the demands, their understand to tried and gardeners, to Yedikule way with interviews best the the made I find spaces. to open protect space open the of functions possible all considering with spaces of (Johansson, space and time bounded qualitythe Bostans, Yedikule existing potentialof the explore a to study firstlytries This 2005). in case, specific a in complexity the of exploration generalizing thefindings the the with to research are important for Thefields practice oriented pc i Ydkl. epoe h cnieig ucinl prah rcgiig l possible all recognizing approach, functional considering the explore I Yedikule. in space open protect to plan good a not was park public recreational a make to bostans of demolition the but life; of quality the of enhancementregarding outdoors, accessible publicly of amount ca the by recreation for space open accessible publicly provide to necessary is in Yedikule out that found results, and this I evaluated then Yedikulewell neighborhood, as in as Fatih, district local in citizen per areas outdoors/green accessible directly spaces/publicly open of amount the demographics, as such statistics official the the as about well report as project, the municipal and drawings the got I project, park public proposed the investigated I to strategy best the be should what then space, case? protect open space inYedikule open as space keep we if but space, open provide bostans) of demolition the with Park Public proposed and bostans Yedikule (existing of demands the Because both too. recreations, I demands of the space, open investigate protect the best wayto between finding and use, of conflict level of appropriate an in this demands demands different the balancing the Concerning groups, different missing groups. is project conservation park and municipal gardeners, the here, is situation their problematic the and life but project, daily park public proposed the with needs recreation the the fill and Yedikule, in residents understand to helping local of leisure and are recreation of demands the understand to Trying bostans. the of perception dwellers local with old talking ways, the on women, children roadsides, the at sellers groceries, the at workers neighborhoods'     planning policies planning 37

eiw f esae atce cnenn te neve wt te ao o te local the of Istanbul,well Municipality asmunicipality as Metropolitan theMayor ofFatih, of of Mayor the with interview the concerning articles newspaper of Review Review of newspaper articles Review ofnewspaperarticles Review of literature concerning the Yedikule case, as well as collecting data for for data collecting as Yedikule of well potential existing out as find to case, context theoretical Yedikule the concerning literature of Review approach Investigating aerial photographs -Google earth photos- of the study area ofInvestigatingearth thestudyarea -Googleaerial photos- photographs

' tohighlight functions allpossible ofYedikulearea, Bostan and

the vision of city of vision the

; as well as the informal interviews with local local with interviews informal the as well as ; the historic maps historic the th century, 19 century, , considering considering in different eras eras different in lculations of the of lculations th century maps, 'functional

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. in the caseYedikule. of consider up bottom to from issues conflict the solve guide to strategies best with spaces a open protect to spaces as Convention Landscape European open urban shaping on policies public the of importance the and policies, public the landscapesin investigated I result, a As recreation space leisure. just than much more and provide open should nevertheless too; leisure and recreation provide could gardens urban that idea the explore to cities growing different gardensin urban ofconsiderations the well as Iinvestigate the best strategy of openspaces toprotect inYedikule. indicators The space. open with design space protect open an proposing the for to analyzed are area Yedikule strategyin functions possible best the find to space open of functions inBostans Yedikule 38

HISTORIC BACKGROUND TO HISTORICTO BACKGROUND URBAN AGRICULTURE URBANAGRICULTURE Planning Approaches Planning Approaches

Open Space Space Open

PART 2: PART 2:

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 29 149–153. pp 1975. AcademyofScience Kansas from http://www.le-notre.org/urban-spaces/urban-spaces.php?encyclopedia_id=25 from 3.1 3.1.1 3 inBostans Yedikule in addition to providing recreational opportunities” recreationalproviding to addition in function shaping urban and conservation serve to regulated publicly or acquired consciously recreations’, ‘outdoor areas’, ‘green as sky, tothe such open surface water area with its and/or “land described as be can also‘parks’ it and space open of types various including areas, up built all from spaces left-over as understood commonly is space open planning, use land In lying t as well as consider, to necessary is space open individual of importance The spaceOpen system: Connectivity and Hierarchies system space open by defined better through hierarchiesand as connectivity follow: be can spaces Open 1987). (Gehl, activities optional as described been have spaces open view, of point 1982 user’s the From 2003). H., Woolley in (Cranz, quoted landscape surrounding connecting with cities the around and in structures the between and around flowing through ‘fluid’ as such areas open wide as described been have 28 Open spaces are being increasingly seen as a part of infrastructure system of the the of system infrastructure of part a as seen increasingly being are spaces Open Connectivity: Green infrastructure + non green corridors inter-connected spaces; it consists a wider open space system. nod as spaces open individual consider we if cities; and towns all of structures different open spaces tog linking and connectivity providing through function vital a have They spaces. open fo zones pedestrian Streets, system. space open on role important an play spaces open green green or features such as river, topographic characteristic as networkshillside, and the combination these;of an corridor green or city inner the connecting wedges green wedges;around consist be green might which gardens, parks, includes resources that system spaces connected open a into whole infrastructure as such term makes which resources space open of a connection The located. vegetation the where particularly as used being is infrastructure

Stiles, R., 2013: “A Guideline for making space, joint strategy activity 3.3 activity strategy makingjoint space, for “AGuideline Stiles,2013: R., Marilyn. "Decision Making in Allocating Metropolitan Open Space: State of the A ofthe State Space: Open AllocatingMetropolitan in Making Marilyn."Decision

individual space individual

40 HISTORIC BACKGROUND TO URBAN AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURE URBAN TO BACKGROUND HISTORIC

Open space planning approaches ihn h cniuu mti o al nbit ad hc fos ewe the between flows which land un-built all of matrix continuous the within Defining Open Spaces Defining Spaces Open

, that provides different type of activities encompassing necessary, social, social, necessary, encompassing activities of type different provides that , 29 .

the different historic layers historic different the

28 . From a broader perspective open spaces open perspective broader a From . of the city, or might be gardens radiating gardens be might or city, the of , is part of the project “UrbSpace”, “UrbSpace”, the of project is part , 6 , accessed on October, 2014. 2014. October, on , accessed rt." Transactions of the Transactionsofthe rt." es in a network form of of formnetwork a in es hey have been seen as seen been have hey as s en natural being as ways o ecie in describe, to re corridors green ether between ether ulig and buildings cities. d also non rm urban rm Green green

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. the on depends that spaces;open of catchment other.eachdifferent Theythefulfillto functions. Hierarchy conceptopenof loca are they where depends system open into spaces open individual of integration The Hierarchies: Catchment of openspaces inBostans Yedikule is insignificantis 32 2014. 31 30 willingness variousof people makes them travel to different distance visit to lmt. s rsl, einn ubn pn pcs is urban spaces the open improve urban to designing habitats, result, provide a to As climate. role important an play can spaces open private In consideration of the influences of public policies public of influences the of consideration In 3.1.2 From an individual- an From with connecting inner city and surrounding landscape. surrounding and city inner connecting with eachone of surrounds and context the forms structure,andbuilding all between andaround of ownership status ownership 3.1.3 pn pcs o ifrnit it is opnn prs icuig wesi, management, ownership, including parts, use. componentand structure accessibility, responsibility, its into differentiate to spaces open parks, squares, plazas that is accessible and is used by all citizens; and semi-public open open semi-public and citizens; all by used is and accessible is that plazas squares, parks, public includes spaces open public use, and access and limited with gardens individual as aresuch semi-public spaces open Private public, p.2). 2003, categorized H., Woolley in are quoted 1972, spaces(Newman, spaces open open private use, to related citizens of exclusion and inclusion on boundaries and ownership legal their by identified be can spaces Urbanopen a broader perception of perception broader a gives aspects both in links The squares. streets, gardens, private parks, as such areas urban in land un-built all of matrix continuous the as considered also be can space open sense, broader of categories a In and 1987). (Gehl, activities types optional social, main necessary, encompassing that includes spaces open that urban forms various as such site’ ‘individual as seen betv, n t piae ad wes rvdn pbi ifrain n recommendations and information public about openspace practices providing owners land private to policy and public the objective, by measures implementation the of definition the of conditions the under owners to made funds public of use the permits, building of grantingconcerning in conditions influence as well as spaces open for land use plans is necessary to consider as as consider to necessary is plans use land for Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. http://www.le-notre.org/urban-spaces/urban-spaces.php?encyclopedia_id=255 From 41

Defining Spaces Open Urban The policy context on urban open spaces context on policy open urban The spaces

Public accesPublic

32 .

user

perspective of view, open spaces in urban area commonly have been been have commonly area urban in spaces open view, of perspective urban open spaces open urban 31 . s and s

private owned open spaces. open owned private use rights use size of an open space open an of size ; individual spaces and the network as continuous as network the and spaces individual ;

can be granted over the private open spaces; also also spaces; open private the grantedover be can undivided resource undivided Public policies Public , there are many issues that the ownership the that issues many are there

Its strategic planning and management management and planning strategic Its repcie o pn spaces’ open to irrespective It involves planning regulations, regulations, planning involves It shape and the and . It is important considering important is It . not only publicly owned publicly only not 30 spaces is connectedspacesisthe to . facilities ; accessed in October, October, ; accessedin it provides it ted in relation in ted

current current , the

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. by firstly perhaps instruments, policy into involved is spaces open of role The spaces. open urban shaping on importance the recognized increasingly is policy Public importance, in growand theneedsspaces challenges be answer these to incoming necessary will issues. open will change climate of impact the and effects demographic that trends recently The years. coming in important more becoming are spaces open urban that means It conditions. social and environmental the of changes the to concerning in levels European and national at policy of subject the become spaces open urban Recently, leisure. and recreation promotes It areas. to residents persuades it as well urban as opportunities, job creating and spaces open on in investments life of quality the increasing contribute spaces open Attractive public irrespective. context, the planning and spaces, space open private open and public in shape importance policy The p.3). 2003, H., (Woolley society of groups particular by used generally in or times, open limited in paying by accessible is value,that historic have which gardens or grounds play school as such public for times opening use the generally space, butin might ordinarywould notbewelcomeand belimited the public people of number limited a where that include spaces play gardens, communal as such spaces inBostans Yedikule approach as one of the main goal, involving involving strategic goal, a main promotes ELC the planning conditions. of live one population as about approach environment urban the of quality and awareness the enhancing as well as landscape, recognition the about approaches ua atvte ta ae gained are that activities f human characteristic consisting specifically in consider couldn’t open authorities green some of problems; protection the faced are interventions space open urban Current management. 35 http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/en/Treaties/html/176.htm 34 33 etrso adcp,jsiid yis eiae au drvd rmis natural activity”humanfrom its from derived value charac heritage its or by significant justified landscape, the a maintain of features and conserve to “actions as protection landscape defines whose people, by perceived Europe) of as area, (Council factors” human “an and/or natural of interaction and as action the of result the landscape is character defines It landscape. our shapes that process natural and human whole a as understanding an to activities distinguished from ConventionLandscape European qua the enhancing and spaces open of protection provide that spaces open green as are Gardens as a guide to the legislations by member of states. ELC states. of member by legislations the to guide a as approaches planning its landscape, of recognition the about role important an plays and 2004 in force into came Convention Landscape European landscape. urban of component central http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/en/Treaties/html/176.htm http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/en/Treaties/html/176.htm Council of Europe, European Landscape Convention, 2000, inFlor 2000, Convention, Landscape European Europe, of Council from in Florence, 2000, Convention, Landscape European Council of Europe, European Landscape Convention, 2000, inFlor 2000, Convention, Landscape European Europe, of Council 42

- and provides a a provides and -

33 . It recognizes firstly urban and peri-urban landscape, and urban open space is a is space open urban and landscape, peri-urban and urban firstly recognizes It .

35 . As a result, urban open spaces are strategic issues for landscapeplanningand for issues strategic spacesare openurban result, a As .

guidance on how to achieve these goals (ELC, 2000, Article 3-Aims). It 3-Aims). Article 2000, (ELC, goals these achieve to how on guidance

eiae value heritage takes into account the early green spaces as a planning tool tool planning a as spaces earlygreen accountthe into takes

n h sae i sm css s n hs research. this in as cases some in space, the on , accessed October, 2014. 2014. October, accessed , 2014. October, accessed , 2014. October, accessed , landscape protection, management, and and management, protection, landscape ownership status of open spaces are are spaces open of status ownership ence, from ence, ence, from ence, 34 provide innovative development innovative provide configuration and/or configuration aue from eatures ELC. teristic lity of lity

space space The

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. “ deprived parts of urban areas in Europe; it has an important role for the providing r providing the for leisure needs of acommunity and role important an has it Europe; in areas urban of parts deprived object economic of activities” supportive is and development community fostering in and interaction i is significant, ecological is role, educational important an plays town, a of form Open space and its importance are identified by European Council in 1986 an as acts it city, a of life collective the shows people it attract and space place; open meeting well-defined and city; a of character the represents space sur their and environment their of quality and value the concerned more are citizens patter social the reflected currently are The practices. spaces open The rights. these sustaining depend spaces open of use and provision The environment. built his in man of rights im s and securityfeeling through cohesion increasing social foras well as quality, citizens urban of aspirations legitimate to contributes enjoyment space Open community pride. development the in role plays significantly it individuals, of well-being social for importance its life; wild and nature of understanding the encouraging bringing or keeping about only not is significance ecological city; the with ide the and of understanding an helps it role, important educational has space open Urban 1986) activities. various provides and communities; new and cities historic in gardens park public including areas private and public covers It city. a heritag of ‘image’ provides historic the and environment urban the of part fundamental forms space Open 3.1.4 in down top from well introduce instruments aimed protecting, at as managing planning and/or landscape. the up bottom from level, national to regional local, from whi effect, into landscape putting as implementing on role important an plays ELC avoid it which is may threatening, in specifically in maythreatening, is which it avoid &SecMode=1&DocId=74010&Usage=2 way anothe on forward-looking The means space. which management’ keeping‘planning’ ‘landscape regular ensuring defines through that perspective development processes sustainable environmental and economic social, from about way way right thea in spaces open preserve leads It systems. the on awareness the makes that d policies, social ecological economic, the promotes, ELC preserve that policies relevant and the all into interventions, landscape the of surfaced integration hard from pro spaces that spaces open open green urban both are parks or Gardens conditions. life about environment urban inBostans Yedikule https://wcd.coe.int/com.instranet.InstraServlet?command=com.instranet.CmdBlobGet&I 36 Open space is is space Open Accessed on January, 2015, from 2015, January, on Accessed , such as as such , 43

The importance of urban open space of importance The

Erpa Cucl 18, .) epcal i hls eue neet eso ad conflict and tension inherent reduce helps it especially p.3), 1986, Council, (European

considering all possible functions like establishing a sense into space into sense a establishing like functions possible all considering policies an essential part of urban heritage urban of part essential an play an important role of understanding open spaces and their value. The urban The value. their and spaces understandingopen of importantrole an play

it has aneconomic value in that of environmental enhancement. . . , to handle in a harmony with the changes which are brought outbrought arewhich changes the harmony with a in handle to , rsrig rsoig cetn lnsae i a right a in landscapes creating restoring, preserving,

heritage , a strong element of architectural and aesthetic and architectural of element strong a , possessed open spaces as Yedikule case. So case. Yedikule spaces as open possessed of community and in creating in and community of lmn o sca cohesion. social of element 36 upporting the protection ofprotection the upporting nature in the city, and also and city, the in nature : on integrating cultural, integrating on nstranetImage=551137 interaction about the about interaction (European Council, (European mportant for social for mportant s as well as private as well as s ch ones undertakesones ch codnto to coordination a to recognize and recognize to s n planning and ns roundings. Open roundings. rv ter life their prove ecreational and ecreational in significantly in n poie a provide and e of a city. It city. a of e vriy The iversity. ntification vs and ives oe is one r how to how from tect

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. ra (NHbtt 2004 (UN-Habitat, areas live people 75% than more its and America, Latin is world developing in region urbanized 3.1.5 on open space uses instead observationof of citizens’ behaviors. inappropriat of often is there regulations.Thus because accessibility and use public suitable ensures spaces public community and needs local between spaces of use The uses. inappropriate for spaces open conservation on case problematic o ec 67% reach to andurban, inpopulation world’slives of 54% 2014, intoday UN, toAccording percent. m commonly and years the between comparing in population the of growth the means that ‘ define to significant is here term other The p.19). 2011, (Vestbro, areas” urban to of proportion “the denotesurbanization’ of ‘level and urban” as classified l population country’s a in increase “the refers urbanization Vestbro, to According recreation. threats ecological conditions city. of Citizens bring new demands as such spending time lei for styles. life changing areas, spacesopen urban of amountsdecreasing the up built densely renewal, city population, growth the caused particularly is cities contemporary in uses land changing on Pressure sti are through there space, open of contributions the of recognition the of Despite ‘ (Council of Europe, as 1986, p.4). space opens depicts Europe of Council The Therefore inBostans Yedikule od hrae ad antiin Muet 20 ctd n a Vehie, 06. By 2006). Veenhuizen, Van in cited 2005 (Mougeot, malnutrition and shortages food di translated be can that incomes cash of lack the and food, for poor households their of Urban percent poor. urban for food access to difficult more becoming It’s malnutrition. is uses land changing on pressure second The spaces open of uses decentralization process various consider to and specificallyservices, health ed water, drinking like services basic provide to employment, enough create to as such from uses land dealmassivenotwithcanpopulation cities growingMany in cityau cities, shifting The urban. in spaces needs population Growth decreasing openspaces to increasing built-up areas. areas. urban in live to areas. urban in people oflivelihoods forchallenges the with faced is cities populatio The areas. rural and cities other from migration the to and population, accessed on 21 on accessed 37 authorities with and inhabitants-users urban different of interests the between ordination

From http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/news/population/world-urbanization-pr From 44

Pressure on on |Pressure keeping land changing uses land

h ursle conflicts unresolved the

st 37 October 2014. 2014. October Te ouain rwh ail ses n ot eeoig onre. h most The countries. developing most in seems rapidly growth population The . to create efficient local autonomy.

, in a right way and in the right place to plan and preserve of green spaces green of preserve and plan to place right the in and way right a in http://unhabitat.org/ a gap between proposed use and realtyanduse proposedbetween gap a

bu te use the about -green areas, publicly accessiblepubliclyoutdoors-.areas, -green

icesn ubn oet ad od insecurity’ food and poverty urban ‘increasing .h goig iis r de o rwn urban growing to due are cities growing ).The ht a b reach be can that te itks n lnig ad h lc o co- of lack the and planning, in mistakes the , . Not always transformation of private areas into areas private of transformation always Not . sr o pbi lvn ro fr local’ for room living public of sort a , due to false assumption basedassumptionfalse to due , l saeodr’ wishes stakeholders’ all thorities face challengesthorities the Region’s poor is increasing is poorRegion’s conflicts are often in the in often are conflicts tal population that live in live that population tal ltras o pn spaces open to threats ll from rapid urbanization, rapid from ospects-2014.html it is estimated in 2050 inestimated is it rate of urbanization’, of rate n growth in growing in growth n iving in settlements in iving hy r caused are They e and inordinate inordinate and e ucation, basic ucation, This situation This spends 60-80 60-80 spends rectly into rectly easured in easured h right the . in urban in sure and Such as Such , , and , in ,

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. iy renewal City arable lands due desiredto proximity to a productive food resource (Redwood, 2009). reason; be densitiescould of wi dealing directly is This leisure. and recreation for sources are gardens educational and miles, food short activities, of variety organizing foods, fresh ur of using marketing, direct for impotence the gained are gardens urban Today expensive travel costs(Vestbro, 2011; Van Veenhuizen, 2006). osqety icesd ad rcs n css f nrsrcue n ra aes and areas, urban in commutingtimes- longer as outcomessuch other causes infrastructure of costs and prices land increased consequently, for looking to due newcomers urban by difficult became has production food for land 2000) Davila, and (Brook livelihoods changing and changes use land rapid by described is int peri-urban The p.25). 2011, (Vestbro, use” land efficient without areas urban of “expansion is one third The urban areas. for tool important an is agriculture Urban nutrition. and enhancing with economylocal encouragemay ways innovative right the and livelihoods interventions and strategies planning inBostans Yedikule lsns t isiuin ta poie rdt n tcncl die mre inf market advice, technical and creditVeenhuizen, p.9-10).2006, provide that institutions to closeness wastewater and wastes organic urban as such inputs cheap to access acce markets, and direct consumers disadvantag groups: urban disadvantaged and and poor poor of urban for net opportunities security is social second The for households. UA of role the shown been have Trends one responseThe first to is poorurban andunemployed poverty, urban to insecurity/malnutritio food n. 2006, p.9-10): in responding is UA Veenhuizen, van to According pc a rsrain. el cetd pn pcs r otn cuid y ra poues suc producers urban by occupied characterized is UA often Therefore lease. informally or temporary are spaces open created Newly reservations. as space purposenew a until gardening which spaces open creating are areasresi industrialdegenerated of demolishing to Due gardens. Yedikule in happening case a as gardening locat new find to forced are gardeners urban as such removed are spaces open existing 3.1.5.1 fresh foods and direct producer-consumer relations (Van Veenhuizen, 2006). l for preferences to provide tendencies focus local and markets super from products new socio-culturalas such are preferences consumer changing local on tendency The p.9). 2006, Veenhuizen, of in quoted 2000, maintenance and decentralization at focus and local global, being more out seeking brought are changes use land on pressures of kinds These needs for recreation spaces mat o ubn rfi ad nuty n h qaiy f ol ad irrigati and soils of quality the on industry suc and practiced traffic is urban it of how impacts and where are UA influenced directly which dynamics Other location vary over time. 45

UA as a response to the pressure of changing land uses

s asd y etn bit p f xsig pn pcs fra ad noml users informal and formal spaces; open existing of up built getting by caused is ‘ urban

sprawl’ , changes on urban usesland and regulations. no space is left for gardening activitiesgardeningfor left is space no and investments are found and also new roads create new vacant openvacant new create roads new also and found areinvestments and Te rs o rpd raiain ed ubn pal eie as defined sprawl urban leads urbanization rapid of press The . ol big aae ih ugr n pvry improve poverty, and hunger with manage being would

stay vacant for a long time, and could be used for used be could and time, long a for vacant stay he ways three long way distance between home and job, and homebetween distance way long nacn fo scrt ad nutrition and security food enhancing as ‘shifting cultivation’ forms due to its to due forms cultivation’ ‘shifting o te rsue Vn Veenhuizen, (Van pressure the for . Urban sprawl tends let to absorb to letUrban sprawl tends. th my case study. High level High study. case my th n water, on opruiis Urban opportunities. ormation etc…(Van etc…(Van ormation ban wastes, organic, wastes, ban e dmns to demands new dniy (Baud, identity h sm time, same the f ore they course of buy lands, and lands, buy ion or give up give or ion a negative as h food security food ocal grown ocal . To keep To . d urban ed dential, erface s to ss as h and in of

, Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 2006) Veenhuizen, van 2005; Veenhuizen, van and Berg (van institutions and multiplenecessarygovernance, formsand consensus stakeholdersof synergiesseeknew of is di therepresent stakeholderswho of wishes to developsaccordingcity with gardens spaces open urban of usage Legitimate 2006, p.9-10). services recreational of provision buf green open maintaining greening, urban wastes, of recycling as well as supply food and development:local sustainable forfunctions certain fulfill to UA enabling and gardeners urban conducive direct about is one third The inBostans Yedikule 46

, social inclusion of disadvantaged groups etc…(Van Veenhuizen, etc…(Van groups disadvantaged of inclusion social , is related is

to multi-functionality to through urban policies and programmes and policies urban . The integration of urban of integration The . economic developmenteconomic verse functions, tofunctions, verse fer zones, fer policies,

; .

N and ature ature C

and

it izens C

ity

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. inBostans Yedikule Image 3-2 Image W by edited Reader, Urbanism Landscape The In: p.36 pp.35-53., 2006, New York, Press, Architectural Urbanism”, as “Landscape C., 3-1 Image been changed, and their interactions have shaped the cities. (Source: Philips, 20 Philips, (Source: the cities. haveshaped interactions their and changed, been 48

: : Rem Koolhaas/OMA, Parc de la Villette Competition, 1982; cartoon of programs of cartoon 1982; Competition, Villette la de Parc Koolhaas/OMA, Rem As agricultural practices have evolved by the time, the relationship between so between relationship the time, the by evolved have practices agricultural As

13:7). 13:7). aldheim C., Princeton Princeton C., aldheim ciety and nature has has nature and ciety . From Waldheim Waldheim From .

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. ae en changed been have e prdg o ct pann prpcie a Lohrberg as perspectives planning city on paradigm new i century, twentieth in then and city, the in nature well-kept bring to needed were plays 3.2.1 and increasing the destruction of local, regional and global natural resourc natural global and regional local, of destruction the increasing and increasing with related today conceptualized people’s food resources, the continuous overdevelopment of cities about rising food prices, milfood es, is city the with harmony in Living awareness on complex naturalcomplexawareness environment on culturalr intellectualand in introduced urbanization evaluationisof The needed in a city become to more a integral on city identity andcity pattern? harmony livewith in to out brought are livingconditions better 3.2 inBostans Yedikule “ - communal creating as city to nature productive gardens as creating communal, 3.2.2 38 the ruins. In the early times, the various societies in the world, urban agricu urban world, the in societies various the times, early the In ruins. the thousa Ten 2013). A., years ago civilization in the IndiaEgypt, Phillips and China illustrated farming of daily the apart as in cited 2010 (Standage, civilization the changed culture farming maize though crops, gatherers were around at thirty-fiveleast years thousand ago before the expanding growth on the farming of based inventionagriculturalofthe society were roots and The spaces with non-productivity, and discover and non-productivity,with spaces wilderness located outside the city walls, ( walls, city the outside located wilderness zone controlled and contained 39 New Jersey. Hoboken, landscapes” edible of management and maintenance, 40 p.18- pp.17-25, the wars.the

replacing decorative green through productive open spaces” open productive through green decorative replacing Phillips A., 2013: A.,2013: Phillips Lohrberg F., 2001: “ 2001: LohrbergF., Ibid., p. 7 7 p. Ibid.,

Historic Background Openof Space Planning Nature and City Nature Romanticism of Agriculture and City and Agriculture Romanticism of

Nature

19.

was wild and it was withinnot city, it was outside the city “Designing Urban Agriculture: A complete guide to the planning, design, constructio design, planning, to the guide complete A Agriculture: Urban “Designing Stadtnahe Landwirtschaft in der Stadt- und Freiraumplanung ” Freiraumplanung und Stadt- der in Landwirtschaft Stadtnahe in ie ( time,

mg 3-1 Image within the cities by thick, sturdy walls to keep cities from the untamed the from cities keep to walls sturdy thick, by cities the within public

open spaces. ntr wswl,te ashtc ol ie ak, prs and sports parks, like tool aesthetic then wild, was nature ) al Image 3-2 Image edible issues. The relationship between nature,cityand citizensissues.relationship The between

, pp. 1-48., published by John Wiley and Sons, Inc., Sons, Inc., and bypublished Wiley John 1-48., pp. , potential of open spaces and consideration of urban of consideration and spaces open of potential public ) and then to keep and protect the cities against cities the protect and keep to then and ) pn pcs y adnn, ra gardens: urban gardening, by spaces open 39 , reducing aesthetic duty of green open green of duty aesthetic reducing , nature 20 udrie, ht rn back bring that underlines, 2001 , in the city. How much nature is muchnature city.Howthe in enewal in regarding increasedregardingenewalin

es 40 lture became lture 38 . , Books on Demand, Books , Demand, on .

As a whole reaching whole a As icneto of disconnection of wheat, rice,wheat,of t generates a generates t manifest as manifest lifestyle lifestyle in n, n, nd

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 3.2.4 in Vienna, the idea was forests andmeadow rings surrounding the city. It A non-productivity. plans. with agriculture of space object consideration openaesthetic about more in agriculture of functions productive consider couldn’t she spaces; open 3.2.3 inBostans Yedikule The first plan first The ucin r gie iprac i oe sae ln t ipoe ie odtos n ci in conditions life improve of functions to non-productive highlighted plans space open in to importance regard gained corridors are green function that 1874 in claims She outside. to city inner from connection ring Green the responded been open spaces have approach Howard’s with changes of use land of gardens pressure Urban belts. used agricultural through agri integration by character distinctive has city Garden model. city garden consumtion.productionpropo and He live, within 1898highlightedEbenezer cityto Howard in Sir 41 42 2014. September, 43 pp.13-15. axs ln o Cnrl ak n e Yr i 15; hy rvdd asv ad acti network. green and for case important passivean is Boston for system provided park Eliot’s Lohrberg, they 1858; in objec consideration York aesthetic about more was Newlandscape citizens, urban for recreations in Park Central for plan Vaux’s way ouae areas populated par and grounds play squares, small bring to proposed and islands; protecting and fr beach reclaiming through important also is it and outskirts the on forests) open a newopen a market for their produce close to their doors. particularly in citizens, grade all for way short standar healt a in to comfort securing access and health capital, through the for spaces employment open better employment, public regular more provide surroundings, lands owned municipality underlines He andlife this on land owned by municipality”

detailed plan a in radial pattern with boulevards and distinguished various land uses that included abundance of public parks pastoral and open spaces within orchards and provided a His proposal basedis on nowadays decentralized city layout scattered with 44 Hoboken, New Jersey New Jersey Hoboken, landscapes” edible of management and maintenance, “… Ibid., p.19 and quoted from http://www.umass.edu/greenway/Greenway from quoted and p.19 Ibid., Lohrberg F., 2001: “ 2001: LohrbergF., Howard E., 1902: „Garden Cities of To-morrow”, Swan Sonnenschein &C Sonnenschein Swan ofTo-morrow”, Cities „Garden 1902: E., Howard Phillips A., 2013: A.,2013: Phillips and objects are to be achieved being healthy, natural and economic combination of town and count and town of combinationeconomic and natural healthy, being achieved be to are objects 50

Garden cities Garden The First Green Network -to bring nature in the city bring in-to city nature First the GreenThe Network

re space green

42 . He means garden city objects:

to bring nature in the cities the in nature bring to is o mrv stlmn cniin truh rvdn oe sae a green as spaces open providing through conditions settlement improve to aims 41 . “Designing Urban Agriculture: A complete guide to the planning, design, constructio design, planning, to the guide complete A Agriculture: Urban “Designing

u arclue a nt nertd n h oe sae ln. Dohna-Poninska’s plans. space open the in integrated not was agriculture But Stadtnahe Landwirtschaft in der Stadt- und Freiraumplanung ” Freiraumplanung und Stadt- der in Landwirtschaft Stadtnahe ewr truh oncig ies n oe sae (re sae: meadows, spaces: (green spaces open and rivers connecting through network

– to bring in city to the agriculture

suitable-legitimate use of open spaces through productive use of use productive through spaces open of use suitable-legitimate agriculture in significantly fast growing cities was the Olmsted and Olmsted the was cities growing fast significantly in (Howard E., 1902,p.22).

, pp. 1-48., published by John Wiley and Sons, Inc., Sons, Inc., and bypublished Wiley John 1-48., pp. , in providing recreation uses as a tool on shaping on tool a as uses recreation providing in

s/2GR-his.html o., London, pp.20- London, o., who migrate tighter provide tighter migrate who productive open spaces culture back into the city the into back culture om private to public use, public to private om , Books on Demand, Books , Demand, on , accessed on 19 on accessed , s a case: Green ring Green case: a s

Eliot created Eliot

44 ks in the densely the in ks ( 27. Image 3-3 t. According to According t. is Bt she But ties.

e outdoor ve recreation th n, n,

green ). ). s of ds was was hier

sed ry

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. is from Ebenezer Howard: „Garden Cities of To-morrow", (Howard E., E., (Howard To-morrow", Cities of „Garden Howard: isfrom Ebenezer newforests with forestation distance: Inlarger rings. middle in theareas Image 3-3Image providecan to be achieved being economic, natural and healthy. (Howard E.,1902) the transport costs, and it could be increase the fertility land. of The combination town of mutual; citythe may save from expenses transportation food costs, peri-urban production is reduced In agriculture addition, absorbs simultaneously the farms. (Lohrberg F.,2001and Phillips A.,2013) landscape. In distance larger garden of city is located forestation with new forests and large-scale dairy farms, cow pastures, fruit farms short in transform of food routes and other types producti of ve labor use perarea with productive usage open of spaces with small and large parks, orchards, small spaces. By surrounding city centre with agricultural lands in regarding Howard’s model provide high included houses and gardens provide to form central with park the at centre city and surrounded encircling ring-shaped glass halls t “ The radial pattern has been seen inBostans Yedikule 32,000(Philips A.,2013). Chrystal Palace 1,000of acres and surroundingin with agricultural land 5,000 of acres to a support city populati view ofthe city through the integration of town and country life. plan The is shown acentralized site model. Garden city model was the respond dirtyof and overcrowded cities of the time by apastoral knowledge of Thünen’s agricultural economy specifically in model, Chrystal Palace Howa of Lohrbergp.22). 2001is talked about that Howard‘s garden citymodel is based on obviously the 45 46 pp.19-21. the the relationship between agriculture and national economy Lohrberg F., 2001: “ 2001: LohrbergF., Ibid., 21 p. Ibid., 51 : Garden City: small and large parks, orchards, small dairy farms, houses and houses farms, dairy small orchards, parks, large and City: small Garden

Stadtnahe Landwirtschaft in der Stadt- und Freiraumplanung ” Freiraumplanung und Stadt- der in Landwirtschaft Stadtnahe

Thünen Rings higher purchase possibilities 45 of Howard’s of model presently represents (

Image 3-4 waste of citythe ) by Heinrich Johann in on 1842, focused ” (Thünen, 1842 cited Lohrberg, in 2001, 1902:22-23). 1902:22-23). and large scale farms. The layout layout The farms. scale large and

46 and at samethe open time public that can that can be made profit as gardens, pasture gardens, , Books on Demand, Books , Demand, on direct-marketing and country

hat rd’s on of

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. open space structure(Phillips A.,2013). agricultur of integration and productive and pastoral both that spaces open and nature of pr the through cities independenteconomically produce to is city garden of sense main The populat bounded its production and urban consumption be should reinforcedwith each other (Lohrberg, 2001). city the feed to provides spaces open of use Agricultural

agriculture is a part of urban culture and gardening is a tool for providing better life cond life better providing for tool a is gardening and culture urban of part a is agriculture p.19) garden.” in city a -than surroundings, beautiful “ is it that cityHoward’s about perspective Osborn’s cited is Lohrberg inBostans Yedikule ceg se tgte a landscape”, as together seen spirit acreage as becomes also city, remarks Wrights the 2010). al., et Xia of in quoted 1946, (Howard, structure city of symbol the forms only not production food for areas devoted the together, driven are garden of idea the and city, of idea the To-morrow, of City Garden Howard’s Ebenezer effect into came gardens and life urban between relationship The & 2013). crisis Meyer-Chech (Ziegler,cultivated Seher, and tocope withfood 2009 were spaces open public allotment and fields the II, War World after important more became function supply agricultural The plots. small on gardening by supply self food implemented was it Vienna, In responding adverse ofurbanexpansion. tothe for role significant plays belt” “green Vienna, city growing In growth. city hold to component understand be could crucial a also and dwellers city for approach supply food distance assureshort as “agriculture” cities” “garden from Howards’ Ebenezer view of point The 47 landscape Ullstein Verlag, 1968, p.179 p.179 1968, Verlag, Ullstein Posener, P, (Ed.): Ebenezer Howard. Gartenstädte von morgens. Das Buch u Das Buch morgens. von Gartenstädte Howard. Ebenezer (Ed.): P, Posener, 52

oi s osdrd ct i h gre, o a a iy ih h gre. According garden. the with city a as not garden, the in city a considered is it So

Wih,13,qoe nXae t,21,p2. p.2). quotedinXia(Wright, et at.,2010, 1932,

lomn movement allotment

Image 3-4: Thünen Ring, (Lohrberg F., F., (Lohrberg Ring, Thünen Image3-4: xds the exudes 2001:22) 2001:22) which is legally and illegally-encouraged and and illegally-encouraged and legally is which

(1945, in Posener 1968:179 cited in Lohrberg, 2001, Lohrberg, in cited 1968:179 Posener in (1945, eeaie oeta o productive of potential generative nd seine Geschichte, Berlin, Berlin, Geschichte, seine nd more a city in the garden, so in so garden, the in city a more

“architecture as “architecture ion. Agricultural ion. e into urban into e o Howard to eservation structure structure itions.

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. of of of times opposite - overall War) World First for the after plays-except example, (for crisis land economic agricultural peri-urban of function production The by translated 54, t 2013: Urbanistik, für Institut Deutsches Region, undStadt leisure, and by recreation of city mission the the to in converted profit then making and performance, of crop maximizing mission commercial to converted was production food Germany of in gärten’ ‘Schreber mission the Afterwards, activity. leisure that and recreation used were production food After of besides non-commercial. were they as spaces gardens; open the allotment in livelihood for production food was mission primary Gardens’ Urban role thereby increasingly understood thereby understood increasingly (in-Wert-setzung) ( network city / cities between contemporary: contemporary period Post-war modern/functionalClassic city strategies settlement decentralized 1920s: (from 1900) Garden city movement (1870-1920) style hometown with Historism periodTime 3.2.5 inBostans Yedikule Table 1:Table Urban Design Models- The role open of space planning and peri-urban agriculture seen onthe 1. Table a periods time different in planning space open in role important an plays agriculture Urban structured city 48 use city use 49 54. 2013: herangezogen Agrargebieten stadtnahen von fürSicherung die Argument Source: Lohrberg, 2001, "Heute wird die ökonomische Bedeutung der Landwirts der Bedeutung ökonomische wirddie "Heute 2001, Lohrberg, Ibid. Ibid. agricultural land land agricultural

53 48

Sne 90 pr-ra arclue evs seily also especially serves agriculture peri-urban 1980, Since .

, European city Historic development of urban gardening in urban open spaces gardening urban Historic open of urban spaces in development S.

Bock, A. Hinzen, J. Libbe, T. Preuß, A. Simon, D. Zwicker-Schwar D. Simon, A. Preuß, T. Libbe, J. Hinzen, A. Bock,

: compact : osnd and loosened : recreation of the experience of the urban landscape. Agricultural land is is land Agricultural landscape. urban the of experience the of recreation : (leisure, recreation) (leisure, , mixed- ,

satellite town activity iig environment identification, image link connecting a as space Open greening, peri-urban green areas improvement living outline Functional separation "green practical space Open as outskirt but implementation Howard)- (E. belt agricultural the in City green systems area through and belt green suburbs, in parks regeneration Urban regulatory a element of the city region as space Open Urban Openform- space as a cultural landscape as acultural : s"

recreation and leisure and recreation

to the urban planning idea play a slowly increasing increasing slowly a play idea planning urban the courtyard , structuring the the structuring 49 . ", In: Deutsches Institut für Urbanistik, Urbanistik, für Institut Deutsches In: ", chaft nur noch im Ausnahmefall als als Ausnahmefall im nur noch chaft of theof agricultural area functionsagricultural non partly Outline, self-sufficiency colonies Settlement allotment and garden Supply Agriculture as a backdrop agriculture ("Park expected land") of Displacement Agricultural romanticism Role of Agriculture iy reconstruction Wert-Setzung) (In- valorisation maintenance, use and temporary agricultural city he author.) heauthor.) m, Urbanes Landmanagement in in Landmanagement Urbanes m, an aesthetic aesthetic an subsequent use reproductive functions reproductive in

valuation :

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Some gardensand in the institutional urban open spaces. gardens, research educational gardens, community like spaces, meeting and learning creating inBostans Yedikule recreation, topreserve open leisureandeducation spaces. urban contribution the considering on focus I thesis, my to Related selling. for food growing than rather educational more is contribution Their sheep. and ducks, chickens, then agriculture, peri-urban as cities of outskirts to individuals by local authorities. authorities. local by individuals to rented together, people group a by flowers or food growing non-commercial for used are they converted to urban gardens as institutional garden. garden. institutional as gardens urban to converted are hospital buildings-schoolyards, public of grounds the or gardens, urban into converted are spaces open urban abandoned unused, Sometimes education. and recreation for communities gardens. community public, the to selling gardens for market is production food of aim the food, growing commercial into converted is production food of aim the Then non-commercial. was gardens allotment in production food of aim The gardens. leisure as also growing, food only not used 54 types of urban gardens urban of types

. Food production is converted into recreation and leisure activity with with activity leisure and recreation into converted is production Food . Community gardens are managed and used by local neighborhoods or or neighborhoods local by used and managed are gardens Community

: firstly, urban gardens play role as a supplier for food needs in needs food for supplier a as role play gardens urban firstly, : Shee gärten' 'Schreber

allotments ra farms Urban are found in Germany, but they were were they but Germany, in found are are found in United Kingdom, Kingdom, United in found are

are involved animals like like animals involved are of urban gardens to gardens urban of ra commercial urban

21.

Instrumente der örtlichen Raumplanung" Raumplanung" örtlichen der Instrumente

ontemporary

issues

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. greenery. The end result is new space in which to be active and grow” and active be to which in space new is result end The greenery. city’s the with strongly more identify and involvement, their by invigorated are responsibility, take inhabitants urban space: green public of design the into way its makes creativity (city’s) 4.1 Gen pc i nt ny euiu bt lo oily ciaial, n economically and climatically, socially, also Do- the with but beautiful farming subsistence and only allotments, agriculture, combines Landscape Productive productive. not is space “Green Productive landscape means 4 inBostans Yedikule 50 eore mr efcet n t mnmz h imp the minimize to and efficient more resources landscapes urban Productive 7). 2012: undUmwelt, Stadtentwicklung be developed should and groups disadvantaged for area compensation as used be should spaces open Urban have inBox.2. explained 51 and educational space,and they increase, at least locally least at increase, they Landscape, Burlington, Architectural Press Architectural Burlington, Landscape, for example, besides of food production from urban gardens, increasing biodiversity, biodiversity, increasing gardens, urban from effect production cooling the food pollution, absorbing of besides example, for economically productive; and environmentally be to way a in managed and planted are spaces 52

Viljoen, A. & Bohn K., 2005: “An introductory glossary”, In: Viljoen Viljoen In: glossary”, “Anintroductory 2005: K., A. & Bohn Viljoen, City plants symposium, 2012, p.6. 2012, symposium, City plants Senatsverwaltung für Stadtentwicklung und Umwelt, 2012: 54 2012: undUmwelt, Stadtentwicklung für Senatsverwaltung

57 Contemporary issues issues Contemporary Productive Urban Landscapes

it as social learning spaces. learning as social -yourself culture of intermediate users, spatial pioneers, and start-ups. Berlin’s start-ups. and pioneers, spatial users, intermediate of culture -yourself

and as resources for culture and learning in publicas resources in culture learning spaces for open and , , which include ecological agriculture in the city, help to use the use to help city, the in agriculture ecological include which ,

the quality of life and the prosperity of the city the of prosperity the and life of quality the

, p.xviii. p.xviii. 51 Urban open spaces should be understood understood be spaces should Urban open Te hrceitc o poutv ubn landscape urban productive of characteristics The .

act . to the environment. At the same time time same the At environment. the to A. ed., Continuous Urban Productive Productive Urban Continuous A.ed.,

( easewlug für Senatsverwaltung

50 . Urban open Urban . as cultural as 52 .

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Box.3. in explained are park productive the of features The air pollution. reduce costs, cooling and heating save tops- roof on production gardens urban top roof for productive; are are they used then housing, costly plains and flood crops producing if everywhere: is of CPUL element infrastructure. urban essential sustainable an are gardens upr te ul environment built the support gardens reincorporating Urban to approach conceptual design/planning (CPUL); Productive Landscape Continuous inBostans Yedikule nldn arclue it te human settlement the into agriculture, including rain f ut- ucinl urban network space open functional is multi- concept of the creation of of point element The central infrastructure. essential urban an sustainable as cities into landscapes productive interlinking 53 54 p.ix. Press, Architectural Burlington, Landscape, Jac Smit (AICP), 2005: “An introductory glossary”, In: Viljoen A. ed., A. ed., Viljoen In: glossary”, “Anintroductory 2005: Smit (AICP), Jac Accessed on February, 2015, from http://arts.brighton.ac.uk/research/su from 2015, February, on Accessed 58

wih opeet and complement which ,

53 CU advocates CPUL . a productive landscape productive a -vegetable and fruit fruit and -vegetable , including s,

is an urban urban an is promote to to promote

54 Urban . urban urban the the ,

byauthor. the translated p.30, Aires”, Buenos in Landwirtschaft “Urbane 2012: Rongitsch, S. (Source: BOX 2. BOX ......

permits /usage contracts provide city spaces asthe carrier open / of ofapartment outside urge to alife urban open space rethink thecity /multifunctional districts individual thequality ofthethrough city / outsiders qualityalso for space /cityimage image /district necessity public ofdesign/use ecological lifestyle motivating common good change the theopen for space productive useof openspace health awareness anecological of wish sustainability local identity inthe environment repeal anonymity of /strengthen recreational activities factor /time alternative foodfundraising yourself self-organized acting /doit decrease spaces of open the building- through minimization foropenBattle space / Dissatisfaction Willingness Productive Landscape Urban )

Continuous Urban Productive Urban Continuous stainability-network/cpul Features: Features: . .

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. inBostans Yedikule 59 tran p.100, Dorsten, Essen, Wien, 2010 Landschaftspark, Emscher (Source: R. Scheuvens & M. Taube, 2010: “Der Produktive Park”: Denkschrift zum Denkschrift zum Park”: Produktive “Der 2010: Taube, & M. Scheuvens R. (Source:

......

new social partnerships as a viable future model in the park. new aviable social future thepark. partnerships as in model Becomes that can achallenge test competence toeconomic fields adventure types; becomes living and networking a for ofvarious platform the production of knowledge; use andcombines aspectseducation care and the issues of ofthe contrasts thecenter; needs, into and withits ideas requirements cultureputs the ofeveryday conflicts, withits break life lines and changes landscape a theurban into cultural topic; surprising, the testingofnew for models; usage opens and experimental, upspacefor for and unusual new production ofenergy, as foodwater as for and well the balance; The Productive space Park provides climate for balancing the

BOX 3. BOX TheProductive ParkFeatures:

slated by the author.) by author.) slated the

urban urban agriculture. of interpretation different through discoursed are examples The examined. is phenomenon and production agritainment food and users city for activities leisure recreational contributed have forms use land which in addition, In policy and planning, biases (Smit et al., 2001). cultural, of products the agriculture are which myths the urban behind lost be of could benefits possible The as ruralhabits”,al.,of residue 2001,p.4). (Smit et marginalized or gardening’ ‘kitchen as… “minimized often is meaning its and industry”, understood poorly a is about “… is agriculture view urban al. et Smit industry? viable a understanding through spaces open preserving 4.2 ae constrained have investigated. Wh is agriculture urban of impacts negative and positive both city, the to provide In this part what the the what part this In and peri-urban communities. intra-urbanbetween also and differentusers, of gardens interests the betweenbridges built has of city into integration The p.4) 2013, al., et (Aprilsystems…”foodregional and local their to is Trend cityback the andreconnecting into with people city. the urbanism Agricultural into back it to bring important is centuries it the Now city. to the past of pushed periphery been the have areas In agricultural agriculture. of component a urban are answer gardens the out why about brought been definition have (UA) approaches agriculture urban addition, In explained. be will the agriculture urban about as concepts and definitions well main and urban, into as discussed areas agricultural of integration to possibilities is urban and agriculture between relation the section this In t id o mts bu ubn agriculture urban about myths of kinds at

Urban Agriculture (Agri-entertainment) xsig ra gardens urban existing gardens bu “eniig food “reinviting about and agriculture gardens

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. take place on the fringes as fringes the on place take 4.2.1 inBostans Yedikule oa,adi ilb nteftr as eas h odi ai edo ua beings, human of need basic a common ofurban dimensions agricultureasaccording following are identified toMougeot: is food the Because days. future the in be will it a past and the today, in city a of part As a city. been always the has agriculture in that animals understood be farm can naturally and plants of growth keeping as described be can agriculture urban Simply ways. various in agriculture urban perceived and defined researchers Different varieties of urban agriculture. Land use types of UA are defined as following according to to according following as Cabannas: defined are UA of types use Land agriculture. urban of varieties and intra- of use land varieties accountof place,takes takes industry agriculture urban Where agriculture.urban peri use land and spatial about is practices UA of character main Second different political liesunder regulations. users or new and regulate” base, to food their of part on depends activities” eating agriculture urban traditional cities (expanding) growing between tension Firstly location, urban agriculture is not only about about only not is agriculture urban location, Firstly practices. UA of characteristics important two account into takes Mougeot by definition The material and human supplying servicesresources, area” urban productsand largely tothat turn in and areas, urban that around and in found services and products resources, material and human largely (using) re products, non-food and food of diversity a distributes and processes raises, and grows which metropolis, a or city a town, “ material and human bydefinition Luc Mougeot: between broad Its labor area. urban that of in circulation repetitive their division and services, and the products resources, on based and gardening” “backyard than more is meaning its agriculture; urban about definition holistic a provides Mougeot Luc Urban agriculture is an industry located within (intraurban), on the fringe (periurban) of a a of (periurban) fringe the on (intraurban), within located industry an is agriculture Urban ...... 61

Definition of Urban Agriculture | Urban Gardens Gardens |Urban Agriculture DefinitionUrban of Types of economic activities, Types economic activities, of Food/non-food ofproductscategories andsubcategories, Intraurban and periurban character of location, Intraurbancharacterand periurban location, of Types of areas where it is practiced, Types areasis where of it Types of production systems, Types production systems, of Product destination and production scale (Mougeot, 2000, p.5). Product and production destination scale (Mougeot,

Houses, on terraces and balconies, Houses,balconies, onterracesand Private even plots, ifwithoutproperty thehome, around title, Along highways, railways, or pathways, Alongrailways, orpathways, highways, Public parks and open spaces, parksPublic and open spaces,

Cbne, 02 p5. h rao o te ofit ewe te neet of interests the between conflict the of reason The p.5). 2012, (Cabannes,

peri-urban agriculture (Cabannes, 2012, p.5). He points out, “the out, points He p.5). 2012, (Cabannes, agriculture

“what policies and legal frameworks have frameworks legal and policies “what intra-urban (Mougeot, p.10). 2000, and tends in growing cities to to cities growing in tends and nd nd

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. inBostans Yedikule On conceptual framework urban agriculture is agriculture urban framework conceptual On is also referred referred also is inappropriate and dps n dvlp aog ih h ct acrig o h wse o saeodr who stakeholders of wishes the to according city re the with along develops is, and agriculture adapts urban of multi-functionality on to perspective monetary His in 2006). valued Veenhuzien, (Van from users different of ranging interests involve that functions, values sentimental and various aesthetical has cities the within agriculture that underlines Veenhuizen Van ‘product’. be all possible not although could product; practices both about agriculture urban more in is perspective agriculture urban economic on its view al. underlining et industry Smit But an descriptions. as producer depicted is and UA life. input-output, daily supply-demand, to between relations response in relations through the benefits generates that agriculture, urban by on (farmer)-consumer focus al. et Smit household,environment andcommunity” the individual, of landof health, security, array food to diverse contributing flora, a and yield fauna air-based to and water-, wastes, urban and resources natural reusing frequently and methods, using production intensive applies agriculture urban Typically areas. urban peri- and intra-urban throughout found bodies water and land held publicly and privately of types many on metropolis, or city, town, a within consumers of demand daily the to response a in largely in outputs, other and fuel, food, markets and processes, produces UA that industry “…an define al et Smit complicated. of seem urban and residents environmental, economic, health its with impacts life: urban on security food industry, may growing rapidly as UA it highlighting through define way multidimensional to ways Various al. process the through crafted be to need policies and institutions, governance, of forms new So, 2005) p.2). agriculture” commercialized fully to level household at processing opie o a ait o pouto sses rnig from ranging systems, production of variety a of comprises and city a of (peri-urban) fringe the on or (intra-urban) within located is agriculture “Urban represent which wishes of is: Van Veenhuizen’s definition diverse process, making areastruggleYedikule, ofusers, different demands isa there groups between target land the policy in study In study. this in point reference a is stakeholders, multiple of uses land diverse/multiple users different of present these diverse functions” diverse these present . . . 62

the city, of (peri-urban) fringes the on and (intra-urban) within land of patches urbanized Non Areas where construction should not be taking place, such as along water beds and and bedsother risk-prone lands, water along as such place, taking be not should construction where Areas ntttoa poete (o isac shos hsias r ag enterprises) large or hospitals schools, instance (Cabannes, 2012, p.5). (for properties Institutional involving multiple stakeholders multiple involving

recreational activity recreational ; agriculture is considered as essential rural activity; and urban agriculture agriculture urban and activity; rural essential as considered is agriculture ;

(Veenhuizen, 2006, p.10; van de Berg & van Veenhuizen, Veenhuizen, van & Berg de van p.10; 2006, (Veenhuizen, or as a tool for beautifies the cities according to Smit et et Smit to according cities the beautifies for tool a as or (Veenhuizen, 2006). Such as involving the demands demands the involving as Such 2006). (Veenhuizen,

commonly perceived commonly (Smit etal., 2001,p.1). (Smit subsistence (Van Veenhuizeen, 2006, 2006, Veenhuizeen, (Van as rhi, temporary, archaic, ubn agriculture “urban rdcin and production livelihood , and ,

, Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. ecologic system. UA plays as plays UA system. ecologic UA of character distinctive economicand integration theurban its into rural to which agriculture due distinguishes from it most the about is Mougeot from approach significant Another practiceseverydayrelated to life. adnr - gardeners less systems system supply food food foreign local and makes rural on urban dependent into agriculture of integration greater to integration From Veenhuizen, Van 2006). 2000; (Mougeot, impacts) healthandpoverty, ecological and security food land, urban on (effects for system urban competition the impacts and (policies, prices) and conditions markets urban urban by influenced strongly is citizens, urban water), produces for urban organic wastes, (land,urban resources labor, urban agriculture uses production, processing at at processing production, urban agriculture is agriculture urban and system, urban with interacts in, embedded is it fact the but peri-urban), or (intra location is It agriculture. rural the urban ecosystem. This study seeks to empower embedded local voices and urban and voices local embedded empower to seeks study This ecosystem. urban the the gardeners- research urban between my relation to regard in resources material and human the (re-)using underlines between Mougeot relationship study, my to related definition Mougeot’s on view significant The on them. focuses study my and directly, emphasized are perspectives these and descriptions Both p.2). 2006, Veenhuizen, (Van agriculture” commercialized fully to level household at processing health, and production subsistence from ranging systems, production security, of variety “… consists UA and food the 2001) al, et “to (Smit community” and household individual, contributes the of environment and livelihood, agriculture urban Accordingly, directly. actors economic moreand social different as users, different of interests the involve and directly from ranging systems productive of variety highlighting by framework legal and on policy for agriculture definition urban about challenge Mougeot’s another expands He description. Mougeot’s with similar looks it Actually inBostans Yedikule Different than Mougeot, Smit et al. and Van Veenzuihen mean UA in terms of terms in UA mean Veenzuihen Van and al. et Smit Mougeot, than Different 2006,p.2-3). different actors Veenhuizen, (Van and economic social involve that entrepreneurs commercial fully till farmers semi-commercial to level, household commercial farms to grow vegetables and other horticulture, raise chickens and other other and chickens raise horticulture, other and vegetables grow to farms commercial agriculture markets”. neighborhood in sale or own-consumption small for cows raising milk and or crops livestock growing for city the within containers) and balconies, verges, intraurban gardens, between marked more are agriculture: differences periurban the makes the of which Organisation Agriculture Nations) and (Food United FAO of comments and approaches, and al. Veenhuizeen’s et covers Smit it and point, reference the is definition Mougeot’s study, this In actors, and interact part they are metabolism it. ofurban an with integral 63

ocrs o fr uis ls t tw wih prt itnie ei o fully or semi- intensive operate which town to close units “farm to concerns otn keepers Bostan an integral part of the urban economic, social and ecological system: ecological and social economic, urban the of part integral an integrated local economic and ecologic system ecologic and economic local integrated

nrubn agriculture Intraurban household - are embedded in and interact with urban ecosystem as urban urban as ecosystem urban with interact and in embedded are - complementary Bostan keepers- keepers- Bostan level, livelihood

subsistence (livelihoods) subsistence role concerns to “small areas (e.g. vacant plots, plots, vacant (e.g. areas “small to concerns and resources used in and interacting with interacting and in used resources and in local food system instead of replacing of instead system food local in , and food security perspectives are more more are perspectives security food and , (Mougeot, 2000). Accordingly, urban urban Accordingly, 2000). (Mougeot, . It is not about its urban its about not is It . based family farmers at at farmers family based subsistence Peri-urban Peri-urban gardens lesser lesser the

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. http://www.fao.org/unfao/bodies/coag/coag15/X0076e.htm#P106_11554 UA agriculture Recognizing urban the importance of benefits city. to environmental brings which greening, with spaces open urban shapes it and furniture for use to wood as such also and flowers, from insecticides and medicines as such products non-food recycling waste and to cost for each and every product on the plate. plate. the on product every and each for cost to and as costs fuel and food resident’s that mentions Smith 2011). al, et (Smit products food its supply that citya Us security food local regarding bewill detailed UA insecond to chapter. 2001).The al., et (Smit process marketing processing, production, local eggs” and milk produce and livestock, inBostans Yedikule miles and slow food. slow food and miles grown, locally system, food place-based used is also term that to Addition cities. poor being well mental and physically improving issues, food healthy and environmental on public of awareness the increasing harvesting, for rainwater capturing jobs, creating opportunities, garden recreations also and cultivation for land occupying is who agriculturist only not denotes gardener Urban urban of functions possible all explore to gardens, functional multi bostans into urban converting landuse. tries it hand, (urban other active the more On farmers). is poor / gardeners urban which in enterprises, agro-business scale small to levels on based producers household on gardens urban of role the investigates it hand one the one all of Therefore, spaces. open considering public of use plans, legitimate a spacemake to spaces open open of functions in possible users land different of demands the spaces, balancing open urban and preserving to gardens urban of role the on focuses primarily study This are surfaces urban agricultural Moreover, rural influences. sized; small urban and in farmlandsexpansive (Lohrberg, 2011). scattered adapted more strongly are surfaces too agricultural is agriculture urban other handthe on strong; relatively rural context spatial that natural on mentions based is Lohrberg distinctiveness agriculture agriculture, rural and agriculture urban between differences ih t ue n ejy oehn ta blns o nte o a om f communal of form a or another to belongs that something enjoy ownership” and use to right 55 to belong doesn’t that body water or land private or public on labor own with fruits the FAO, Urban and Peri Urban Agriculture. In: 4.Characteristics of Urban and Peri-Urb and ofUrban In: 4.Characteristics Agriculture. Urban Peri and Urban FAO, ufruct is contributed to contributed is 64 big eiet tgte a keepers as together residents bring ,

rvds erain n liue ih opeetr atvte sc educational such activities complementary with leisure and recreation provides is also important to recognize the contribution of UA. It is concerned as as concerned is It UA. of contribution the recognize to important also is

Ubn giutr poie mc mr ta itnie od production; food intensive than more much provides agriculture Urban .

(Smit et al., 2001, p.9). In urban agriculture perspective is a gardener access to to access gardener a is perspective agriculture urban In p.9). 2001, al., et (Smit a share of income of share a process. Urban agro forestry produces food products such as fruit trees and trees fruit as such products food produces forestry agro Urban process. local food security food local Food miles Food

r ihrde o esdvlpdtasotto sses in systems transportation developed less to due higher are is a term used to measure the distance from farm to market market to farm from distance the measure to used term a is by 55 .

Food-shed f omnl pn spaces, open communal of n diin o ogo’ apoc aot the about approach Mougeot’s to addition In Slow food Slow

concept, which defines all the areas in areas the all defines which concept, , accessed on 8 on accessed , is a movement that protects protects that movement a is an Agriculture, Agriculture, an th contributing urban urban contributing October, 2014. October, “the legal legal “the

urban urban

- Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. provide may It good. the maintenanceforreturnsof in orgardeners forguarantees gives Usufruct gardener. inBostans Yedikule 4.2.2 for groupshave community lands byagency. available been municipal vacant In York productive.New into sleepinglands replacing throughowners land privateand public way of Rights Cabannes recreation and b) activities, activities market-oriented these and between activities oriented subsistence “between a) differences: as such space, open same variety happening situations Bostans. inthe Yedikule case twosignificant study He underlines the in or city same the in found be may that situations of variety 56 Netherlands. Netherlands. by VanVeen Rene Edited Cities, Productive and Green for Agriculture Urban Image4-1 same city. thein find be might agriculture urban of types mixed as well as leisure, and recreation for and activity, market-oriented needs, subsistence meeting for practiced being is agriculture Urban Cabannes Y., Financing and Investment for Urban Agriculture, pp. pp. Agriculture, Urban for Investment and Financing Y., Cabannes 65

Types of urban agriculture practices agriculture urban of Types

: Various types of urban agriculture practices, (Source: Cabannes, 2012: 8 2012: Cabannes, (Source: practices, agriculture urban of types Various 56

” (Edited by Van Veenhuizen in 2006, Cabannes Y., p.89). ”Cabannes (Edited Veenhuizen by Van Y.,p.89). in2006,

eemnd ifrn tps f ra arclue rcie t bte understand better to practices agriculture urban of types different determined productive use of urban open spaces open urban of use productive used have being accepted by local governments such as Jakarta persuaded persuaded Jakarta as such governments local by accepted being have used

ra arclua atvte a a ore f esr and leisure of source a as activities agricultural urban

such as vacant lands, parks, squares etc… etc… squares parks, lands, vacant as such 87-111, In: Cities Farming for the Future, thefor Future, Farming In: Cities 87-111, huizen, 2006, Leusden, huizen,2006, ).

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. are practices agriculture urban common most The inBostans Yedikule 57 refers type third The channels distribution formal through sold are oriented products market- (supermarkets(Cabannes, 2012:9). etc…) distance, these less in intermediaries the through For or activities. markets larger at directly the or products from the Producers marketing. chain, smallholders sell and processing food agro- family-based to whole products other the and or vegetables, contribute of production They individual associations. be producer or can cooperatives which activities, oriented are practices type second The make a profit a in part a plays UA point, mitigation provide nature. of experience to access as bostans to Yedikule and nature to access to residents provides garden urban source gardens Urban public. of issues environmental of awareness increasing provide activities. leisure and which type third the on focused is study My in security food provide to importance in gain neighborhood level. They vendors. street as stands, roadside the at as well as bazaars, district and neighborhood in directly themselves products Gardeners their sell profit. make to is aim primary Their enterprises. micro family-based areYedikule bostans gardens. urban of practices type second is bostans Yedikule in situation Existing reduce expenses home their sometimes produce can food that practice farmers external European make income. to locally products their sell also can they and consumption, own its of need mee practice agriculture urban based family a example For 2012:9). (Cabannes, types" previously the of three or two of combination “a are practices UA of types Mixed

practiced mostly in developed counties than in developing countries. This type is seen as a as seen way is type This countries. developing in than counties developed in mostly practiced is activities leisure and recreation as agriculture Urban study. case my to relating directly is children toexperience possible and food cycles nature makes and issues environmental on awareness public raise to contribute They citizens). + city

(Cabannes, 2012: 66 to maintain or restore the relationship between urban citizens and nature and citizens urban between relationship the restore or maintain to contribute to maintain and restore relationship between nature and citizens; therefore citizens; and nature between relationship restore and maintain to contribute

social, environmental, economic, health economic, social, environmental,

, support livelihoods for the urban poor, and a lesser extent the middle class. In this this In class. middle the extent lesser a and poor, urban the for livelihoods support ,

(C abannes, 2012:8). abannes, 2012:8). ", "Pro-poor legal and institutional frameworks for urban and per urbanand for frameworks institutional and legal "Pro-poor ", to agriculture to ‘a recreation and conservation related activity’ related conservation and recreation ‘a

The complementary activities-such as educational opportunities- opportunities- educational as activities-such complementary The ussec economy subsistence

market production enterp production market as leisure and recreation activities recreation and leisure as UA mostly mostly

refers urban gardens as a source of recreation recreation of source a as gardens urban refers as a recreational or health related activity activity related health or recreational a as benefits. gnrly aiybsd ad s edm to seldom is and family-based, generally , 57 . rises, which are concerning market- concerning are which rises, ussec livelihoods subsistence (Cabannes,2012) produce food that can that food produce rarely or regularly. It regularly. or rarely i-urban agriculture", p.9 agriculture", i-urban as recreation recreation as . . and (Nature + (Nature described described ts the the ts crisis

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. school the into opportunities: curriculum provide many gardens Integrating city-the-school-garden- cities/sustainable-cities/all-cases/health/new-york- 4.2.3 inBostans Yedikule March, 2015, from http://www.dac.dk/en/dac- 2015, March, Accessedon (Source: Kangas. Rachel by image Image4-2:

......

bostans, hospital, church, prison bostans)

(School bostans, City AuthorityHousing rooftops, in schoolyards and taste. and taste. rooftops,in schoolyards growStudents vegetables themselves on nutritious food nutritious about the climate,food, healthy Increasing children acknowledge the of    Institutional Farms and Gardens FarmsInstitutional Gardens and 67 280 m and parents at the school. andat parents the school. Initiative volunteer came from teachers production, butthey urban support whosenot food primary is mission church,Hospital,gardens prison for students. It classroom as anoutdoor functions School gardens gardens. are non-profit schools inthe area. The garden belongs tothree municipal Connected with an institution Connected with an institution onLower Complex (LES). Side East Roof garden Simon Robert ofthe

Types of Urban Gardens Urban of Types Community Gardens, Community Gardens, Community farms, Community farms, family operations) (smallholder gardens Commercial

Roof garden as classroom in New York, York, in New classroom as Roofgarden

2 roof garden. is -the-new-classroom/

Managed for profit as business asbusiness Managedprofit for 4-3 Image http://brooklyngrangefarm.com/). from 2015, March, on ......

Bringing recently city. immigrants into organization, the Refugee Immigrant Fund. Immigrantorganization, theRefugee Fund. Itwith anonprofita partner hasbecome bee hive bee hive An apiary managed honey with30naturally Totally 2.5acres. Two commercial rooftop gardens Two gardens commercial rooftop gardeners. gardeners. to increase community to incontrast profit, maximizeis to crops performance inorder Thegardenersgoal primary commercial of Commercialgarden. rooftop and horticultural therapy. and horticultural therapy. (capturing healthy etc.), rainwater, eating, Contributing to ecological benefits labor asgardens. community ofSome themcan onvolunteer also rely :  Brooklyn Grange, Queens. (Source: Accessed Accessed (Source: Queens. Grange, Brooklyn

sho, hrh pio gardens, gardens) cityauthority housing prison church, gardens, (school, and farms Institutional CommercialFarms

resident local of group volunteers by Managed inBostans Yedikule mg 4-4 Image (Source: N. Cohen et al., 2012: “The Five Borough Borough Five “The Farm”:60) 2012: al., et Cohen N. (Source: vacant lots. on located are gardens community Mostly They are increased inneighborhoods. Located in city-owned lands. (Public (Public lands. city-owned properties) in Located hy r hs oe hus o te general the for public. hours open host are They . . . . .

68 outes maintain Volunteers Parks & Recreation UnderDepartments the of jurisdiction of member volunteers. or volunteers of group a by run Typically socializing, recreation. socializing, recreation. vegetables, orfor flowers, meeting space Involving activities, growing various acres. gardens,communitytotal area is100 In etc.). supplements for homeless, daily meals, bostans. (Therapy kitchen for inmates, communal growing spaces. New York City, there areNew City, York there 490

ad ad ers adn Brooklyn Garden, Hearts and Hands Community Gardens

niiul plots individual

. . . ocrig eiue otn, hy are they make neighborhoodis to sellin bazaars. profit, goal Bostans, primary gardeners’ gardens, commercial Yedikule Concerning

http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB100014240527487045 2015). iso i t egg wt surrounding with engage its to community organization, is nonprofit mission by Managed 75304575296831105864688 4-5 Image educational programs, rather than on on than as rather profitability. such programs, building, programs educational community social on development, focus Mostly mrvn yuh edrhp kls job skills, leadership readiness, educating people. youth Improving . . . . .

yial caatrz c characterize spacesgrowing Typically organization in contrast to community community gardens. to contrast in nonprofit organization by operated spaces Growing tet ore, cesd n ac 21, from 2015, http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748 March on accessed Journey, Street acl t ke u wt changing with up open on keep communities” flexibility to retain parcels to wants city the gardens, their preserve to plan permanent a want gardeners the “While oty n ak, erain Housing Preservation land. Development and Recreation, Parks, on Mostly but not developed lands by the city. developedbybut not city. lands the properties, public on operated are They 704575304575296831105864688

: Taqwa Community Farm, Bronx. (Source: (Source: Bronx. Farm, Community Taqwa Community Farms Community Farms

(Source: Susan Farley, Wall Wall Farley, Susan (Source: , managed by staff. , managed by staff. , accessed on March, March, on accessed , ).

ommunal ommunal

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. It results in rapid development in informal sector, including urban agriculture in in agriculture urban including sector, informal - gardens urban in preserve to reasons development main The America). Latin and Asia rapid (Africa, cities South predominantly in results It 4.2.4 inBostans Yedikule ra aes a wl a goig iis fcd ra atoiis ih h dmn t provide to demand the with employmentsufficient authorities urban faced cities, growing as well as areas, urban to populations rural of migration and countries developing in especially urbanization Rapid protection alleviation, poverty areas: priority three identified has UA to of part benefits environmental integral and social economical, an is agriculture Urban 2005; (Mougeot, woman of empowerment and Garret, Garret, 2002b; 2000). independence the in increase significant a to led that farmers, urban world the of percentage) 65 to (up producers agriculture urban of percentage important an constitute woman as perspective-such gender as well as community, enough reach to poor urban empowerthe or neighborhoodsincome low alleviatepovertyin to contributes whetherit food, ensure might which stability, food price relating food as through such aspectsdistribution, various from investigated been has UA-Magazine, agriculture RUAF, Urban ETC 2002). Avilo, Jaramillo & Veenhuizen Van 2006; Veenhuizen, (Van 58 hi fmle ad as ter noe wie nacn ter ef mngmn and -management self self-actualization and their self-esteem, increasing enhancing on gardeners while for income, their raise entrepreneurialal.,gardening (Zeeuwcapacities” 2010,p.13),and et also activity makes sense and a families of structure their social improve to helps it “feed to gardeners provides it and producers, incomes; various of integration social through community low for opportunities job establish to quality- themselves

- waste urban of reuse productive spaces, open urban of use productive making for tool a is UA provides positively nutrition feeding urban gardeners, it contributes it gardeners, urban feeding nutrition positively provides benefits Socio-economic climate to vulnerability reducing employment, and (Mougeout, Dubbeling 2000; et al.2010). income saving or generating urban, livestock or food fresh to access through diet healthier a with gardener urban (Mougeot, each to status 2000) nutritional positively provides through and level consumption household household at for security food producing raise to helps It 2006). Veenhuizen, (Van power purchasing oflack the and food to access irregularinadequate, unreliable, to poor urban the of need the fill UA 2002). (UA-Magazine, food on income their people of %80 to Poor %60 from 2000). spend can (Mougeot, needs other on spent be can which income, of %20 as much urban waste management: treating or recovering urban solid, liquid wastes, liquid solid, urban recovering or treating management: waste urban Waliczek, Tina M., Mattson Richard H., Zajicek Jayne M., 1996: “ 1996: M., Jayne Zajicek H., Mattson Richard M., Tina Waliczek, 69

of Potentials of urban agriculture agriculture urban of Potentials

- life

, and , issues -physical and mental -physical and agriculture education and training and education .” Journal of Environmental Horticulture 14(4): 204- 14(4): Horticulture ofEnvironmental Journal .” opportunities and opportunities

of UA are widely studied (Quon, 1999). Self-produced food in cities in food Self-produced 1999). (Quon, studied widely are UA of - are urban food security and income generation for the urban poor poor urban the for generation income and security food urban are -

health. adequate living conditions adequate

(BMZ 1999 quoted in Jacobi et al., 2000). It is a tool tool aIt is 2000). al., et in Jacobi quoted (BMZ 1999

utiaiiy f ra development urban of sustainability . German co-operation development related related development co-operation German . Benefits of community gardening on gardening community of Benefits 209. environmental and resource and environmental

for growing its population. 58 n feig wholesome feeling and fo od expense saving expense od for

greening of greening through through as

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. employment contribution to the urban economy highly significant, generating significant, highly economy urban the to contribution overall their makes city each producersin urban of number highthe small, be will casesmany in producers urban individual of turnover and levels production the Although development. their benef sell Economic They profit. make to is aim primary their vegetables and bazaars. bostanproduced neighborhood district into from operations, family scale small are i a rm jb eeao i lwicm cte” n “n ayi es-u entrepreneurial p.2.). 2001, easy-out al., et easy-in (Smit income” “an of levels and different at cities” people for activity low-income in generator job prime a “is Sm the enhanced and households of welfare environmentalthe community quality al., (Altieri 1999quoted from et of Mogeout, 2000). financial the improved and level; own neighborhood farmers the from and household producers’ at available food gained of quantity and quality the increased significantly is consumed food of have gardens urban InHavana, %50 2002). UA-Magazine, from quoted 1995, (Mwangi production least at Nairobi in production less Self represents 2010). and al., intermediaries et (Dubbeling fewer packaging and involves processing storage, food cold transport, locally-produced because food, of costs the productions inBostans Yedikule especially women participating. beautification for demand plant local the through employment and income the improve may perspective production non-food Moreover, 2002). UA-Magazine, in cited (Abutiate Togo) in (Lomé salaries minimum ten equal to found be can gardener market a of income monthly also and Tanzania) in Salaam Es (Dar employer, second the is UA cases some In significant. wage minimum official the than higher or to equivalent incomes providing and households urban the possibility of savings and a return on their investment in urban poverty; for small and and small for poverty; business urban profitable a is in it entrepreneurs, large investment their on return a and savings of possibility the offers it families, middle-income for cost; low at food of quality good and income of source a income provides it poor, stable the for food; to middle access good provides it poor, the of and poorest the For low for income of source complementary households (UA-Magazin, 2002). a as and opportunities 59 60 Ltd, Publishing Action Practical RUAFFoundation, August 2002, on Magazine, 61 Agriculture bypublished Urban the p.2, pp.1-29, themselves, feed that Food”, Van Veenhuizen R. from ETC RUAF & Jaramillo Avila A. from the municipA.fromAvila the &Jaramillo RUAF fromETC R. VanVeenhuizen Smit J., Nasr J., Ratta A., 2001: RattaA., 2001: J., Nasr Smit J., Moustier and Danso, 2006, In: 2006, Danso, and Moustier it et al. mention the contribution of socio-economic development significantly through UA through significantly development socio-economic of contribution the mention al. et it 70

61 RUAF Foundation, Practical Action Publishing Ltd, UK. UK. Ltd, Publishing Action Practical RUAF Foundation, Ubn adnr’ noe s neti, otiue oshl mitnne n also and maintenance household contribute uncertain, is income gardeners’ Urban .

59 and . In addition to that making UA available at close to cities contributes reducing contributes cities to close at available UA making that to addition In its income f A r nt e aiy vlae. t otiue lcl economic local contributes It evaluated. easily be not are UA of

, particularly for the urban poor who lack to access other job job other access to lack who poor urban the for particularly , Dubbeling M., De Zeeuw H., Van Veenhuizen R., 2010: 2010: R., VanVeenhuizen H., Zeeuw De M., Dubbeling “Urban Agriculture: Food, Jobs and Sustainable Cities” Sustainable and Food, Jobs Agriculture: “Urban

60 . Concerning case study, Yedikule gardeners Yedikule study, case Concerning . Network with permission from UNDP. fromUNDP. withpermission Network ality of Quito, Ecuador, UA- Ecuador, ofQuito, ality employment UK. UK.

“Cities, Poverty and “Cities,and Poverty , Chapter 1, Cities 1, Chapter , It generates It for many poor poor many for self-

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. to contribution its is UA of potential important Another food (Van 2006). Veenhuizen, world’s the of percent 20 million to 15 providing 200 market urban the that for food claim produce residents urban 2000 Armar-Klemsu, Margaret themselves, producers urban the processing of and marketing farming, the in enhanced to addition In 2010). al., et employed (Dubbeling activities are people other numerous also and labor, family through food producing farms household doing only not are They productions. nutritional and valued higher self-sufficient, through cities world’s feeding in role important an play and UA, in engaged are world the around people million 800 that estimated (1996b.) al. et Smit cities. growing in dollars of millions of tens saved been has food own Producing inBostans Yedikule to combinetheir processing withhousehold activities and activities selling and for pension, perspective, gender able theyare without but city, the a in areasor industrial in jobs getskilled to difficult more is it women to According people 2006). Veenhuizen, elderly (Van job a children, without youngsters with households female-headed people, groups disadvantages city for one or more generations and have had time to access urban land, water and other other and water land, urban access to productive resources time had have and generations more or one for city living been have who people recent poor by generally practiced fundamentallyis it area, rural are from migrants agriculture urban in involved those that belief to Contrary 2010). 62 63 ed are involved agriculture urban in people of proportion large A city. In regarding UA to use in use to UA regarding In city. the greeningof and area plantedexpanding by forestsurbantraffic,truckrebuild pollution, air system ut e osdrd s clos it as emphasize, considered They 2001). be al., et must (Smit sustainability for resource a seen be should wastes the that of instead problem a seen be not should wastes liquid and solid of disposing wastes, with on especially role important an plays It environment. living and significantly has UA UK. Ltd, Action Publishing Practical particularly important in is out in process wastes It another system. the of for export andwaste of need input the eliminated be use can it therefore in systems; be closed-loop could resources it process, one which from Output in areas. metropolitan system, open-closed of instead production, vermiculture, irrigation wastewater with (Van 2006). Veenhuizen, Mougeot L., 2005, In: L.,2005, Mougeot Dubbeling M., de Zeeuw and van Veenhuizen R., 2010: “ 2010: R., Veenhuizen van Zeeuw de and M., Dubbeling ited by Cabannes Y., published by FAO in Rome, 2012. 2012. Rome, in FAOby published Y., by ited Cabannes 71 . It prevents soil erosion and sophisticated agricultural land use types help decreasing decreasing help types use land agricultural sophisticated and erosion soil prevents It .

turning the urban wastes into a productive resource resource productive a into wastes urban the turning ra wse management waste urban “Pro Poor legal and institutional frameworks for urban and peri-urban agricu peri-urban and frameworksurban for institutional and legal Poor “Pro

63 r sc a imgat, I-IS fetd oshls disabled households, affected HIV-AIDS immigrants, as such are .

niomna benefits environmental

-loop system, in which wastes and resources are the same, same, the are resources and wastes which in system, -loop a productive way productive a

. Growing cites produce increasingly organic organic increasingly produce cites Growing hog being through Cities, poverty and food and Cities,poverty , it helps to improve urban soil, water, air water, soil, urban improve to helps it , social inclusion social ra evrnetl management environmental urban urban food security food urban urban poor urban pr o ubn ecological urban of part a ”, RUAF Foundation, RUAF Foundation, ”, ; social integration of integration social 62 (Dubbeling et al., et (Dubbeling . hog compost through and nutrition nutrition and lture”, lture”, in the the in

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. ra garden gardens. Urban urban of forms many in landscape urban the enriched is It wastes. urban recycling gardens educational, cultural and health benefits health and cultural educational, and recreational open spaces with with spaces open recreational and n ra oe sae. t s motn cnrbto o keig cities keeping on contribution important is It spaces. open urban in ro role important the an play gardens around Urban spaces green generating grazing; animal well-managed or gardening by city the beautifying for tool a is it perspective, that to Contrary 2001). al., et. (Smit areas eaig erainl s ad etei apaac ae osdrd o-rdcie Urban non-productive. considered are ‘ appearance a generates garden aesthetic and use in spaces recreational open urban relating but productive, considered often are areas commercial and industrial Some approaches are approaches Some thereby transport, 2006). such as packaging, cooling Veenhuizen, (Van and costumers the to close foods fresh producing by city maintenance of the biodiversity the of maintenance history, nature was in the city, and then it is pushed to peripheries in last decades. Quon’s Quon’s decades. last in peripheries to pushed is it then city and city, the the for in look was we nature If history, communities. rural and communities urban peri and intra- between areas. urban in spaces indirectly or directly stakeholders city gardeners, to spaces inefficient of improvement the contribute can UA forest, urban rebuild areas, plant expanding through city the of Greening inBostans Yedikule rvdn hg rtrs cnmcly evrnetly scal fo vcn or vacant from socially environmentally, economically, returns high providing Smit’s approachSmit’s should be should cities within areas natural that mention city the in areas natural Increasing p.10). 1999, Quon areas rural surrounding on areas urban of impact the to attention sn ubn gardens urban Using provide they activities, complementary with gardens environmental, urban health benefits social, residents. economic, to Urban too. use, leisure, and land recreation functional multi into gardens urban production, food than more much provide gardens Urban leisure. and recreation as omnte ad lo ab i sos rwn cte ae xadn, n ter mat on impacts their and expanding, areas. rural surrounding are cities growing shows it maybe also and communities between connection the decreasing from cities in functions use land of transformation on areas natural eoa udrie ta ubn ra ne t “ to need areas urban that underlines Mekouar cultivator return high to brings andbreeder” formerly and fuel, yielding hillsides vegetables, water and fish producing rivers and ponds fruit, bearing trees “…street 72

by providing ‘ providing by

preserved, protected, restored, including “gardening” including restored, protected, preserved, than other structured areas. It might be considered, rapid urbanizations’ impacts urbanizations’ considered,rapidbe Itmight structuredareas.other than on on rae eooia, niomna ipcs n h cte, n als and cities, the in impacts environmental economical, creates edible landscape green and aesthetic landscape’ aesthetic and green the urban micro-climate urban the emphasized UA as UA emphasized

o rsre ra oe spaces open urban preserve to edible landscape’ edible

Urban gardens play an important role for role important an play gardens Urban ra gardens Urban vacant lots vacant , as well as the as well as ,

can be described as follows: asfollows: can described be growing vegetables. This landscape is then fecund and fecund then is landscape This vegetables. growing for preserving vacant, underused and unkempt lands unkempt and underused vacant, preserving for dbe landscape edible epe n nature and people

mi unsightly in the cities. the in through through

ght be a bridge between people and nature, and and nature, and people between bridge a be ght (Smit J., 2001, p.10). 2001, (Smit J.,

like reduction of the ecological footprint ecological the of reduction nrae aue n h cities the in nature increase hy rvd bsds od production, food besides provide they wind breaks wind

, at the same time ‘ time same the at , and recreational leisure practices leisure recreational natural areas to artificial surfaces artificial to areas natural UA is a tool on providing aesthetic providing on tool a is UA . aesthetically inappropriat aesthetically n h ubn adcp, generally landscape, urban the In may be making making be may , between intra and peri urban urban peri and intra between , , dust reduction, shade reduction, dust creating near-nature open near-nature creating ” (Mekouar 1997 cited in cited 1997 (Mekouar ” ; food production, as well as production, food ; euig nry use energy reducing clean clean productive’

(Smit et al., 2001). 2001). al., et (Smit es pressure less and

hygienic n to and converting e of urban of through through in urban in adsides. of the of ; and ; , and , for for on pay pay by o

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. input 2001). (Smit, production a as waste polluted the using by way sustainable a in hygiene the improve can it systems, management waste and land in UA of use legitimate used) (right and others, and education, regulations, through controlled are risks potential its If environment. living the and of solid hygiene the reusing threat livestock rearing of as well as practices crops, food wrongof contamination wastes, The liquid populations. large impact to potential its to due 4.2.5 urban of benefits the of top on p.10). of D.F, theEnvironment,Quon S.,1999, Mexico nature, for Respect centers. agriculture urban large in lost been has that something nature, with contact reestablish to us allow will activity of kind this well, As resources. limited with residents urban for consumption, home for food provide to order in developed and promoted be should that activity an is doubt, a without agriculture, “Urban as described follows: be can city into back nature bring to relating in benefits UA about perspective inBostans Yedikule claims that urban gardening is not not is gardening urban that claims 2001 in Smit not. or “hygienic” being discussed is gardening Urban health. public threaten to regarding problems serious most the cause may practices gardening urban inappropriate The to UA pushing as land inintra-urban(VanVeenhuizen, 2006). vegetation of reduction for competition stiff the under hill-slopes or wetlands as cause such areas marginal to or peripheries may practices farming Inappropriate of polluting suppliers. water and drinking maybe sources contaminate water local alsocan Thatresources. caused destruction pesticides and fertilizers erosion, chemical of inputs high soil using like agrochemicals dirties, visual of misuse By 2000). about (Mougeot, water air, soil, as such resources, of pollution and vegetation, is contamination environmental The of marketing processing, polluted transport, as during such products products duetotraffic (Vanemissions andheavy metals 2006). Veenhuizen, food, the contaminated of on handling based unhygienic is streams, fear The 2000). (Mougeot, unpolluted - pesticides fertilize of use right as such production) right of choice to place, characteristics of site right to ataccording and way risks right a (in contamination use legitimate be to should UA practices. concern inappropriate and risks Health gardening. to place wrong at out carried areas production the in people and consumers, handlers, producers, place wrong through at health public and on way wrong a impacts in is it if positive health public threatened be can has it food, fresh and it rich nutritious providing Although health. public threatens impacts environmental and negative also has it but urban-cycle, on benefits various has UA As 73

Risks of urban agriculture Risks agriculture urban of

” agrochemicals (Executive Director of Environmental Management and Protection, Secretariat Protection, and Management Environmental of Director (Executive

, unthreatened waste products, and farming where air, water, soil soil water, air, where farming and products, waste unthreatened , intrinsically

unhygienic, urban farmers should take care care take should farmers urban unhygienic,

rs,

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 4.3 inBostans Yedikule Image4-6 creating and recreation (Phillips, 2013). needs spaces), fill to open well as production, urban food than more preserve much provide to gardens to urban allow that role policies a (as approaches planning space open urban infrastructure, urban integrated for need the on focus to necessary is communitythe and government, local professionals, planning authorities, city and design between dialogue The nertd ytm fcs n s woe nt ahr hn needn uis Te more The units. independent than of (Seefood thesystem system isasoutlier node rather unit whole a Industrial system. the in connections of efficiency creates system the into nodes of integration as on focus systems Integrated think city infrastructure about water, energy, people that will benefit both city and regional regional and city both benefit will that people energy, water, to about ways infrastructure new city offers think This part. integral an as system the into integrated is agriculture Urban

74 conditions allows the communities to itself?feed City PlanningStrategies for urban gardens:What kind of

: Urban Infrastructure Web, (Source: April Phillips, 2013: “Designing Urban Ag Urban “Designing 2013: April Phillips, (Source: Web, Infrastructure Urban

Image 4-6 Image ).

Food System System Food Urban Industrial riculture”, p. 60) 60) p. riculture”,

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 4.3.1 61). p. Agriculture”, Urban recreation needs through maximizing opportunities for connecting people to nature. nature. to and design people urban of connecting as part considered a for as opportunities gardens fill urban to maximizing Integrating designed through be should needs gardens Urban recreation opportunities. viewing training, education, by gardens urban of experience requiresthe of maximizing and opportunities, recreation as such activities communities building and plans multi-compatible create physical to necessary Itis uses. complementary with gardens urban combining into gardens urban of integration The urban open spaces, natural resource management. Four key principles are identified for for identified are principles key Four 2013) management. integrated (Phillips, system resource natural spaces, preserving as open such urban network, infrastructure urban with connectivity integrated for potential mg 4-7 Image (Seeinputs. outside of dependences the reduces and system the of efficiency the increases This systems. inBostans Yedikule 75

Urban gardens as integrated urban design and physical planning integrated design as gardens urban Urban and planning physical

ra Arclue ihn h ubn nrsrcue e, Suc: pi Ph April (Source: web, infrastructure urban the within Agriculture Urban Image 4-7

pr o gen nrsrcue f h ct matrix city the of infrastructure green of part a ).

hscl lnig hud be should planning physical . Urban gardens have have gardens Urban . illips, 2013: “Designing “Designing 2013: illips,

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. capital hectare, (per productivity agricultural system; and infrastructure transportation and storage, marketing, food of completeness post-industrial); or industrial (developing, country the of status economic as such factors of range a on depending is supply food of amount The According UAisa part of toSmit, and foodsystem urban anditincludes: national 4.3.3.1 2002). markets,conditionson qualityair etc…)(Veenhuizen Jaramillo &ETC- Avilo, sani water, or compost as production for waste urban waste of use pesticides, of abuse production, oshl ntok ec) ‘ etc…); networks household Urban food security‘ on food dependsUrban inBostans Yedikule acs t food’ to ‘access f availabilityinfrastructure, distribution, and marketing imports, food sectors, urban and income climateoftimes,regardless all at quantity,qualityboth and sufficient in food, Security Food 4.3.2 4.3.3 open the of elements as introduced are spaces and centers. learning community recreation nodes asparks, gardens Urban gardens. neighborhood of variety system. space PlanninggeneratedCommunitygardens policies are fromguidelines. based create openspace open city’s the of part a being as role important an play gardens Community 64 Viljoen A. ed., A. ed., Viljoen       4. 3. 2. 1. 76

Food that urban residents consumeFood residents thaturban Production location Production location Means of production Means ofproduction Transportation and storage options Transportation and storage options Food processing and packaging options Food processingand packaging options nr-omnt ad lbl aktn sses ht oe od rm rdcr to producers from food et al.,consumers 2001,p.18). J. (Smit move that systems marketing global and Intra-community The resource producers and users located near each other to facilitate resource resource facilitate to other each near located exchange quotedinA.Phillips, (de2013, p.66). laSalle,2010 users and producers resource The Achieve benefits from each multiple system. Generate fromand value income resources. make collected sources for treating. sources treating. for as are materials waste all and system, other for input the is system one of output The Urban gardens as a part of urban open space system open a urban spacepart of as gardens Urban system Urban food networks Urba food Urban |

Urban Food System and Urban Agriculture (Large- scale agro-business)

64 (WHO). is defined as giving populations both economic and physical access to a supply of of supply a to access physical and economic both populations giving as defined is 2005: dpns n ucaig oe o ubn oshls sbitne production, subsistence households, urban of power purchasing on (depends "Continuous Urban Productive Landscape", Burlington, Architectural Architectural Burlington, Landscape", Productive "ContinuousUrban

ult o food’ of quality

availability of food’ availability of n Food securityFood

dpnig n rsrain f tet od qaiy of quality food, street of preservation on (depending , (which depends on food production in rural and rural in productionfood on depends (which

and harvest, social levelsocial harvest, and RUAF, UA-Magazine,RUAF, uel energy etc…); energy uel Press, p. Press, xx.

tary

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 4.3.4 and urban development policies. agricultural resources; natural other and water, land, of availability worker); per investment, inBostans Yedikule Image 4-8:Connecting community residents to the city (N. Cohen et al., et Cohen (N. the city to community residents Image4-8:Connecting up pick residents meals; vegetable vegetables restaurants,goingout to before markets. farmer different cook to learns Someone program. school a in school turningand compost, livestock, and orguiding from into food a wastes as well students orchards vegetables, grow volunteers and residents local garden, community a from Zooming in food to al., et 2001). access (Smit initiatives community for through individuals empowering allows diet; of quality it as such relief; produced is and food where and how with welfare dealing levels; global to individual including from continuously than nets, system food global local more or relies and national problems hunger of solutions on needs the fills It resource” non-emergency etal., 2001,quoted inSmit p.23). local through diet adequate nutritionally anti- and anti-poverty, justice, as defined is Hamm social fields. hunger significantly issued is security food community The 77

Community Food System and Urban Gardens Gardens Community and Urban FoodSystem

“all persons obtaining at all times a culturally acceptable, culturally a times all at obtaining persons “all

2012: “The FiveFarm”:39 Borough “The 2012: (Hamm, 1999, p.4, p.4, 1999, (Hamm,

of sustainable urban system open urban sp preserving as gardens urban of consideration The city. the of sustainability and strategies planning space open urban in role important an play systems, urban in part integral as gardens urban technologies, innovative tools, and methodologies appropriate Considering environments. urban in biodiversity ecological sustainability, social promote gardens Urban 65 April Phillips, 2013: “Designing Urban Agriculture”, published by Wiley by published Agriculture”, “DesigningUrban 2013: AprilPhillips, aces leads urban food security from local to urban level. Phillips underlines 8 components 8 underlines Phillips level. urban to local from security food urban leads aces 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. 8. 7. 78

environment includes and management, utilization, zero-waste A consumption. and processing growing, food from wastes organic various the involves This management: recycling and Waste celebrations in public or private spaces. The celebrations could be on-site on-site be could celebrations The spaces. private or feasts or nutrition, as wellconsumptions, onoff-site. for public be could in food of celebrations enjoyment The Celebrating: and Eating h sres y edr o grees a big n f-ie Mn ubn adn d a do gardens urban Many off-sitecombination of activities. on-sites and off-site. on being as gardeners, or vendors by streets the at restaurants, markets, farmer the at or on-sites stands farm the at occur actions these also products, Perhaps, of CSAs. as such programs and retailing exchange food of bartering trading, community wholesaling, buying, involves This buying: and Selling involves food miles, associated with input and output connections, as a network network a as connections, This output and consumer. between and producer consumers. input to with producer associated from miles, food food involves of Distribution storage: and Distribution of transforming actions. by human methods other and preserving baking, packaging, collecting, includes This Processing: This involves input and connections. input output This involves landscapes. food of managing and raising growing, The operations: and food Growing city, 2013,p. 70). (Phillips, inthenecessary connections for toother and systems of urban gardens input output needs Policycommunityand and city challenges, cooperation. and advocacy isalso Thererelationshiphighlight betweenachange, is policy directions. the for need new gardens,urban before gardensconstructed. urban In cases,free expressions some a productive advocacy Sometimes accountfor way. policies totake isnecessary into that provide for opportunities spacesfood forurbansystem, preserving urban in open Policy andguidelinesgardens creation Advocacy: urban tosupport of policies, The to community and city. to communityand city. benefits and eco-literacy address training, produced to development garden of urban education, of marketing branding and the food, on-site as well involves as members, This community students, sectors. of mentoring private and public to economic benefits and social ecological, and food of teaching The branding: and Education Sustainable urban food system food urban Sustainable system

65 on all waste stream management waste a resourceall as

Image 4-9 : :

& Sons, in Canada, p.70. p.70. Canada, in &Sons, . .

. 21, p.71). 2013, A.,

Comparative Studies

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 5.1 5 inBostans Yedikule densely built up areas, as well as in metropolises where the land costs are high. Creating Creating high. are costs land the where bostans metropolises urban populated, in highly as in well as practices areas, gardening up make built densely to created being been have bostans urban time, present the At way. educational in leisure and recreation provide to opportunity an be to considered are bostans urban Presently, activities. social cultural, educational, for leisure, and recreation of purposes the for recognized not are and bostans urban recreationcase, Yedikule in of but leisure; purpose the for bostans urban using of countries, developed use: in leisure especially and recreation for bostans urban of examples The therefore gardeners, for accessibility food quality and gardeners life are society. neighborhood and Yedikule integrated into in fresh vegetables ensure their bostans selling Yedikule; by economically income in practices gardening ongoing make in generation third or second are They bazaars. neighborhood they groups; income low to belong and Yedikule, the into migrants inland also are gardeners case, Yedikule Concerning society. As a result, urban bostans play an important role role important an play bostans urban result, a As socialization. of purpose the with neighborhoods their in groups social other into integrate to possibility the city the in immigrants provides It food. fresh and quality access to possibility gr

oups income economically, and food accessibility for social groups which don’t have have don’t which groups social for accessibility food and economically, income oups

81 COMPARATIVE STUDIES STUDIES COMPARATIVE ra Bostans Urban

in highly populated, densely built up areas, provides the social disadvantaged disadvantaged social the provides areas, up built densely populated, highly

in rwn cte, n h Worldwide the in cities, growing

in h ceto o nihoho lf and life neighborhood of creation the There are lots of examples, examples, of lots are There

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. York (Box 4, 4, (Box York New of city the across in food producing 5.1.1 inBostans Yedikule hr ae 0 ubn gardens- urban 700 are There urban Planning, where locations City identifying plan; garden of urban an adopting and developing Department the formalized with working is Coordinator is Policy Food there then The gardens. urban for support government and York; New in Recreation & Parks of Department ulc Space for Trust Public Design of organization the by initiated was project Farm Borough Five http://www.mongabay.com/cities_urban_01.htm 2015, January15, accessed Areas( 66 ouae ubn glmrtos f the of world agglomerations urban populated increasing most the of one is also is York New rapidly. gardens urban of number or open spaces with usage problems usage with spaces open or usages land make of to city and the York; New in costs low at everyone for to is accessible fruits project and vegetables fresh make Farm Borough Five the of aim The volunteers. for or residents, local for way and productive a recreation in activities leisure provide they therefore, ecological bostans; urban into economical, integrated are benefits social, health, are with activities various that The food. producing activities, complementary with bostans, urban 700 cityhas the settlements, 67 Landscape Assessment Report” Landscape and Design Urban Project, Implementation 2013: July19, University, Rhett Butler, 2003–2006: "World's Largest Urban Urban Largest "World's 2003–2006: Butler, Rhett Professor AssistantB Professor 82

66 Ra Project Farm New York, Borough Five

nked by Urban Area Population), Population), Area Urban by nked . Although it has dense urban urban dense has it Although

underused public open spaces open public underused mg 5-1 Image in olbrto wt the with collaboration . Yiğit Turan at Özyeğin Özyeğin at Yiğit Turan “Yedikule Recreation Recreation “Yedikule

multifunctional mg 5-2 Image

bostans 67 . The ). .

The The .

Trust for Public Space, pp. 1-169., p.8. 1-169., pp. Space, Public for Trust Design the by published York, New in agriculture ofurban thefuture Seeding Farm” FiveBorough 68 & Parks of the Department the Public with of for Space Trust Design collaboration of organization the Therefore, bostans should be encouraged etc… etc… encouraged be should bostans Cohen N., Reynolds K. & Shanghvi R., 2012: “The “The 2012: R., & K. Shanghvi Reynolds Cohen N.,

Director, Design Trust for Public Space, capture and reuse storm-water, improve multifunctional useland ground of public housing developments, spaces( Source:Susan Chin, Executive based publicbased spaces. These public open together as educational opportunities, create jobs, through composting, and bring people The more than 700 urban garden sites well-being, decrease the waste stream they they do much more providethan fresh from thefrom book of Five Borough Farm, public spaces-from schoolyard to the vegetables and fruits, they alsooffer community gardens parks, to vacant local residents’ physical and mental gardening activities on the different lands, andsmall-scale, community- in New in York are onpublicly owned Five Borough FarmFive Project Borough in land. Theland. project provides urban spaces are converted provideto keepers New YorkNew BOX 4. 4. BOX p.2). .

of communal open opportunities;

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. ih iy departments, city with organiza social of collaborations the supporting by city, York New of case the in seen be urban of significance the rapidly. spaces open informed pubic the in built been being are bostans have urban afterwards bostans; stakeholders urban actors, city to relation in and public the and organizations, society civil management, urban of authorities competent gardens role important an plays York New in Recreation inBostans Yedikule encouraged top to down to top Image 5-1 Image departmentscivil society and organizations. institutions, local to institutions national from also and national to regional, to local from institutions the down top from as well as up, bottom from spaces, open public of Trust for Public Space. Space. Public for Trust city actors to the city authorities city the to actors city 83

n ulc pn pcs prs vcn lns shoyrs t…. s rsl, the result, a As etc…). schoolyards lands, vacant (parks, spaces open public in : Phoenix Community Garden in Brownsville, Brooklyn, New York, by York, New Brooklyn, Brownsville, in Garden Community Phoenix

to develop and adopt urban garden plans with the coordination of city authority city of coordination the with plans garden urban adopt and develop to -from city authorities to the city actors- city the to authorities city -from among

the urban stakeholders, concerned city actors and city authorities; from from authorities; city and actors city concerned stakeholders, urban the

th e awareness . It is necessary to achieve to necessary is It . about the importance of urban gardens is being being is gardens urban of importance the about

in highlighting the significance of urban of significance the highlighting in , and from bottom up bottom from and ,

the consensus of different users different of consensus the , to make balance between between balance make to , Rob Stephenson for Design Design for Stephenson Rob -from the concerned the -from

As it can can it tions tions

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. inBostans Yedikule Image 5-2 Image Man edrhp kls Priiat atvl acs t eprec o ubn otn. Therefore, bostans. urban of experience are: and to advantages readiness access job actively their Participants improve income-earning could skills. activities leadership creating these of nature, participants The at to place bostans. take urban activities Various resident residents. local for connecting spaces safe providing lands, and opportunities underused and vacant system have been shown on the on shown been have system outcomes ecological and economic, social, contribute takerangeIn project, bostans activities to this place inurban the broad of urto and nutrition other physical facilities such as children playgrounds, open air cinemas/theaters, cinemas/theaters, air open playgrounds, children gardens from as fruits such and vegetables produced fresh use also can kitchens public and libraries, neighborhood facilities physical provides other also It with bostans urban in users classes. visitors; to space useful unceasing and safe nutrition provides it activities, and gardening the Besides fruits. cooking and vegetables fresh to access education, society of groups disadvantaged justice social/food activities educational as with such nutrition healthy issues, environmental about people educating activities, gardening for compost into waste food turning harvesting, for rainwater capturing these bostan; urban make wouldusethe safe space spaces unceasingly. residents, and local visitors in spaces temporary the in events, times, concerts, certain at as urban place such take into meetings, activities, public temporary integrated these are model; activities managed well- cultural a and with bostans social Moreover, kitchens. public the in place take classes nutrition and cooking also connections; social strong creating participants, hattan, New York. (Source: http://www.thebattery.org/projects/battery-urban-farm/ (Source: York. New hattan, 84

: Battery Urban Farm, one acre educational farm is located into historic Battery, at th at Battery, historic into located is farm educational acre one Farm, Urban Battery

. Public kitchens Public . niomna issues environmental nraig h awarene the increasing

provide cooking together and sharing experiences between the the between experiences sharing and together cooking provide Image 5-3Image ; storing the rainwater to different purposes, such as as such purposes, different to rainwater the storing ; . Urban bostans provide cleaning and remediation of remediation and cleaning provide Urbanbostans . ss

and benefits. The components of urban bostan bostan urban of components The benefits. and f ifrn gop o scey bu healthy about society of groups different of ).

e 25 acre Park in in Park acre 25 e to health,

Image5-3 http://www.fiveboroughfarm.org/.) 85

: The Components of Urban Agriculture system Agriculture ofUrban Components The

,1 . (Source: accessed November 2014, 2014, November accessed (Source: .

http://www.fiveboroughfarm.org/.) Image5-4 86

: The Components of Urban Agriculture system, 2. (Source: accessed Novem accessed (Source: 2. system, Agriculture ofUrban Components The

ber 2014, 2014, ber

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. greenhousesat the rooftops. ar makers policy and planners City city. the in functions outdoor as well as areas, green the of passive recreation; and they also provide benefits to managing rainwater and building building and rainwater managing to benefits 5-5 Image the (See provide gardens rooftop the at insulation also they and recreation; passive and gathering social producing, vegetable and fruit as urban such uses, multifunctional with bostans into rooftops of spaces open converting promote that to order houses in gardens, with rooftop include projects, housing of development support Development and Preservation spaces, growing into rooftops convert to space, growing as opportunity, an as seen been have Rooftops cities. growing and areas up built densely specifically in spaces open urban preserving for important are bostans Urban bigger than three times the size of the New York Central Park Central York New the of size the times three than bigger area an means it bostans; urban into rooftops of spaces open convert to potential rooftop flat 5.1.1.1 inBostans Yedikule costs cooling and heating building’s a of reduction as well as and grocers by used being as for use harvesting, to rainwater collecting provide sources Theygetting products. restaurants fresh for as are rooftops the buildings; residential for houses gardens;as therapeutic housingalsogreen gardens developers startingand are rooftop tobuild 69 agriculture in New York, published by the Design Trust for Public Space, Public for Trust Design the by published York, New in agriculture 70 p.142. p.142. theby De published inYork, New urbanagriculture futureof Seedingthe N. Cohen, K. Reynolds & R. Shanghvi, 2012: “The Five Borough Farm Five Borough “The 2012: R.Shanghvi, & Cohen,Reynolds N. K. Ackerman, K., op cit., 2014, in: N. Cohen, K. Reynolds & R. & in: Reynolds K. 2014, Cohen, N. cit., op K., Ackerman, e promoting rooftop bostans and changing regulations in order to make it easier to install to easier it make to order in regulations changing and bostans rooftop promoting e 87

Encouraging rooftopgardens in New York

eagle-street-rooftop-farm-july-9/.) http://brooklynbrewery.com/blog/events/seedtock- 2015, January accessed (Source: York New Farm, Brooklyn, Rooftop Street Eagle Image5-5:

Shanghvi, 2012: “The Five Borough Farm” Borough Five “The 2012: Shanghvi, ).

They are non profit used gardens such gardens used profit non are They into urban bostan. NYC Housing Housing NYC bostan. urban into pp. 1-169., p.140- 1-169., pp. sign Trust for Public Space, pp. 1-169., 1-169., pp. Space, Public for signTrust ” Seeding the future ofurban future the Seeding ” 69 70 . New York has 2700 acres of acres 2700 has York New . . It contributes to an increase an to contributes It . a resource to use to resource a 141.

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. ecosystem for habitats, animals and plants; and on the other hand it provides positive positive provides it hand other the on contributes It ecology. and and climate plants; on influences and animals habitats, for ecosystem increasing the provides it actively, nature with contact providing as well As friends,…etc. for point meeting or there, lunch having of possibility the communication, and contact social provides it therefore residents); byrecreation for use directly (involving garden the walkingin for ways sitting, for benches as such societal leisure and and recreation for social facilities and space provides functions, also It for workshops. school tours to guided garden garden, organizing to school and visitors, workshops, events, as such activities temporary includes it issues; production food urban and environment on public of awareness the of increasing to contributes It dust. and noise reducing of way the in emissions related traffic to contributes It bottles. the inside plants the harvesting for rainwater of collectors as serve bottles windbreak; and insulation heat as serves space), the of heat keeping nights, at cooling less areas up built It is also suitable for private balconies and terraces. On one hand, it provides new provides it hand, one On terraces. and balconies private for suitable also is It 5.1.2 etcl al aiiis r svn sae n esl bit p ra. etcl al osss of consists wall Vertical asserves and PET-bottles areas. as such materials recycled up built densely in space saving are facilities wall Vertical microclimate. urban on impacts positive landscape, city of appreciation aesthetic a the 5), as well (Box Vienna in space near-natural a provides Garten Karls city; growing a is Vienna low- as well as plants food-producing live to Abatement farms” maintenance rooftop thusencouraging ownerstoinstall more sedums, property Tax Roof Green the extend to is them ofOne city-wide. gardensin rooftop implementing encourage to policies bostans urban relating laws local new made Council City inBostans Yedikule 71 agriculture in New York, published by the Design Trust for Public Space, Public for Trust Design the by published York, New in agriculture N. Cohen, K. Reynolds & R. Shanghvi, 2012: “The Five Borough Farm Five Borough “The 2012: R.Shanghvi, & Cohen,Reynolds N. K. of Soil Bioengineering and Bioengineering ofSoil 88 Karls Garten is a demonstration and research garden for urban agricultu urban for garden research and demonstration is a KarlsGarten and to raise awareness of urban food production, environmental issues. environmental production, food urban of awareness raise to and promotes through extensive supporting programme with events, w withevents, programme supporting extensive promotes through Sciences) in Vienna, as well it is investigated, which farming methods, as well as as methods, farming which well it isinvestigated, as Vienna, in Sciences) biologically over 50 varieties of fruit, vegetables and cereals. Bees, snails and snails and Bees, cereals. and vegetables offruit, varieties 50 over biologically

It is named Karls-garden, because it takes place in Karls-square (Karls- Karls-square in place it takes because Karls-garden, isnamed It The non-profit Association of Karls Garten isn’t established only for grofor only established isn’t Garten Karls of Association non-profit The Vienna, Karls-Garten (Schaugarten and research garden) and research (Schaugarten Vienna, Karls-Garten

approximately 2000 square meters area. It means 0.2 hectares of the size ofsize the of hectares meansIt 0.2 metersarea. square 2000 approximately

BOX 5.

Source:

urban location as Karlsplatz particularly well suited. wellsuited. particularly Karlsplatz as location urban Karls Garten in Vienna accessed on 19 February, 2015, from 2015, February, 19 on accessed Vienna in Garten Karls Karls Garten in ( Vienna Landscape Construction of BOKU (University of Natural Resources and Life and Resources Natural BOKUof of (University Construction Landscape http://www.karlsgarten.at/beschreibung.html

demonstration garden. garden. demonstration

“Resolution 527: it calls on the State Legislature Legislature theState on calls it 527: “Resolution

Schau- to the urban heat island effect (in densely densely (in effect island heat urban the a holder for the substrate-reduced plants. substrate-reduced the for holder und orkshops such as guided tours on sitetourson as guided such orkshops Forschungsgarten) Forschungsgarten) pp. 1-169., p.116. p.116. 1-169., pp. ” Seeding the future ofurban future the Seeding ” In cooperation with the Institute Incooperation re in the city centre of Vienna. Vienna. centreof city the in re . platz) in Vienna platz)in wing vegetables, but it also also it wingbut vegetables,

insects complement the the complement insects the plot. It isgrown It plot. the the crops for exposed exposed for crops the

. It . involves ly created created 71 .

s s Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. human influences and issue production physicaland well-being ( mental health, food and environment about public of awareness inBostans Yedikule at Karls garten such as events, workshops, meetings, guided tours. guidedgartenattours. workshops,meetings,events, Karls such as takeawareness environment, withvarious place foodabout that production activities ofpublic As a provides result, it much and moreItof leisure. the thanrecreation increasing provides 89

Image 5-7: Watch and be astonished, research beds at Karls Garten (Source: the the (Source: Garten Karls at beds research astonished, be and Watch Image5-7: 2015, from http://www.karlsgarten.at/images/kg_overview_foto.jpg) 2015, February, on accessed Austria(Source: Vienna, in Garten Karls Image5-6:

image by the author, August, 2014) 2014) August, theby imageauthor, Image 5-6 Image

, Image 5-7 , Image5-8 ).

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. residential area ( area residential 5.1.3 inBostans Yedikule Simmering is 11 is Simmering Existing gardens are used used are gardens Existing to potential have may part and of urbanopenresidential urban spaces the tobeing near lifea area. due being to gardens potential real the urban has that agriculture’ Simmering urban of functions dwellers. ‘reproductive projects, exploring city development housing the increasing of and needs growing recreation is Vienna in population city The social, the into building environmental thatdrive dimensions daily life. agriculture to urban network integrate to a attempt make contemporary don’t is which They communities, gardens. community to contrast in access public let don’t gardens These profit. making for production food as such purposes certain for used Commercial gardens lie on the size of the area of approximately 295 hectares ( hectares 295 approximately of area the the of size supply the on onlylie gardens Commercial not do They Vienna. in security food urban neighborhood level. of part a being network, city the supplying to important very are They Vienna. in city all the to food fresh supplying to city local the example good to a are Gardens Commercial gardens Simmering Vienna. in supermarkets the fromto markets, directly is distribution food fresh produced The miles. food short- provide and food fresh with Vienna of city all the supply Simmering in gardens Urban to close gardens, commercial district neighborhoods. as act gardens Simmering gardeners. community to contrast profit, increase to order in performance crops maximize to is goal primary gardeners’ The gardens. romantic gardens, community to contrast in plots growing intensive more much are 90

Vienna, Simmering Commercial Gardens Gardens Vienna, SimmeringCommercial

Image5-8 th Image 5-9) Image district in Vienna. The gardens in Simmering are in direct closeness to the to closeness direct in are Simmering in gardens The Vienna. in district

: Vertical Wall consists of Pet-bottles at Karls Garten (Source: the the (Source: Garten Karls at ofPet-bottles consists Wall Vertical by .They are example to urban gardens. Urban gardens in Simmering Simmering in gardens Urban gardens. urban to example are .They a certain group of people, private urban open spaces, which are which spaces, open urban private people, of group certain a image by the author, August, 2014) 2014) August, theby imageauthor,

Image 5- Image 10 in )

http://www.wien.gv.at/viennagis). http://www.wien.gv.at/viennagis). -ViennaGIS Wien Stadt (Source: ofVienna. Image5- 91 84 hectares

: 10 Commercial gardens, glass houses in Simmeri in houses glassgardens, Commercial

area Residential : Displaying Simmering district on the city map map the city on district Simmering Displaying Glass housesGlass Commercial Gardens,

295 hectares Simmering Simmering

ng (Source: Google earth, 2015). 2015). earth, Google (Source:

The mainchallenges planning policies. in account into bostans urban take to how about professionals planning urban of part the on information of lack a is there Additionally, gardeners. urban of activities the limiting been has context policyp.10.); 1999, (Quon,communities” planning in involved staff government planning the Moreover, recycling involves using awareness. food, environmental healthy increase security, to food materials to relating activities educational promoting well as composting, for waste food about information provide 1999) and fertilizers, (Quon,and chemicals risks wastes, health urban of use safe the and to public the of environmental awareness increasing the promote they the because reduce to considered increasingly are activit educational promote to Regulations spaces. open of use legitimate a accessibility, to increasingly related are patterns landuse suitable and openeconomic spaces productivity in and social environmental, of Recognition absorption...). pollution gardens, urban from food sus hog euainl clua ad oil ciiis Making productivity ecologic activities. social, social and cultural landscapes educational, through issues contact residents environmental of awareness the increasing giving as well as connections, social creating nature, with biodiversity, increasing pollution, of reduction the gardens, urban 5.2 inBostans Yedikule spaces open urban managing and designing consider to need planners Urban professionals. planning making All”, of issues are use of level for appropriate an in life of necessities the and resources the meet City “a of to creation spaces to 2013), citizens, (Stiles, stakeholders different all of open demands the balancing of all, for spaces accessible urban quality good life Making of importance 2006). the Veenhuizen, promote (Van risks social the reduce to and benefits, the maximize to regulations and facilities promote to policies planning suitable of by spaces, open in role bostan urban temporary permit or the prohibit just than rather gardeners understandingurban stakeholders, urban different of demands wishes, the understand to plans participation public active an with policies planning involves it 2013), (Stiles, spaces open owned privately and publicly shaping in policies public of importance the Considering 72 Viljoen, A. & Bohn K., 2005: “An introductory glossary”, In: Viljoen A Viljoen In: glossary”, “Anintroductory 2005: K., A. & Bohn Viljoen,    

The The planningpolicy contextconcerning Urban Bostans environmentally, economically, socially productive socially economically, environmentally, Prohibitive urbanProhibitive policies and regulations; Limited access to productive resources and insecure land tenure Limited resources access and productive insecure to landtenure Lack and ofsupport services; 1999). Armer-Klemesu, in quoted 1998 (Zeeuw farmers urban among organization of Lack

te oiy lgsain ognzto o gvrmn ad lce ofcas and officials elected and government of organization legislation, policy, “the

means aaig n cetn oe sae i sc a a t b economic, be to way a such in spaces open creating and managing in

concerning urban bostans have been identified by de Zeeuw (1998): have concerning Zeeuw identified(1998): been bostans by urban de

Vlon A & on . p xii. Fr xml: providing example: (For xviii). p. K., Bohn & A. (Viljoen,

. ed., Continuous Urban Productive Urban Continuous ed., . ly , such as providing food from from food providing as such , in some countries it countries some in productive urban urban productive urban urban ies ies

, Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. to access allow only they that fact the land, to access limited the are acceptance their to barriers other The city. the of part integral an is which resource integrated an bostans urban out bring urban bostans also fail to consider them as an activity in the city (Bourque, 2000, p.120). p.120). 2000, (Bourque, city the chang in to need a activity is There an to as regarding them consider regulations to municipal fail other also bostans and urban laws health public while zoning, to support ‘functional approach of open spaces open of approach ‘functional the fact that they are seen seen are they that fact the well as bostans, as concerning urban regulations policies and authorities brings outprohibitive Urban bostans involve involve bostans Urban stakeholders. space an open for plan good with a provide can spaces, policy a Such open of authorities. multi city use and stakeholders legitimate different of the between a shared demands being use to of the level appropriate lead for can providing making be policy will that so that stakeholders spaces’ open of functions possible ‘all public of responsibility the the within of perception of are lack the they (2000), Bourque to policy, According authorities. public to relate points three first The inBostans Yedikule In policy making process is important to consider both a both consider to important is process making policy In local the reinforcing activities gardening the urban for and support across thecity. increased movements in and gardeners, local well as of neighborhoods, institutionalization the in result and should this and expansion institutions, national and government local of policies the public in change a follow will this From leaders. national and city of part the on bostans urban f A no h urban the into UA of integration fuller “a provides it policy, public of scope the on depends disciplines different of Consideration all. of benefit the for space open public using of way suitable a find to possible it making multi-stakeholders, of expectations the with and bostans, of contribution the with compatible potentially already are which municipalities, of vision the in embedded are They stakeholders. multi of demands the meet to overlap can dimensions policy These spaces. open public for use appropriate an make can and city, of demands social and economic, ecological, niomna mngmn atr ji i wt ohr cmitd o a” Muet 2000, (Mougeot, far” so p.3). committed others with in join actors management environmental

a 93 particular group, lack of access to seeds and water. There is also an absence of technical technical of absence an also is There water. and seeds to access of lack group, particular

three main policy dimensions as dimensions policy main three e as the precondition by increasing the awareness of the contribution of contribution the of awareness the increasing by precondition the eco a rural activity. However, today’s trends on open space planning space open on trends today’s However, activity. rural a sse rqie ta ubn lnes pbi hat and health public planners, urban that requires -system (Stiles, 2013)’ (Stiles,

. This is important in order to consider to order in important is This . by ‘multi stakeholder approach’ stakeholder ‘multi balancing the demands of different of demands the balancing seen on the on seen Image 5- Image ir importance by city by importance 11 . They meet meet They and a and

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

the provide 2000) integrating (Bourque, Therefore of agencies. actions participation the public co-ordinate different to and stakeholder stakeholders urban different strong of wishes the understanding with entities space. open good Public a make making to important is policy agencies local and in bodies, province participation municipality, public active an Making inBostans Yedikule pcs y ifrn saeodr (tls 21) Mroe, novn te various the neighborhood, of responsibility involving and ownership of Moreover, safereduceincreasesrisks and of security thesense the sense space, given the of ownership 2013). of (Stiles, feeling stakeholders a makes it important; very is beginning the at process planning in stakeholders/groups different open useful acceptance, by more make to provides spaces it space, open of use of level appropriate an in way a finding side, users’ the as well as side, makers’ decision in groups target different create to promotes it and approach functional Image5- bostans, (Source: Dubbeling, Dubbeling, (Source: bostans, 94

11 :

The main policy dimensions in social, economic, ecological perspectives, and m and perspectives, ecological economic, social, in dimensions main policy The of open spaces, it contributes an outcome in making planning policies, policies, planning making in outcome an contributes it spaces, open of

2010, go ubn pn space open urban good a Main policy perspectives on urban agriculture, p.19). agriculture, urbanon Mainpolicy perspectives

ut stakeholder multi ty with understanding the demand of of demand the understanding with (Stiles, 2013). 2013). (Stiles, with collaborations among among collaborations with approach into into approach

ain types of urban of aintypes multi-

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 5.3 inBostans Yedikule to find an find to urban good creating functipossible the Consideringcriteria. to functional meet to needs It spaces. concerns strongly spaces open protecting to strategy best the Finding n wa mks go ubn pn pc. h cr point core The space. open urban good a makes what And space. open of quality existing enhance to givesopportunities about it existing of considerationspace, functionspossible The of open space. urban good makinga and spaces, open existing protecting on go to how way, a find to functions when dealing with with dealing personal of when subject a only rap not influences is plans it space open space, good Making open unfavorable. of space of functions quality possible the of of groups different one two only or considering one to only missing of demands the meets space open planned the If significant considerto The three main groups of open space functions to protect open spaces in the best way, and maki and way, best good openspace can bethe identified by Stiles (2013) as follows: ( in spaces open protect to functions space open of groups main three The performingcapable of and for at these which fulfilled” extent are the looking op approach protect Functional to way best the find to commitments most the of one is approach functional A and recreation than more much be functions (Stiles, 2013). should spaces open urban that highlights it strategy and best the spaces, find to key a is spaces open of functions possible the Considering 2013). qu the addressing to possible as , approach objective an find to helps it strategy, -Providing habitats for wild plants and animals plantsand-Providing animals wild habitats for management -Influencing water cycle-storm thehydrological -Noise screening amelioration-Climatic - influencing andpsychological humanphysical and well-being health - allowingexperienceaccess and to ofnature - Facilitating andcommunication, social including contact andcommercial cultural activities - - acting as a carrier of identity, meanings and values (Stiles, R., 2013,p.13). - actingcarrier identity, as a of R., (Stiles, and values meanings - establishingplace of a sense - improving ofthe the legibility city neighborhood or -

Providing space and facilities forProvidingfacilities leisure space and and recreation Articulating, dividing and linking areas of the urban fabric Articulating, dividing linking fabric and areas ofthe urban   

What What is the beststrategy protect to open spaces? include: include: and services, ecosystem an describes that functions ecological and Environmental oil n scea fntos r rltd iet s o ubn pn pcs by spaces open urban of use direct include:people, related are functions societal and Social spaces which can play at city and local scale, and as well as their more intangible intangible more their as well as and functions, include: scale, local and city at play can which spaces functions symbolic and Structural

objective approach, objective omnl s o space of use communal n eain o pn pc nlds osdrn psil fntos hc “are which functions possible considering includes space open to relation in ‘communal use of the space’

to address the quality of space. It is essential to consider all possibl all consider to essential is It space. of quality the address to So just what is the best strategy to protect open spaces? open protect to strategy best the is what just So , and being paid with public money, creating a joint joint a creating money, public with paid being and ,

are related to both important functions of open of functions important both to related are . ‘quality’ Image5- ly a iprat oe i is it role; important an plays 12 ) ons of open spaces, it helps it spaces, open of ons (Stiles R., 2013,p.14). ality of space (Stiles, space of ality to protect open protect to scey if society, a en spaces. en dy the idly leisure taste; open open how how ng

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. concerning spaces open protect to strategy best The leisure. and recreation for park a creating to than more provides space open an Protecting societal functions: and Social including a society, sustainable provides it ecosystem. with together mutually benefit functions, environmental existed into integrated is space created open therefore local materials, using renewable and pesticides, recycled and vegetation, characteristic fertilizer and mineral materials of cessation the provides compost produced regionally using significance, city versus costs and maintenance low to contribute flora and fauna environmental green its provides native supporting and It input for to using spaces. citizen, per space open open of amount respect the protect with factor space to a strategies best by the of one spaces is functions open ecological near-natural make to Accordingly 2013). Stiles, in quoted 2004, (Turner, humans benefit that services and goods provide they services, ecosystem as functions ecological and environmental its to respect with Designing Environmental ecological and functions: 10 Making for Guideline A In: Spaces, Open Urban Good of Characteristics 2013, Stiles, 5- Image inBostans Yedikule defined with these indicators; including to make functional ecological network to increasing increasing to network ecological functional make to including indicators; these with defined -16.) 96

12 Te he mi psil fntos f ra oe sae self-draw space, open urban of functions possible main three The :

erain n liue function leisure and recreation ing (Information resource: R. R. resource: (Information ing Space: Joint Strategy, pp. pp. Strategy, Joint Space: s can be be can s

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. and semi-public private, between distinction clear making inhabitants, for attractions proper be can They defining and territory the in system. distribution proper with network a creating space surrounding, in users open and infrastructure green potential the by overlooked be can crime to spaces vulnerable with indicators: these with described whole a as together go fabric urban in areas linking and dividing concerning spaces open urban on plans good make to spaces open protect to strategy best The 2000). the landscapeas (ELC, ‘an land area by isdefined as people…’ of perceived Considering the social and societal function of open space to finding the best strategy to to the strategy contribute best parameters these the of all finding addressing with to spaces space open protect open of function societal and social the Considering spaces. open children; natural near making in and turning, for attention spaces minimum to make respect with designing and behaviors improves health, mental for benefit stress, from can being well concerning space open protect best to strategy The space. the on users abiding promote laws attractive with activities complementary in policy making will endure as a functioning team with a sense of ownership; finding an an finding ownership; and of crime the reducing sense creates use a of level appropriate with team functioning a as endure will making policy in community local of involvement the plan; participation public clear make to helps it therefore process making plan side, makers decision in on participation public to groups openness public, targetof information the accurate potential all of involvement meeting walks; planning future, organized city’s with the of vision the managing players, key with consultations These cover mostly the perception of people. The perception is a part of landscape, and and landscape, of part a is perception 1 Article in Convention Landscape European the concerning The lands physical the as important people. of perception the mostly cover These Structural symbolicfunctions: and pcs ih aaeet n aneac n id tdsorgs rm t h rsn and present the future; at crime discourages it mind, in maintenance and management with spaces open protect to designing town; the into strengthened citizens ties process participation area,public space open protected the to development social and environmental economic, balance strategies to protect open spaces will be only successful in the long time, if they are are they if time, long the in successful only be accepted publi by andused the will spaces open protect to strategies pl policies, planning in participation public active concerning space open protect to strategy best The installations. sanitary accessible necessary, not surroundings into at views direct security the where the areas, surrounding enhancing the from refuge space, a providing by open places overlooked the in locations appropriated an in communication meeting, seating, for equipments supplementary enough providing citizens; for usability the inBostans Yedikule p.9. 73 http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/cultureheritage/heritage/Landscape/Publications/Convention-T 74 16- pp. R. Stiles, 2013, Characteristics of Good Urban Open Spaces, In: A Guideline for In: AGuideline Spaces, Open Urban ofGood Characteristics R.Stiles, 2013, Accessed on January, 2015, from 2015, January, on Accessed

97 18. designing for all for designing

be defined these parameters: providing contact to nature, it promotes recovery promotes it nature, to contact providing parameters: these defined be

oil otc ad omncto function communication and contact social , it helps to make ready the citizens for democratic change democratic for citizens the ready make to helps it ,

c 73 . experience of nature, human physical and mental and physical human nature, of experience

mean to consider dividing areas at the city that that city the at areas dividing consider to mean an -making processes with public meetings, public with processes -making it makes a sense of safety; providing providing safety; of sense a makes Making Space: Joint Strategy, Joint Space: Making ol b dfnd an defined, be could xt-Ref_en.pdf sustainability. ; the best the ; , pp. 1-94, 1-94, pp. , It 74

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. concerning and cycling spaces open protect as to strategy best such The other. import, each alongside run is should that network route walking movement good creating 2013), Stiles, indicators, Common in (European quoted 300m. be should space public and living between distance concerning spaces open protect to strategy best The user groups. other for structured, opportunities access divided, to reduce to strictly cause spaces glass, defined as such materials permeable through spaces public inBostans Yedikule Considering to to Considering into helpthe significance findthe space. will of to symbols space of Looking identity. of sense the with spaces open design Symbols to help space. meanings, the the represent of perceptions meanings, the understanding space, of sense a establish to help may process making policy of beginning the from participation public Active space? Creating the on sense a values. make we can How explores space. the on meaning individuals making depends space the groups, on value the between meanings the of Interpretation space, open urban protectand helpsto so,it openspaces way. best inthe in plan good a make to way best the find to help may context economical ecological social, topographical, geographical, its Considering context. its in embedded is space open the of meaning the Exploring differently. space same the they value may that and perceive of because expectations; and experience, past different have society the in groups Different 2013). (Stiles, communityand identity individual create strengthen andto They help spaces individual for spaces open Urban the in best way. spaces a open protect to into left best turn the reach should may designer authorities the way politic this in and layout, formal public the owner, the of expectations The and space. needsthe of good functions and a districts paths, creating nodes, combining routes, through city the well-defined of image movement, suitable provide should entrances them: of indicator Some population. of well-being physiologically and spaces the of use efficiency 75

egbrod icesn te aneac o te pc, hrfr, hs ses rae safe create steps these therefore, spaces space, the of maintenance the increasing neighborhood, in responsibility increasing and space of use frequently provide these All etc. woman or man All for use to space users. potential other excluding groups, user specific for appropriate seem which facilities, specific providing in clichés avoid beginning the from process planning the in groups various involving making, policy in participation public active an that, besides life, everyday for conceiving it, use who people the for significance its and place, the of geography and history the account into Taking spaces. open urban protect to strategy best Strategy, pp. 19- pp. Strategy,

R. Stiles, 2013, Characteristics of Good Urban Open Spaces, In: A Guideline for In: A Spaces, Guideline Open Urban ofGood Characteristics R.Stiles, 2013, 98 75

mrvn te eiiiy f h city the of legibility the improving 20 design . truhnt xlsvl lnigapoce frrc,po,kd, old, kids, poor, rich, for approaches planning exclusively not through

with respect to its identity, meanings and values may help to find to help may values and meanings identity, its to respect with creates a feeling of ownership of the area. area. the of ownership of feeling a creates

The best strategy to protect urban open spaces may may spaces open urban protect to strategy best The accessibility c a crir f dniy maig n values and meaning identity, of carrier as act

can be defined with these parameters: the the parameters: these with defined be can involves clearly defined orientation for for orientation defined clearly involves Making Space: Joint Joint Space: Making It is necessary to to necessary is It make make the the

. Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. eeomn ad ra restructuring act urban and multi-functionality development with bostans Urban food for labor and consumption access. energy reducing and products, agriculture fresh to access spaces open urban communal of keepers promote they as people bring and residents, local of well-being mental and way physically improving they contribute furthermore this issues, food healthy in and environmental nature, on public of and awareness increasing people between connection increasing contribute provide they they Moreover, composting. for activities waste food using as urban such management waste harvesting, as for fresh cities, the growing in production, healthrainwater capturing animalsas such management water storm jobs, creating opportunities, educational food rising ecologic, intensive and economic, fruits than and social, more vegetables, provide much activities contribute They gardening outcomes. urban as bostans The spaces. open urban productive create to role important an play activities urban as bostans The contribute open natural spaces, energy, waste, management inthe city. stormwater, resource urban reinforce and are bostans Urban centers. build to Urban society. contribute and as function bostans life neighborhood and create to role from important learning, an play and They and communities. security playing food working, urban living, to security food for resources provide activities urban as bostans Urban level. city-wide to level neighborhood community from range contributions the network;food urban of part a as settlements, feedurban dense to contribute Urbanbostans urban of infrastructure network. layers the economic social, into ecologic, integrated into heart integrated are a of gardens as Urban layers works system. urban which Many garden, network. urban of infrastructure node urban the at of intersect part network integral an as exist gardens Urban 6 be as atoolfor open protecting spaces. understood, be spaces, open can of quality existed the enhancing planning meet quality to needs multi-functional the fulfill may asapproaches space possible used, as open explained, frequently above Urban as lovely, functions spaces. of make variety including to open helps urban it on then spaces and attractive authorities, policy and people local owners, the of demands the meeting on depends space of use of level appropriate an Finding spaces; open urban on plans good make to space thereforeurban bestreachcan open strategy we the spaces. toprotect the on elements changeable and fixed hierarchy changes, the manage vandalism. to important is It against citizens. all for city spacea create to helps This the of protection and maintenance the specifically spaces, public of sustainability increase to helps space of ownership of feeling heritage, cultural Concerning inBostans Yedikule

99 CONCLUSION TO PART 2 PART2 TO CONCLUSION

the land use elements of urban open spaces open urban of elements use land the

a part of green infrastructure green of part a

. They contribute converting vacant, underused, underused, vacant, converting contribute They .

. They contribute also reducing long food miles, miles, food long reducing also contribute They . s srcue opnn fr urban for component structure a as of the city, they have potential to potential have they city, the of such as parks and learning learning and parks as such it can it of of

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. h mitnne n volarisation and maintenance The social, various provide together, eating and cooking cultural activities. food, share to kitchens public with ecological, in improvement contribute toreinforce solidarity have social potential landscapes Urban bostans and sustainability. urban bostans urban way, urban productive providing contribute They cities. the in this conditions living and environmental In spaces. open urban contribute providingcultivation, access recreation health access to food, urban to and So, leisure. bostans and spaces, open underused and vacant cleaning and remediating contribute they Therefore, into spaces open urban demolished inBostans Yedikule ‘identification’ coherent mix on the space between the potential of the study site and requirements and and requirements and site study the of potential the a between create space to the trying on space, new mix with coherent users the identifying its then with together, Yedikule, and in factors requirements bostans functional the two site, these study the tie of context to social try and history I the exploring and Yedikule; in groups and different of expectations expectations the the and bostans Yedikule the of satisfy potential the integrate to try I Thirdly, project reasons? the are what park municipal not, If why? then proposed satisfies, project park municipal the If groups? different the of requirements the Does project. park of aspirations the municipal proposed currently and gardens of neighborhood, users existing and residents, local experts, users, Yedikule of needs the discover to try I open Secondly, of spaces. functions symbolic and its structural from explained arise widely as that context values social and and meanings historical its context, landscape and urban its sense broad a in groups, different of requirements meet to potential their neighborhood, the and spaces open urban to contributions their find to order in Yedikule in bostans the of potential the site, the I explore thepotentialgoingFirstly, of am spaces. to provide open the ofpublic legitimate use spaces,and openurbanway preserving forbest find the to accountthree inputs into take I will way. open of approach bestthe find to and help may it process, policies making in approach functional stakeholder multi and spacespaces Considering of structures. functions new traditional and between demands space new of preservation requirements, use space coherent open a best find the to try find the I to into strategy. Yedikule look in to bostans going am of I challenges needs. and recreation potential the meet to bostans some historic of the demolition of the sections promotes which project, park municipal a challenge they urban projects; into renewal urban to due park public a today become agriculture site, conservation the at Yedikule, in walls urban integrate city ancient the at bostans The spaces. open of elements use land as city, to the of network green of part a as network, try urban of layers ecologic economic, approaches social, into network; infrastructure contemporary the on hand Yedikule; in time long other space a for open zones production best same the the in going find is tradition to bostan try I the hand, one spaces. the On Yedikule. in open bostans the through inquired is urban This strategy. preservation preserve to gardens urban of role the Iinvestigate explained. widely are space open urban to bostans urban of contributions The bostans contributes toproduce cultural landscapes. 100 100

reducing in shorter or longer period a serious deficit of the field the of deficit serious a period longer or shorter in reducing and ‘image’

to urban open spaces. Recreational experiencing of urban urban of experiencing Recreational spaces. open urban to agricultural temporary use temporary agricultural (In-Wert-Setzung) (In-Wert-Setzung)

of urban bostans contribute an an contribute bostans urban of and subsequent use subsequent in planning in spaces.

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. demandsgroups of and different findthe best protect strategy urban spaces. for open the balance and bostans historic developing and keeping of significance may the way consider to This help groups. different of demands the gardeners, residents, local of expectations inBostans Yedikule 101 101

Konstantinopel, p.120-121., published by Atlas Verlag Zürich. Zürich. AtlasVerlag by published p.120-121., Konstantinopel, Source of the image: M. H M. ofthe image: Source

URLIMANN, 1957: “Istanbul 1957: URLIMANN,

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Image7-1 value chapters.Istanbul gardens of inthe next the explain bewidely urban will utrl heritage, cultural Istanbul, self drawing. selfdrawing. Istanbul, Gate, at the end of14 the end atGate, Golden the near seven-tower) means (Yedikule Castle Yedikule the of construction the after Bostans’, ‘Yedikule named are bostans These Gate. Golden the near Walls, Land Theodosion the of part south and inside located are They zones. production food same the at production and Republic Period in 19 in Period Republic and 7.1 7.1.1 7 inBostans Yedikule otn’ Te otn bten n aog h Ln Wls r a at f ra gardening urban of part a are Istanbul. Walls Land in the tradition along and between bostans ‘urban The named are they bostans’. and gardens’ kitchen ‘urban mean gardens These 2004). (Kaldjian, century twentieth the to Period Byzantine from Istanbul city the of need food the satisfied are gardens Urban together. history of years 1600 have gardens urban and walls The walls. city old of history the with interwoven is gardens urban of history the that out points It Istanbul. Istanbulgardens the city of urban andLand the The shows Walls, timeline thedevelopment of non i te ae od rdcin oe. hy ey n yatn Pro sne the since Period Byzantine on rely They zones. production 4 in Walls Land of construction food same the in ongoing

103 103

CASE STUDY: YEDIKULE BOSTANS BOSTANS YEDIKULE STUDY: CASE

HISTORIC ASPECTS Historic timeline Historic timeline : The relation between the development of the Land Walls, the Istanbul urban ga urban the Istanbul Walls, Land the of the development between relation The

otnıı tradition bostancılık th Bostancılık century in Ottoman Period. Urban gardening history and socio-cultural gardeningand socio-cultural Urban history Period. in Ottoman century

th century up to today (see the timeline); they compose an intangible intangible an compose they timeline); the (see today centuryto up th century to Ottoman Period, between 15 between Period, Ottoman to century means . Today, Yedikule Bostans are still ongoing food food ongoing still are Bostans Yedikule Today, . ubn adnn actions’ gardening ‘urban

tee cin ae still are actions these ; th and 19 and rdens and the city of the and city rdens

th centuries,

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. was tofeedfood usedforthe production as on thecity seen for fields theTheodosian farm outside Totally Walls. 15km used forvast and broad and 2km. There greencommon pasture. cultivation was buffer zone city There walls. approximately was 3km and construct cisterns for the agriculturalneed forcespopulation, but spaces protection hostile and from toincrease of thesettlement The theConstantine toexpand Walls. reason was for a growing not need 400s, west 1.5km from was forces.second in Walls) hostile built city wall (Theodosian The was(Constantine during Walls) built due theRoman tothe Empire necessity protection for TheIstanbul development city of Empire. tothe ofthe Roman back relies The first citywall inBostans Yedikule zones representzones 76 C., Dagron, G. (Eds.), Constantinople and Its Hinterland Its and Constantinople (Eds.), G. Dagron, C., 77 pp.224-23 86, Economics Ecological cities”, in security food long-term transition from Late Antiquity to the Middle Ages and Koder, 1995: AgesKoder, and the Middle to Antiquity Late from transition from Balicka 230, p. cities”, in security food long-term for resilience 77 pp.224-23 86, Economics Ecological cities”, in security food long-term water and agriculture, gardens, “Urban 2013, C., Isendhal & S. Barthel, Walls, Theodosian outside and inside g km, square agriculture, 15 for total in used highlighted, areas where Constantinople, of Map 7-2: Image Barthel, S. & Isendhal C., 2013, “Urban gardens, agriculture, and water and “Urban agriculture, gardens, 2013, C., &S. Isendhal Barthel, Cited from Barthel, S. & Isendhal C., 2013, “Urban gardens, agricultu “Urban gardens, 2013, C., &Isendhal S. from Cited Barthel, .

104 104

urban kitchen gardens kitchen urban

. Awater investedbetween system was storage inner and the theouter

, and they300.000 people had potentialtofeed up to 2 area landwas the between thewalls; as allocated a

-Witakowska, 2010: Constantinople in the Constantinople 2010: -Witakowska, Fresh vegetables for the capital. In: Mango, Mango, In: capital. the for Freshvegetables 2 4, p. 230. 4,p. 230. 4, p. 4,p. 229.) Image 7-2. Image re, and water management: Sources of of Sources management: water and re, of land close to theurbanof land close zone to management: Sources of resilience for ofresilience Sources management: management: Sources of resilience for resilience of Sources management: ardening, horticulture and pasture are are pasture and horticulture ardening, by Ljungkvist et al. (2010). (Source: (2010). al. et Ljungkvist by These food production

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 81 80 309-310. pp. 2, Today)”, to Yesterday result, a As inBostans Yedikule of historic Istanbul historic of neighborhood Yedikule nearthe walls city the arounddocumented is which Byzantine Period,

78 adn wr poie vgtbe t Cntniol’ ctzn utl the12 until citizens Constantinople’s to vegetables provided were Gardens of the TheLand their Theodosian with It second Walls line ofdefensein 447. created was “one was quarter…” “results 12thcenturies the performed fromand toinclude modifications inthe7th areas and its 3 square kilometer was inside the city walls walls city the inside was kilometer square 3 its and areas bostan kilometers square 15 by walls city the around and within people 300,000-500,000 of section of the Land Walls due to their multiple defenseLandsection due ( totheir of multiple the system Walls defensedue system. totheir multiple arein the There cross- of layers three thestructure 7.1.2 p.290). pp.284-304, 1994 cited inKaldjian, 2004, Ansiklopedisi, (Istanbul 1950s until period Byzantine the from Istanbulese of needs vegetable 79 Image7-3

Publishing Ltd., Publishing AD 324- ofConstantinople Walls The 2004, S. Turnbull, after Source: Wall, Ibid. Ibid. ofIstanbul. Areas Historic List, Heritage World UNESCO Koder J, 1995: “ 1995: J, Koder Istanbul Ansiklopedisi, 1994, Bostan: “Dünden Bugüne Istanbul Ansikloped Istanbul Bugüne “Dünden Bostan: 1994, Ansiklopedisi, Istanbul 105 105

leading references leading for The Theodosian old city walls: 1600 years old city 1600 walls: old Theodosian old years The :

The cross-section and plan of Land Walls, The three defense layers ofT layers defense three The LandWalls, ofplan and cross-section The 81 . The Land. Theancientas for are asample the militaryarchitecture Walls considered Urban bostans provided vegetables and fruit needs of Istanbulese for centuries. for Istanbulese of needs fruit and vegetables provided bostans Urban p.11 Fresh Vegetables for the Capital, In Constantinople and Its Hinterland Its and Constantinople In Capital, the for Vegetables Fresh , accessed on December 12, 2014.) 12, December on accessed , 78 . Koder, 1995 mentions that Constantinople satisfied the vegetable needs needs vegetable the satisfied Constantinople that mentions 1995 Koder,

military architecturemilitary

”

80 . The currentlywalls are visible the 79 ( Image 7-3 Image Image 7-3 7-3 Image 1453, Osprey 1453, isi (Encyclopedia of Istanbul for ofIstanbul isi (Encyclopedia heodosian ). Bostans satisfied the the satisfied Bostans ). & ”, pp.49-56., p.53. p.53. ”, pp.49-56., Image 7-4 Image

th th

etr in century ).

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. food production (see inYedikule the zone “Landscape Convention: area Landscape European an the means in lies that landscape of definition The Historic (HLC) Landscape concerning Bostans Character Yedikule foundation Period). systems Ottoman in (Source showing Bostansinsidethe Land Walls and Bostans betweengates the of Yedikuleand Belgrad by of theinscription LandTheIstanbul surrounding andits of Walls were area as declared a Historic maps from 18 Land day. this Theodosion They till areByzantine production Walls. since zones Period Theodosian LandTheodosian Walls…,’ 7.1.3 Land Walls. terrace’. terrace, terrace moat,theouter and theinner The consist ofthree structure layers of called terrace’, thearea ‘inner and between wall theouter and ‘outer themoat called is areainner innerThe wall theouter between terraceand wall. theinner wall(peribols), and is 15 https://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/lecture- 2015, January12, Accessed (Source: layers. withthree Walls Theodosian Image7-4: Their inBostans Yedikule 82 83 2015. 12, December http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/356 Turnbull, S. 2004, The Walls of Constantinople AD 324-1453, Osprey Pu AD324-1453, Walls ofConstantinople The 2004, S. Turnbull, UNESCO World Heritage List, Historic Areas of Istanbul, accessed February 8, 2015 8, February accessed ofIstanbul, Areas Historic List, Heritage World UNESCO -byzantine-architecture-metaphysics- 106 106

multiple system defense : Yedikule Bostans concerning Historic Landscape Character, Cultural Cultural Character, Landscape Historic concerning Landscape Heritage and Historic Cultural Bostans Yedikule The map of 1875 in Ottoman Period, Ayverdiby in 1958

s ecie b people by perceived as UNESCO UNESCO th

centuries from 1735showbostans vouch atthesame book and the . 83

and are part so,Yedikule ofthe inside bostans south located

82 in

of consists ofmoat, consists outer terrace(parateichion), outer wall,

1985 -light/deck/4045597 . The ofboth sides area the refers to‘thealong area

woe hrce i te eut f h ato and action the of result the is character whose , Image 7-7Image

.) :

The coloredThe areaby authoron the ismap efficientgardening.for urban land "power image" and an provides inIstanbul.ItWalls its holds still Landcity area part walls of the Period. Today, old theTheodosian Byzantine Byzantine in settlement surrounded theland boundaries of The Theodosian was Wall

). Image7-7 blishing Ltd., blishing

and the pious World HeritageWorld Site , from , p.11 , accessed on accessed , .

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 2005) AccordingFramework ontheValue Convention Cultural Society Heritage(Faro, for of to destruction of make bostans to culture thempark, be thistraditional will forgotten intime. Butlettuce, lettucebazaars knownYedikule the inneighborhood by perception. itis inpublic areIstanbul’s identity, special its crops,are becausefamous they specifically with with farms and keephelps to gardening urban andknowledge. are traditions Bostans Yedikule commercial Keepingcitizens. goinggardening onthe same it actions landswithcomplementary activities, only also space adding preservingpassively, onthe exploring potential for value its and all knowledgeThey (know-how).are thatneed cultural heritage representgardeninggoes centuries atradition techniques of that irrigation and with to back theinteraction places from betweenresulting people time”. through and evolvingIt includes aspects values, knowledge all theenvironment beliefs, andtraditions. of andexpression them,regard, asareflection constantly owns irrespective theirown of ofwho has been management dynamic: change,the aim.” is of notpreservation and public perceptions landscapeviews. expert of more always Landscape alongside isand not purely asanobjective thing notmatter ofinterpretation record, notfacts; understand ‘landscape’ perception asanidea, In guiding for the principles landscape historic character and features living Existing are production. They ongoing periods. Yedikule bostans of are a as landscape part character human landscape. in three between are traces and agrarian survive carries still still landscape They Walls. Land farming the of at Period Republic practices and Ottoman Byzantine, represent they that Bostans Yedikule to depth, regard time in its landscape of is important character most andBostans,Yedikule the rnils o HC i ivle ‘ involves it HLC; for principles Cultural Bostans Heritage Cultural concerning Historic Yedikule and Landscape changes keeping with traditions. gaps fill the couldgardening with keeping thelands openConverting spaces actions public on theminto are landscape the of dimensions New differencesan perceive howpeople importantplay role things. These differently. perceive they so expectations, different and experience past different have viewers ELC,all Itaccountin takes 2000). factors”(ELC; human and/or naturalinteractionof inBostans Yedikule 84 86 85 p.108. pp.1-117, HLC, for Principles from http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/en/Treaties/Html/199.htm from Stiles, 2012: Landscape Planning and the European Landscape Convention Landscape the European and Planning Landscape Stiles,2012: Framework Convention on the Value of Cultural Heritage for Society for Heritage ofValueCultural the on Convention Framework Ibid. 107 107 86 “ Cultural heritage is a group of resources inherited from the past which people which fromthe resources heritage past of isagroup Cultural inherited

semi-public open spaces, spaces, open semi-public and needs of public access for recreation in Yedikule. It shows a management and of It needs public access inYedikule. of shows for recreation

” 84

and rsn nt past not present which “ people’s views: it is important toconsider isimportant people’s it “ collective views: oa distinctiveness local

are accessible only for defined only accessible aclearly group. , ts h peetdy adcp sc as such landscape present-day the it’s ’, . . “Characterization of landscape of isa “Characterization , Faro, 2005, accessed on February, 2015, 2015, February, on accessed 2005, Faro, a management of changes management of a and , Summer Semester, Part 1: Guiding 1: Part Semester, Summer , time-depth. Yedikule Bostans 85

YedikuleBostans n h guiding the In , not

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. the 1, article and in Cultural Heritage of Conservation Natural the concerning Convention Heritage World the to According inBostans Yedikule should be consideredbe should which landscapes historical,Heritage, the Natural and in Cultural of from Conservation definition the concerning this Convention Value to Relating view”. Universal of points Outstanding anthropological or of ethnological aesthetic, are which sites archeological including 88 87 89 identified 90 January, on published Gardens, YedikuleVegetable historic the on focus special fromhttp://whc.unesco.org/archive/opguide13-en.pdf p.14; http://whc.unesco.org/archive/opguide13-en.pdf fromp.13; 1, Article Convention”, Heritage World ofthe Implementation Guidelin Operational “The 2013, Heritage Natural Cultural and ofthe World Protection Article 1 of the of 1 Article represent and properties cultural are p.23; fromhttp://whc.unesco.org/archive/opguide13-en.pdf p.23; According to these description concerning open spaces which identifies the the identifies which spaces open concerning description these to According cultural and economic social, successive forces, internal”. external and both of and environment natural opportunities their and/or constraint by physical presented the of influence the under time, over settlement heritage area along both sides of the Land Walls for centuries. centuries. for Walls Land the of sides both along area statement a in Presenting Sites. Heritage World in properties to integrity of conditions the highlights it Land Walls. They are the historic vegetable gardens- vegetable historic the are They Walls. Land the aroundwere constructed that organizations spatial and monuments landscape,of examples architecture, and historic cemeteries. The architectural works, such as the monasteries, monasteries, the as such Walls. works, Land the around architectural planned were Castle Yedikule The cemeteries. historic and architecture, proportion of the elements necessary to convey the totality of the value conveyed by the the landscapes by conveyed value included. the be of totality should the property convey to necessary elements the of proportion their with monuments historic and residences, traditional (bostans), gardens vegetable historic According to Operational Guidelines for Implementation of the World Heritage Convention Heritage World the of Implementation forGuidelines Operational Accordingto regardingLand inrelationAll of thesecase themonumentof to were the formed Walls. study. gardens vegetable historic and wells water barns, cottages, gardener cemeteries, settlements, eiae Site Heritage As a result a As be also maintained”. should UNESCO, “The Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Con Heritage World ofthe thefor Implementation Guidelines Operational “The UNESCO, Intergovern UNESCO, Organization Cultural and Scientific, Educational, Nations United From “A Report of Concern on the conservation issues of the Istanbu ofthe issues theconservation on Concern of Report “AFrom UNESCO, “The Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Con Heritage World ofthe thefor Implementation Guidelines Operational “The UNESCO, 108 108 including including 87

f nert o te utrl heritage cultural the of integrity of , historic towns or other or towns historic , : of these descriptions, descriptions, these of “

ok o mn r h cmie wrs f aue n o man of and nature of works combined the or man of works od mnmns rm yatn ad toa Pro sc a traditional as such Period Ottoman and Byzantine from monuments holds Convention. cultural landscapes cultural as cultural landscapes cultural as

They are illustrative of the evaluation of human society and society human of evaluation the of illustrative are They Relationships and dynamic functions present in cultural cultural in present functions dynamic and Relationships Yedikule Bostans Bostans Yedikule sites

living properties essential to their distinctive character distinctive their to essential properties living h cmie wrs f aue n o man of and nature of works combined the wih hl b cniee a clua hrtg, are heritage, cultural as considered be shall which , , accessed o n February 8, 2014. 2014. n8, February o accessed , , a rich a ,

, are identified in item 47 item in areidentified , cultural landscape cultural , accessed o n February 8, 2014. 2014. n8, February o accessed , 2014. n8, February o accessed , i’ udrie i ie 89: item in underlined it’s , concerning historic cultural landscape cultural historic concerning bostans, bostans, In 89 the Land Walls Area, there are some some are there Area, Walls Land the As a result, a As l land walls world heritage site”, with a witha site”, heritage wallsworld l land Byzantine and Ottoman Period Ottoman and Byzantine 2014, p.2. p.2. 2014, has been emerged in the the in emerged been has 88 the Land Walls World World Walls Land the : “Culturallandscapes: es for thefor es mental Committee for Committee mental vention”, Item 47, Item 47, vention”, vention”, Item 89, Item 89, vention”, sites A significant “A

ad areas and , as cultural as designed 90

; ,

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 7.1.4 are located inside the Land Walls WHS Walls Land the inside located Bostans are Yedikule Site. Heritage World Walls Land the inside located bostans of values the discussing of aim the with mentioned are documents historic some part, this of scope the In Ottoman periods ( periods Ottoman and Byzantine in bostans of importance the and existence the mentioning documents historic Walls. PresentlyWalls. threatened; are recent they municipal actions the damaged Yedikule vegetable gardens-

that are Tangible it. integral to ofYedikuleassets and intangible goes anirrigation systemwith know-how tocenturies and back (tangible intangible value) n cnevto. otn’ ra ad utrl au cn e rmd n h following the in framed be can value cultural and contexts urban Bostans’ conservation. and production food for bostans keeping of significance the and Bostans, Yedikule surviving still The significance of Bostans significanceThe of have suchas they animals, chickenand fruit farm trees, ofpeople. feed lots bostans some but bostans, the on produced are vegetables Mostly, Bostans. Yedikule in seen in agreat extent. h sm aes isd ad usd te ad al. oa, h tpcl ie f otn in bostan of size typical the Today, Walls. Land garden- individual as hectares 1-1.2 around is Istanbul the outside and inside areas, same the on vegetable-growing is continued today, it and walls, surroundedacres, by stone and and 100 betweensize1 the foundations, the belongingto land era,the Ottoman in cisterns water pools, wells, water porches, barns, of consisted trees, fruit vegetables, planting for dedicated type, intangible and tangible inBostans Yedikule nti eerh the research this In symbolizecultural landscape. historic they and Walls Land the inside place take they Bostans, for Yedikule Concerning Site. Heritage essential are they and Walls Land 91 92 January, on published Gardens, YedikuleVegetable historic the on focus special Bostanlari- 93 94 January, on published Gardens, YedikuleVegetable historic the on focus special special focus on the historic Yedikule Vegetable Gardens, published on January, on published Gardens, YedikuleVegetable historic the on focus special From “A Report of Concern on the conservation issues of the Istanbul la ofthe issues theconservation on Concern of Report “A From A detailed definition of Bostan can be found in Bilgin’s article (Bilgin A (Bilgin article Bilgin’s in found canbe Bostan of definition Adetailed From “A Report of Concern on the conservation issues of the Istanbu ofthe issues theconservation on Concern of Report “AFrom From “A Report of Concern on the conservation issues of the Istanbu ofthe issues theconservation on Concern of Report “AFrom 109 109

Vegetable Gardens (Bostans) Gardens Vegetable the of Istanbul Gardening Value Urban History and Socio-cultural Urban 94 Istanbul Bostans in Ottoman Era”, Era”, in Ottoman Bostans Istanbul : (Aksoy et al., 2014, p. 35) (Aksoy p.35) : et al.,2014,

Image 7-7, Image that are inside and outside the Land Walls, within and adjoin to the LandLandthat are tothe and inside the outside and adjoin within Walls, term

assets form a cultural landscape cultural a form assets

93 Image 7- Image

, inrelation case to offarming study, atradition represent that Bostans- 42 Yemek ve Kültür Vol. 20, Ciya Yayinlari, Istanbul, 87. 87. CiyaIstanbul, Yayinlari, 20, Vol. ve Kültür Yemek

historic vegetable gardens vegetable historic ,

( dsicie character’ ‘distinctive Image 7- Image Image 7- Image

43 11 ,Image 7- ,Image , Image 7- Image one family garden family one 91 l land walls world heritage site”, with a witha site”, heritage world walls land l l land walls world heritage site”, with a witha site”, heritage wallsworld l land in the area along both sides of the of sides both along area the in nd walls world heritage site”, with a witha site”, heritage wallsworld nd 46 rif, 2010 “ Osmanli Dönemi Istanbul “ Istanbul Osmanli Dönemi 2010 rif, 12 , ). It will explain existing and and existing explain will It ). Bostans Image 7- Image 2014:3. 2014:3. 2014:5. 2014:5. 2014:35. 2014:35. f h Ln Wls World Walls Land the of 92 is defined as defined is - - (Kaldjian, 2004), as as 2004), (Kaldjian, - the historic urban historic the 13 ). There are many many are There ). a property a Bostans

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. inBostans Yedikule 96 95 97 p.35. Gardens, Vegetable with site”, heritage wallsworld land Istanbul ofthe issues conservation special focus on the historic Yedikule Vegetable Gardens, published on January, on published Gardens, YedikuleVegetable historic the on focus special 98 Dönüsümleri: Yedikule Bostanlari, Toplumsal Tarih 236, August 2013, 34-38 August 2013, 236, Tarih Toplumsal Bostanlari, Yedikule Dönüsümleri: land use plan). existing (See area. project park urban proposed the in remarked are wells water four and book Vouchin out pointed is it as LandWalls the inside are Bostanslocated Yedikule claim, this to bostans provide a concrete basis for the examination of water distribution systems and and systems distribution water of examination Ottoman the of Period the from technology agriculture about for information observable basis concrete a provide bostans the near and in constructions similar other and cisterns pools, wells, water that besides Walls; Agricultural practices are closely related to water supply system to distribute water to the the to water distribute to fields system supply water to related closely are practices Agricultural Baser, Bahar and Hayriye Esbah Tuncay, 2010, in: Aksoy, A. et al., ( A.in: al., et Aksoy, 2010, Tuncay, Hayriye and Esbah Bahar Baser, Ibid. From “A Report of Concern on the conservation issues of the Istanbu ofthe issues theconservation on Concern of Report “AFrom Shopov, Aleksandar and Ayhan Han, “Osmanli Istanbulu’nda Kent Ici TarimsalTop Kent Ici “Osmanli Istanbulu’nda AyhanHan, and Aleksandar Shopov, 110 110 ...... 1.

. In 1735, Vouch book shows an intensive urban gardening inside and outside the Landthe outside and urban intensivegardening inside an shows book InVouch 1735, . Peninsula and Constantinople, andPeninsula Constantinople, system supply water of as part gardens) vegetable (urban “Bostans Bostans as otn as Bostans practices Bostans as as Bostans system Republican Period, Republican Period, activities as Bostans otn a a as Bostans tairpi dt o te ed and seeds the practicesagricultural on data stratigraphic iy n h Bznie n te Ottoman the Period, and Byzantine the in city the of boundaries the forms that system otn as Bostans Bostans as as Bostans agriculturalIstanbul Historic Peninsula” practices in "Bostans as “an important opportunity to maintain sustainable urban landscape and and landscape viability urban of society” urban sustainable maintain to opportunity important “an as "Bostans A part of water supply system in Historic Peninsula and Historic Constantinople waterA partsystem supply of in

in the Ottoman Period, inthe Ottoman Period, n itrc eisl i the in Peninsula Historic in in the Byzantine Period, inthe Period, Byzantine cultural landscapecultural the embodiment of intangible val intangible of embodiment the part of the pious foundations pious the of part databank a at of part pr o ubn farming urban of part a at h Ln Walls Land the part

ii ad monastic and civic onthepast,

f itrc and historic of

. f Historic of of Istanbul, of

as a a as Municipality. area ofFatih project Park Public the shows which walls”, city the along Gardens showingYedikule Walls, ofLand view „general Yedikule: Near Image 7-5Image ues, which is the historical continuity of of continuity historical the is which ues, 2014): “A Report of Concern on the the Concern on “A of Report 2014): l land walls world heritage site”, with a witha site”, heritage wallsworld l land

a special focus on the historic Yedikule Yedikule historic the on focus special a : 95 The photo by Artamanoff dated 1937, 1937, Artamanoffdated by photo The ,

. . 2014:35- rak Kullanimi veKullanimi rak 36.

98 . Referring .

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

19, 2014, http://www.biristanbulhayali.com/ah- 2014, 19, city as distinction new and old city city old and new as distinction Peninsula Historic Period of the historic peninsula. They constitute a significant component of of significantcomponentaThey peninsula. constitute historic the of Period Republican and Ottoman Byzantine, about information give to possible making through site heritage agricultural urban compose Walls Land the surrounding gardens vegetable Historic characterLand forming with of Walls cultural a landscape. distinctive of part integral an are Bostans Yedikule Period. Ottoman and Byzantine of system Yedikule producing. supply water of part a as bostans of value historic the about information givesthe food project park for soil humus in rich urban proposed the of areathe inside constructions other and wells waterfour its with indicatesbostans It quality. soil the about idea Land the inside area gardening an give intensive can area this in gardening Intensive book. an Vouch 1735 in remarked was which Walls, in located are Bostans Yedikule result, a As agricultural and built with boundaries landscape. city of part integral an as revealed been have Walls Land the at Bostans Furthermore, Period. Ottoman and Byzantine of system supply water of part a as bostans of value historic the about information givethe Peninsula Historic on studies the Walls, Land the and bostans cisterns, air open systems, supply water Ottoman Byzantine, between network the on study specific of lack a is there Although destroyed. were therefore and heritage, cultural a as considered water not were they and peninsula, historic of gardens system distribution vegetable urban today. for areas components cistern significant in are Fatih revealed Bostans not these by been Although park have urban bostans and old of complex traces social the a and Municipality, into transformed similarly been has one third agricultural for bostans as field soccer cistern a into bostans of air transformations the by ended open is purposes first of use The basin. a as form topographical toa ad eulcn eid Csen wr nmd basin named were Cisterns Period. Republican and Ottoman the cement pavement cementthe until watermelons, melons, peppers, tomatoes, grown been had and bostans as used was one special focus on the historic Yedikule Vegetable Gardens, published on January, on published Gardens, YedikuleVegetable historic the on focus special 102 15 after bostans as used were Period Byzantine in cisterns air open Three inBostans Yedikule 101 99 http://wowturkey.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=83042 100 heritage site”, with a special focus on the historic Yedikule Vegetable Gardens, p.37 Gardens, Vegetable Yedikule historic the on focus special witha site”, heritage 103 Magdalino Paul, 2012: Ortacagda Istanbul, Koc Universitesi Yayinlari, Istanbul. Istanbul. Yayinlari, Universitesi Koc Istanbul, Ortacagda 2012: Paul, Magdalino Aksoy, A. et al., (2014): “A Report of Concern on the conservation conservation the Concern of on “AReport (2014): A.al., Aksoy,et Bir Istanbul Hayali, “Ah, şu cukurun br dili olsa da konuşsa: Çukurb konuşsa: da olsa dili br cukurun şu “Ah, Istanbul Hayali, Bir Istanbul’un From “A Report of Concern on the conservation issues of the Istanbu the of issues theconservation on Concern of Report “AFrom 111 111 2.

Bostans as cultural landscape Istanbul ascultural of Bostans

Ç ukurbostanlari , accessed November, 19, 2014, 19, November, accessed , ukurbostanlari and City Walls and they provide a prominent view to look at new and old and new at look to view prominent a provide they and Walls City and 101

was constructed for a market place instead of bostans. In addition, the Inaddition, bostans. of placeinstead market a constructedfor was

103 . su -cukurun-bir-dili-olsada-konussa

. 102

issues of the Istanbul land walls world land Istanbul the of issues ostan’in hikayesi”, accessed November November accessed hikayesi”, ostan’in l land walls world heritage site”, with a witha site”, heritage wallsworld l land (çukur), 2014: p.10 and pp.37-38. pp.37-38. and p.10 2014: .

- 38. 100

in 1940; the second the 1940; in because of their their of because the th topography o topography century 99 in

f Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. ugos ht to tee n h ffenh etr but way century same fifteenth the the physically in are there which stood dungeons, that Yedikule dungeons the say, of from, sense a get us can’t give bostans we Yedikule that the history way, a In lettuce. functional a still it’s but 1013, in there grew that lettuce of head same the physically isn’t 2013 in Yedikule in lettuce of head “A Intangibleby heritage UNESCO. aparadox: represent Heritage’ Cultural ‘Intangible as protected be should bostans that argued has Ricci Alessandra The famous The Yedikule Marul– tourism or them. community, local students, to access public good a including use, school land multi-functional a into them converting activities, for activities educational promoting with of reserve use leisureand recreation a for bostans keeping be mayBostans Yedikule from benefit useful A and equipment watering shacks. ancient cisterns, pools, water wells, of water porch, barns, with and technology agriculture Ottoman crops of reserve natural a be might WHS Walls Land way. right the in evaluated be should landscape heritage,agricultural natural cultural its and a as well as landscape, cultural a as accepted be should Bostans Yedikule descendants ofByzantine lettuce” identity: Istanbul’s of part a are Bostans inBostans Yedikule with the same type of crops being produced between Ottoman and Republican Period, and Period, Republican therefore and Ottoman between produced being crops of type same the with Land Walls World Heritage Site (WHS), as it has been shown with red areas in areas red with shown been has it as (WHS), Site Heritage World Walls Land

106 104 gardener says, or lettuce, exquisite an which had reputation of being soft and oily and soft being of reputation had which vegetables, early season’s the and cucumbers large amazing its with known were Langa of gardens the Palace Old the near and cucumbers, aromatic its with known was Çengelköy strawberries, fragrant its for known was 2014, http://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/istanbuls-troubled-gar 2014, 105 p.291. pp.284-304, & Gardens, Places, No.3, People, 94, accessed on November 19, 2014, from http://www.cornucopia.net/blog/hear from2014, 19, November on accessed Alessandra Ricci is the Byzantine architectural historian at Koc University in University Koc at historian architectural Byzantine Ricciisthe Alessandra Garden Market Aof Millenium “Istanbul’s Bostans: 2004, J., Paul Kaldjian, Cornucopia, “Heartbreak Bostan: The ongoing destruction of Istanbul’s c Istanbul’s of ongoingdestruction The Bostan: “Heartbreak Cornucopia, 112 112 t b al t lo a toe al ad lo e, ml, n tse the taste and smell, see, also and walls those at look to able be to … neighborhood has also known today with its special itswith special today known also has neighborhood Yedikule bostans have always been famous with their Romaine lettuce. Yedikule- lettuce. Romaine their with famous been always have bostans Yedikule ifrn nihohos eekonteseilyo hi gardens their of specialty the known were neighborhoods different

if you want to sell sell to youif want

marul

n uks ( Turkish in marul 106 Lettuce the gardens of Yedikule were known with its lettuce its with known were Yedikule of gardens the . , you call it Yedikule inthe bazaars , you Yedikule call it

The continuous use of Bostans (vegetable gardens) gardens) (vegetable Bostans of use continuous The

atc stv L vr longifoli var. L. sativa Lactuca

104 . lettuce

Moreover, they are known as the home of home the as known are they Moreover,

on the local markets. markets. theon local hc n lne fnto te same the function longer no which dens-yedikules-lettuce ultural heritage” by John Scott, 2013, 2013, Scott, byJohn heritage” ultural tbreak-bostan/ s”, Geographical Review, Vol. Vol. Review, Geographical s”,

Istanbul, accessed December, December, accessed Istanbul, seven towers seven 105 . . .

) a a local a as – a) . . . Arnavutköy . cul living actual Image 7- Image - - 11

, , Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. in the Late Byzantine Period, 1204–1453, pp.87- 1204–1453, Period, LateinByzantine the Constantinides,19 229; p. cities”, in security food long-term for resilience surrounding its and Walls territories agricultural as functioned Land have must system defensive the around Lands between landscape. relationship the about us inform monument, the visual and functional relationship with Land Walls and vegetable gardens by Alessandra Alessandra by gardens vegetable and Ricci Walls Land with relationship functional and visual resilient cities: echoes from ancient Constantinople, pp.329- Constantinople, ancient from echoes resilient cities: from Barth 229, p. cities”, in security food long-term for resilience According to Constantinidies, 1996 Constantinidies, to According shortages” “ way, sharing this In The aristocrats. the vegetables. from by plots out monastery rented society the civic from supplied families they family; aristocratic an by managed were 109 pp.705-721. resilience, in social–ecological theirrole and 111 people tended to kitchen gardens as source of additional food additional of source as gardens kitchen to tended people class Lower landowners. large-scale private or monasteries for laborers as or land own their of cultivation through production, food in participated farmers and gardeners urban of kinds different multiethnic, and complex was combination Social organization. of level higher gardening a in household from structures, organizational orchards,vineyards large the managementof the to husbandryanimal gardening)and (kitchen various and groups social different involving as networks complex shaped systems agriculture urban local Period Byzantine In portal.org/smash/get/diva2:387468/FULLTEXT01.pdf inBostans Yedikule ad al (hooin al fo 4 from the walls outside (Theodosian land Walls of Land tract large a owned Monastery smallholders. by farmed and rented was rsorc; 2 mnseis () ad wig amr, n () oshl gres Lower gardens. household (4) and social landsfor strata gardens have used domestic small the farmers, owning land (3) monasteries; (2) aristocracy; and emperor the (1) 2010: al., et Ljunkvist accordingly groups, social main four into least at 107 p.384, accessed on November 19, 2014, from http://www.diva- from2014, 19, November on accessed p.384, Global in : Studies Dynamics. Environmental and Cultural Mind: Urban (Eds.),The Her P., In: Sinclair, Constantinople. of history environmental from the 112 229. p. cities”, in security food long-term for resilience 110 108 p.38 Gardens, Vegetable Yedikule historic the on focus special witha site”, heritage Byzantine Orchards”. Ricci used the term ‘orchard’ for bostans. bostans. for the term‘orchard’ used Ricci Orchards”. Byzantine in Heritage Cultural “Intangible2008, Alessandra, Ricci, p.39-40; 2014, Ljungkvist, J., Barthel, S., Finnveden, G., Sörlin, S., 2010. The urb The 2010. S., Sörlin, Finnveden, G., S., Barthel, J., Ljungkvist, Cited from Barthel, S. & Isendhal C., 2013, “Urban gardens, agricultu “Urban gardens, 2013, C., &Isendhal S. from Cited Barthel, Aksoy, A. et al., (2014): “A Report of Concern on the conservation conservation the Concern of on “AReport (2014): A.al., Aksoy,et Cited from “A Report of Concern on the conservation issues ofthe I issues theconservation on Concern of Report “Afrom Cited Cited from Barthel, S. & Isendhal C., 2013, “Urban gardens, agricultu “Urban gardens, 2013, C., Isendhal & S. from Cited Barthel, Cited from Barthel, S. & Isendhal C., 2013, “Urban gardens, agricultu “Urban gardens, 2013, C., Isendhal & S. from Cited Barthel, 113 113 3. 112

Bostans as a part of civic asapartof Bostans monastic Period Byzantine and in practices ln onr sc a te hrh and rsie s nuac aant food against insurance as prestige gained Church the as such owners land ,

“the Land Walls … display a perceptible link with the city’s daily life and needs… and life daily city’s the with link perceptible a display … Walls Land “the

111 . In reference to that, monastic and civic life and agricultural activity point out point activity agricultural and life civic and monastic that, to reference In .

110 monasteries and aristocracy had land, but in practice it practice in but land, had aristocracy and monasteries th 103. century). The arable lands outside the Land Walls Walls Land the outside lands arable The century).

366; and Buchmann C., 2009: Cuban home gardens gardens home Cuban 2009: C., Buchmann and el et al., 2010b: Innovative memory and and memory Innovative 2010b: al., et el an Anthropocene: lessons for sustainability sustainability for lessons anAnthropocene: schend,F., Nordquist,G., Isendahl,C. Isendahl,C. Nordquist,G., schend,F., issues of the Istanbul land walls world wallsworld land Istanbul the of issues stanbul land walls world heritage site”, site”, heritage world walls land stanbul

109 Istanbul: The case of the Land Wall’s LandWall’s ofthe case The Istanbul: re, and water management: Sources of of Sources management: water and re, re, and water management: Sources of of Sources management: water and re, re, and water management: Sources of of Sources management: water and re,

96: Byzantine gardens and horticulture horticulture and gardens Byzantine 96: 108

(Urban gardens). kitchen .

Land ownership was dividedwas Land ownership Archaeology, pp. 367–390, 367–390, pp. Archaeology, . . 107 institution of institution

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. November 19, 2014 from http://www.cornucopia.net/events/archaeobotany- from 2014 19, November with Workshop Archaeobotany Gardens “Yedikule Cornucopia, p.41; 2014, are remarked on several historic maps (see the (see maps historic several on remarked are Bostans Yedikule needs. kitchen of source as classes lower for food to access providing and owners; land scale large private and monasteries for laborer as employment providing to due As a and are Byzantine result,Bostans a Yedikulecivic monastic practices place for Period, in

nevnin sne 15 since of pressure the interventions under were lands, agricultural efficient in the situated that areas- out agricultural bring urban Period Ottoman of sources written from are facts two These Bostanları). material on studies Archaeobotanical suggested Chantelarchaeobotanist White by practices. daily gardens, vegetable urban historic of study and full a for necessary are gardens the of composition life socio-economic the of are Walls Land system, defense military integral an were areas agriculturalExisting militaryarchitecture. ancient an as considered to due settlement Byzantine of boundaries land the enclose which Walls, Land the outside and inside gardens, areas, agricultural existing The city’s population”. the feed part in have must Walls Land the along orchards …The city. the to produce feeding inBostans Yedikule bostans in Ottomanbostans Period, between in 15 of significance the to denote Han and Istanbul, Shopov Ottoman in lands agriculturalurban of nevnin, ih dcso cra 55 stae wti gres f Langa of gardens within situated 1585, Bostans circa “18 decision a also with and interventions, bostan-keepers)” gardener: (truck any against safeguarding the on hadbeen these PiousFoundations, belonging toSüleymaniye Bostancı 1381 and 344 are there Bostans Walls), Land the (inside muros intra Istanbul in shows book vouch 1735 “In by the pious foundations in Ottoman Period Ottoman in foundations pious the by were owned ofbostans outthat some pointed foundations pious Officialregisters belonging to hy ipa a ecpil rlto wt te iys al lf ad ed. hy ucind as functioned They needs. and citizens. agriculturalprovidethe city’s employments and areas tofeed for population life daily city’s the with relation perceptible a display they 113 114 66-67. Istanbul, Sempozyumu, Yarimada Tarihi 3.Uluslararasi heritage site”, with a special focus on the historic Yedikule Vegetable Gardens, p.41 Gardens, Vegetable Yedikule historic the on focus special witha site”, heritage 115 116 3 pp. August 2013, 236, Tarih Toplumsal Bostanlari, Yedikule Dönüsümleri: Cited from “A Report of Concern on the conservation issues of the ofthe issues theconservation on Concern of Report “Afrom Cited Aksoy, A. et al., (2014): “A Report of Concern on the conservation conservation the Concern of on “AReport (2014): A.al., Aksoy,et Shopov, Aleksandar and Ayhan Han, “Osmanli Istanbulu’nda Kent Ici TarimsalTop Kent Ici “Osmanli Istanbulu’nda AyhanHan, and Aleksandar Shopov, Ibid. Ibid. 114 114 4.

Bostans as a part of the asapartof systemBostans pious foundations Period Ottoman in

th etr ad edd o rsre gis te nevnin of interventions the against preserve to needed and century

th and 18

115 113 In the article about the use and transformation transformation and use the about article the In .

Image 7-7 Image th

centuries, bymentioning: , Image 7- Image Istanbul land walls world heritage site”, heritage site”, world walls land Istanbul issues of the Istanbul land walls world wallsworld land Istanbul the of issues Chantel White, PhD”, accessed accessed PhD”, ChantelWhite, workshop-with-chantel-white-phd 4-38, p.35. 4-38, 42 , - Image 7- Image 45. rak Kullanimi veKullanimi rak

43 114 , ” Image 7- Image

116 bostans, bostans,

(Langa part part 46 ., as );

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. al., 2014, p.43) 2014, al., A. Aksoy et from cited ofIstanbul, 65, Maps Kayra, (Souce: area. Yedikulenear dolapları)” mills(bostan is“water displaying 1493 Image7-6 as showing constructions.graphicalare describedwritten Bostans notonly resources also in resources and inBostans Yedikule 1381 truck gardeners) “ also and Walls) Walls” Land ancient the at extending Bostans 9 thereof “ mentions it 1735, in book vouch the in achieved 117 special focus on the historic Yedikule Vegetable Gardens, published on January, on published Gardens, YedikuleVegetable historic the on focus special 118 Dönüsümleri: Yedikule Bostanlari, Toplumsal Tarih 236, August 2013, pp. 3 pp. August 2013, 236, Tarih Toplumsal Bostanlari, Yedikule Dönüsümleri: From “A Report of Concern on the conservation issues of the Istanb ofthe issues theconservation on Concern of Report “AFrom Shopov, Aleksandar and Ayhan Han, “Osmanli Istanbulu’nda Kent Ici TarimsalTop Kent Ici “Osmanli Istanbulu’nda AyhanHan, and Aleksandar Shopov, 115 115 : ‘Ancient Plan of Istanbul Map’ by Hartman Schedel, Schedel, Hartman by Map’ ofIstanbul Plan ‘Ancient

bostans

thereof 52 Bostancı (truck gardeners) work in these area, (from the all of all the (from area, these in work gardeners) (truck Bostancı 52 thereof in historic maps inhistoric ”

118

(Between gategate ofYedikule the and Silivri). the of

117 .

from the gate of Yedikule to gate of Silivri, of gate to Yedikule of gate the from , (from 344 Bostans inside the Land the inside Bostans 344 (from , Yedikule area in the map 1493 1493 near map ( the painted in area are Yedikule mills Water the gardens of Yedikule can be be can Yedikule of gardens the about information comprehensive Bostans: Yedikule may noticed. be Walls Land the outside and inside ul land walls world heritage site”, with a witha site”, heritage world walls ul land mg 7-6 Image 4-38, p.36. 4-38, 2014: p.41- 2014: , n as te gardens the also and ), rak Kullanimi veKullanimi rak 45.

The most most The

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. map of 1875 in Ottoman Period, by Ayverdiby in1958 in Ottoman Period, of1875 map Land Walls and Bostans between the gates of Yedikule and Belgrad. (Source Belgrad. and Yedikule of gates the between Bostans and Walls Land Image7-7 inBostans Yedikule Green Area for Conservation and outside the ownership of the Foundation, should be be should Foundation, the of ownership the outside and Conservation for Area Green 2011 in mentions Plan Conservation Scale 1/5000 Site Conservation 120 119 sabl itrc eisl St Mngmn Plan Management Site Peninsula Historic Istanbul HeritageSite, World Land Walls the of Conservation the about decisions plan the Concerning 7-7 the on Park Public of construction the for municipality local by destroying be to going are Bostans, Piri Haci and Pasa Ismail included Belgrad, and Yedikule of gates the between The coloredarea onthemap BostansLand and by isshowing author the Bostans Walls, inside on t b dsryn b Fth uiiaiy ih olbrtn Itnu Metropolitan Istanbul collaborating with Municipality Fatih ( Municipality Park Public construct by to destroying be to going Istanbul Historic Peninsula Site Management Plan, 2011, p.115. p.115. 2011, Plan, Management Site Peninsula Istanbul Historic Ibid. 116 116 (The map of Period, 1875inOttoman by in1958). Ayverdi : The colored area by author on the map is showing Bostans inside th inside Bostans is map showing theon by author area colored The

Image 7-7 ).

). 120 rlts o h Fth itit Urban District Fatih the to relates , : The The e belonging İsmail Paşa Paşa foundation, İsmail belonging Pa Ismail areYedikulecalled of gate the near Walls. Bostans Land the inside Belgrad and Yedikule of gate the between located Piri been had Hacı neighborhoods and Evhad Hacı of Bostans Period, Ottoman in that displays it 1875, of map Ayverdi to according drawing A in Ottoman Period.in Ottoman Foundation Pasha Ismail to of relating part system, foundation a result, are Bostans a Yedikule As These Bostans are are Bostans These Period Ottoman the during 1685 in vizier şa Bostans which which Bostans şa “…as the Land Walls Land the “…as

he was rand rand was he Image

119

. Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. public under placed are they after purposes social-cultural ownership” for used and renovated inBostans Yedikule 122 121 sabl otn isd te ad al bsd n 90 mp; t a be son y Paul by shown been had it maps; 1950s Kaldjian on based Walls Land the inside bostans Istanbul be should Walls Land the outside preserved. and inside bostans SMP, Peninsula Historic Istanbul to Image7-8 Walls. alongthe Landof Istanbul peninsula historic the of boundaries the form and landscape agricultural urban as uses land Istanbul. historic of Walls Sea and the Land Walls. Land the with whole a as protected be will which moats water the in place take will design Landscape Walls. Land Istanbul of moats water in conducted be can excavations archeological “Partial appeared in maps dating as far back as 1875 will also be protected” be also will 1875 as back far as dating maps in appeared 123 be can map they and production, in still arethey Walls, corner Land the at dots black circled red within observed upper right the on Neighborhood Yedikule in gardens vegetable Urban are 1998 by patterns used production in stillmarked withblack dot. gray Bostans the and within Walls, production Land bostan the of inside areas portions traditional show map corner right upper the In 94, No.3, People, Places, & Gardens, in July 2004, pp.284-304. 2004, in & July Gardens, Places, No.3, People, 94, Ibid. and vegetable gardens are used for the term of ‘bostan’ on theon Site ‘bostan’ of theusedfor term gardensare vegetable and Ibid. Ibid. Kaldjian, Paul J., 2004, “Istanbul’s Bostans: A Millennium of Market Gard ofMarket A Millennium “Istanbul’s Bostans: 2004, J., Paul Kaldjian, 117 117 : 123 Map of Istanbul’s Bostans, “Istanbul’s Market Gardens” by Kaldjian by Gardens” “Istanbul’sMarket Bostans, ofIstanbul’s Map

on 1911 Ottoman Map ( Map Ottoman 1911 on

121

and evaluated first area follows: degree item conservation as third onthe Vegetable garden areas garden Vegetable

Bostans are an integral part of the historic landscape for landscape historic the of part integral an are Bostans Image 7-8 Image present in lots adjacent to the Land Walls that have that Walls Land the to adjacent lots in present

). It shows also bostans outside the Land Walls Walls Land the outside bostans also shows It ).

Management Plan. Plan. Management ens”, Geographical Review, Vol. Vol. Review, ens”,Geographical . (Source: Kaldjian, 2004). 2004). Kaldjian, (Source: . 122 . Therefore, referring Therefore,

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. removed in 1982, cited from Başer and Eşbah Tuncay’s article. Tuncay’s Eşbah and from Başer cited in removed 1982, were Bostans 1966, least until at Walls Land and Dungeons/Fortress Image7-9

meansbetweenremoved towers) ( and Dungeons 1982 were ofseven 1966 be to going are they Unfortunately, areas. Bostan destroyedby Parkpurposes construction withPublic ( municipality local traditional in patterns land as used are inBostans Yedikule 124 125 p.46 Gardens, Vegetable Yedikule historic the on focus special witha site”, heritage “Istanbul’s Bostans: A Millennium of Market Gardens”. Gardens”. Market of A Millennium Bostans: “Istanbul’s fromKeyder, p.112: inIstanbul”, Aksoy, A. et al., (2014): “A Report of Concern on the conservation conservation the Concern of on “AReport (2014): A.al., Aksoy,et Cited from Başer and Eşbah Tuncay, “Understanding the spatial and charac and spatial the “Understanding Tuncay, Eşbah and Başer from Cited 118 118 5.

otn as Bostans Republican PeriodRepublican : The images show the existed Bostans between Yedikule Yedikule between Bostans existed show the images The

pr o ubn amn activities farming urban of part a

124 Ç ağlar, 1999, Istanbul: Between the Global and the Local, Kaldjian P., 2004, 2004, P., Kaldjian Local, the and Global the Istanbul: Between 1999, ağlar,

issues of the Istanbul land walls world world walls land Istanbul the of issues n itrc eisl i the in Peninsula Historic in market places, and social social parks, and are places, bostans market into they transformed then as Period, Ottoman in (Çukurbostans) used been had Period Byzantine in cisterns space open fact: 1970s.” this for example considerable the drastically until …not Ottoman the Empire of end the at from little around changed Istanbul and in vegetable production Ottoman empires, 1999), (Keyder, and agrarian Byzantine of seat a than more been always “ historical that Istanbul” in landscapes and agricultural of characteristics the spatial article “Understanding their about in comment Ba Dungeons/Fortress (Turkish (Turkish Dungeons/Fortress Yedikule and Walls Land the between bostans Also 1970s. and 1940s between complex teristics of agricultural landscapes landscapes ofagricultural teristics Although, Istanbul had had Istanbul Although, e ad şa Tuncay Eşbah and şer . . Image 7-8 Image Image 7-9 ). ). As a a As 125

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 130 129 p.47 Gardens, Vegetable Yedikule historic the on focus special witha site”, heritage heritage site”, with a special focus on the historic Yedikule Vegetable Gardens, p.47 Gardens, Vegetable Yedikule historic the on focus special witha site”, heritage 127 YedikuleVegetab historic the on focus special a with site”, heritage world walls 128 p.112. inIstanbul”, Bostan, Yedikule and proposed Urban Park thenthe Project 2013. in IsmailPasha on constructed Villas Yedikule firstly case,Yedikule in specifically After2000s, as declaration the after implementations projects the by threatened been have they so away; Itsaid ancient citywalls that their thebecamebe bostans bostans. atthe moved landmanagers may in land-owners old the then and renters, labor as Bostans, to Yedikule began use Cide from families Republican migrant internal the the in 1950s, in Peninsula urbanization Historic rapid After in Period. activities farming of Period. Republican part in a production are on they yet Furthermore, and living still are Bostans Yedikule result, a As has corridors transportation of city” scale diversities, over settlement and characteristics landscape traditional The the challenging hence landscape, Istanbul’s land-uses the redefined urbanization. agricultural of mass and expansion “industrial uncontrolled to due been have structuring patterns use land new while in disappeared, have sector uses land natural profit and agricultural highest the estate real make Istanbul” to development and housing in investment speculative and corruption political with combined growth population massive when 1980s, Ba inBostans Yedikule databank for giving information about seed and agricultural practices in the past. givingdatabank aboutseed and for past. agricultural practices information inthe a can years as be water and used Bostans their wells four atAs a least oldYedikule result, 200 highlight further information on the significance and history of the urban agricultural agricultural urban the of history and significance will the landscapeIstanbul Peninsula in Historic bostans on the about reveal information studies to Archaeobotanical further approach Walls. highlight Land essential the an of as history recognized and be significance should bostans about studies The 126 Arif Bilgin Arif lights a “ a lights

Aksoy, A. et al., (2014): “A Report of Concern on the conservation conservation the Concern of on “AReport (2014): A.al., Aksoy,et Ibid. Cited from Başer and Eşbah Tuncay, “Understanding the spatial and charac and spatial the “Understanding Tuncay, Eşbah and Başer from Cited Aksoy, A. et al., (2014): “A Report of Concern on the conservation conservation the Concern of on “AReport (2014): A.al., Aksoy,et Cited from Aksoy, A. et al., (2014): “A Report of Concern on theco on Concern of “AReport (2014): A.al., et Aksoy, from Cited 119 119 e ad şa Tuncay Eşbah and şer 6. 7.

agricultural practices agricultural otn as Bostans Bostans as Bostans 127 bostancılık .

(quoted in Aksoy, A. et al., 2014, p. 46). They underline, by modernization process, process, modernization by underline, They 46). p. 2014, al., et Aksoy,A. in (quoted

131

lights in his article about “Market Gardens of Istanbul in the Ottoman Times” Ottoman the in Istanbul of Gardens “Market about article his in lights the embodimentthe ofintangible val ” gardening culture in Ottoman Istanbul. Referring to him to Referring Istanbul. Ottoman in culture gardening ” databank a

126

on the past

remark,

f itrc n srtgahc aa n h ses and seeds the on data stratigraphic and historic of Itnu’ bsas eoe rl ednee i the in endangered truly become bostans “Istanbul’s 129 128 . .

ues 130 issues of the Istanbul land walls world wallsworld land Istanbul the of issues issues of the Istanbul land walls world land Istanbul the of issues

nservation issues of the Istanbul land land Istanbul ofthe issues nservation teristics of agricultural landscapes landscapes ofagricultural teristics le Gardens, p.46. p.46. Gardens, le . . . . 132 renewal zone. zone. renewal , the registers the ,

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 133 p.47. Gardens, YedikuleVegetable historic the on focus special theIstanbu of issues theconservation on Concern of “AReport (2014): 132 the Ottoman Times], Yemek ve Kültür Vol. 20, 20, Vol. Kültür ve Yemek Times], theOttoman equipments are heritage. reflections ofthe tangible intangible culture gardening) prh br, adnr hc ec) o mngn bsas n te otn okr could workers heritage bostan cultural the intangible and an bostans compose managing for etc…) shack gardener barn, (porch, gardening) culture gardening) cultivated from Ottoman Period until today, perhaps the ongoing bostancılık actions compose compose actions bostancılık ongoing the perhaps today, until Period Ottoman from cultivated ( bostans in place took that practices gardening everyday the reflect frequently,pools less and, mills water wells, water of inBostans Yedikule 133 without wells few existed In thatproduced bostans a written resources, isknown vegetables. it ign ics te aaeet ad h lcto o bsas te ae o bsa workers bostan of names the represent which bostans, of names the and (gardeners), bostans, of location the and management, the discuss Bilgin 131 pp.154-163.) Kült Belediyesi Zeytinburnu Evren, by Burcak edited Zeytinburnu, Yanı in Dışı”, Surlar Sur Perspektiften „Tarihsel 2003, ilber, (Ortayli, Walls, Land Image7- Bilgin A., 2010, “ A.,2010, Bilgin Bilgin A., 2010, “Osmanlı Dönemi Istanbul Bostanları (bir giris deneme giris (bir Bostanları Istanbul Dönemi “Osmanlı A.,2010, Bilgin . Bilgin A., 2010, “ A.,2010, Bilgin

120 120 10 :

The image displaying water wheel and bostans inside the moat ofthe insidethe bostans wheel and water displaying image The

Os Os

manlı Dönemi Istanbul Bostanları (bir giris denemesi)”, p.89. p.89. denemesi)”, giris (bir Bostanları Istanbul Dönemi manlı manlı Dönemi Istanbul Bostanları (bir giris denemesi)” [Market Gardens ofI Gardens [Market denemesi)” giris (bir Bostanları Istanbul Dönemi manlı in Ottoman Istanbul. Considered that a few bostans have kept on being being on kept have bostans few a that Considered Istanbul. Ottoman in from Ottoman Istanbul. Accordingly, Yedikule Bostans and their their and Bostans Yedikule Accordingly, Istanbul. Ottoman from

mg 7- Image 10 Ç ). Probably, the pools were used for cleaning the the cleaning for used were pools the Probably, ). iya Yayınları, Istanbul, pp. 86- Istanbul,pp. iyaYayınları, s liig ign about Bilgin claiming as

characteristic l land walls world heritage site”, with a witha site”, heritagewalls world l land ür Yayınları, ürYayınları, si)“, cited from Aksoy, A. et al., A.al., et Aksoy, from cited si)“, ın Öte ınÖte 97.

‘bostancılık’ ‘bostancılık’ el ad other and wells and old-, hundred-years eiue Bostans around Yedikule result, a As intangible heritage. the of reflections are tangible pools) wells, (water preserved. their equipments and Bostans intangible be to heritage cultural an their four water four their constructions

stanbul in stanbul (vegetable (vegetable existing existing two two

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. landscape hence heterogeneous products, and agricultural A. et al.,2014,p.48). various its resources, of to soil agriculture”( urban production in diversity Due facilitating enables and programs. Istanbul agriculture water characteristics, urban location, implementing geographical for potential environmental inBostans Yedikule Bostans might be recognized as an integral part of preserving sustainable urban landscape. landscape. urban sustainable Ba preserving of part integral an as recognized be might Bostans 134 135 p.48 Gardens, Vegetable Yedikule historic the on focus special witha site”, heritage Istanbul”, p.117. Istanbul”,p.117. Aksoy, A. et al., (2014): “A Report of Concern on the conservation conservation the Concern of on “AReport (2014): A.al., Aksoy,et Başer and Eşbah Tuncay, Tuncay, Eşbah and Başer 121 121 e ad şa Tuncay Eşbah and şer 8.

viability of urban society” ofviability urban “ as Bostans

an important opportunity to maintain sustainable urban landscape and and landscape urban sustainable maintain to opportunity important an

2010, 135 xlr that explore “Understanding the spatial and characteristics of agricultural landscapes in in landscapes ofagricultural characteristics and spatial the “Understanding

134

Itnu hs osdrbe utrl sca and social cultural, considerable has “Istanbul Başer and Eşbah Tuncay, 2010 quoted in Aksoy, in quoted 2010 Tuncay, Eşbah and Başer issues of the Istanbul land wallsworl land Istanbul the of issues . . d

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. introduce that “the cultural and natural properties in the world which have a Outstanding Outstanding a have which world the and in recognize properties to natural aims and convention cultural and “the The that Cultural UNESCO. introduce to World regard the in of 1983, in Conservation Heritage the Natural Concerning Convention the signed Turkey 7.2.1.2 at for city responsible Environment DMis level, Protection, Parks and atlocal Gardens level. Protection Sites Historic and Environmental for responsible is IMM study, case the Relating Source: Urban Age Istanbul, 2009: Istanbul City of Intersections, in: Governing Cities, p.26 Cities, Governing in: Intersections, of Istanbul City 2009: Istanbul, Age Urban Source: Tab 7.2 inBostans Yedikule has 39 district Municipalities and their District Mayors. IMM has extensive powers and a a and powers extensive budget has significant IMM Mayors. District their and Municipalities district 39 Istanbul has Council. Municipal a with power executive shares who Istanbul, in figure political important most the is (IMM) Municipality Metropolitan Istanbul the of Mayor Metropolitan 7.2.1 7.2.1.1 Sites construction, of consists which infrastructure, of department Gardens projects and plans urbanization of consists which Fatih, utilities. Relating to case study case to Relating utilities. Relating to case study case to Relating level local 122 122 le

2: The Governing of Istanbul ofIstanbul Governing 2: The

Protection CONTEMPORARY PLANNING CONTEXT

Planning Context of Istanbul and Yedikule Neighborhoodand Yedikule Istanbul Planning of Context and other services such as maintenance, cultural services etc.(See Table 2). Tablecultural and2). suchas other services etc.(See maintenance, services World Yedikule concerningBostans Conservation Issue of Istanbul the Land Walls The GoverningThe

ae oes o ubn eeomn, ad eity evrnet ad services. and environment, registry, land development, urban for powers have Heritage Site , ak ad Gardens and Parks at

iy level city at of local level, local Istanbul linkand to District Municipality of Fatih at city level city at for urban development, finance, transport, infrastructure, infrastructure, transport, finance, development, urban for , Waste Management. District Municipalities (DM) (DM) Municipalities District Management. Waste , it scopes the responsibility of District Municipality of of Municipality District of responsibility the scopes it , it scopes the responsibility of IMM mostly on the the on mostly IMM of responsibility the scopes it ,

DISTRICT LEVEL LEVEL DISTRICT , Environment Protection, Environment , Environmental and Historical and Environmental CITY LEVEL LEVEL CITY .

Park and and Park at

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. One of the four conservation areas conservation four the of One eut fo mdfctos efre i te t ad 2h etre t icue the include to centuries 12th and 7th the in performed quarter…” modifications walls from the of layout results current “the that underlined also was Sites Heritage World Walls Land http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/356 hooin ad walls…,’ land Theodosian surroundings its and Istanbul of Walls Land oenet lcl diitain n svrl tt isiuin. h apoa o the of approval The and registered in buildings conservation sites institutions. state several for obtained be to has Council Conservation and administration “ local that government, underlined is properties the of conservation legislation conservation national identified the WHSs, UNESCO on described was which Istanbul, of Areas Historic to regard in protection and management The in stages significant human history. illustrates which landscape or buildin ensemble of type technological a or of architectural example outstanding an be civilization; a to or tradition cultural a to design landscape or town-planning arts, monumental technology, or architecture in developments on world, the of area cultural a (ii) genius; of the leading references for references leading the of World Heritage Sites Lists. In addition, In Lists. Sites Heritage World Heritage List. These criteria are as follows as are criteria These List. Heritage World the on (OUV) Value Outstanding with properties of description for used criteria, ten the of (iv) and (iii) (ii), (i), numbered are which criteria’, ‘cultural the theymet that fact the to meter terrestrial wall of Theodosius II with its second line of line second its IIwith Theodosius of wall terrestrialmeter accessed February 8, 2015, from http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/356 from 2015, 8, February accessed values” these maintain to order in cooperation necessary ensure to requirement the is humanity, to and of communities the within heritage universal the protecting of consciousness whole the establish the of heritage common the as Value Universal inBostans Yedikule World Heritage Sites Lists in 1985 under the definition of ‘ of definition the under 1985 in Lists Heritage Sites World convention, of implementation 142 141 140 136 139 138 137 Ibid. Ibid. ofIstanbul. Areas Historic List, Heritage World UNESCO UNESCO World Heritage List, Historic Areas of Istanbul, accessed February 8, 2015 8, February accessed ofIstanbul, Areas Historic List, Heritage World UNESCO p.6. 2011, Plan, SiteManagement Peninsula Historic UNESCO World Heritage List, Historic Areas of Istanbul, Protection and Management Management and Protection ofIstanbul, Areas Historic List, Heritage World UNESCO Ibid. Ibid.

Ibid. Ibid. 123 123

142 exhibit an important interchange of human values, over a span of time orwithin oftime span values, over ofhuman a interchange important an exhibit .

. 140

military architecture military hc ws ecie o te Hsoi Aes f sabl in Istanbul’ of Areas ‘Historic the on described was which the four conservation areas in Istanbul in areas conservation four Te aaeet tutr fr h poeto and protection the for structure management The .

by the inscription of UNESCO in 1985 is identified is 1985 in UNESCO of inscription the by osrain areas conservation at the criterion (ii) criterion the at ; (iii) bear a unique or at least exceptional testimony exceptional least at or unique a bear (iii) ;

138 physical interventions and functional changes functional and interventions physical

: (i) represent a masterpiece of human creative human of masterpiece a represent (i) :

139

referring to ‘the area along both sides of the the of sides both along area ‘the to referring ”. ”. ”

h sae rsosblte o national of responsibilities shared the 141 . ; and furthermore, the description of description the furthermore, and Historic Areas of Istanbul’ of Areas Historic are , it was underlined that “the 6,650 “the that underlined was it , defence eal poetd through protected legally

136 , created in 447, was one one was 447, in created , I te otx o the of context the In . were inscribed on the the on inscribed were , from , Requirements, Requirements, 137 . Due. the g,

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 146 145 144 5226.” numbered theas per Law 2863 numbered Properties Natural and which is devised by considering the operational project, excavation plan, excavation project, operational the considering bydevised is which and stages implementation five-year and governments authorized in planning in authorized governments related the consulting to formed are after which and Ministry administrations the by determined are borders whose were places Sites “the law: Heritage World Istanbul of legislations law national Areas the into included Historic and of areas; Plan’ SMP ‘Management Peninsula and Areas’ Historic ‘Management Fatih. of in municipality local by defined also legalized was are it law national that to according zones overseen the additionally has of one scopes which is Fatih it them, in municipality and local The SMP; municipalities. district Peninsula local four Historic of responsibility in Site identified are Peninsula WHSs of of All Istanbul management (WHS). Historic of Sites Heritage regulations World the Istanbul Istanbul includes of Areas It Historic 2011. adopted October in (IMM) (SMP) Plan Management Municipality Metropolitan Istanbul 7.2.1.3 conservation area significant a constitute Fatih of district local the in area surrounding its and Walls Land The inBostans Yedikule establishments, municipalities and natural and legal persons are required to obey the the obey to required are under their theallocate budgets planand accordingly” funds the in to necessary persons legal services the prioritize to board, advisory and and coordination the by approved plan management natural and municipalities establishments, Management the utilize Area” and maintain protect, to order in plan development conservational defined well as Plans’ community the of needs educational and cultural the with them combine integrity natural their within fields andinteraction ruins thenaturalefficiently culturalorder maintain,protect, utilize and sites, to 143 uiiaiy f ai hs’ ipeetd ih h Hsoi Pnnua M ad its and SMP Peninsula Historic the with Walls Land to regard in proven implemented hasn’t SMP of effectiveness the also measures; hasn’t conservation Fatih of municipality conservation in responsible the that projects fact the But explained. above implementing as law national the into for included and areas, proposed SMP that plans of consideration into take to responsibilities the takes it accordingly Site, Heritage World Walls Land the has Fatih of municipality local the study, case the to Regarding proposed 2011. in effect into SMP came plan the since the what implement to order in steps any in taken haven’t SMP municipalities local of implementation the four related the However, and Istanbul. in WHSs four plan the of consists Istanbul’ of management Areas ‘Historic areas, management for guide a as activities, all for document guiding a is Plan Management Site Peninsula Historic result, a As Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. p.7. 2011, (SMP)”, Plan SiteManagement Peninsula Historic “Istanbul in Cited “As declared within the article of Appendix-2a which was added to the Lawto on waswhich added ofAppendix-2a within article the “As declared 124 124 ‘mlmnain f M’ s tmltd y h lw s ..ulc ntttos and institutions “...Public as law the by stimulated is SMP’ of ‘Implementation .

Yedikule Yedikule concerningBostans Istanbul Historic Peninsula Site Management Plan

in regard to being one of the four conservation areas of Istanbul. tobeing conservationIstanbul. areas four one ofthe of inregard 145

: “the plans which are revised every five years and exhibit the annualthe exhibit and years five every revised are which plans “the :

, develop the same under a specific vision or theme and theme or vision specific a under same the develop , and conservation budget of the conservation the of budget provide the coordination between central and local and central between coordination the provide 143

. ‘The Management Areas’ Management ‘The . and non-governmental organizations in organizations non-governmental and h fu Hsoi Areas Historic four the and development project project development and the Conservation of Cultural ofCultural Conservation the 144 ”; and ‘Management ‘Management and ”; landscape projectlandscape are defined by the by defined are

146 . of or

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Urban Heritage: Macao Vision, the Conference took place at the Macao Cultural Centre S.A. Centre Cultural theMacao at place took Conference the Vision, Macao Heritage: Urban http://www.macauheritage.net/en/knowledge/vision/vision_103.pdf from 2015, on 8, accessed February , 2002, September, Stover Herbert WHS. inBostans Yedikule hectares, the Historic Site Management Plan Area is 2110 hectares 2110 hectares, is Management theHistoric Area Site Plan 1562 is Wall Landthe inside Peninsula Historic of area the hectares; 548 is zone belt green of http://www.alanbaskanligi.gov.tr/files/Management_Plan_090312_TUM.pdf 149 147 http://www.alanbaskanligi.gov.tr/files/Management_Plan_090312_TUM.pdf 150 148 for controls or institutions effectiveness management management the exposing formal the beyond look to need to attention takes misplaced”; obviously is plan the within measure management of effectiveness or impact actual the to reference without plan, management of existence the demonstrating by verified districts’ areas of Eyüp, Bayrampasa and Zeytinburnu as we see on see we as Zeytinburnu and Bayrampasa Eyüp, of areas districts’ formed inside and outside of Land Walls: Historic Peninsula that is named inside the Land the inside as Walls named is that Peninsula Historic Walls: Land of outside and inside formed Ac local the law, national the municipalityguidelines toconsider ofHistoric the Peninsula had ofFatih SMP. to Istanbul according of But proposed. Areas SMP Historic through Sites of Heritage management World the regarding guidelines the that local by municipality considered wasn’t it demonstrates, plan proposed The park. urban with Bostans of replacement the asserts Fatih of Municipality District by plan proposed the hand, other the on for IMM Heritage of responsibility World the under Walls place Landtakes It in Site. area conservation the at place takes it and value, landscape cultural historic have Bostans Yedikule because debate, hot is issue the today Consequently, relation case.of thelack conservation measures to implementation ofthe inYedikule in institutions formal by considering not measures, management of effectiveness and impact

Management Plan (SMP) Plan Management Belt, Istanbul Historic Peninsula Site Management Plan (SMP), 2011, p.18, from p.18, 2011, (SMP), Plan Management Site Peninsula Historic Istanbul Stovel H., 2004: “Approaches to Managing Urban Transformaton for Historic Historic for Transformaton Urban Managing to “Approaches 2004: StovelH., Istanbul Historic Peninsula Site Management Plan (SMP), 2011, p.20, from p.20, 2011, (SMP), Plan Management Site Peninsula Historic Istanbul Ibid. 125 125 odn t Hsoi Pnnua ie aaeet ln SP, h Mngmn Ae is Area Management the (SMP), Plan Management Site Peninsula Historic to cording which is the external conservation belt of the Land Walls in Historic Peninsula Site Site Peninsula Historic in Walls Land the of belt conservation external the is which

Suri

çi zone (Fatih district) and outside the Land Walls is named named is Walls Land the outside and district) (Fatih

147 eak “ remarks 149 (

Image 7- Image suggesting that the adequacy of management can be be can management of adequacy the that suggesting 11 148 ). . Green Belt Green

Perhaps, there is a lack of the indicators of actual actual of indicators the of lack a is there Perhaps, is consisted of a part of neighborhood of part a of consisted is , pp.103-120, p.105. p.105. pp.103-120, , Historic Sites Protection Sites Historic , accessed on November, 2014. 2014. November, on accessed , 2014. November, on accessed , 150 Cities” in: The Conservation of Conservation The in: Cities” Image 7- Image . Buffer zone/Green Buffer 11 R.10- . The total area total The . 12 issue. But But issue.

he he

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Culture and April on21st 2009. Tourism and of Ministry by Bayrampasa approved as Eyüp, boundaries the to of according author, areas by colored are (some Zeytinburnu) Zone Buffer of and boundaries Peninsula) where (Historic Area Zone Plan Surici Management Site Peninsula Historic displays 7-11 Image 7- Image Area SMP Zonein Surici Zone and GreenBelt/Buffer inBostans Yedikule (Source: Istanbul Historic Peninsula SMP, 2011, p. 2011, SMP, Peninsula Historic Istanbul (Source: 126 126 11 :

daig ipaig itrc eisl St Mngmn Pa Ae, ef d self Area, Plan Management Site Peninsula Historic displaying drawing A

Yedikule Gate Yedikule Gate Belgrad 20

) 2 2 3 3 1 1 Bostans Bostans Yedikule rawing .

(Source: (Source:

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 7- Image Site Heritage World LandWalls inBostans Yedikule mg 71 dsly Wrd eiae ie nie n otie h Ln Wls hr the where 21 on Walls Tourism and Culture Land of Ministry the by approved outside as author and by dotted inside is area boundary Site Heritage World displays 7-12 Image Penins Historic Istanbul (Source: selfdrawing. by author, dotted is area to the case study; Yedikule Bostans take place inside the Land Walls World Heritage Site Site Heritage World Walls Land the ( inside place take Bostans Yedikule study; case the to regard 1985.In in Site Heritage World as identified are areas surrounding its and Walls Land Yedikule April, 2009,and Bostans of border Yedikule neighborhood. inthe Consequently Image 7- Image 127 127   

12 co in investments speculative let that framework, legislative national the in changes The utrl adcp wti tnil ad nagbe ses f eiue Bostans, Yedikule of assets intangible and tangible containingLand and surrounding its Walls areas; within landscape cultural historic a forming regarding heritage cultural the of function the of change Unsuitable of the historic vegetable gardens inside the Land Walls World Heritage World ofgardensWalls thehistoric vegetableLand the inside Site. demolition the asserts Fatih of municipality local by project park urban proposed The 12 : A drawing displaying World Heritage Site inside and outside the Land Land the outside and inside Site Heritage World displaying drawing A :

). nservation areas; nservation areas; , the safeguarding of the historic vegetable gardens is threatened due to: , thesafeguardinggardens the vegetable historic due of to: threatened is 2 2

1 1 3 3 Bostans Yedikule

ula SMP, 2011, p.20) p.20) 2011, SMP, ula Walls where the boundary boundary the where Walls

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. bu cnevto aes Acrig o M i rlto t Ydkl Bsas concerning Bostans Yedikule to relation in legislative as handle follows itwill thelegislation framework, SMP to According areas. conservation about laws Istanbul several are There 2011. in concerning SMP Peninsula Historic the status in out laid is conservation Peninsula, Historic the determines which framework, legislative The 7.2.1.4 inBostans Yedikule as well as seen in seen as well as threaten Bostans Yedikuleareas,Land are where and surrounding located the safeguarding its Walls of the lets it 5366, No: Law the by concerned is Site Heritage World Walls Land The of Revitalisation by Utilisation and Deteriorated Renovation by Preservation on Law 5366, No: Law 152 151 no fet n a 7 May on effect into mlmn rnwl rjcs ihn h zns daet o ad al ( Walls Land to adjacent zones the within projects renewal implement a produce to began municipality the and zones’; ‘renewal as areas declare to Site Heritage the asserts it them; of one is neighborhood Yedikule in Yedikule ofhistoric demolition vegetablegardens. project park urban proposed rnwl rjcs i te eea aes o e elrd needn fo te conservation the from independent plans declared be to areas renewal the in projects’ ‘renewal Istanbul Historic Peninsula Site Management Plan, 65. 65. Plan, Management Site Peninsula Istanbul Historic p.64. 2011, (SMP), Plan Management Site Peninsula Istanbul Historic 128 128 

” 152

Historical and Cultural andCultural numberedProperties” Historical 5366 Deteriorated of Revitalisation by Utilisation and Renovation by Preservation on “Law . Yedikule Yedikule concerningBostans National Legislative Framework

The law lets the local municipality of Fatih, the zones within the Land Walls World Walls Land the within zones the Fatih, of municipality local the lets law The His torical and Cultural Properties Properties Cultural and torical Image 7- Image th

20: “ 2005: , 11 ; they are located inside the World Heritage Site. The law cames law The Site. Heritage World the inside located are they ;

authorizes the local authorities to execute and implement implement and execute to authorities local the authorizes

. 151 :

mg 7- Image 13 . The ). nd

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 7- Image inBostans Yedikule 154 153 As seen in seen As p 2011, SMP, Peninsula Istanbul Historic (Source: SMP Peninsula Historic Istanbul mlmnain priual i te oa ad toa eras” Ottoman and Roman the in particularly implementations engineering to due extended and developed and era water” Byzantine the in “established of were which provision for systems “…infrastructure of protection the on underlines SMP The Itred line by theauthor.covers twohistoric bostans. with neighborhood Yedikule of border the and dots, black with project park urban proposed Yedikule Bostans, the values to the safeguarding of Land Walls WHS is highlighted as as highlighted is WHS Walls Land of safeguarding follows the to values the Bostans, Yedikule concerning plan conservation national The Periods. Ottoman and Byzantine of system supply water the about information give can they area, Bostan Yedikule in pools water wells, water

Istanbul Historic Peninsula Site Management Plan (SMP), 2011, p.115. p.115. 2011, (SMP), Plan Management Site Peninsula Istanbul Historic p.21. 2011, (SMP), Plan Management Site Peninsula Istanbul Historic 129 129 

154 to evaluation findings of “ 13 … 2 2 3 3 :

: : h rnwl oe hv be son y h hthd ra wt dr blue dark with areas hatched the by shown been have zones renewal The water moats will not be completely restructured, but be repaired partly according partly repaired be but restructured, completely be not will moats water Image 7- Image 1 1 13 , Yedikule Bostans have additionally been shown inside the border of of border the inside shown been additionally have Bostans Yedikule ,

Yedikule Neigborhood Neigborhood Yedikule proposed urban park project project park urban proposed the of border the inside Bostans Yedikule

”.

153 cnenn te existing the concerning , . 66.) 66.) . ie i te odr of border the in lines

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. inBostans Yedikule n the and institutions formal between coordination of lack the seems It project. park municipal the of implementation the to light green let Council control the but municipality, local from project No.2 mechanism- control the But SMP. in decisions Boards Conservation the with line in consideration into take to had it or law national compliancewith the guidelines of SMP in historic areas, because it’s approved with national law national with approved it’s because areas, historic in SMP of guidelines the Consequently, maps) (See survivingfromstill and thehistoric by 1875s, they are ongoingproduction. community. the of needs educational and cultural the with them combining with gardens urban as preserved be should surviving still result, a As WHS. Walls Land of character distinctive of integrity for gardens-bostan- vegetable historic the of significance the considered is it Bostans, Yedikule concerning decisions Plan Conservation to According plan the of account into take to underlined also is SMP In heritage. cultural and historic to relations their and bostans eliminates which situation, existing the with approved was project recreation municipal proposed the Therefore, SMP. Peninsula Historic of guideline the follow Council Conservation Areas Renewal No.2 the that necessary was It SMP. in mentioned is law national regard in bostans of protection the well as laws; national of protection the under are protected.” be the will areas ongoing bostan historic of of existence character agricultural the therefore, and landscape, Historic of quality the of increase identity use to to way this to in Istanbul, greenery, and Peninsula Historic of existing characteristics the to species the plant suitable regards maintain to survey, with ecological out carried appropriated be will be Peninsula, will projects, design-landscape 156 155 157 Assessment Report” Landscape and Design Urban Project, rsne f otn utl oa wl b protected’ be will today until bostans of presence keepand which the as1875 back asfar mapsdating inthe appeared Walls have that the Land the items of B- of items the in place takes law national regard this in Notes’ Plan and Fatih Peninsula Historic Istanbul of Implementation ProjectImplementation and Recreation Yedikule concerning in Report Assessment Landscape and Design Urban to No: 5366. 5366. No: Professor AssistantB Professor p.115. 2011, (SMP), Plan Management Site Peninsula Istanbul Historic Istanbul II Numaralı Yenilme Alanları Kültür Varlıklarını Koruma Bölge Bölge Koruma Varlıklarını Kültür Alanları Yenilme Numaralı Istanbul II 130 130  - didn’t consider, as well the Council should wanted a revision of the proposed recreation proposed the of revision awanted should Council the well asconsider, didn’t -

157 o vre te eiue erain n Ipeetto Poet o oto the control to Project Implementation and Recreation Yedikule the oversee to that have be backthat protected also asfar mapsdating appeared as1875will in the Walls Land the to adjacent lots in areas garden Vegetable whole. a as Walls Land the “… ak f h iprac gvn o epn clua lnsae alive landscapes cultural keeping to given importance the of lack

Landscape design will take place in the water moats which will be protected with with protected be will which moats water the in place take will design Landscape making project in Historic Peninsula has to consider designing with respect to to respect with designing consider to has Peninsula Historic in project making II -A-2-1 and B- and -A-2-1 . Yiğit Turan at Özyeğin University, July 19, 2013: 2013: 19, July University, Özyeğin at Yiğit Turan

156 remarks that ‘1/1000 Scale Conservation and Implementation andPlans Conservation Scale ‘1/1000 remarksthat

Bostans which are marked in the historic maps until 1875 and 1875 until maps historic the in marked are which Bostans III -C-2, “ -C-2, Vegetable garden areas areas garden Vegetable Yedikule Bostans are marked in the historic maps historic the in marked are Bostans Yedikule

According to these statements, bostans statements, these to According n “ and Renewal Areas Conservation Council Conservation Areas Renewal h peae poet fr urban for projects prepared the Müdürlüğü, established by the law law the by established Müdürlüğü, “Yedikule Recreation Implementatio Recreation “Yedikule (bostans) in lots adjacent to adjacent lots in n hs regard this in 155 . According. ”.

n Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 159 p.14. pp.1-117, HLC, for Principles 160 Assessment Report.” Landscape and Design Urban Project, 2000, and ratified on October 13 October on ratified and 2000, ‘Landscape Planning and the European Landscape Convention, R. Convention, Landscape European the and Planning ‘Landscape the motivation behind philosophy and the out set to aims Convention ELC part issues. inEuropeanco-operation landscape their defines member take Each to and planning, and management protection, context. landscape promote to differently strategies different in differently also seen been has landscape and differently The states of members different members. in implemented and interpreted been the has planning got between practices it and and methods recognizable ideas, became of set Landscape by ELC. characterized of force into coming with 2004, March planning landscape planning' 'landscape considering in for role point important an starting plays Convention Landscape European The Landscape ofthe European The introduction Convention: The European Landscape Convention has been signed by the state of Turkey on October 20 October on Turkey of state the by signed been has Convention Landscape European The 7.2.1.5 new a when project takes place areas. inconservation community, of needs cultural and educational combining to SMP of decisions inBostans Yedikule the innovations and scientific data, and making polices based on the principles of of principles the on based polices making projectslandscapesand byplans unique these and developing and protecting and data, pluralist, sustainable, democratic, scientific participatory, and innovations the account into taking and identity, and culture their of part people, a as the life, of social and economicperception their the as landscape consider to undertaking an gave Turkey of state The areas. natural and rural urban, the in situations extraordinary or ordinary historical, life, everyday in activities human the of consequence in qualifications unique gains landscape The law byalthough sign states, can member it choose ornot. be to binding international treaty international binding is ELCTurkey. yearsin 4 approximately in force into entered been has ELC the that political concern… landscape lends itself a democratic treatment, particularly at local and and local at particularly treatment, democratic a itself lends landscape concern… political 158 h itouto o te Convention the of introduction The convention. landscapechoose the wish a tosign policy on the based guideline a is Convention Landscape European The landscapes. European within specifically directly, Professor AssistantB Professor The European Landscape Convention in the context of European Env European of context in the Convention Landscape European The Stiles, 2012: Landscape Planning and the European Landscape Convention Landscape the European and Planning Landscape Stiles,2012: 131 131 il te gap the fills

Yedikule Yedikule concerningBostans the European Landscape Convention (ELC) for theoretical, methodological and practical implementation for the members who who members the for implementation practical and methodological theoretical, for

to to . Yiğit Turan at Özyeğin University, July 19, 2013: 2013: 19, July University, Özyeğin at Yiğit Turan has entered the first time officially into the field of European policy in in policy European of field the into officially time first the entered has

re onz lnsae s nentoa lgl instrument legal international as landscape cognize , but it’s it’s but ,

159 th , 2003, and came into force on March 1 March on force into came and 2003, , . not a directive a not highlights

160

“ , which has to be translated into national into translated be to has which , Landscape must become a mainstream mainstream a become must Landscape Stiles, on April 26 on Stiles, document, from the lecture presentations presentations lecture from the document, in international level. The term term The level. international in ironmental Policy, the Preamble to the the to Preamble the Policy, ironmental “Yedikule Recreation Implementation Implementation Recreation “Yedikule , Summer Semester, Part 1: Guiding 1: Part Semester, Summer , providing a common common a providing th , 2012, p. 41. p. 41. 2012, , st , 2004 , 158 ht deals that . It means means It . a legally a th

, Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 164 165 163 p.44. pp.1-91, Preamble, European natural and cultural heritage that leads to human we human to leads that heritage cultural and natural European the also contributes landscape level.” regional inBostans Yedikule Landscape protection, management and planning can contribute contribute can planning and management protection, Landscape balanced activities andrelationships between theenvironment. social economic needs, by development sustainable reach to Itconcerns fields. socialand economic the in agreements realize to Party each to aims through pursue could aims convention the heritageand common their are that it principles, and ideals Europe members; of its between Council consensus The unity, signatory: greater Europe a achieve of Council the of States member The change andprofound undergoing aperiod rapid accompanied of by advances” significant (European Landscape(European Preamble- Convention According a whole the by account into take didn’t considered be to needs BostansYedikule of form landscape Turkey,the of state ofmember landscape of meaning the Bostans, Yedikule to Referring 161 planning, town planning, tourism, infrastructure, transport, transport, infrastructure, tourism, planning, town planning, regional industry, agriculture, forestry, on economy, world the on changes The everywhere”. preamble-iii to According hrce i te eut f h ato ad neato o ntrl n/r ua factors human and/or natural of interaction and action the of result the is character 162 2008. by adopted – Convention Landscape European ofthe implementation very important to accept or to make a landscape policy by public authorities about about authorities public by as policy policy same landscape the a of make to implementation about or not is it course Of Convention. Landscape European of implementation accept to important very is This of landscapes.” of planning taking and management the protection, the permit at aimed measures that specific guidelines and strategies principles, general of authorities public objective. According to Article 1, 1, Article quality landscape to and According policy objective. landscape landscape, of definitions about written is 1 Article Convention: Landscape European the from Articles the to relation in Bostans Yedikule casesof landscapes. thetransformation policies to create the impression that the public authorities pay attention attention pay authorities public the that impression the create to policies much do they really care about it? It depends what kind of laws they have or they do for for do they or have they laws of kind what depends It it? about care really they do much Stiles, 2012: Landscape Planning and the European Landscape Convention Landscape the European and Planning Landscape Stiles,2012: Ibid. Ibid. Stiles, 2012: Landscape Planning and the European Landscape Convention Landscape the European and Planning Landscape Stiles,2012: The European Landscape Convention in the context of European Env European of context in the Convention Landscape European The Stiles, 2012: Landscape Planning and the European Landscape Convention Landscape the European and Planning Landscape Stiles,2012: 132 132

of natural andcultural components together.

to landscape policy landscape to The Guidelines of Implementation of ELC is underlined is ELC of Implementation of Guidelines The

in h cneto; u al onre cud o hi on landscape own their do could countries all but convention; the 163 “landscape is an important part of the quality of life for people for life of quality the of part important an is “landscape

formation of local cultures local of formation 165 definition Article 1 “means an expression by the competent competent the by expression an “means 1 Article definition Landscape

ii) 162 is “an area, as perceived by people, whose whose people, by perceived as area, “an is . the Committee of Ministers 6. February February 6. Ministers of Committee the . Landscape is a component of the the of component a is Landscape . ironmental Policy, ironmental recreation ll -being and European identity identity European and -being , SS., Part 2: Preamble, p.45. p.45. 2: Preamble, Part SS., , , Summer Semester, Part 2: 2: Part Semester, Summer , , SS., Part 2: Preamble, p.51. p.51. 2: Preamble, Part SS., , job creation job … that shows in many many in shows that … 161

Guidelines for thefor Guidelines “… landscape, how how landscape, . Furthermore, . landscape is landscape

the the . . 164 as .” .”

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. information give to lies That authorities. the by planning and management protection, landscape in place measure ontaking specific permit to important But very is this implementing Convention. the inBostans Yedikule policy, how well do this policy? Or is it just a law, nobody cares about it. This would show that thestates function bringsnot enough; is thefor need it out informingwould andthen people This it. about cares nobody law, a just it is landscapeOr policy? making this do for well how attention policy, pay authorities the do much How law? in policy landscape Isan there case? Yedikule concerning Turkey in works it how particular in policy, landscape the for look to going am I up. to bottom from work be may it then and authorities, the inform landscape; about approaches their share should experts The life. natural and human on bring the fulfill not do ELC the by commitment theratification of theproposed park Yedikule. in project municipal of suggestions the therefore irreversible, landscape cultural the damage authorities local by landscape the on interventions the that seems it project,municipal the of quality scientific the and quality landscape of consideration the processes, production case Yedikule In 133 133

to the public authorities about landscape that how important it is and what does it it does what and is it important how that landscape about authorities public the , if we look into the proposed municipal park project related to the project project the to related project park municipal proposed the into look we if ,

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 168 331-356. Istanbul,pp. in Istanbul landscapes agricultural of characteristics 7.2.2 inBostans Yedikule otnns le a a on wee sa n Erp ae eaae b a arw strait- narrow a by separated are Europe and Asia where point a at lies continents, Istanbul as 167 166 n h srtgc ucin f ad ad seas and lands of junction strategic the on location its since center trade crucial a been has city the history the Throughout ‘Bosporus’. and( European Anatolian toTracie, lands,from east westfrom to Asian are which lands, the combined has Bridge Bosporus the and south, Aegean to the north then from Sea and Bosporus with Marmara of Sea the and Sea Black the are which seas, mg 7- Image Peninsula, which is named Fatih District by Public Act No: 5747 in2008 March Act 5747 No: Public by District Fatih whichnamed is Peninsula, areasIstanbul givenBox.2 is in of Turkey opened to the world the to opened Turkey of door front the as city the symbolizes today Asia, and Europe between passageway as location strategic its through and has city, the city symbolized have The which values Turkey. cultural and of historical great capital and economic industrial become of has heart it Turkey, the in is development Istanbul financial since Moreover, cultures. western and eastern both In 21 always been capital of civilizations, which settled around Europe civilizations, always capital of been ( historic and beauty natural its of traces the carried which Ottoman) and Byzantine (Roman, empires different three of capital historical being as role Turkey. of centre tourism and culture economic, Baser et al., 2007 cited from Baser B. & Esbah Tuncay H., 2010: 2010: &H., Tuncay Esbah from B. cited Baser 2007 al., et Baser Dökmeci & Berkoz, 2000 cited from Ozus E., Sence Turk S., Dökmeci V., S., SenceTurk citedE., from Ozus 2000 &Berkoz, Dökmeci http://www.istanbul.gov.tr/Default.aspx?pid=12413 134 134 th

century Istanbul has become the most crowded and largest city, and the most important the most and city, largest and crowded most Istanbul the become centuryhas A view to city scale: Access to Istanbul at the Present Istanbul at the Accessto A view cityscale: Present to 14

: transcontinental transcontinental h suy ra s etnl i Itnu mp Ydkl Nihoho i loca is Neighborhood Yedikule map. Istanbul in rectangle is area study The

city, is located in a very strategic location which spreads over two two spreads over which location verystrategic ina located city, is

168 .The information about density, population and public green public and population density, about information .The

166 , pp. 106-120, p.109. p.109. , 106-120, pp. , accessed November, 2014. 2014. November, accessed , I hs n important an has It .

At the same time Istanbul plays an important an plays Istanbul time same the At Understanding the spatial and historical historical spatial the and Understanding living 2011: Urban Restructuring ofRestructuring Urban 2011: ) monuments ) an Image 7- Image .( and Asian part, embracing part,and Asian So

passageway

urce: The location of Fatih) ofFatih) location urce: The

14 ).

167 . The city has city The . ted at Historic Historic at ted ewe the between passage

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. ciiis tdy iy wles r fgtn fr oe pn pcs gen ra, but areas, green spaces, open 1.5 only more is Istanbul for in percent. gardens) and fighting (parks spaces are green accessible publicly dwellers unfortunately city today activities, recreational for areas green spaces, open more need inhabitants city today and spaces, green life a changed agricultural reserves, and natural on density pressures non-returnable population, with faced growing is city uncontrolledthe styles, of pressure the of result a As has decreasedgrownand rapidly. densityhas city the of spaces open green population, and areas up built increased of result a as today and expansion, uncontrolled by threatened be to began areas historical lands, agriculturalreserves, continuing moreby uses promotedthe and land migration therefore industrial 1990thenatural and periphery, occupying as settlements informal through occurred Istanbul to Anatolia rural from migration large-scale first the of reason the 1970, since considerably expanded city The Bosporus. of sides both on costs the covering axis East-West expanded area up built the 1950 inBostans Yedikule started to develop from the from develop to started Image7- The map shows how built up area in Istanbul has expanded from 15 from expanded has Istanbul in area up built how shows map The 135 135 2665 inhabitants per square kilometer, the green structure of the city is defined isdefined city the of structure green the kilometer, square per inhabitants 2665 According to Urban Age Age 2009, Urban to According whole city, and the city started to develop from the historic peninsula(Fatih District peninsula(Fatih historic the from develop to thestarted city and city, whole According to Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality, Istanbul covers an area of of 5 area coversan Istanbul Municipality, Metropolitan to Istanbul According 15 Today, 18.2 Today, continuously, the population in Istanbul would increase to 19 million in 2020 2020 in million 19 to increase would in Istanbul population the continuously, :

Urban expansion in Istanbul from 15th to 20th centuries. (Source: Ur (Source: centuries. 20th fromto 15th inIstanbul expansion Urban *Source fromis Turkey’sStatistical 2010 Year Book, citedis **Source fromis TurkishStatistical Institute 2011,in i ** percent of Turkey’s population lives in Istanbul (14 million), if the population grow population if the million), Istanbul (14 lives in population Turkey’s of percent

historic peninsula historic public green spaces (park and gardens) in Istanbul area is area in Istanbul andgardens) (park spaces green public Metropolitan Municipality, 2005) 2005) Municipality, Metropolitan BOX6.

(today is Fatih District) on the Bosporus. By By Bosporus. the on District) Fatih is (today

Istanbul scitedfrom report the of World Cities Culture, 2013 from thereport of World Cities Culture, 2013.

ban Age, 2009) 2009) Age, ban th

to 20 to .313km north forests 40% of the the forests of north 40% (source: Istanbul Istanbul (source: th ) on the Bosporus the )on century. The city city Thecentury. 2* , the density

1.5 . . percent. percent.

s is reas, .

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Land Use, accessed on 2 on accessed Use, Land 172 AECOM, Chapter 5: Land Use pp.14, p.7, accessed on 2 on accessed p.7, pp.14, Use Land 5: Chapter AECOM, 173 etrs o 7 0 hectares) 000 37 to 000 95 hectares (from 2000 and 1954 between Istanbul. 40% in reduced lands been have agricultural lands in agricultural observed Istanbul’s been has loss dramatic most the years recent In dwellers, local to institutions from municipality local toresponsible dwellers authorities. governance from approaches mutuality the by solved be green can main the to challenges uses The users. land different land of interests various balance to mono-functional uses, for be land multi-functional from will functions, use it forces land decades shifted of next need driving the the in on force means be driving it city, will the of structure lifestyles economic and changed infrastructure, and sectors industrial Agency Development in Istanbul.French Urban Mobility 2008, O., & Demir GercekH. Source: 14% cover lands agricultural degree first the Although inBostans Yedikule osn ae ws ete o te ot etl arclua lands agricultural fertile most the on settled was area housing croplands, specifically percent; 15 decreased of percent 2.5 areas.Furthermore, built-up into years, replaced were orchards gardens,and vegetable lands five agricultural in 2002, especially and reported 1997 Institution Statistic between National Turkey hand other the On Ta greenurban areasagain decreasing been have 1990s. since means It times. 1.07 decreased been have 1990s after but 1990s, and 1970s between times 24 uses increase land been have areas green Urban 1). (Table period transportation same the in times 6.7 increased have and commercial industrial, also and times, 3 decreased have areas the and times 7.4 increased has area housing municipality the of report plan Strategic need. food providing for region Mediterranean South and cities surrounding the on depends mostly 171 170 169 first working the of shifting lifestyles, changing hand that other the on but before, needs basic human for defined is level Maslow as live to housing as shelter needed firstly population the hand one On purposes. agricultural for used previously was what occupied dramatically 2000 1988 1968 1945 Years Cited from Final Report ESIA of the third Bosporus Bridge and Connected m Connected and Bridge Bosporus ofthe third ESIA Report Final from Cited Istanbul Metropolitan Planning Report, 2005 cited from from Baser B. & citedB. from fromBaser 2005 Report, Planning Istanbul Metropolitan Final Report ESIA of the third Bosporus Bridge and Connected motorwa Connected and Bridge Bosporus third ESIAofthe Report Final Ibid. 2005. Report, Planning Istanbul Metropolitan ble 3: Land Use Pattern by Years (hectares) (hectares) Years by LandUse Pattern ble 3: 136 136

48,506 48,506 36,886 14,392 6,537 Housing nd August, 2013. August,2013.

38,811 38,811 62,580 94,133 94,991 Land Agricultural

171 .

ra gen ra hv icesd . times 2.8 increased have areas green Urban 36,965 36,965 31,749 13,659 5,534 Transportation Commerce Industry

population has increased 9.3 times 9.3 increased has population 170 nd August, 2013. 2013. August, is enounced that the pressure of service and service of pressure the that enounced is 169 2,025 2,025 2,180 90 723 Areas Green Urban f h poic Itnu, h city the Istanbul, province the of

ys, published by AECOM, Chapter 5: 5: Chapter AECOM, by ys,published Esbah Tuncay H., 2010. 2010. H., Tuncay Esbah otorways, published by published otorways, 173 36,965 36,965 31,749 95,758 111,190 Areas Natural Bit p structures up Built . and natural natural and wis the whilst , 223,499 223,499 222,025 222,189 222,033 sea) (excluding Total 172 .

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. TR/BilgiHizmetleri/Istatistikler/Documents/bldhizmetleri/2010/parkvebahceler_mud_2004-%2020 achieve can way this in and users land of interests functionality to mono-functionality from shifting for demand the and leisure recreational for spaces mechanization) industrialization to farming from conditions, inBostans Yedikule historic gardens and the increased demands on publicly accessible green areas of green accessible potential publicly on the demands increased ignoring the of and gardens challenge historic the facing is which neighborhood Yedikule as such significance, traditional and historical like potentials local embrace level-specific which strategies planning city on focus the that been district-specific level local of lack the decisions, planning has urban on (IMM) planningstrategies challenge the Istanbul, to patterns use land Istanbul in meters square 6 is dweller city per spaces open green 175 ulcy cesbe n Istanbu in accessible publicly today And gardens. or parks as such areas green accessible publicly specifically uses, space open urban for demand a out bought It and housing. population, with equally increased didn’t areas use green land urban unfortunately commercial But and patterns. industrial transportation, housing, increased migration, of influx of because 1970s, after dramatically change to begun have Istanbul in patterns use land The of users are urban and spaces providing which more open publicly accessible. stakeholders.wishes ofdifferent urban more answer to spaces open urban in uses land of types mixed considered be should how and 174 nentoa mnmm tnad y H, h aon o gen pn pcs e city per meters square 9 spaces minimum is open dweller green of amount the WHO, by standard minimum international Accessed on November, 2014, from http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/x15 from 2014, November, on Accessed Ac 137 137 cessed on November, 2014, from http://www.ibb.gov.tr/tr- from 2014, November, on cessed

ad s pten, hc i adesd rvdn te ead o different of demands the providing addressed is which patterns, use land tdy epe n pcfcly esl srcue aes lo ed pn green open need also areas structured densely specifically in people today ,

l Wrd iis utr Frm 21, p.45). 2013, Forum, Culture Cities (World 175 . Population growth and urban density brought new brought density urban and growth Population .

dcesn lbr n giutrl ad by lands agricultural on labor (decreasing only 1.5 percent of urban green areas are areas green urban of percent 1.5 only consensus 77e/x1577e06.htm such as including more wishes more including as such . . 174 h aon of amount The

-public park-, -public rlto to relation , 10.pdf multi- .

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. November, 2014, fromhttp://www.ibb.gov.tr/en-us/organization/municipal 2014, November, wer municipalities first-level whereas,the 39; to rose Istanbul in municipalities ofFatih. District ofthe jurisdiction within the quarter a became Eminönü 177 Table 4: Demographics of Fatih and Eminönü districts by Years Years by districts Eminönü and Fatih Demographics of 4: Table residentialgained areas qualifications are commercial as being areas. business andcommercial peninsula. areas inhistoric These loss caused the population is moved outtowardsdistricts. Thereplacement other ofsignificant areasresidential with 179 become residents, opportunities- the narrower, whose economic old The neighborhood factories inYedikule areaalso out.The moved were developmentis Istanbul,factories,others theoldcity thewholesale the market, were and movedoutof center. in Table city, 2) economic was industrialization Eminönü old butafter of the heart the district ofEminönüafter1960s, and inFatih thepopulation loss district after 1990s.(See other in and thatthe reason Act populationloss is Fatih thePublic 2008.The districts until has allpower the peninsula over peninsula. historic was entire ofEminönü Historic consisted Fatih all districtcovers border peninsula; historic therefore district authority at level the local nsiyet.RDF&p_kod=1&p_il=34&p_kod=1&desformat=html cinsiyet.RDF&p_kod=1&p_il=34&p_kod=1&desformat=html cinsiyet.RDF&p_kod=1&p_il=34&p_kod=1&p_yil=1975&desformat=html cinsiyet.RDF&p_kod=1&p_il=34&p_kod=1&p_yil=1965&desformat=html 7.2.3 inBostans Yedikule Fatih Yedikuleof of isone Fatih. thelocal neighborhood There district are 57neighborhoods in (Eminönü and peninsula, Fatih) butafter responsible historic Act for were Public 176 181 180 178 http://rapor.tuik.gov.tr/reports/rwservlet?nufus80db2=&ENVID=nufus80db http://rapor.tuik.gov.tr/reports/rwservlet?nufus2000db2=&ENVID=nufus200 http://rapor.tuik.gov.tr/reports/rwservlet?nufus85db2=&ENVID=nufus85db http://rapor.tuik.gov.tr/reports/rwservlet?nufus80db2=&ENVID=nufus80db Public Act No 5747 on March 6, 2008: “more quarters were designated as districts, weredesignated “more quarters 2008: 6, March on 5747 Act No Public TUIK (Turkish Statistical Institute): The population census in 1975, accessed accessed 1975, in census population The (TurkishInstitute): Statistical TUIK Accessed on December, 2014, from http://www.fatih.bel.tr/icerik/87/bugunk from 2014, December, on Accessed TUIK (Turkish Statistical Institute): The population census in 2000, accessed accessed 2000, in census population The (TurkishInstitute): Statistical TUIK accessed 1985, in census population The (TurkishInstitute): Statistical TUIK accessed 1965, in census population The (TurkishInstitute): Statistical TUIK 138 138 176

. Yedikule districts islocated Neighborhood District 2008,two inFatih andtill (Historic Peninsula) and Yedikule Neighborhood at the Presentat the (Historic andNeighborhood Peninsula) Yedikule Fatih District Accessto neighborhood scale: to scale A viewdistrict from

2000 1985 1975 1965 Year 181 180 179 178

403.508 497.459 504.127 344.602 Fatih

55.635 122.885 137.849 Eminönü 93.383 93.383 . . . .

Therefore, the number of district numberofthedistrict Therefore, history/pages/anasayfa.aspx 2Env&report=nfs80_ilce_koy_sehir_ 2Env&report=nfs85_ilce_koy_sehir_ 2Env&report=nfs80_ilce_koy_sehir_ . . . 0db2Env&report=ilce_koy_sehir_ci

459.143 590.842 627.012 482.451 Peninsula Historic e abolished”; accessed on accessed abolished”; e u-fatih/ on February 6, 2015, from 2015, 6, Februaryon on February 6, 2015, from 2015, 6, February on from 2015, 6, Februaryon from 2015, 6, Februaryon income- whereas the District of the District whereas

are increased, 177

in2008, . .

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

http://www.webcitation.org/6Bu3myMLK 188 18:28:59-20326588335119040151210238786.pdf 18:28:59-20326588335119040151210238786.pdf took is Fatih of possession ofthe of peninsula jurisdiction at theall historic the local level. municipality district the Therefore, district. Fatih into merged and 2008 in Act Public by abolished was district Eminönü Then, people. 32,557 was in population the and 2007 Eminönü, in diminished constantly was population The decreased. was Eminönü of district the in population the hand other the On decreased. was it 1980s after 1975, and 1965 years the between in increased was Fatih of district the in population the table, the at seen As draw self Institute), (Turkish Statistical TUIK from collected are dates The Source: inBostans Yedikule http://www.fatih.gov.tr/default_B0.aspx?content=194 187 185 183 182 189 184 186 http://www.webcitation.org/6Bu1ywlV9 https://gis.fatih.bel.tr/webgis/default.aspx https://gis.fatih.bel.tr/webgis/def from 2015, January,on Accessed (Source: N. Yedikule ault.aspx Image7- The status of Yedikule population in 2010; accessed on February 6, 2015, f 2015, 6, February on accessed in 2010; population Yedikule status of The Accessed on December, 2014, from http://www.fatih.bel.tr/icerik/87/bugunk from 2014, December, on Accessed Accessed on February 6, 2015, fromhttp://www.fatih.bel.tr/icerik/87/bugu 2015, 6, February on Accessed o accessed 2008 in census population The (TurkishInstitute): Statistical TUIK accessed 2007, in census population The (TurkishInstitute): Statistical TUIK The area of Yedikule Neighborhood, accessed on February 6, 2015, fr 2015, Februaryon 6, accessed ofYedikule Neighborhood, area The TUIK (Turkish Statistical Institute), accessed on February 6, 2015, from 2015, 6, February on accessed (TurkishInstitute), Statistical TUIK TUIK (Turkish Statistical Institute), accessed on February 6, 2015, from 2015, 6, February on accessed (TurkishInstitute), Statistical TUIK 139 139 16 . )

: The area of area The 2014 2008 2007 184 183 182

neighborhood is around 22,403 people per square kilometer kilometer square per ( people 22,403 around Yedikule is in neighborhood density population the dates, these to According e sur klmtr Tee r 5 nihohos n Fatih in neighborhoods 57 district are There kilometer. square per people 26,841 is district Fatih in density population the dates, eiue egbrod ouain s 17,476 is population neighborhood Yedikule n ra f 0.780058.07 of area an itit ouain n 04 s 419,266 is 2014 in population district oa, ai dsrc cvr a ae o 1.2 m (1562 km² 15.62 of area an hectares) covers district Fatih Today,

Image 7- 419.266 419.266 443.955 422.941 . . . .

187

17 and Yedikule neighborhood takes place 23rd. 23rd. place takes neighborhood Yedikule and 185 ) Acrig o uks Saitcl nttt, Fatih Institute, Statistical Turkish to According . . .

32.557

189 qae ioees ( kilometers square om http://rapory.tuik.gov.tr/06- http://rapory.tuik.gov.tr/06- nku-fatih/ rom 419.266 419.266 443.955 455.498 u-fatih/ on February 6, 2015, from 2015, 6, Februaryon n February 6, 2015, 2015, n6, February ing ing 186

. . Acrig o these to According .

188

ad t covers it and ; mg 7- Image 02 02 - - 2015 2015 16 - - )

. Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. inBostans Yedikule Image 7- Image 7.2.3.1 http://www.tuik.gov.tr/) Institute), Statistical (Turkish In the passingis alsoYedikuleWalls, neighborhood. railway Therestation. theYedikule surrounding,Landa There tothe suburban Sea Walls. parallel railway, to isalso parallel is axes Landwest of the the side district, between at north-south (Theodosian) Walls Kennedyat issurrounding, the south Road parallel theSea and to at 10.YilRoad Walls, the west of atthe middle axes thedistrict. andThe Atatürk axes east-west tramway Boulevard isconnecting the north- isconnecting the LandBridge to continues toAtatürk Boulevard parallel andsouthaxes, between Walls. north makesit There aconnectionBridge, byroad isAtatürk ways Halic toBeyoglu. over Atatürk betweeneast of side andwest thedistrict, continuesover Bridge it Beyoglu. the Galata to connectionside. A tramwayat through makes west it Road, the Millet connection ahorizontal Atatürk, and Millet Roads.There Vatan at isasubway makes the Road;it Vatan the Thereareroadrailways and ways, Fatih seaways roadways toaccess District.are The main Walls are Walls Yedikule shown as well. Land YedikuleNeighborhood. Gates, inYedikule inside Walls the Landto passthe andThe toaccess Walls study Belgrad area Street. 10.Yil and isbetween 140 140

Image 7- Image 17 The NetworkThe of Ways in Historic Peninsula, the in :

The population density in Yedikule neighborhood approximately is 22, is approximately neighborhood Yedikule in density population The 18 , Yedikule neighborhood

is located at the south of LandThere located of gates south at are Walls. the two is shown with red color. shown

district of Fatih

The gatesLandThe at the 403 pp/km 403 2 . (based on TUIK TUIK on (based .

: The Network of Ways, self drawing. (Source: Accessed on January on Accessed (Source: drawing. self Ways, of Network : The

LEGEND LEGEND

Boulevard Boulevard Atatürk N.

, 2015, from 2015, ,

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. sagittarius.eu/phocadownload/wp3/SAGITTARIUS_1stSTVT_PartIII_Locations.pd Januar Accessed with layers.(Source: three Walls Theodosian 40: Image5 7.2.3.2 inBostans Yedikule Image7- The proposed municipal public park project in Yedikule is one of them. Thepublic park proposed isone project Yedikule ofthem.municipal in surfacesproposed project urban atthe municipalityFatih. oflocal images development of of areThe Walls bostansinside historic Land and of shownconverted outside hard the into uzerine-taleplerimiz/) from http://everywheretaksi 2013 August, on accessed (Source: 2013. 24th,

Walls Walls Land of Layers Three 142 142 Moat-

19 The presentThe state of the WallsLand & Inventory analysis in Yedikule Outer terrace: bostan-gardens bostan-gardens terrace: Outer :

filled up filled Yedikule Bostans, the present state of the Land Walls and inventory analysis, p analysis, inventory and Walls Land ofthe the state present Bostans, Yedikule Inner terrace: bostan- gardens gardens bostan- Innerterrace: - : bostan-gardens bostan-gardens

Land Walls, neglected and unsafe unsafe and neglected Walls, Land

Bostans converted into storage land, in land, intostorage converted Bostans making Public Park, by local municipality municipality by local Park, Public making to due destroyed will be bostans Historic due to making a public park makingpark public a to due demolished will be Bostans Historic y 12, 2015, http://www.see-tcp-project- y2015, 12, the land were asphalted wereasphalted theland m.net/tr/birgunyedikule-bostanlari- Yedikule Villas, in in Villas, Yedikule demolished in July, 2013 in July,2013 demolished Bostans converted into converted Bostans Presently, the lands lands ( bostan for the used are walls between Presently, 1990s. 1990s. since vegetables grow to families by rented is it and land The belongs tothe municipality Istanbul. in element use land typical be to seem Bostans use. gardening for land filling with corridors Wall Land of identity the strengthen to opportunity have tans Some parts of bostans ofbostans Someparts f , p.19.) , operating by a private private a by operating Yedikule Castle, Castle, Yedikule mg 7- Image

company company icture from July fromicture July 2010 19

1999 ) Bos- .

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Image7- 1453, Osprey Publishing Ltd., Ltd., Osprey Publishing 1453, Walls ofCo The 2004, S. Turnbull, after (Source: byauthor. colored f usedas land are inner terrace, and terrace outer moat, whichnamed are walls, metropolitan city center. Bostans near Yedikule at the Land Walls were declared as ‘renewa as declared were Walls Land the at Yedikule near Bostans center. city metropolitan being agglomerated by different dense urban settlements such as Yedikule Villas by the the by Villas Yedikule as such settlements construction of projects. residence urban dense is different field by the of agglomerated side other being the On area. park recreational modern a with Yedikule in bostans used as bostan After 1990s since along Theodosian the 1990s Bostans Wall inBostans Yedikule h ma, ue trae n inr erc ae sd s ad o bsas Te l ct with city old The bostans. for Walls land as Land used surrounding are terrace inner and terrace outer moat, The along land farm linear a forms it 1990s, late the since Topkapı, of gate the toward Yedikule from northward expanded wall the outside and along gardens of number A 2013). in project park urban of ratification the (by authority local the by area park urban recreational modern a with replaced be to supposed are gardens historical These gardens. these in Period Ottoman from constructions agriculture other and are pools water project wells, park water are municipal There bostans. of historic border the inside plots bostan the Yedikule, near bostan The 190 191 dated in official Gazette 13.10.2006—26318, (Istanbul Historic Peninsula Site Man Site Peninsula (Istanbul Historic 13.10.2006—26318, in Gazette official dated numbered of by decision ‘renewal13.09.2006 area’sin declared Kar Haracci and MustafaPasha Kucuk and (Wall-2), IlyasbeyNeighbourhoods Haci Cambaziye, Karabas, Veledi Neighbourhoods), Kurkcubasi Cakiraga, Ilyas, Yedikule-Yen Neighbourhoods), Ilyas Kasap Hayrettin, Sancaktar Huseyin, (Haci Interview with Ali Küpücü , who is the reeve of Yedikule Neighborhood, Neighborhood, ofYedikule iswho the reeve , Ali Küpücü with Interview Yedikule-Yenikapi I. Stage (Haci Evhattin, Imrahor Ilyasbey Neighbourhoods Ilyasbey Imrahor Evhattin, Stage (Haci I. Yedikule-Yenikapi 143 143 20 : The cross-section and plan of Land Walls, the spaces in between the land the in between spaces the Walls, ofLand plan and cross-section The

, the three layers of Theodosian Wall (moat, innerare terraceouter Wall of Theodosian , thethree and terrace) layers 190 . In. walls thespacesfor are used between particular, the as bostans. land

p.11 is on one side of the field, it gets transformed into a modern modern a into transformed gets it field, the of side one on , accessed on December 12, 2014.) 12, December on , accessed

2006/10961 of Council of Ministers and issue and Ministers ofCouncil of 2006/10961 nstantinople AD 324- AD nstantinople

December 29, 2014. 2014. 29, December or bostans, bostans, or a Mehmet Neighbourhoods were Mehmeta Neighbourhoods , Yedikule-Yenikapi II. Stage II. Yedikule-Yenikapi , Hamza, Haci Evhattin, Imrahor Imrahor Evhattin, Haci Hamza, ikapi III. Stage (Yali, Kasap Kasap Stage (Yali, III. ikapi agement Plan, 65) 65) Plan, agement

zone’ ratified by the the by ratified is project park urban an Villas, 2013, Yedikule to next in and 2010, in dences resi- four-story into new with villas formed trans- beinghave bostans then and 2006, September some section of of section some the of replacement faces It authority. local 191

l Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. as such consumer, food inYedikule. and traditional identity to bostans from loca the explore to food helps it Yedikule, at restaurants new and seller roadside serving together working and vegetables, fresh gardens, kitchen urban bazaars, food local its with tourism conservation, historic in role important an network play they green of part a be to role important an play bostans settlements, urban dense in dweller city per spaces green of requirements the satisfy to spaces open green provide bostans urban Moreover, areas. learning and playing working, provide to opportunities give bostans area immigrants; farmer activity for urban employment as provide Bostans gardens Istanbul. kitchen in urban process urbanization as in bostans settlements and dense foster bostans urban by preserved are spaces open Urban bostan plots. the in apparent still is orchards of survival The located. is border project municipal the where Walls Land of terrace outer and inner works restoration modern by raised mostly now are they cultivation and suitable for environment moist a has it Walls, Land of moat the and Walls Land Various vegetables are produced on the lands- the on produced are vegetables Various a provide to potential have it gardens also beautification by improving factory of ofareas theview abandoned Fatih. district local inthe Urban and soil. gardening the for of land conditions the as ecological use the to improves wall outside and along spaces open the from benefit Istanbul in immigrants farmer so here, farmland developing for method a forward put name: Ali Küpücü), he Küpücü), Ali name: area were moved out of the city center by the decision of government. By relocation of of relocation By government. polluted of was land decision the center, city the the of by out towards center factories city the of out moved this were in located area factories the Istanbul, in industrialization the After Istanbul. of urbanization the of reason The municipality. the to related closely is to wall the outside and along bostans of emergence belong the about permission lands These 1999. and 1994 years the between district.” Fatih of mayor the was Tantan Saadettin when immigrants, farmer for opportunities some providing gardening, for land as use to wall the wall the inBostans Yedikule 192 193 p.55. pp.1-66, 2014, November, accessed Design, of School Graduate 194 195 p.55. pp.1-66, 2014, November, accessed Design, of School Graduate 2015 Xia, Di and Yao Dong, “Bostans: Agricultural Generators for Istanbul’s Urb for Generators Agricultural “Bostans: Dong, Yao and Di Xia, Interview with Ali Küpücü , is the reeve of Yedikule Neighborhood, Decem Neighborhood, Yedikule of the reeve is , Küpücü Aliwith Interview Xia, Di and Yao Dong, “Bostans: Agricultural Generators for Istanbul’s Urb for Generators Agricultural “Bostans: Dong, Yao and Di Xia, In 2004-2005, the Byzantine architectural historian Alessandra Ricci at Koc Univ Koc at Ricci Alessandra historian architectural the Byzantine In2004-2005, 144 144 http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/save-the-lettuce.aspx?pageID=238&nID=5 195 192 M wr fcss n h Ln Wls ewe te ae o Ydkl ad Belgrad and Yedikule of gates the between Walls Land the on focuses work My .

. t s prvd y y neve wt te ev o Ydkl nihoho (his neighborhood Yedikule of reeve the with interview my by approved is It

explained

193

“The permission was given the spaces along and outside and along spaces the given was permission “The

open spaces-, which spaces-, open He was the mayor of Fatih district district Fatih of mayor the was He 194 ber 29, 2014. 2014. 29, ber . anization”, Harvard University Harvard anization”, anization”, Harvard University Harvard anization”, Therewith the government government the Therewith of Istanbul. Furthermore, Istanbul. of as bostan used inside the the inside used bostan as 0188&NewsCatID=473 ersity, accessed January 14, January14, accessed ersity, in this way urban way this in . .

l Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. riuae isd te e clrd odr Te rtce mnmns r Ln Wls and Walls Land are monuments are 5 on protected rely spaces which /Dungeons, The Castle free Yedikule border. open colored and red wells, the water inside historic articulated areas, gardening vegetable Ongoing 16). (Figure author the by analyzed are uses land existed and colored red is border site study The 7.2.3.3 inBostans Yedikule Land Walls will be implemented inside the red colored border by the municipality. The The municipality. the by border colored red on5 implementation hasbegun the inside implemented be will Walls Land at Yedikule and Belgrad gates the between project park public recreational planned The

Land Walls, connecting notrh-south axis ( axis Landnotrh-south connecting Walls, to parallel Walls, Land the outside located is Road Yil 10. as well As walls. city ancient the inside Land Walls the to parallel axis, north-south connecting road a also is there Walls, Land the inside located is site study Walls.The Land the outside cityto walled the inside Road,from Yil 10. to site study the connecting ways two shown been has drawing Network Route the At carried was land demolished The Bostan. Pasha valuehistoric 2010,and until thenthe landisconverted building into complex. Ismail for of used part land a the is but it field, years, sports for seem gardening Villas Yedikule of land the plans, use land the In Yedikule Street. Gate gate Belgradkapı Belgrad Yedikule Street located isnamed and as such streets the named gates The site. study of part north also and Dungeons, Yedikule of norththe and Street areasYedikulearebetweenlocated Wooded site. studythe of eastlocated are areas housing The area.project of west the on located is Complex IpekciSports Abdi and east, Namik the on Facilities area; Sport Poryum and project/study Zigana area, the study of north of the on is neighborhoods Stadium Sevik the at fields sport are There Walls. Land the outside Castle, Yedikule the opposite located is which cemetery, historic a also is There at stops peninsula the historic totheterminal ofSirkeci. 196 outside the Land the outside asitseems thedrawing Walls ( on was connected to European railways European to connected was Istanbul 1888 and cities, European main to Istanbul connect to was aim the 1869, in railroads an drawing, Eastern the of of km. 2000 of construction start site to privileged was which right station, railway historic the on Castle, Yedikule near located is Station Railway Yedikule Accessed on December, 2014, from http://www.tcdd.gov.tr/home/detail/?id=3 from 2014, December, on Accessed 145 145

Access to Study Area:Existing Land Use Analysis Yedikule in

th of July, 2013. The ongoing vegetable gardening is inside and and gardening inside is ongoingvegetable The ofJuly, 2013. 196 ( Image 7- Image Image7-

th century in Byzantine Period, has been shown. been has Period, Byzantine in century 23 22 Image 7- ). The railroad line started from Yedikule Yedikule from started line railroad The ). ) . 21 ). 44 . the the

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. of the proposed municipal park project, prepared by p. Planlama, Kutup prepared project, park municipal ofproposed the Image7- inBostans Yedikule 146 146 21 :

A drawing displaying the existed land use in study site (self-draw site study use in land existed the displaying A drawing EXISTIN

Road Road 10. Land Walls Theodosian W. Yi l 3.

Plot Plot 2. 2.

G LA G Bostan

1.Bostan Plot 1.Bostan

Plot Plot 3. Bostan Bostan NDUS Church Church Greek Yedikule since 1999 since1999 land, Storage since 2010 since2010 Villas Yedikule Area Area Parking Open

26.) 26.) by shown 3. and 2, It’s 1, numbers bostan. used for walls land between spaces The n by the author). (Source: The report report The (Source: the author). nby 3. 2. 1.

Moat terrace Outer terrace nner

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. inBostans Yedikule municipal park project, prepared by Kutup Planlama, p. 26.) 26.) p. by Planlama, prepared Kutup project, park municipal Image7- 147 147

22 Theodosian W. Land Walls

: A drawing displaying route network (self-drawn by the author) the by (self-drawn network route displaying A drawing Road Road 10.

ROUTE NETWORK ROUTE NETWORK l

2. Plot 2.

Bostan 1.

Plot Plot 3. Plot Plot 1.Bostan Bostan Bostan

2, 1, 3. and numbers by shown It’s bostan. for land used walls between spaces The 3. 2. 1. . (Source: The report of the proposed ofthe proposed report The (Source: .

Moat terrace Outer Innerterrace

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. en n h frt mg, ny n pre o bsa i cliae, eas te eoiin of demolition the because cultivated, is bostans have ( first of number from began bostan bostan parcel of of parcel one only image, first the on seen gardeners Mostly As 2014. position. their of uncertainty to 13, due 2014 in crop year’s June next for land their cultivate on didn’t site research on situation currently show images The project, inside the Land Walls on the second image, self drawing. (Sou drawing. self image, theon second Land Walls inside the project, inBostans Yedikule Image 7- Image Cer Atelier (in 1872), and the atelier had lost its function and it was199 in closed it and function itslost had the and atelier (in 1872), Atelier Cer mg 7- Image R. Atelier Atelier R. 148 148 Y. Fortress Fortress Y. 23 24 : :

Cemetery Cemetery Bostans near Yedikule Gate, Yedikule Railway line (the construction started in 1 in started construction (the line Railway Yedikule Gate, Yedikule near Bostans h bre o Rcetoa Ipeetto Poet n h frt mg, B image, first the on Project Implementation Recreational of border The Yedikule Gate Gate Yedikule Yedikule Gate Gate Yedikule

Bostan Bostan Major Street Major S. ( Bostan

Complex Complex Bostan Bostan Image 7- Image rce: Google earth Google rce: area area Parking Belgrad Gate Belgrad Belgrad Gate Belgrad Bostan Bostan 24 7) (Source: Xia et al., 2013:51). 2013:51). al., et Xia (Source: 7) ). , sas n h bre of border the in ostans 2014 Stadium Stadium ) 870) and Yedikule Yedikule and 870) N.

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. of entrance the at Walls Land the inside roadside Belgrad pomegranateaapples. Gate, boy sells the at pickup small a shows Image 15. Image 14. 10. Yil road. standat near roadside the moat, filled showsa Image 13. glass thatwas plot and cultivated thefirst shows in2013. house bostan Image12. carparking involving showsthe field area football play ground. and sport other land. and land efficient efficient the on rubbles and plot bostan the second the on cottage gardeners’ the shows Image 11. on rubbles land, storage from view construction materials. a shows Image 10. Image 9. andsecond area parking uncultivated showscar bostan plot. plot. Image8. and some construction showsthemud bostan onthe second materials been hasn’t plot bostan second the plot, bostan second cultivategardeners by due touncertainty 2014. onDecember, the situation oftheir the from view a shows Image 7. Efor the Yapı sub-contractor isYimtaş. and company IstanbulDepartment in Municipality. contractor ofConstruction is Metropolitan company The the from is mechanism control responsible The institutions: responsible the shows Image 6. ImageLand5. Road tothe 10.Yil from showsa Walls. view Image4. terrace, gardeningactivities since for showstheinner which isusing 1990s. Image3. terrace, gardeningactivities since for showstheouter which isusing 1990s. in 2014. production on still it’s today But, authorities. local of responsibility the by demolish be will it project, park municipal proposed the of border the inside plot bostan third the Imageshows 2. since ofthe 1990s,also standonthe aroadside image. right side activities gardening for using is that moat up filled the and Gate Belgrad the shows Image 1. Image from existingPhotos as following: study7-25 on explained been have site 7.2.3.4 inBostans Yedikule 149 149

Images from existing study site itsand surrounding areas

: The photos from the study site and its surrounding, 2013, the 2013, surrounding, its site and thestudy from photos The Road Road 10. Yi l

3.Bostan Plot 3.Bostan 1.Bostan Plot 1.Bostan 2.Bostan Plot 2.Bostan

photos by Elis Mehmed. by photos Elis September,2013 Photoby Elis M., September,2013 Photoby Elis M., September,2013 Photoby Elis M., September,2013 Photoby Elis M., September,2013 Photoby Elis M.,

The images from the study site and its surrounding, mostly fro mostly surrounding, its site and thestudy from images The

De Photoby Elis M., De Photoby Elis M., De Photoby Elis M., De Photoby Elis M., De Photoby Elis M., ce ce ce ce mber, 2014 ce mber,2014 mber,2014 mber,2014 mber, 2014

Planlama,p. 43, picture 6, 2013. Source:Report of Kutup m 2014. m2014. De Photoby Elis M., De Photoby Elis M., De Photoby Elis M., De Photoby Elis M., ce ce ce ce mber,2014 mber,2014 mber,2014 mber,2014

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 7.2.3.5 inBostans Yedikule Image7- 2013, p.45). 2013, p Gate”, Belgrad and Gate Yedikule between Walls Land the inside of Conservation 152 152

27 The propertyThe status ofexisting study site

The property status of existing study site, self drawing (Source drawing self site, study existing ofstatus property The

LEGEND : the report “Recreation and and “Recreation : thereport municipality ofFatih. local the of part a Istanbul, of MunicipalityMetropolitan of part a land, treasury the of part a land, private of part A parts: four public following the of composed of is It property. extend great a in consists area project The N. repared by Kutup Planlama, by Planlama, Kutup repared

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. consist thetreasury of land. and they vacant (8); is Castle Yedikule of 4 land the number and of space open land green is 7 The number land composed the (IMM). land, vacant land, public is the of 6 consists it number spaces; open green land underused Istanbul)The of Municipality Metropolitan of land of land private (The land. public (The isof consists it space, it open land underused is bostan, 5 number land for The public property. used of is 3 consists number it land The activities; Istanbul). of bostan Municipality for Metropolitan used is 2 number land The land. public and land private land(Public represents MunicipalityIstanbul). property the of ofMetropolitan of consists it activities; bostan for used is 1 number land The policies public how show acts municipal The properties. influence inYedikule. properties theprivate private and public of consists site: study existing of status property the to relating use land Existing inBostans Yedikule Image7- 153 153 28

: Existing land use relating to the property status of existing study ofexisting status property the relating to use land Existing 6 5 2 4

1 1 3 7

site, self drawing (The report, 2013) report, (The drawing self site, 5 6 4 2 1 The project area area project The 3 8 7

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 4 Area WallsGreen Land the 21 May on approved were Scale) (1/1000 plans development conservation Implementer area. project the in fallen had position mg 7- Image However, this plan was cancelled by a decision dated on November 29 November on dated decision a by cancelled was plan this However, 30 April on dated Area. Green Walls Land Plan the inside of Conservation as plan the in declared Conservation was area the 2005; Scale 1/5000 Peninsula Historic the inside was area 7.2.4 inBostans Yedikule The report of Kutup Planlama remarks that remarks Planlama Kutup of report The of section some of replacement the asserts Yedikulewith arecreational BostansLand insidethe park, Walls. proposal planning The 2009. which and established company, was private a is which The Planlama, 2013.Kutup by in prepared is Neighborhood project Yedikule park urban in project park urban an ratified municipality Fatih p.46.) 1-71, pp. 2013, Planlama, Kutup an Gate Yedikule between Walls Land the inside of Conservation and “Recreation 197 Yedikule Gate and Belgrad Gate”, prepared by Kutup Planlama, 2013, pp. 1- pp. 2013, by Planlama, Kutup prepared Gate”, Belgrad and Gate Yedikule th The report concerning the project entitled “Recreation and Conservation ofi Conservation and “Recreation entitled concerningproject report the The Gate Gate Belgrad 2008; hadthe planned fallen. position 154 154 Gate Gate Yedikule

Planning Proposal of local municipality of Fatih Fatih of local municipality Planning of Proposal 29 :

h pooe ubn ak rjc ae i 150 Sae osrain ln ( Plan Conservation Scale 1/5000 in area project park urban proposed The

. But, this plan was also cancelled by decision dated on November on dated decision by cancelled also was plan this But, .

st , 2005, it was declared in the plan as plan the declaredin was it 2005, ,

197 , the boundary of proposed urban park project project park urban proposed of boundary the ,

71, p.46. p.46. 71, nside the Land Walls between between Walls Land nsidethe

Urban park project area area project park Urban d Belgrad Gate”, prepared by prepared Gate”, Belgrad d Conservation of inside of Conservation th , 2007; the planned planned the 2007; , Source: the report report the Source:

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 199 65). p. Plan, Management Site Peninsula Historic areas’(Source: cesd ac 2, 03 http://www.fatih.bel.tr/icerik/4137/yedikule-kapi- 2013, 24, March accessed 200 (Source 28.05.2013-279 No: and DecisionDate 2), No: Council Conservation surlari- bostans The inBostans Yedikule original place on May 13 May on place original https://bogachandundaralp.files.wordpress.com/2014/01/guncel_dosya.pdf September 13 September 198 202 201 7- aiid ra pr poet set te elcmn o sm scin o Ydkl Bostans Yedikule of sections some project of borderof the inside seem plots three Landbostan Walls; the inside replacement the asserts project park urban ratified The Villas. Yedikule near project park urban an ratified Fatih of municipality local the 2013, constructed as which in2006 also arenewal were zone thebostans declared on were Villas Yedikule residences; four-story new with constructed were Villas Yedikule 2010, information aboutexisting thepark of inside project. border bostan three plots municipal further no gave it but traffic, vehicle high the to due Walls Land the of pieces down fallen the published in 2013, p.11. p.11. 2013, in published

http://www.fatih.bel.tr/Gallery.aspx?GalleryID=1610 from April,2015 on accessed Image7- 33 Istanbul II Numaral Istanbul II Koca, Asun, “Güncel Dosya: Bostanlar”, Yapi 386, pp.58-63, p.53, acce p.53, pp.58-63, 386, Yapi Bostanlar”, Dosya: “Güncel Asun, Koca, Yedikule-Yenikapi 1.Stage, Yedikule-Yenikapi 2.Stage, Yedikule-Yenikapi 2.Stage were 2.Stage Yedikule-Yenikapi 2.Stage, Yedikule-Yenikapi 1.Stage, Yedikule-Yenikapi From “A Report of Concern on the conservation issues of the Istanbul Istanbul the of issues conservation the on Concern of Report “A From Rekreasyon Koruma Ic Surlari Kara Arasinda Kapi belgrad ile Kapi Yedikule Belediyesi, Fatih 155 155 ).

ic -koruma-rekreasyon-projesi/ 30 : The proposed urban park project by local municipality of Fatih, of Fatih, municipality by urbanlocal project park proposed : The

ee elrd s “eea ae” y h dcso nmee 2006/10961 numbered decision the by area” “renewal a as declared were th , 2006. Renewal Areas Conservation Council No: 2 examined the issue in its in issue the examined 2 No: Council Conservation Areas Renewal 2006. , ı Yenileme Alanları Yenileme

th , 2013 ,

. . 199

Kültür VarlıklarınıKoruma Bölge Kurulu Müdürlüğü (Renewal Areas Areas (Renewal Müdürlüğü Kurulu Bölge VarlıklarınıKoruma Kültür . Referring to report from Council, the Council focused on on focused Council the Council, from report to Referring .

. . ssed on February, 2015, from 2015, February, on ssed Land Walls World Heritage Site”, Site”, Heritage World Walls Land : Aysun A. et al, 2014, p. 10). p.10). 2014, al, A.: Aysunet area destroyed been have Bostan of hectares 2.7 and uiia poet has 5 the on started project The bostans. municipal urban and of tradition Istanbul’s farmed keeping presently is hectares and 6 Its Yedikule Belgrad. gates the between area of hectares “ Yedikule for Project Implementation is entitled project proposed The

ile -belgrad-kapi-arasinda-kara- 201 . t oes 8.5 covers It ”. ( declared ‘renewal declared Image 7- Image 200 . . Recreation th of July, July, of 30 Projesi, Projesi, , Image , 198 in 202

. Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. inBostans Yedikule Image7- 7- gardenersyear’s 2014( The by weren’t bostan plots harvested in crops the for next Image 7- Image project project ( border makes a publicly accessible municipal project parts thedestruction of of bostans; Yedikule foresees and historic some destruction threeThe recreational for of plots urban bostan park:

7.2.4.1 2014. December, byElisMehmed, area, project park 32 156 156 ).

31 32 a public park park a public with modern design. artificial Analysis of the proposed municipal park project : : The land wasn’t harvested for the next year’s crops; the image sho image the crops; year’s next the for harvested wasn’t land The :

Bulldozer in the project area. Yedikule Villas can be seen (Photo by Ali Taptık, by (Photo seen be Yedikule can Villas area. project in the Bulldozer Image 7- Image

33 ).

stereotype park.

It theimages park on seems ofmunicipal

The three seem bostan plots the inside ws the bostan area in the urban urban the in area bostan the ws The proposed July 2013). July 2013). Image

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 1.Square inBostans Yedikule entrance of Belgrad Gate Gate entranceofBelgrad Image7- space parking Image7- Image7- Bostan plot 3 plot Bostan 157 157

39 36 Belgrad Gate Belgrad 40 :First Square at the the at Square :First :

A skateboard and and Askateboard :An artificial water pool with fountains, forming waves from northtowards from waves withforming fountains, pool water artificial :An waterpool artificial An (The report of Kutup Planlama, 2013:55) Kutup of Planlama, report (The Image 7- Image Bostan plot 2 plot Bostan

Image7- 33 : The proposed municipal urban park project with modern artificial designs withdesigns modern artificial municipal project urbanpark proposed The Image7-

35 :A restaurant restaurant :A Education and and Education 38 art studios studios art :

Square in the middle middle in the Square 2.Square Bostan plot 1 plot Bostan

gymnastic space space gymnastic Image7- entrance of Yedikule Castle Castle entranceofYedikule Image7- 34 :Kids adventure and and adventure :Kids 37 :Castle Square at the the at Square :Castle south of Land Walls LandWalls ofsouth Yedikule Gate Gate Yedikule 3.Square Castle Castle

Y. Y.

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 204 pp.53-67. 2013, Gate), Belgrad ( Alani” KorumaIc Surlari upsd o e ovre it a ktbad pc ad a prig space parking car and space skateboard a into converted be to supposed Fatih of municipality local by project the of confirmation the and (company) Planlama Kutup by project park urban proposed of report the Accordingto inBostans Yedikule second bostan land shall be convert be shall land bostan second plot shall be converted into agymnasticshall be converted kids adventureplot and ( space into 203 2013:66) Planlama, ofKutup report 7- Image places, and standing in some places at the park ( park the at places some in standing and places, certain in moving be shall water the Walls, Land of south towards north from waves forming There are three artificial squares; first one at the entrance of Belgrad Gate ( Gate Belgrad of entrance the at one first squares; artificial three are There Walls inside the Land Walls, and it will be used lights effects and non-occlusive, a modest a non-occlusive, architecturalthe park project at structure and effects lights used be will it and art Walls, Land the and inside Walls education Land ( of monuments social the restaurants than structures higher for no and located be will there serve cafes that fiction structural to also are intended there are and They exhibitions, studios. art and education of second smaller one in the middle of the project ( project the of middle the in one smaller second the Castle of Yedikule, and it is named ‘Castle square’ due to locating at the entrance of of entrance the at locating ( to Castle due square’ Yedikule ‘Castle named is it and Yedikule, of Castle the of entrance the at located also was it Walls, Land of south the at Gate, Yedikule of entrance A A 158 158 Report Report from Planlama Kutup Fatih Municipality, to 2013, Report from Kutup Planlama to Fatih Municipality: “Yedikule Kapi ile Belgrad Kapi Kapi Belgrad ile Kapi “Yedikule Municipality: Fatih to Planlama Kutup from Report 41 :The three numbers of education and art studios for serving social social serving for studios art and education of numbers three :The

mg 7- Image

Recreation and Conservation of inside the Land Walls between Yedikule Gate and Gate Yedikule between Walls Land the inside of Conservation and Recreation 37 . oevr hr i a atfca wtr ol ih fountains, with pool water artificial an is there Moreover ).

ed into a restaurant space restaurant a into 204 .

Image 7- Image Image 7- Image 40 p.63. p.63. 38 mg 7- Image ). The project includes also 3 pieces 3 also includes project The ), (Image 7- (Image the third artificial square at the the at square artificial third the 203

te hr bsa pos are plots bostan third the , education and art exhibitions(The exhibitions(The art and education Image 7- Image 41 ). It underlines on the the on underlines It ). 35 ) and the first bostan bostan first the and 34 Iae 7- (Image ) . Image 7- Image

arasi Kara arasi 39 36 ), the ), ); the

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. hi adnr n utrl otx i wihte srgl o produce” to struggle they which in context cultural and gardeners their Delhi’s tomb complex from a funerary garden into Public Park, Park, Public into garden funerary a from complex tomb Delhi’s neighborhoods were known for the specialty crops of their gardens” their was of crops specialty the for known were neighborhoods value historic Its lost. be to symbolism reduced… funerary caused park public as identity new ra pr poet a apoe b lcl uiiaiy n Itnu Metropolitan Istanbul and 1985 in UNESCO municipality of inscription the by area surrounding its and local Walls Land the particular in Site, by approved Heritage World Walls Lands the inside were areas was project the although 2013, in Municipality project park Urban bostan three these project inside plots totally is undermined. connecting of significance and The practices landscape. daily cultural producing citizen’s and nature, the to to citizens contributions the and Bostans in life daily vegetable gardening at the Land Walls. Land the at gardening vegetable Bostans Yedikule of demolition the project, park urban The project. the By thenew park Fatih. thelocal underratified of of thejurisdiction project municipality park urban through threatened municipal have Bostans Yedikule the of values at landscape cultural considered of safeguarding weren’t Period Republican and being Ottoman and Bostans Yedikule of Historic the Character that of Landscapefact The Walls. Land the of view nostalgic result, the also a and bostans, As the on 2013. July, in pools) water wells, gardens (water system irrigation historic water historic the damage the will action bulldozing of parts some bulldozing let project The haven’t been considered as a conservation issue by the authorities of local municipality of of landscape municipality local cultural of authorities as the by gardens issue conservation vegetable a as historic considered been but haven’t issue, conservation a as considered been have Walls Land as monuments historic subscription, project park urban of result a As 206 p.225. 210-228, pp. 2007), (Winter, p a into garden funerary a from Complex Tomb Safdarjung’s Nawab gardenerwater cottages, barns, wells cemeteries, settlements, traditional as such Period Ottoman and Byzantine from monuments make of kind a as be Bostans the organizing that project, to the by seems intend may park municipality The proposed development. housing The envisioned of value. backward land increase to and park, recreational 208 207 project is placed in front of the villas, and villas, the of front in placed is project ( Villas Yedikule of frontage a as seems project park public municipal The Conclusion-Facts: inBostans Yedikule 205

By Kaldjian, “Istanbul’s Bostans: A Millenium of Market Gardens”; p.28 Gardens”; ofMarket AMillenium “Istanbul’sBostans: ByKaldjian, UNESCO World Heritage List, Historic Areas of Istanbul. ofIstanbul. Areas Historic List, Heritage World UNESCO Ibid. Sharma, “The British Treatment of Historic Gardens in the Indian Subcontinent: theIndian in Gardens Historic of Treatment British “The Sharma, 159 159 208 it ( mg 7- Image easier to change the image and sell the properties much easier at higher prices. prices. easier much image easier and tochange at the theproperties sell higher

Fo hsoia ve, h Bsas r a at f sabls dniy “different identity: Istanbul’s of part a are Bostans the view, historical From ” 11 , mg 7- Image

a stereotype park stereotype a , mg 7- Image and historic historic and vegetable gardens As told in Sharma’s article Sharma’s in told As

). it promot The Land Walls World Heritage Site Site Heritage World Walls Land The would increase the land rent in the area and area the in rent land the increase would es new high income residents to access to residents income high new clua landscape cultural a ublic park; Garden History, Vol. 35, No. 2 2 No. 35, Vol. History, Garden park; ublic e t ls te ybl f historic of symbol the lose to let 5. 5. it 206 . mentions “ mentions The transformation of Delhi’s ofDelhi’s transformation The 205

and “the experience of of experience “the and , the transformation of transformation the , 207 . It highlights the the highlights It mg 7- Image f Byzantine, of The garden’s The 45 ) The . holds holds

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 211 pu intoa garden funerary froma Complex Tomb NawabSafdarjung’s Image7- 1985 in UNESCO of inscription the of acknowledge of lack a by identified was WHS Walls Land is Istanbul but authorities, responsible by landscape cultural there Perhaps Municipality. Metropolitan Istanbul and Fatih inBostans Yedikule urban gardening heritage, although it is an integral part of the Land Walls WHS ( WHS Walls Land the of part integral an is it although heritage, gardening urban the of issue conservation the address to linking/following not is project park recreational the shows, Planlama Kutup of proposal the As plots. bostan Yedikule these of destruction the and Fatih, of municipality local the by Project Implementation Recreation Yedikule proposed the with plots bostan Yedikule three these of replacement the to due threat serious a challenging been have They Walls. Land of assets intangible and tangible the over are Bostans Yedikule arebostan plots protection under the law. of national three thatthese considered have to seems fromcase. municipality Unfortunately, local nobody Yedikule in Walls Land as such monuments its of conservation the on only attention focused heritage built of notion of understanding constricted rather the site, historic an as recognized Landthe are gardensat Walls thevegetable improving. Even remodeling potentialas for its or focuse heritage monuments… its conservation built the on only attention of notion of understanding constricted rather the site, historic an as recognized be to came garden the as even remodeling…., for potential its as immaterial 210 209 (Box7 forum- a 2013, July fromDialogues Forum- osrain su. s n hras ril mentioned article Sharma’s Metropolitan Bostans- on Istanbul As Yedikule of issue. authorities conservation consider the and should Fatih of Municipality municipality local of authorities

adnonr, n suet, cdmcas itletas from intellectuals academicians, students, Preservation Initiative and garden-owners, landscape cultural historic the of conservation and use leisure Accessed on December, 2014, from http://www.bianet.org/bianet/toplum/1485 from 2014, December, on Accessed Sharma, “The British Treatment of Historic Gardens in the Indian Subcontinent: theIndian in Gardens Historic of Treatment British “The Sharma, Ibid. 160 160 3. 2. 1.

). 12 h itrss n erainl esr ue bidn pbi pr) Ti gop contains group This ofresidentsneighborhood themayor reeve, ofneighborhood, of most municipality. park). public (building use leisure recreational in interests The neighborhood, and ofdistrict sellers groceries. of residents other some neighborhood, the at residents Cideli bostan-workers, owners, bostan- group contains This production.(Urbanfood gardens-Bostans) in interestsThe Initiative. Preservation Bostans Yedikule of activists, members and city intellectuals contains academicians, students, group This conservation. landscape historic in interests The 211 ,

The discussions were about about were discussions The Image 7- Image 13 ulc meeting public ).

(YGPI). There are three groups: (YGPI).groups: There are three public public meeting

a ognzd t h dmlse bsas i Yedikule in bostans, demolished the at organized was 209 ifrn itrss f od rdcin recreational production, food of interests different Rfrig o h isrpin f NSO the UNESCO, of inscription the to Referring .

”. Yedikule Bostans have are immaterial immaterial are have Bostans Yedikule ”. itrc eeal gardens vegetable historic blic park, pp. 210-228, p.225. p.225. 210-228, pp. park, blic 210

“ between local neighborhoods, neighborhoods, local between a funerary garden seemed seemed garden funerary a 55-baga-gel-bostana-gel The transformation of Delhi’s ofDelhi’s transformation The eiue Gardens Yedikule Image 7- Image a an as - .

11 d

, Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. All All these could not fit pool,water barn, welland in Ismail Pasha Bostan. Ottoman Period. There ais topography square meters. noIt is longer inherited fro garden. It canbe only hobby garden with 800 “ 213 meter?" meters. What becan produced in 800 square public park project witharea 20 thousands square Forum). The Mayor of Fatih Municipality Municipality Fatih of told Mayor The Yedikule Forum). of meters Bostans” square 800 name: preserve (his tha explained Municipality has Demir) Mustafa Fatih of mayor of The reactions Initiative. to Preservation Bostans due Yedikule project the revised contains on has activity Preservation group production ongoing Bostans This municipality the keeping that announced newspaper A gardeners. with solidarity demandshowing and bostans Yedikule gardeners. initiative this from supporting on Participants specifically and Initiative. students bostans intellectuals, preserving academicians, by park public Harvard University working on Ottoman Ottoman on agriculture technologies working University Harvard Shopov Aleksander news, Vardar’s Nilay from Bianet to according But bostans.” of meters square 100 of units 8 planned have We project. the to added is Bostan Pasha Ismail revised, and been has project park The Selim. Sultan of vizier the was Pasha Ismail area, project park of border the inside wells water and Bostan, Pasha Ismail also is There flora. city’s the rare of part a a are are they and city, the they in agriculture active of era,example Byzantine from gardens inherited are bostans that explained, are lecturers meet meet andfruit vegetable needs gardens. Urban gardens with ongoing production oluyor_111546.html is group first of demand The inBostans Yedikule 212 “After the start of the project, inland and foreign and inland project, the of start the “After Bostans are placethe for production, not ahobby Ibid. Ibid. Accessed on December, 2014, from http://www.yapi.com.tr/haberler/yedikule from 2014, December, on Accessed 161 161 212 :

in August 2013 (one month after the after month (one 2013 August in

in to to 800 square meters of

 said  in h suet at student PhD conservation of the historic cultural landscape cultural historic the of conservation

the planned 213 : : t , water well, “We will will “We m

TL50.000 due to my investments investments my farmer; a so.” us crush to need not do they to am I €18.000). (approximately due TL50.000 I “ disturb don’t and: security, neigh-borhoods Bostancıs he that bostan-owner; mentioned a is Eryılmaz Mehmet our to close park wander safely.” to able be to houses beautiful a want We peninsula, historic it). districtcovers Fatih today walls, city the (inside “There is not any security for years in Suri in years for security any not is “There local mentioned: of She Yedikule. member in neighborhood a is Türkdoğan Hatice gardens.” bull-dozing to due crops all their up pick couldn’t Gardeners gardens-Bostans. vegetable be historic of can demolition without park built public A walls. city the gardens inside remained last the are which years, of hundreds for lands, gardening for used are which agricultural urban preserve Bostans we to and want gardeners Yedikule the with solidarity of show member said: She Initiative. Preservation a and Kafadar Suna Dialogues from Forum- public park by preserving bostans? preserving park by public bostans? If they told me one year ago about the the park, about ago year one me told they If ol lae otn, u nw owe I now but bostans, leave would Could itbepossible to a Could build is an activist, anthropologist anthropologist activist, an is (July, 2013) 2013) (July, -bostanlari-hobi-bahcesi- BOX 7.

public meeting

and building building and

“We want to to want “We mi ç i 08 -

a Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. of 19 end the at production in bostans family 18 around means it then and production, in bostan of size the of hectares 18 may meet it 1998s, in production in bostan of areas discrete 6 are there 6 around If project. park public 2004), municipal of implementation the by (Kaldjian, demolished be will gardens family garden- family garden-one individual as hectares 1-1.2 around uses. is Istanbul 6 in land bostan meets of size it typical the If circle, other border. project red the in the bostan of for size inside the of seen hectares as destroyed park public a are make to demolished they be will discrete perhaps and of production, areas discrete in 6 Furthermore, not are them of in July, 2013, and as well as uncertain situation of their lands in refer to Google earth self- earth Google to drawn ( refer in lands their of situation uncertain as well as and 2013, July, in them bulldozing to due plots bostan third and second the harvest didn’t gardeners the 2014, In In were the plots inside border inproduction municipal 2013,3bostan park seemed of project. on study my of Image 7- border the in plot bostan third and second between seems area parking Car storage and area parking car some to converted and asphalted was 1999s, area discrete this of after section but 1998s, until area discrete one as together were plots bostan third and on Kaldjian by 1998 of map the in well as and map in1920s plots bostan third and second The 7.2.5 inBostans Yedikule ol b dvdd no 0 r 0 niiul adn (i & og 21, .) ( p.6), 2010, Dong, & (Xia gardens individual 20 or 10 into divided be could werecity found each the inside discrete ofthem areas walls, ofbostan 1950s, In 44 mapof the fe 18s bsas eiul wr ednee ad uhd wy rm h ct centre city the in areshown bostans Ottoman late of discreteareas the Inmap, 1998s 1999). from away (Keyder, development housing pushed corruption, political population, and massive growing of endangered because were seriously bostans 1980s, After Yedikule Bostans seem inside and outside the project border, in 2013( in border, project the outside and inside seem Bostans Yedikule The proposed municipal park project is shown with the demolition of bostans on bostans of demolition the with shown is project park municipal proposed The ic 76 hs eiuebsashv eni rdcin Since 1786,these bostanshave Yedikule inproduction. been also be will area hisare area project the in map, bostans Yedikule two these 1786's means It demolished. in as well as map, 1875's in drawn is it Bostan, Piri Haci was border project proposed the inside production area in bostan this second map, The demolished. 1786's be in will as well as map, 1875's in illustrated is it Bostan, Pasha Ismail was border project the inside production in bostan First Bostan. Pasha Ismail 1875s of part in a as years, it maps, for bostan for used was land the before but 2010, in completed were Villas 162 162 th

century zones. food production at the historic Bostans on the historic maps relation to the municipal park project historic relation onthe the project Bostans municipal maps to park Image 7- Image 44

. 44 ).

otn n production in bostan in the border of my study site seem as one discrete area discrete one as seem site study my of border the in

r son n 98 mp n is 2 its and map 1998s on shown are Image 7- Image Image 7- Image 43 at least 200 year-old. 200 least at . It shows the second second the shows It . Image 7- Image 45 : 1 : mg 7- Image ). Yedikule ).

Image 7- Image 43 , most land, land, 42 45 ).

. 2013

Die approbierte 3 gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Agricultural Generators for Istanbul’s Urbanization”, pp.1-66, p.8, acces p.8, pp.1-66, Urbanization”, Istanbul’s for Generators Agricultural Image7- Image7- drawing drawing inBostans Yedikule

2 + 2 3 163 163 Image7- Kaldjian Paul J., 2004, “Istanbul’s Bostans: A Millennium of Market Garden Market of A Millennium “Istanbul’s Bostans: 2004, J., Paul Kaldjian 1 201 42 44 : 3 : 2 2 Distribution of Bostans in Istanbul in 1800 and 1920, cited from cited Xia, 1920, and 1800 in Istanbul in of Bostans Distribution

43 Bostans in the border of R. Project in 2013 and 2014 google earth google and 2014 in2013 ofProject R. border in the Bostans 1 1 : 3 3 Distribution of Bostans in Historic Peninsula in the city of Istanbul in in Istanbul the city of in Peninsula Historic in of Bostans Distribution

201 4 2 2 3 3 1 1

ParkingArea Storageland N.

sed November, 2014 November, sed LEGEND LEGEND ,& Bostans in the border, self the border, in Bostans ,& 2 2 s”, pp.284-304, p.289. p.289. pp.284-304, s”, Di and Yao Dong, “Bostans: “Bostans: Dong, Yao and Di 3 3 1 1 1998 by Kaldjian, (Source: (Source: by Kaldjian, 1998

LEGEND LEGEND Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Belgrad Gate Belgrad Image7- inBostans Yedikule

after 2013 2013 after Bostancıs, by border project inside the cultivated aren’t Bostans project public park proposed of border the inside/outside Bostans 1. Source:Google Earth, 2014 Source:Google Earth, 2013 4. 6. 164 164 2. 6: by Hakk by Chevalier. Le J. B. by map the in1786, on Bostan Ismail Pasha 7:

Ismail Pasha Bostan and Hac and Bostan Ismail Pasha

3 3 3 3 45 3 3

: Planning Proposal of Local Municipality in Yedikule Neighborhood Yedikule in ofLocal Municipality Proposal : Planning ı Ayverdi, self colored. colored. self Ayverdi, 2 2 3 2

2 2 2 2 ı Piri Bostan on the map in 1875, mapin 1875, the on Bostan Piri 1 1 VillasY.

Villas Y. 1 Thrown rubbles on red areas of bostan bostan of areas red on rubbles Thrown Ismail Pasha Bostan Bostan Ismail Pasha appears it 1875, in map to According bostan for years years for bostan for used land the before in 2010, 3. 5. 3. Yedikule Villas were completed completed were YedikuleVillas

1 1

(Kutup Planlama, 2013:55) (KutupPlanlama, 7.

Villas Y. 1 Villas Y. Bostan Pasha Ismail 1 Yedikule Gate Gate Yedikule 1

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. inBostans Yedikule bostans for more than 200 years in Yedikule ( are Yedikule in there years Ayverdi, 200 by than more1875 for in bostans map the and Chevalier Le by 1786 in map the to According Ismail7: Pasha Bostan on the map 1786, Le in B. by J. Chevalier. border of proposed municipal Public Park is shown project with red byline the author, self Ismail6: Bostan Pasha and are illustrated PiriHacı Bostanon the map 1875,byHakkı in Ayverdi. The Yedikulewhere BostaVillas were completed was used for untilbostan 2010. Pasha Ismail appears number land first the 1875, in map to According 5: situation 2014.in due bostancıs by border project the inside cultivated aren’t bostans 2013, After 4: hatched areas were destroyed in July, 2013; the size of demolished land is 2.7hectares. b for used was land the that before 2010, in completed were Villas Yedikule 3: Bostans2: are inside and outside of the borderof proposed public park in project 2013, self drawing. 6 demolish to intends It size. land the hectares of the size of bostan lands. of hectares 8.5 covers municipality project local The 2013. of in project Neighborhood, Park Public of proposal planning shows drawing The 1: In 214

1875, wooded bostan house and1875, wooded location today exist atthis still brick bostan house barn in Ayverdi by map the to According outbuildings. bostan as such pool water well, water barn, 2015, http://www.viralmecmua.com/tarihi-yedikule-bostanlari-yokediliyor-/hab 2015, u t ogig erainl mlmnain rjc ( project implementation recreational ongoing to due municipality local by destroyed be will Bostan Pasha Ismail exist. still Bostan Pasha Ismail salPsaBsa r led etoe,ad t hs lcs eiueVla aebit in built are Villas ( 2010 Yedikule places these at and destroyed, already are Bostan Pasha Ismail Aleksander Shopov & Ayhan Han, 2013: Tarihi Yedikule Bostanlari Yok Ed Yok YedikuleBostanlari Tarihi 2013: Han, Ayhan & Shopov Aleksander Image 7- Image 165 165 Walls Walls Land Image 7- Image on the map in 1786, by J.B. Le Chevalier Le Chevalier J.B. by in map 1786, theon Image7-

45 : : Gate Gate Silivri 46 45 : Between the gates Silivri and Yedikule, Hacı Piri and IsmailBostans and Pasha Piri Hacı Yedikule, and Silivri gates the Between : : 2, 3, 4 and 5 and 4 3, 2, :

). Today this bostan consists of bostan house, single storey brick brick storey single house, bostan of consists bostan this Today ).

Gate Gate Belgrad

Image 7- Image 45 mg 7- Image : 6 &7 and and &7 6 45 1 2 ad 4 and 2, 1, : erdetay/501342/default.htm iliyor!, accessed on January, on accessed iliyor!, Fortress Fortress Yedikule Image 7- Image Gate Gate Yedikule 214 ostans for years. Red years. for ostans n. It means the land the means It n. . 46 . oe at of parts Some ). to being uncertain being to ). Most parts of parts Most ). are shown are n Yedikule in colored.

Gate Gate Belgrad Fortress Fortress Yedikule Gate Gate Yedikule Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Sabah. inBostans Yedikule Image 7- Image Image7- July, 2013 from www.yesilmimarlik.com.) from www.yesilmimarlik.com.) July,2013 in18 fromis A view to Castle Yedikule Yedikule Bostans, 166 166

th September,2011. 47 48 : 1

: Yedikule Bostans inside the Land Walls in Historic Peninsula, approximately i approximately Peninsula, Historic in Walls Land the inside Bostans Yedikule Yedikule Bostans (Ismail Pasha) and Yedikule Villas in 2011. (Source: accessedo (Source: 2011. Villasin Yedikule and (Ismail Pasha) Bostans Yedikule

n 1890, by Pascal Pascal by 1890, n n

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Characteristics of urban bostans inYedikule neighborhood The The demolition of bostans in orderto make anurban park inBostans Yedikule 167 167

Planning proposalmunicipality: oflocal Both of urban open spaces spaces urban open of Both

Discussion of the issues issues the of Discussion CHAPTER7.3

Status quo:

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 7.3 inBostans Yedikule spaces are Bostans Yedikule Existing lifestyles? changed the of requirements and the actors, city different of demands the situation, current of needs the the meet at it used will present,as plots bostan Keeping changes? the managed be should How today? of needs the meet to preserved plots bostan historic these be should how But preserve. to necessary are is plots bostan value these landscape, historic cultural historic and being cultural of reason social, The before. their explained widely years, third 200 or least at second zones by production food activities same gardening for the at production food used for used is land the are shows, maps historic and gardeners, plots of generation bostan these hand, other the On site. study the at Walls, Land the inside park, recreational a with plots bostan Yedikule of replacement the asserts proposal planning The project. park municipal proposed the the of border in Bostans Yedikule of plots some are There 2013. in Yedikule in Fatih of municipality the of situation existing ratified local project, by the an public park urban on one handstudy is there present, at site the The Yedikule. in site study of border the investigate to going am I of Both openurbanBostansspaces: andUrban the proposed publi purposes. purposes. advantages and disadvantages of the proposed public park project will be widely explained. advantages parkand project bewidely disadvantages will of the public explained. proposed the as well As them. from dwellers neighborhood all benefits get to and bostans to access to let to used be plots bostan should how and lacks, existing well as benefits, existing out find to way this in production, food for bostan as land keeping of disadvantages and advantages the compare to going am I Lastly, lands. bostan from benefits get can neighborhoods all so and Butother city apublicparkdwellers, isallowedto allcity groups? different toaccess dwellers of demands the about what them, from benefits get to and plots bostan to access to allowed is who and people of group heritage small a If heritage? of of use common as park, use public a making as it individual of benefits as farms, commercial as acting that Bostans Yedikule existing of benefits who Secondly, recreation? for demand a is there if activities, recreation convert to and plots bostan of purposes production food keeping possible it Is recreation? for park public a make to or production food for bostan as land keep to important is why Firstly as thefollowing: Igoodam issues going planinYedikule, tocompare both spaces. open urban out on find plan good to a compared make be will issues Both park. public proposed the and bostans urban situation existing the spaces, open urban are issues Both investigated. be will park public a making of necessity the and project park municipal proposed the of lacks the The of disadvantages and advantages the as well as proposed public park project. explored, be will situation existing of necessity the and needs today’s the at bostans keeping of disadvantages and satisfy Advantages investigated. be will bostans keeping to Bostans Yedikule of lacks The profit. make 168 168

DISCUSSION OF THE ISSUES wih are which ,

They are acting as acting are They cesbe ny lal dfnd ru o people of group defined clearly only accessible

commercial farms commercial

The reason of finding the right way to make a make to way right the finding of reason The ; the primary goal of food production is to is production food of goal primary the ; c park cpark

hog uig certain using through semi-private open open semi-private h rgt a to way right the

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. perception of bostan activities for local residents and for city residents. residents. city for and residents local for activities bostan of perception to contribute Yedikule in bostans The itself. land of area physical the as landscape people...’ by perceived as land of area ‘an Convention, Landscape European the of 1 article In areas. urban of people of perception the mostly cover functions symbolic and structural The Neighborhood. are Yedikule in bostans The values and meanings identity, carrier a of as 7.3.1 inBostans Yedikule 7.3.1.1 215 They are They the of significance the explore and place, the of bostans. geography the and history the account rdtoa frig rcie fo Bznie eid utl 15 until Period, Byzantine from practices farming traditional 94, No.3, People, Places, & Gardens, pp.284-304, p.291. p.291. pp.284-304, & Gardens, Places, No.3, People, 94, between 15 between Istanbul. lettuce- ifrn nihohos ee nw fr h seily f hi gardens their of oily and soft being specialty of reputation had which lettuce, its for the known were Yedikule for known were neighborhoods Different production activities on the same plots for local resident and for city residents. residents. city for lets and resident bostans local existing for plots same the on activities production contribute They dwellers. local of perception the at bostans keep to helps it and well as reminders livable are They . gardeners by ongoing still keep techniques gardening traditional the periods, three between bridge a as addresses place The ciiis t h sm pos Te cmoe n intangible an compose They plots. same the at activities Walls on 4 on Walls Land the of construction the on rely They years. 200 least at maps historic the on seen be can pr o clua lnsae f Istanbul of landscape cultural of part a and view nostalgic the keep to necessary are they Land Walls, the of structure conservation important an are They Peninsula. Historic and Walls Land the of component important an are They peninsula. Historic the of Period Republican and Ottoman Byzantine, in practices agrarian about information give to possible it make They landscape. area. of conservation are Yedikule in bostans The tradition

Kaldjian, Paul J., 2004, “Istanbul’s Bostans: A Millenium of Market Garden Market Aof Millenium “Istanbul’s Bostans: 2004, J., Paul Kaldjian, 169 169

They are an integral part of distinctive character of Land Walls while forming a cultural cultural a forming while Walls Land of character distinctive of part integral an are They

marul Status quo: existing bostans in quo:bostans existing Yedikule neighborhood Status . The SignificanceThe of Keeping Bostans: Bostancılık –gardening culture- –gardening Bostancılık a part of traditional farming activities farmingtraditional of part a

th th century. They are 16 year-old bostan plots, in which there is still food production production food still is there which in plots, bostan year-old 16 are century.They and 19 and - is famous at thebazaars. isfamous itrc utrl adcp vle a te ad al ad t surrounding its and Walls Land the at value, landscape cultural historic th

centuries; and the Turkish Republic Period in 19 in Period Republic Turkish the and centuries; h perception the

structural and symbolic functions of open spaces open of functions symbolic and structural

pr o hsoi clua landscape. cultural historic of part a f eiet cniu aot rdtoa greig in gardening traditional about continue residents of Marul is still ongoing on the same production zones, which zones, ongoing same production is still onthe referring to this definition, perception is a part of of part a is perception definition, this to referring

Te otn ae pr of part a are bostans The . . They establish a They establish . Festivals were organized in Yedikule. Festivals were inYedikule. organized ; the bostans along the Land Walls carry the carrythe Walls Land the along bostans the ; perception of continuous food continuous of perception utrl heritage cultural image th sense of place of sense s”, Geographical Review, Vol. Review,Vol. Geographical s”, century; Ottoman Period, Period, Ottoman century; ‘landscape’ is defined as defined is ‘landscape’ of Land Walls. They are Theyare Walls. Land of th They contribute the the contribute They century up to today to up century sabls identity Istanbul’s , the gardens of of gardens the , They are They by taking into into bytaking , 215 in Yedikule in bostancılık bostancılık . Yedikule . keep the the keep acting acting The the

. .

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. ofmaintain sustainable urban landscape urban and society. viability to potential have Bostans Peninsula. Historic Istanbul in practices agricultural of continuity festival’ ‘ by celebrated was Hospital Yedikule the of day foundation the 1938, in example, For inBostans Yedikule practices toa Pro. hy c as act They Period. Ottoman of from are site study They Peninsula. the Historic of at system supply water pools about information give wells, that time water Byzantine four are There heritage. cultural Vegetable to Urban contribution Istanbul the of Value (Bostans) Gardens Socio-cultural and History Gardening Urban 216 http://yedikulebostanlari.tumblr.com/image/57776691214 The report of the newspaper Cumhuriyet, in 30 Cumhuriyet, the of newspaper report The 170 170 civic ad monastic practices monastic ad civic a part of water supply system supply water of part a inYedikule n h ps. hy r crir of carrier are They past. the on

are widely explained under the chapter of historic aspects, as well as their as well as aspects, historic of chapter the under explained widely are 216

in the Byzantine Period, Byzantine the in databank a of Constantinople and Historic Peninsula. They are a part a are They Peninsula. Historic and Constantinople of th May, 1938, p.5, accessed on November, 2014, from 2014, November, on accessed p.5, 1938, May,

nagbe val intangible f itrc aa n h ses n agricultural and seeds the on data historic of .

the pious foundations system foundations pious the e, hc rpeet h historical the represent which ues, in the in marul marul

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. tegory/gardens/yedikule-gardens/ http://cityandagricultureistanbul.org/ca market,early1960s. to bostans from production fresh Bey takes Image7- Period production process, vegetable gardens and opportunities from Greeks or Armenians. Armenians. or Greeks from opportunities and gardens vegetable process, production bostan the for know-how the inherited Bulgarians Bulgarians; or Armenians were producers

219 309-310. pp. 2, Today)”, to Yesterday sabls al Bostanc early Istanbul’s 7.3.1.2 inBostans Yedikule Who areWho gardeners urban /Bostancı 217 218 Gardens” Market 1963. garden’ ‘ at gardeners Yedikule other and isBey Rıza gardener gardens/ ul.org/category/gardens/yedikule- Image7- Kaldjian P., 2004 P., Kaldjian Günçıkan B., 1990; field interviews; cited from Kaldjian P., 2004 P., from Kaldjian cited interviews; field 1990; B., Günçıkan Istanbul Ansiklopedisi, 1994, Bostan: “Dünden Bugüne Istanbul Ansikloped Istanbul Bugüne “Dünden Bostan: 1994, Ansiklopedisi, Istanbul 171 171 (http://cityandagricultureistanb 217 50

near the Yedikule Walls, Walls, thenear Yedikule ) 49

: Who benefits of as it keeping Bostan?

: Albanian gardener Rıza gardener Albanian

One of Albanian of One . öücyn eakd ht n 17 in that remarked Kömürcüyan , pp.284-304, p.292. p.292. pp.284-304, , : “Istanbul’s Bostans: A Millennium of Market Gardens” Market of Millennium A “Istanbul’s Bostans: : lettuce lettuce

ıs – ).

eeal producers vegetable

ugras n Abnas n h mid- the in Albanians and Bulgarians codn t Cdls te hd en okn a vegetable as working been had they Cidelis, to According sabl Abna producers- Albanian in trade Istanbul, the learned migrants Albanian when Afterwards, ea wrig n h bostans the on working began Cidelis migrants. some for employment of needs the meet to role important an played Bostans Cidelis. as Istanbul in increased migrants internal that of result a As areas. rural in decreased has labor human of need the and Turkey, rural in area in land agricultural in mechanization the start in 1950s Plan first Marshal by twenty War World in Second the bostans After century. the in production ongoing from Cide, gardeners of generation third or second are today of are the mostly vegetable producers at the bostans. Bostanc bostans. the at producers vegetable mostly the are Turkey of region Sea Black the in province Kastamonu of Cide- from families migrant internal the Currently, through renaming bostans renaming through shown in 1883 map of Istanbulshown in1883map of t h bgnig f 21 generationsCidelis from of beginning the at were still gardening, ( gardening, still were the end of 20 of end the At themselves. Bostancı expert became and bostans, of sites production ongoing inherited in Cidelis therefore bostans and their 1980s, sold Bulgarians and Albanians bostans. their and region, Sea Istanbul’s workingfor gardensthem prepared experienceon Black of gardens the in producers s – vegetable producers / vegetable gardenvegetable producers keepers vegetable /

th century, a few older Bulgarians or Albanians Albanians or Bulgarians older few a century, th were Greeks and Armenians in Byzantine Byzantine in Armenians and Greeks were century (Ottoman Period) the vegetable vegetable the Period) (Ottoman century Image 7- Image : “Istanbul’s Bostans: A Millennium of of A Bostans: Millennium “Istanbul’s : st second to third

century the transition between between transition the century by Albanian names; it had been had it names; Albanian by 49 , pp.2 , 218 isi (Encyclopedia of Istanbul for ofIstanbul isi (Encyclopedia and . gardeners

s ie labor hired as 84 -304, p.292. p.292. -304, Image 7- Image isongoing

to 50 predominated lt 1950s. -late ) and today and ) for the the for a district district a 219 . ? ? ıs

- -

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. institutions Eu vision. city modern official the the But Bostans. practices- migrant with association Agricultural practices in the cities are marked in common myths and the perception of of perception the world and the across mythsspaces backward and common dirty, inefficient, in unhygienic, became marked bostan neighborhood are cities the in practices Agricultural spaces backward crowded, dirty, noisy, as described are these communities-, the support and bostans-which neighborhood ideal, urban life, urban efficient modern as media the in tempted example-are for constructions artificial modern with community life, to Istanbul life, paved over. As over. paved life, Istanbul to life, community to life, neighborhood to Bostans Yedikule as such gardens neighborhood of contributions The that traditional practicessocial,are margins. economic pushed toward often and legal bostan. take at urban place might leisure that activities Bostans Yedikule workedon familyyears been his hasand 13 old, is He Cide. fromcity walls the at gardeners today’s all as Cide, from originally are they Bostans, Yedikule demolished of ( Kayan Muhammed with interview an made I to topickCidelis attention harvest, their paying harvest up without sabl ad otold rdcin ( production controlled and Istanbul, gardeners- vegetable urban became Cidelis The inBostans Yedikule 220 221 Problems and Policy Implications for Urban Agriculture in Developing Countries. Developing in Agriculture Urban for Implications Policy and Problems 2013 14 Shopov, Aleksandar by photo Bostans, Yedikule in them, destroying Image7- Kaldjian P., 2004 P., Kaldjian Cheema et al., 1996 al., et Cheema 172 172 ropean fashion have been the goal in urban development and western economy economy western and development urban in goal the been have fashion ropean (http://www.mimdap.org/?p=160400). (http://www.mimdap.org/?p=160400).

221 51 . In Yedikule Bostans, Bostans, Yedikule In . :

Todays Bostancıs pick up their harvest before the bulldozer bulldozer the before harvest theirup pick Bostancıs Todays 220 , -supermarkets, shopping malls or recreational land uses such as public parks parks public as such uses land recreational or malls shopping -supermarkets, , : “Istanbul’s Bostans: A Millennium of Market Gardens” Market of Millennium A “Istanbul’s Bostans: : traditional and agricultural practices in Istanbul were not welcome for for welcome not were Istanbul in practices agricultural and traditional , “Urban Agriculture: Food, Jobs and Sustainable Cities” Sustainable and Jobs Food, Agriculture: “Urban

in contrast traditional institutions traditional contrast in

yblz te rdtoa ubn gardening urban traditional the symbolize Because after the foundation of Turkish Republic in 1923, 1923, in Republic Turkish of foundation the after Because h opruiy a be mse fr erain and recreation for missed been has opportunity the rdtoa ad giutrl practices agricultural and traditional mg 7- Image

Image 7- Image 51 Image 7- Image ). They are land renters of bostans; the the bostans; of renters land are They ). Bostancıs Bostancıs 52 ). His family is one of the gardeners gardeners the of one is family His ). 51 As Kuppinger in 1995 commented, in1995commented, AsKuppinger thJuly, such as neighborhood bazaars or bazaars neighborhood as such shows, on the most extant bostans bostans extant most the on . . ; Bryld E., 2003, “ 2003, E., ; Bryld ” ” in July2013. bulldozers destroyed the destroyed bulldozers powerless. They They themselves became preserved powerless. bostans and Bostancısnetwork, food global and land urban for competitions intensive of face the In bostans. of owners become renter, not could they as stay them let costs land increased village lifestyles by an an by lifestyles village within continued and Istanbul metropolis in for gardening on on gardening for t h ct walls city the at Potentials, Potentials, in

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. today’s Yedikule Bostancıs, December, 2014, Photo byMehmed. Photo Elis 2014, December, Bostancıs, today’sYedikule Image7- inBostans Yedikule 222 getting contact with anyone, anymore.getting with anyone, contact residents as traditional gardening in Istanbul. They gain in meaning as as meaning keepers in gain They Istanbul. in gardening traditional as residents of perception the in exist still are bostans also and experience, their with process production play Bostancıs Today’s beautify andgardens walls. aroundTheyLand the nostalgicview keeping of provide Walls and old lands, years hundreds underused the16 monuments. historic of view the ensure ofThey Istanbul’s identity. of part a are that Walls Land and view the ensure vacant and beautify of bostancıs Yedikule landscapes. beautification and gardens remediating on important are They traditions. maintain bostancıs Yedikule lands. their monitor and sense; icd hn wne t talk. to wanted I when winced family his think I come, didn’t father the but father, his call to went he father, his with meet to Muhammed from want I conversation, our After families. gardener support academicians intellectuals, of consist Harvard that in groups conservation technology, because him; agriculture likes Muhammed Ottoman University. on researcher a is He Initiative. Preservation ra bostancı Urban have been productive today. bostancıs till Therefore, tradition. bostans every bostan in sustaining remaining authorities and gardens with The keeping struggle for land. and intervention managers, the land as on work bostancıs production that demonstrate ongoing by gardens vegetable of disappearance historic the preventing gardens, the maintaining keepers, bostan as role important Yedikule. in lands bostan of owners temporary are They job business. their seriously bostan the continue who very members, family generation third up or second are They operations. take and products, and gardens gardens their unelaborated neglected, the as staying prevent and gardens Interview with M. Kayan, the son of bostanc sonof the Kayan, with M. Interview 173 173 52 ” ” : Interview with Muhammed Kayan, a son of Cideli family, who are family, Cideli sonof a Kayan, withMuhammed Interview today

, s because vegetable garden keepers- garden vegetable because ev a ln gad, s otn epr, s ad manager land as keepers, bostan as guards, land as serve

n motn rl o peevn taiinl otn ad ongoing and bostans traditional preserving on role important an

ehp, hy ae rsue rm oa atoiis o to not authorities local from pressure have they Perhaps,

ı family from demolished bostans in Yedikule, December, 2014. 2014. December, Yedikule, in bostans demolished from family

Bostancıs-

prevent the disappearance of disappearance the prevent eiue Gardens Yedikule keeping of member a and bostans, for struggled Aleksander, who is is about who me Aleksander, asked He eiin i i sil not legal still clear” is for it the decision, waiting is by familymy and municipality, Yedikule demolished are they on because Bostans, harvest tells: didn’tfamily my year “This he But years. for Urban bostancıs play an an play bostancıs Urban s mlhle family smallholder as . Bostancıs maintain maintain Bostancıs . 222 vgtbe garden “vegetable .

s n broad a in

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. mg 7- (https://gis.fatih.bel.tr/webgis/default.aspx Image as Distribution YedikuleFood Food NetworkThe the of local and Miles/ Bostans district: such bostans local from vegetables of consumption domestic gardens, fresh access to produced vegetables. their increase to residents motivate local bostancıs and bostans Urban restaurants. and retailers other as sell selling to bazaars,vendors, street neighborhood in selling bostans, their on stands roadside the at produce fresh selling families bostancı for important is It vegetables. fresh food, nutritious to access Urban bostans and bostancıs improve the health of buyers- of health the improve bostancıs and bostans Urban Health Kastamonu, in the region of Black Sea, after 1950s. A number of bostans along and outside outside and along bostans of number A 1950s. after Sea, Black of region the in Kastamonu, 7- Image 7.3.1.3 inBostans Yedikule hr ae he lns wih r sil sd o pouto i te odr f Yedikule of border the in production for used still are 18 in map the years(See old. 200 whichleast at are which Neighborhood, lands, three are There 174 174

46 Adv 53

). Today, bostan-owners are several families, who moved from Cide, a district of district a Cide, from moved who families, several are bostan-owners Today, ). : The Network of Yedikule Bostans and Fatih District, self drawing drawing self District, Fatih and Bostans Yedikule of Network The : antages & Disadvantages of Keeping Bostans

2 2 1 3 3

local residents local th century by Le Chevalier, LeChevalier, centuryby through providing providing through

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. to tries it that is neighborhood Yedikule in production ongoing the for thing important most The local well withYedikule as bazaars. neighborhood thestrong and connection district-wide a forms It as 1995s. bostan-land booming a established since migrants Inland Wall. Land Gate the along lands farm Topkapı linear to toward Yedikule from expanded Walls Land the inBostans Yedikule district wide. I interviewed the bostancıs in Yedikule and tried to find out, which which out, ( find Fatih of district local to the in spreads tried and personally. Yedikule network the find products I can that, of mapping the By roadside. the at their bostans, their on also sell They sell in they or products bostancıs their send often the they bazaars neighborhood interviewed I wide. district aat ra lns wse ra lns n gnrtn poutv spaces productive generating and lands urban waste lands, urban vacant have Walls Land the outside and along gardens Urban bazaars. neighborhood on space thebazaars,Vegetables in way,are ina sold traditional mostly inTurkey. consumption the to bostans on space production the from Image7- (https://gis.fatih.bel.tr/webgis/default.aspx 175 175 sals a ewr truh h slig n byn activity buying and selling the through network a establish 54

: The Network of Yedikule Bostans and Fatih district, food distribution self distribution food district, Fatih and YedikuleBostans of Network : The

2 2 1 3 3

Image 7- Image

53 , Image 7- Image ucin f eeitn, cleaning remediating, of function 54 ). I can also find the food miles miles food the find also can I ). of the bostan products products bostan the of drawing , , providing providing ,

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Bostans have been provided vegetables and fruit needs of Istanbulese for centuries. Today, Today, are centuries. bostans for Istanbulese of needs fruit and vegetables provided been have Bostans 5 Table the in neighborhood the bostans move gardens- who Urban residents. local for people spaces safe provide the gardens Urban process. urbanization for employment and food purchasable inBostans Yedikule fresh products products fresh provide They residents. local for food nutritious to access provide Yedikule in gardens Urban generally but fromtimes; intheseason Cide, workfamily. as they a moved who townsman or friends local sometimes hire They activities. gardening for renters process urbanization the in neighborhood msin it te i. f e opr te og od ie, ht od oe from comes food that miles, consumers food reach to distance long long takes it the bazaars; neighborhood to compare wholesale Istanbul’s from then we and wholesale; Istanbul’s If the to provinces Mediterranean air. the into emissions dioxide carbon less giving district, the the in quality air improve to help miles and food Short district. neighborhood, their in conditions environment improve to help They environment. integrated in district’s food production and distribution network economically and and economically network distribution and production food district’s in integrated level, neighborhood citywide since 18 since citywide socially. and economically are Bostans the local the residents in district. to important miles.are bostans food Yedikule distance why long That’s the at ‘fresh’ longer food the keep to used are colorings and al nYdkl r sda otnfrgreigatvte tlattohnrd years. hundred two least are they then, at Since activities gardening for bostan a as used are Yedikule in Walls for gardening activities since 18 since activities gardening for the and 1875 in used were lands three the that proved is it Kaldjian, maps by 1998 in map the also and 1920, in map Ayverdi and Chevalier Le and Kauffer by 1807 in maps Istanbul on

Urban bostancıs sell their fresh products from Yedikule bostans to the different different the to bostans Yedikule from products fresh neighborhood thebazaars district Fatih in of their sell bostancıs Urban maps). for production.(See thehistoric 176 176 : Neighborhood Bazaars Bazaars Neighborhood n eiue Neighborhood Yedikule in Sunday Sunday Saturday Friday Thursday Wednesday Tuesday Monday D

ays not enough to satisfy all vegetable needs of Istanbulese in city level city in Istanbulese of needs vegetable all satisfy to enough not

integrated in the city’s food production and distribution network network distribution and production food city’s the in integrated in th century, which can be seen on historic maps. The lands inside the Land the inside lands The maps. historic on seen be can which century, to Neigborhood Bazaars Neigborhood Fatih (Çarşamba Bazaar) Bazaar) (Çarşamba Fatih Bazaar Balat and Şehremini Karagümrük Kasımpaşa Kocamustafapaşa Fındıkzade Ağaçkakan a part of city’s food production and distribution network distribution and production food city’s of part a it still satisfies a part of vegetable needs of local residents, and they are they and residents, local of needs vegetable of part a satisfies still it oa dsrc bazaars district local

in the district of Fatih (Source: http://www.fatih.bel.tr/) http://www.fatih.bel.tr/) (Source: ofFatih district the Vegetables grown in Yedikule bostans have been sold to the the to sold been have bostans Yedikule in grown Vegetables

th century; and today these food production plots are still used still are plots production food these today and century; rae o opruiis o mgat wo oe the move who migrants for opportunities job create

local district of Fatih. Bostancıs have have Bostancıs in products bazaars. neighborhood fresh Fatih. their sell of to opportunities district the local in neighborhoods different in week a day per every bazaar place Fatih. take of are bazaars district Neighborhood there local the graphic in the establishment in seen As . Economically, Bostancıs are normally land land normally are Bostancıs Economically, . . ( provide fresh food by short-food miles for for miles short-food by food fresh provide hr-od miles Short-food Image 7- Image 53 , Image 7- . rvd ls dmg in damage less provide 54 hmcl preservatives Chemical , Table5 ). . As well as well As . u in but ,

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Composting &Fertilizer other and inputs Environmental increasing by warming global on at the neighborhood scale. impact Its distance. locally, eat to promoting for reasons social or environmental many long of one is gases greenhouse a is customers, Istanbul’s socially inBostans Yedikule rdcin ore f od o h csoe’ plate customer’s the to food of source production miles- food compare If we Istanbul. citythe across spread Its benefits benefits. social and environmental provide Bostans food on spent profit. their increase to try income they family a as working the by and small, is but bostancıs for profit of margin gardeners, The needs. other of use to money needs save to supplementary, the food allows gardeners of allexpenditures not feel may themselves, gardens- urban but explained; gardener one bostans as family, as for work profit to make required to is and it Istanbul, bostancıs, in food for income its of percent 30-40 spends household typical because income, of (bostan) source single a on need livelihood families’ migrant the fresh produced vegetables, they represent valuable jobs and important sources for Bostanc for sources important and jobs valuable represent they vegetables, produced fresh households-food supply around 25 percent of the annual household. annual the of percent 25 around supply households-food 223 bostanc and residents the for produce fresh gardenersand for income of source a as needs, neighborhood and household to contribute butthey significantly neighborhood, Yedikule in people 17.000 all of needs food in the meet to bostans able not be scale-as may neighborhood bostans from vegetables the produced of at diversity the and evaluated amounts the is neighborhood, Yedikule bostans of contribution food the If Istanbul’svegetables bostans seem insignificant. from the facility, Turkey’s wholesale agro at frominexpensively global, marketing and vegetables the Istanbul, to mass-produced in provinces Mediterranean the diversity transporting vegetable as the such produced, marketplace is industrial what with compare to also and food;of amounts significant provide longer no bostans Istanbul, in people million 14 of needs food tomeet scale, a metropolitan evaluated on Istanbul’s itis bostans, if of Food contribution Contribution: Food from small largescalescale…to network. 224 p.295. pp.284-304, Kaldjian P., 2000, quoted from Kaldjian P., 2004 from P., quoted Kaldjian 2000, P., Kaldjian Accessed on December, 2014, from http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10. from 2014, December, on Accessed 177 177 . In this way, way, this In . may fill an important household need of gardeners through providing food food providing through gardeners of need household important an fill may They neighborhood ofurbana part city are to food from level security level.

otn ae pr o te iys od rdcin n distribution and production food city’s the of part a are bostans the term refers to the distance of food which is transported from thefrom transported is distancefood which the of to refers term the

: “Istanbul’s Bostans: A Millennium of of Gardens” Market Millennium A “Istanbul’s Bostans: :

224 ; ıs 1021/es087190e from Mediterranean provinces to to provinces Mediterranean from . Bostans as sources of income and income of sources as Bostans . 223 Maybe it cannot meet meet cannot it Maybe . , ıs

’ Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. ed h needs the feed but labor, household the for necessary “ Cidelis- Cidelis are working as smallholders, as extended family to make profit, as Cemil explained Cemil as profit, make to family extended as smallholders, as working are Cidelis families need external sources. therefore needs, all satisfy to enough not but families, Bostan feeding contribute Bostans on grown have andLand inside their along bostan outside plots, Walls. the they produce selling income earn bostancıs Yedikule fruits. and vegetables producing employment, providing families, bostan feeding for potential have bostans Urban Economic asaplots, common practice between bostancıs. But season. another to season one from preservation seed the about opportunity prevent may they and hybrid as inputs seeds. in modified changes genetically the present may gardeners concerning problem main The vegetablesbut theygood as vegetablesaswith manure. manure, with don’t taste than faster grow fertilizer chemical with Vegetables Istanbul. around farms the other or Çatalca in or stands roadside in farms from manure of buytruckloads manybostancıs that explained the Ramazan As fertilizer. at directly chemical than rather manure, mostly harvest use to prefer bostancıs after Yedikule bazaars. neighborhood sold are bostan from vegetables vegetables produced mass and industrially bostan from vegetables the that assert buyers their and bostancıs Yedikule threaten long-term sustainability. et t bsc ieiod ed. t a b ncsay hectares- 3 necessary be may It needs. livelihood basic its meet hectares 1-1.2 around is Istanbul in bostan keeping producing activities producing keeping their on bostan. animalsfarmfrom fertilizers natural compareto in from families extended of household a support to income, of sources external any without animals Farm 1990s. until animals draft Some provided and centuries. animals for farm vegetables cows, quality chickens, high had produced bostancıs they way, this In and soils. healthy sustain productive to fertilizers natural on relied Yedikule in bostancıs urban 1990s, Until inBostans Yedikule pressure to rely on chemical fertilizers. on rely to pressure harvest their for outside from fertilizer buy to begun bostancıs then city, the from animals work and herd remove to began authorities 225 e ae o ok s aiy o ae profit make to family as work to have we Cited from Kaldjian P., 2004 P., from Cited Kaldjian 178 178 Ye iue adnr pee te rsrig ed fr h nx sao fo ter bostan their from season next the for seeds preserving the prefer gardeners dikule o icm groups, income low manure for fertilization their harvest naturally harvest their fertilization for manure

, n h ohr ad ihu bsa sucs t ae lf mr dfiut for difficult more life makes it sources bostan without hand other the in

: “Istanbul’s Bostans: A Millennium of Market Gardens” Market of Millennium A Bostans: :“Istanbul’s They provide food production cheaper. Due to lower expense, expense, lower to Due cheaper. production food provide They and causes further increasing labor needs. needs. labor increasing further causes and

the only income of bostan sources is not enough to enough not is sources bostan of income only the

Using chemical fertilizers has had negative impacts hadnegativeimpacts has chemicalfertilizers Using

, it is necessary for a household of five people to people five of household a for necessary is it , ”

It causes to rm eierna poics Bcue the Because provinces. Mediterranean from bcue rft agn ae o ml. t is It small. so are margins profit because , . Therefore it is caused caused is it Therefore . . The costs are discouraged gardeners on gardenerson discouraged arecosts The . decline vegetables quality and to quality vegetables decline . But . after 1990s, the municipal the 1990s, after 0 dönüm 30 h tpcl ie of size typical The , pp.284-304, p.293. p.293. pp.284-304, , an increase of the of increase an taste better than better taste sz o bostan, of size - 225

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Cide inBostans Yedikule 226 ed fml wtot xenl eore a Klja tl, h eitd otn lt have plots bostanplots. existed the told, bostan the on families two than Kaldjian more are there but Yedikule, in families as two feed to potential resources external without family a feed hectares- 6 are there dönüm) (turkish: Project, acres Implementation Recreation Yedikule of border the Inside more critical small family gardeners. for 21 of beginning the at small are gardens vegetable urban of feed their families their feed eiue rvd epomn fr lsl 20 epe Sbeunl, l bsa pos in plots bostan all Subsequently, totally for people. employment provide 200 Yedikule provide closely Walls for Land employment provide the Yedikule inside lands help bostan to in total Walls Land residentsthe along outside and moat the on bostans The people; 100 closely for employment local season. hire crop bostancıs in residents, crops, gathering local for employment provide Bostans selling for vegetables fruit employmentproduce lands and provide & totalThe bostan the t by demolition the plots bostan of feed the needs of families thefeed needs of smallholder but families, these three of Thus, Walls. Land the needs livelihood inside meet bostans these least at sources, income their jobs, their lose will place families take demolish, to going are which prxmtl oso ri fg ubry n oernt)fo hs ad e year a per (Box8, lands these from pomegranate) and mulberry, (fig, produce fruit to of potential tons have 4 they approximately and trees, fruit 100 have Yedikule in plots bostan total The public park 8, project (Box make to plots bostan the of demolition the by lost be will year a per crops vegetable of tons about totally provide Yedikule in bostans So, year. a per crops vegetable of tons 30 approximately provide moat the on bostans year; a per crops vegetable of tons 10 approximately provide Walls Land the inside Bostans

Cited from Kaldjian P., 2004 P., from Cited Kaldjian 179 179

226 They may meet the basic livelihood needs, but they need external income sources to sources income external need they but needs, livelihood basic the meet may They . Image 7- Small families have less than 1 hectares- 1 than less have families Small

55 ). .

The gardeners in Yedikule will will Yedikule in gardeners The the income from the size of 6 hectares of bostans are not enough to enough not are bostans of hectares 6 of size the from income the

arable land for bostan, if 3 hectares size of bostan have potential to potential have bostan of size hectares 3 if bostan, for land arable (Box8 : “Istanbul’s Bostans: A Millennium of Market Gardens” Market of Millennium A Bostans: :“Istanbul’s Image 7-

). 40 tons of vegetable crops p crops vegetable of tons 40

56 ).

o make an urban(BOX8). park 0 people 300

10 dönüm 10 lose their one of the sources of incom of sources the of one their lose . Relating Yedikule case, the bostans, bostans, the case, Yedikule Relating . st - size of bostan; mostly remnants mostly bostan; of size - century. Accordingly it becomes becomes it Accordingly century. er year . Approximately a few few a Approximately . , p.286- , 287.

60 60

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. inBostans Yedikule 180 180 on the moat of Land Walls Walls Land of moat the on for closely closely for acres of bostan plots inside the Land Walls thewere Land inside plots bostan of acres Anthropology, University University Anthropology, Social Impact Assessment 17 Report, As of the year 2013, inside theWall, there inside Land 2013, year the of As Aleksander SHOPOV, Phd. Student at Harvard Harvard at Student Phd. SHOPOV, Aleksander inside the Land Walls Land the inside is 6 hectare- is6 chard, black kale, cauliflower, parsley, garden garden parsley, cauliflower, kale, black chard, The total lands ( lands total The also that filled moat for gardening at the Land theLand at gardening for moat filled that also The total lands (open spaces) for bostan used used bostan for spaces) (open lands total The bostan families. Bostan families need external external families need Bostan families. bostan bostan plots are going to demolish, it predicts toit predicts demolish, going are plots bostan and pomegranate) is produced from from is produced pomegranate) and According to park plan of municipality, these these municipality, of plan to park According closely closely lost. Bostan plots are not only income to feed feed to income not only are plots Bostan lost. In between 5 between In Approximately Approximately According to report, various vegetables are are vegetables report,various to According Yedikule Recreation Implementation produced in Yedikule; the different types of of types the different in Yedikule; produced vegetables are tomatoes are vegetables vegetable crops vegetable vegetable crops vegetable Walls may demolish with other projects. projects. other with demolish Wallsmay (Prepared by Eda CAKMAKCI, MSc. MSc. CAKMAKCI, Eda by (Prepared cress, eggplant, dill, maize, cabbage. cabbage. maize, dill, cress,eggplant, trees

bostans per a year ( year a per bostans bostans per a year ( year a per bostans 100 people 100 sources to feed their families. families. their feed to sources 200 people 200 of these lands ( lands these of 60 th and 17 and acres 4 tons of of tonsfruit 4 open spaces open July, 2013 University) University) are produced from these these from produced are are produced these from produced are BOX 8. Project ; approximately ; approximately ; approximately approximately ; of arable land for bostan. bostan. for land arable of

provide provide th

July of 2013, 27 of 60 60 of 27 July of 2013, of , lettuce , Image7- Image7- Image 7- Image provide provide British Columbia & BritishColumbia

) for bostan used used bostan for )

(fig, mulberry, (fig,mulberry, employment employment , purslane, purslane, , employment 10 tons of of tons 10 56 56 55 100 fruit 100 30 tons of of tons 30 ). ). ).

th for for of of

Report). Assessment Impact the (Social drawing. self employment, and vegetables produced of tones the displaying mg 7- Image forumdas.com) baglamabuyusu.biz.tr, alanar.com.tr, Bostan.(Source: Image 7- Image insidethe Bostans Bostans Walls Walls Land The amount of people working (employment) working of people Theamount a year per vegetables of produced Thetons 10

55 100 56 : Productive Bostans in The type of fruits produced in Yedikule Yedikule in produced fruits of type The : Bostans Bostans moatof

on the Walls Walls Land Productive Bostans in Yedikule, Yedikule, in Bostans Productive 30

200 Yedikule Yedikule Bostans Bostans

in 40

300

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. produce Istanbul in bostan typical A Providing toreduce crop-diversity marketrisks inBostans Yedikule Bostanc the harvests of Istanbul’s Bostanc Istanbul’s the harvests of vegetables on bostans are especially leafy crops such as lettuce, purslane, spinach, parsley, spinach, purslane, lettuce, produced as such The crops people. leafy especially of are hundreds bostans on of vegetables demands vegetable fresh the satisfy still they today dill. cress, garden eggplant, parsley, cauliflower, purslane, kale, lettuce, Yedikule famous chard, werden. gefunden specifically to reduce market risks market reduce to specifically cheaper in a large scale by agro-businesses relation to global marketplace. marketplace. global to relation agro-businesses by scale large a in cheaper iest i paig n motn role important an playing is diversity Crop diversification in Yedikule bostans have shown on the on shown have bostans Yedikule in diversification Crop year produceMediterranean from round provinces. advantages diversification ee iiu ad utmr wud o a mr. fe 19s tee are there 1990s, After more. pay to would customers supplies and the Because minimum high. profit were of margin the make to gardeners for advantages provide Kaldjian, 2004) 2004) Kaldjian, (Sour district. Fatih walls, in Istanbul’s city thenear old acres-dönüm, Image7- 181 181

57 ıs ou o ssanbe rdcin n provide and production sustainable on focus

: A drawing of the typical historical Istanbul Bostan based on 7.5 7.5 on based Bostan Istanbul historical typical ofAthe drawing : any more for gardeners, because of the large scale agro-businesses, which which agro-businesses, scale large the of because gardeners, for more any t ep t mnmz te iet competition. direct the minimize to helps it . Some types of vegetables produced from Yedikule bostans are tomatoes, tomatoes, are bostans Yedikule from produced vegetables of types Some .

ıs and Mediterranean provinces, where vegetables are grown vegetables are where provinces, and Mediterranean . It makes It . various vegetables various

o eue ik nt ny niomnal, in environmentally, only not risks reduce to competition economically competition , around twenty types of vegetables; of types twenty around , ce: ce:

Fehler! Verweisquelle konnte nicht nicht VerweisquellekonnteFehler! multiple-crops

in Istanbul’s Fatih Fatih conceptualized Istanbul’s is district in walls city the near bostan by 21 of sold beginning the At weight. are which cucumbers, eggplants, es, tomato- peppers, onions, like crops bunch; the by garlic, sold are like which radishes crops to black also and leeks, cabbage, mint, arugula, ( Kaldjian of sketch a by Early-season vegetables vegetables Early-season Image 7- st , the price between price the , century, a typical typical a century, Accordingly Accordingly because , 57 ).

o seaso no crop crop crop n

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. vendors street as sell or restaurants, to sell and bazaars, neighborhood now, produce own their market bostancıs Cideli Food Selling inBostans Yedikule 227 Image7- vegetables side by side their own produce in neighborhood bazaars and sell as street street as sell and bazaars neighborhood these in sell produce and own Turkeyvendors their of side to provinces by bostancıs Mediterranean side for in vegetables grown required vegetables is buy it to end, facility, the At smaller. wholesale Istanbul’s to go to began they and getting sources, external by income their of supplement is bostans leftover of size Cited from Kaldjian P., 2004 P., from Cited Kaldjian 182 182 58 227 : Bostan fields, image by author by image fields, : Bostan .

: “Istanbul’s Bostans: A Millennium of Market Gardens” Market of Millennium A Bostans: :“Istanbul’s

at roadside stands on their bostans, sell in sell bostans, their on stands roadside at , pp.284-304, p.293. p.293. pp.284-304, , ( Image 7- Image 59 ). The ).

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Image7- farmersare ( there living inBostans Yedikule rn m on rdc t sl a te odie tns n eiue r el n neighborhoods in sell or Yedikule in stands bazaars”. roadside the at sell to produce own my bring Istanbul). in district (suburb Çatalca in garden of size hectares- dönüm-4 40 also have “I explained he Then bostans. Yedikule of production ongoing from vegetables all or vegetables varietyIstanbul’sgoing facility he ofvegetables, he sell,whether tobuy to which wholesale is the about him asked I Muhammed. of uncle is he Ramazan, with interview my to According by photo Elis Mehmed. 2014, Image 7- Image 183 183 60 59 odmlsfo aac oHsoi eisl r hw yteato. author. shown the by are Peninsula Historic to milesÇatalca from : Food :

Çatalca A seller at the roadside stand, in front of his garden, interview with interview garden, his of front in stand, roadside the at seller A is a rural district of Istanbul, it is in European part of Istanbul, and mostly and Istanbul, of part European in is it Istanbul, of district rural a is

Image 7- Image 60 ).

Ramazan in 29th December, December, 29th in Ramazan

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. neighborhood in or Yedikule in stands roadside Fatih in bazaars( inHistoric Peninsua, the at produced bostans own their their on bring sell they to Çatalca; vegetables in gardens also have Yedikule in bostancıs Some inBostans Yedikule

Image 7- Image In the night of 29 of night the In by photo ElisMehmed. 2015, January, 1st on not there was 1 Image 7- Image the right side of the main street. There weren’t any seller outside the Land Walls; but I saw saw Landanother ( the inYedikule vendor street Walls inside I but Walls; Land the outside seller any weren’t There street. main the of side right the on Yedikule of gate the opposite cemetery a also is there and stand, his of front in stops bus the and street main the are There Yedikule. of gate the near Walls, Land the of outside the on stay bostans his image, left the on seen be can bostan his of crops cultivated the bostans, his migrants in Yedikule. Bostanc Yedikule. in migrants other from walls, city the in truck the at sellers are there also Yedikule, only in ‘bostancıs” not are sellers roadside or vendors street the that recognized I trip, field my on During 2015. January, 1st byMehmed, Elis truck; photo southeast region of Turkey. He sells the pomegranates produced in Yedikule ( Yedikule in produced pomegranates the sells He Turkey. of region southeast Batman.Batman aprovincecomes inthe thetruck originally sellerfrom is of at pomegranates (€ 0.75).” l T. 2 for pomegranates kilo one selling am I and Yedikule in produced that pomegranates sell “I was a not ‘gardener’ he me: inYedikule, told

st January, 2015 ( 2015 January, 184 184 Belgrad Gate The of 61 62 : : A street vendor in Yedikule neighborhood inside the Land Walls, a boy a Walls, Land the inside neighborhood Yedikule in vendor street A :

A roadside stand at the outside the Land Walls, near the gate of Yedikule. It is It Yedikule. of gate the near Walls, Land the outside the at stand roadside A th Image 7- Image December, 2014, Ramazan had opened his stand but he was not there on on there not was he but stand his opened had Ramazan 2014, December,

61 ). As shown on the left image, he has roadside stand in front of front in stand roadside has he image, left the on shown As ). ıs are migrants from Cide, from the Black Sea region, but the the but region, Sea Black the from Cide, from migrants are Image 7- Image

61 ). Image 7- 62 ).

sells pomegranates at the the at pomegranates sells Ramazan’s stand; he he stand; Ramazan’s Image 7- Image 62 inland ), iras he

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. YedikuleLand ontheoutside the the opposite Yedikule Walls, Castle ( of gate the near cemetery a Thereis Walls. Land the inside Yedikule, of gate the near sells He inBostans Yedikule Bostans provide the opportunities for sellers due to due sellers for opportunities the provide Bostans it provides to access fresh produce for other residents in Istanbu providesit toaccess produce in residents other for fresh to It Yedikule.provides en increased been harvests their for outside from Therefore, cheese andneeds. yoghurt,milk supermarkets fertilizer buy to to start begun and have authorities municipal the Therefore city. the 1990s from animals-cows large Since remove gardeners. for profit for the free of for margin the manure was manure the but provided naturally, fertilizer for need animals the all meet didn’t Farming it perhaps gardeners, sources. income additional were cheese and yogurt making also and customers, to milk of production surplus selling and cows dairy from Producing milk 1990s. manureuntil and income, consumption, household for as benefits multiple provided animals domestic these and cows dairy and chickens had bostancıs Some selling natural farm Growing farmproducts urban animalbostans: in animals er od ad al ta ae pr o Itnu’ identity. Istanbul’s of and part spaces a are that Walls It Land of spaces. old view years open the ensure underused and and beautify environment, vacant healthy hygienic, remediating provides and cleaning provides It production. the over all for land into transformed are bottles)Thesevacantlands alcohol glasses, strewn spaces. (Broken open was garbage The dirty. uncultivated, spaces were spaces open open Various The bostan. Topkapı. of gate the for land as used are terrace, inner toward and terrace outer moat, named are which lands, the between Yedikule from expanded the of has outside the Walls along and Land within bostans of lots permission, the by 1990s late Walls the Since Land the at spaces open urban Yedikule. underused and vacant remediating and production. for lands bostan as After1990s Health and Environmental authorities spaces and serve as rangers, who are rangers, who asspaces and serve and keeping ongoing production of historic Yedikule Bostans inside the Land Walls. They They Walls. provide Land the inside Bostans Yedikule historic of production ongoing keeping and of spaces. Bostancıspaces.of view photogenic the ensuring and spaces, open urban the beautifying provide bostans Urban vacant and Beautifying spaces open underused providing hygienic spaces and open and produce hygienic open spaces. produceand spaces. open hygienic 185 185 keeping nostalgic view of Land Walls and Land nostalgic Walls gardens keeping of view

. It . affects ofgardeners. negatively margin theprofit the filled moat, inside terrace and outside terrace of the Land Walls are usedare Walls Land the terraceof outside terraceand inside moat, filled the nue h ve o hsoi monuments historic of view the ensure fe 19s hog the through 1990s after s remediate vacant lands not to become rubble-filled dumping ground, dumping rubble-filled becometo not lands vacantremediate

access to fresh produce fresh accessto

This actions show the contribution of bostans for bostans of contribution the show actions This responsible for managing and protecting open spaces, protecting managing for open responsible and

pressure from bostans not only for local residents, also residents,local only fornot bostans from

bostancıs lost their additional income additional their lost bostancıs being on the much used roadsides used much the on being n eoig ag aias y the by animals large removing on . Bostancıs the expenditures of bostancıs have bostancıs of expenditures the around thewalls. l.

. They have to buy from from buy to have They . otn poet h open the protect Bostans ae euiid h open the beautified have Image 7- Image h1 hundreds the16 22 ).

cleaning cleaning

in in

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. gardeners didn’t cultivate their bostan plots inside the border of urban park project due to to due project park urban uncertain lands. oftheir situation of border the inside plots bostan The their 9). cultivate (Box didn’t highlighted gardeners above the in as spaces inefficient dirty, unhygienic, uncultivated lands also find bostan they Yedikule, in interview made I that girls young two of view The inBostans Yedikule Mehmed. Bostans are conquered by concrete. conquered are Bostans Mehmed. Image7- 186 186 our free times, look at here at look times, free our According to interview with two young girls, young two interview to with According modern, and beautiful public park, to enjoy enjoy to public park, beautiful and modern, They were worried; they didn’t want me to to me want didn’t they wereworried; They “We are originally from Batman, but for but for Batman, from originally “Weare years we live in Yedikule, and wewant and Yedikule, in welive years around 15 years old, from Yedikule, in in Yedikule, from years old, 15 around 63 Two youngTwo girls from Yedikule :

The image of Yedikule Bostans, in December 2014, Photo by Photo Elis 2014, December in Bostans, ofYedikule image The have even ways to walk” walk” to ways even have take picture of them. them. of picture take December 2014: 2014: December BOX 9.

, so , dirty

, we don’t wedon’t ,

2014

no ways towalk. space, dirty is and puddle There complained. girls the as unhygienic and muddy dirty, seems ( 2014 December from Bostans Yedikule of image the In mg 7- Image 63 , it ),

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. on and spaces beautification on role play also making space safe. they productive, and green covering play gardens Urban unsafe. unhygienic, a bedraggled, dirty, seems space open the the and year next on the for seems harvest haven’t gardeners Bostans Yedikule of view last The Image7- December, 2014. 2014. December, invest on the gardens for next year’s cropinvest onthenext gardens for is didn’t Cideli they so from year, next Ramazan the for seller harvest make to stand worried are roadside gardeners “Yedikule A explained seen. be can soil efficient the on rubbles of stack a 2013, in gardens of demolition Bygardeners. Cideli from maintained hygienic, well by 2009, in Bostans of demolition the Before http://www.kuzeyormanlari.org/2014/04/28/y bizim/) (Source: Shopov. Aleksandar inBostans Yedikule 228 7- Image Interview with Ramazan, who is gardener and roadside stand seller in standseller Yed roadside and is gardener who Ramazan, with Interview 187 187 65 64 : A stack of rubbles on the efficient soils, instead of bostans, Photo by Photo of bostans, instead soils, the on efficient Aofrubbles stack :

: eiue otn, h cmaio o Bsas bfr ad fe te dem the after and before Bostans, of comparison The Bostans, Yedikule

an important role on preserving open spaces with spaces open preserving on role important an ” 228

( Image7- Image 7- Image mg 7- Image 65 64 ). , urban gardens can be seen clean, clean, seen be can gardens urban , 65 A Rmzn xlie, the explained, Ramazan As . ikule, is originally from Cide, is originally ikule, edikule-bostanlari-bizim-istanbul- Elis Mehmed, December, 2014 December, Mehmed, Elis olition, photo by by photo olition, nd nd

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. chemical the on gardens throwing rubbles damaged with of case, Yedikule instead in But ladybird product. Using of quality soil. the increasing the provide fertilizer from toxins removing by efficiency soil the plot bostan on increasing provides plants some with Harvesting production soil. the of efficiency of increase ongoing an provide Keeping remediation. soil provides gardening Urban remediation Soil Environmental inBostans Yedikule Social ihs” h scrt ise a oe f h ms dbtd ois n h ou (o 6. As 6). (Box Forum the in about topics complained debated Hatice most the of one was issue security The the on walking nights.” worry to have not do we and ways, the and walls city the illuminate be will ways. or the walls city the at security or gardens The on night-lights provide placed”. to municipality are of responsibility gardens the where Walls, Land gardens inurbangardeners,problems are or because not relating the at nights the during light complain neighborhoods local urbanIn seems case,Bostan it Yedikule to having job due self-awareness vegetables,access fresh produced to food inincreasing in miles, reducing in citywide, in poverty decreasing in unemployment, reducing in role important an play activities gardening for lands underused and vacant using scale, large the In city. the in ‘ producing danger,and and harm from throughsafe keeping permitted not buildin wherelands, vacant underused, preserve to role important an play gardeners to and development commandeering; illegal to parties are third owners Land preventing increased. to be due will benefited profit the of margin gardeners’ Therefore, free. using or little very paying by ground dumping rubble-filled become to many not lands vacant provide Bostancı remediate agreement. permitted this for advantages not takes both building landowners, and where gardeners for activities benefits gardening for lands vacant Using “security problem”, and all stakeholders are in the consensus, tha consensus, the in are stakeholders all and problem”, landscape- “security historic of conservation of interest the with activists city and the responsibility withadequate ofmunicipality, and can it resolved lighting. be 188 188  

Providing safe spaces for local residents, -Cleaning and remediating vacant and and vacant remediating and -Cleaning residents, underused open urban spaces local for spaces safe Providing activities such as garbage dumping, unpermitted constructions, criminal activities. dumping,activitiesgarbage such unpermitted as criminal constructions, activities. illegal out keep They gardens. their monitor and keeper guard, land as serve Bostancıs And also one neighborhood explains “If we have a modern park, the lights of park park of lights the park, modern a have we “If explains neighborhood one also And

Bostanc . teeoe hy ep hi lns ae n poutv. o ti reason this For productive. and safe lands their keep they therefore ,

ıs an dniy n bein in identity gain insecurity neuiy (o 6 ad n o te epan “hr i no is “there explains them of one and 6) (Box insecurity, . a wl a ohr eiet o nihoho, gardeners neighborhood, of residents other as well as , gardens not enough on making on space becausenot enough safe, gardens

g ( ‘ Image 7- preserver’ 64 safe and productive open spacesopenproductive and safe ,

Image7- as urban open space keepers keepers space open urban as physiological gardeners physiological feel it is the lack of fulfilling the of it isthe lack t security problem security 65 atrn lns for lands capturing ). bostans the efficient soil efficient the underlined is under under is g is g

s s ’ Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. f te gop, te ct atr. otn ae ny sd y otn keepe bostan by used only are Bostans actors. city other groups, other of demand the meet don’t They citizens. all for plots production food accessibility of lack are they gardens, commercial as act bostans Yedikule profit. make to production food as such purposes certain using through group defined inBostans Yedikule bostancıs, and it is permitted making use only a clearly defined group of bostancıs. bostancıs. of group defined clearly a only use making permitted is it and bostancıs, are Bostans Yedikule bostans. the on friends gardens around walking as such activities it But and vegetables, produced fresh their selling are bostancıs Yedikule into bostans from activities vegetables buying buying of purposes the It to Bostans. only enter and come can Everybody Existing Yedikule Bostans are Bostans Yedikule Existing park project mostly consist of public property, and also a small size of bostan belongs to a a ( to belongs owner bostan private of size small a also and property, public of consist mostly project park public of border the in Bostans customers. to vegetables produced fresh selling to bostans the on place take stands some because vegetables, buying of purpose the to bostans the into come bostans use to right legal the any have in don’t people of groups all the by activities society, different for use direct its involve don’t rented to the purposes of food rentedproduction- tothepurposes of 189 189    in Yedikule want a park, because the local residents are not allowed to to allowed not nature areof experience residents local the because park, a want Yedikule in nature. of experience and to bostans spaces open of semi-public being of fact The  inYedikule. issues awareness onenvironment passively bostans

cesblt: ces o otn lt. hy r ol ue b bsa kees not keepers, bostan by used only are They plots. bostan to Access Accessibility: production make bygardeners. to profit society for recreation and leisure. citizens. other for accessible communications except to buying activities. They don’t contribute meeting and and meeting and leisure. contribute recreation don’t to facilities promote don’t They neighborhoods; between spaces activities. communication buying to except communications bostans. from vegetables buying of purpose activities selling and buying of purpose There is a lack of involving its direct use to different activities for other groups in the in groups other for activities different to use direct its involving of lack a is There The lack of access to and experience of nature of existing bostan bostan existing plots citizens. accessfor experience lackof The toand of nature of xsig otn pooe ny oe no otc wt csoes hog the through customers with contact into come only promote bostans Existing os’ pri t etr no eiue otn t te upss f recreation of purposes the to bostans Yedikule into enter to permit doesn’t they are only used directly by bostans families for making profit. The local residents local The profit. making for families bostans by directly used only are they

doesn’t permit people to enter the activities unrelated to the purpose of of purpose the to unrelated activities the enter to people permit doesn’t . Certain purpose to use space is caused restricted use of space, such as food food as such space, of use restricted caused is space use to purpose Certain . mg 7- Image , but the experience of bostans passively doesn’t provide enough public public enough provide doesn’t passively bostans of experience the but ,

27 in bostans, and thus, perhaps thus, and bostans, in , mg 7- Image semi-public open spaces, spaces, open semi-public

Perhaps, that’s why the reeve explained %90 local residents residents local %90 explained reeve the why that’s Perhaps, ; because there are selling stands on the bostans, in which which in bostans, the on stands selling are there because ; Local residents Local 28 . adnr ae eprr onr. u bsas are bostans But owners. temporary are Gardeners ). producing vegetables-producing for recreation and leisure and recreation for

accessible only a clearly defined group definedclearly a only accessible or playing areas for children or to meet with with meet to or children for areas playing or

. They permit to access bostans only to the to only bostans access to permit They .

don’t have any legal right to use bostans use to right legal any have don’t not accessible for other citizens. The The citizens. other for accessible not Lack of promoting social contact and and contact social promoting of Lack local residents are experienced the experienced are residents local , they don’t provide citizens , they citizens provide don’t which are which making contact with customers with contact making by gardeners. gardeners. by ; actually they can only only can they actually ; accessible only clearly clearly only accessible access to and and to access rs and , such as such access they The

s .

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. use, to purposes certain as of different such the spaces usability and onopenspaces, accessibility different of degree inBostans Yedikule rvd rceto ad esr atvte sc a hat, niomna, oil economic social, environmental, health, as such activities. activities leisure and recreation to provide opportunity an are bostans need, recreation for demand a is there If Bostans. Yedikule at place take can land that activities of lots park; public a make functionalto bostans of destruction without uses multi into converting through activities leisure and recreation promote also activities. buying to it and neighborhoods Yedikule of needs recreation of gaps the fill doesn’t It activities. recreation of propose to using spaces 2005. until zone protection in defined were which areas conservation in permission building let laws new the Because gardeners. for risks take also may zone, protection defined were which spaces, open 230 229 from development. Many gardeners Many development. from mostly bostancıs Urban city by project recreation on-going an is aims existing the todemolish authorities; it bostans, and apublicpark. built there because risky, it’s Site Historic But on zone Plan. protected Management as zoned been have Yedikule in used bostan for generates lands The tenure land certain of lack The interval. time exact difficulties and tokeep continuinggardeners. bostans, process production for in bostans hold to rights tenure land Uncertain rjcs i te eea aes o e elrd needn fo te osrain plans” conservation the from independent declared be to areas renewal the in projects’ effect on May 7 May on effect into conservationcame which in 5366, law zone the by plans protection conservation in from independent are became they they plans, although gardens, Yedikule study case the In housing conservation in and case. areas development toYedikule relating bostans in investment speculative allowing and framework, legislative national changing by time over residences, Yedikule Villas project were constructed on the bostans, which declared as as declared which bostans, the on 2006 in area’ constructed ‘renewal were project Villas Yedikule residences, four-story new modern, were which , Konakları) (Yedikule “Villas” Yedikule 2010, in Firstly relating Yedikule bostans, or off-limits to development zones. Urban open spaces which which spaces also take open can laws, by spaces Urban open green or zone conservation zone, protection defined zones. development to off-limits or bostans, Yedikule relating as rights Koca, Aysun, “Güncel Dosya: Bostanlar”, Yapı 386, 58 386, Yapı Bostanlar”, “GüncelAysun, Dosya: Koca, 65. Plan, Management Site Peninsula Istanbul Historic 190 190 rtcin zone protection 

or properties or titles to their land. Many of them cultivate land which has been zoned zoned been has which land cultivate them of Many land. their to titles or properties or Land TenureLand

th , 2005 “authorizes the local authorities to execute and implement ‘renewal implement and execute to authorities local the “authorizes 2005 , in conservation plans on Historic Peninsula Site Management Plans, in Plans, Management Site Peninsula Historic on plans conservation in

There is a lack that bostans with food productions purposes could be be could purposes productions food with bostans that lack a is There

230 influences gardeners negatively in Yedikule. They do not have certainhave not do TheyinfluencesYedikule.gardeners negativelyin do not have titles have not do .

ae sae rsrc t use. to restrict spaces makes As can be seen in Yedikule Villa case, the gardening actions on actions gardening the case, Villa Yedikule in seen be can As

doesn’t promote social contact and communications except communications and contact social promote doesn’t don’t have any legal signed documents signed legal any have don’t to their bostans which are permanently protected protected permanently are which bostans their to

It doesn’t meet the needs of open open of needs the meet doesn’t It about land use land risks 229

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 5 in bulldozers with bostans Yedikule on intervention make to eviction bostancıs’ wait couldn’t authorities the and bostans from vegetables produced fresh their pick-up to gardeners allowed not is it even away, right bostans leave to gardeners the pressures It Walls. Land the at zone protected within projects renewal implementing and producing begun and zone’, ‘renewal as Deteriorated of Revitalization areas manydeclared Heritage Site) (World WHS Walls LandIstanbul’s within zone protected by Utilization and Renovation Properties Cultural and Historical by Preservation on 5366: No. Law Law the by bostans Yedikule of safeguarding the threatened is study case the In foster their the land don’t investing These municipal gardeners on actions repressive city by authorities. actions year last crops all their up pick couldn’t gardeners gardens, bulldozing during €8000-10.000 invest to hesitate they project, inpark urban of plots border the inside bostan plots bostan have existing who gardeners, the on Yedikule; project park municipal ongoing to due demolished are bostans Ramazan As 2014. in lands their invest to ambitions gardener’s hurt to caused Itis project. park municipal of border the in crops their up pick couldn’t gardeners the and bulldozed been have plots bostan harvested the 2013, In inBostans Yedikule 231 legitimate use of bostan plots in a right way. inarightlegitimateplots bostan use way. of a find to help may It authorities. urban with clashing the during improvements authoritative Organization Community organization. community bostan a as together land family’s one support could gardeners.negatively authorities influences city the pressureof legitimatelyagainst ways. legitimately; other each supporting for manure buying is there But and Istanbul. around bazaars farms from neighborhood food to in access selling about network, information distribution share and They production situation. tenure around land and the Catalca about in or vegetables Istanbul, producing for land renting land, access to opportunities the about information the share They Cide. from friends or years; other each with for relatives are other they each know They profit. make to family a provide as and work supplies Cidelis as assistance. direct such resources the share to other each with work gardeners Urban bostan The Yedikule. in lands their keep to negatively gardeners influence others and hous estates of construction on investments massive projects, development urban of pressure The December 29, 2014. 2014. 29, December th Interview with Ramazan, who is gardener and roadside stand seller in standseller Yed roadside and is gardener who Ramazan, with Interview uy 2013. July, 191 191  

h lc o lgtmt Bsa cmuiy raiain o spotn together supporting for organization community Bostan legitimate of lack The o-fiil otn omnt Ognzto-ewrig ih Bostan with Organization-Networking Community Communities Bostan Non-official The pressure of urban urban pressureThe development projects of

h grees n td st hstt t ivs ter ad de o being to due lands their invest to hesitate site study in gardeners The

a dfn Bsa Cmuiy ocs rgt aant the against rights voices, Community Bostan defend can

for the next year’s crop due to bulldozing gardens, because gardens, bulldozing to due crop year’s next the for . In regarding this law it let the local municipality that has has that municipality local the let it law this regarding In .

231

not any official Bostan community organization community Bostan official any not is explained is

bostancıs network with each other in unofficial unofficial in other each with network bostancıs

“There is an uncertain situation, some some situation, uncertain an is “There ikule, is originally from Cide, is originally ikule, . ” ( The Bostan The Image 7- Image They 51 ).

e Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. been has bostans high existing with land valuesIstanbul. city of of developed densely size a being the and projects development and urban to surfaces, due shrinking hard to converting been have lands inBostans Yedikule eeals rm eierna poics rnpre t Itnu. u te ae o fresh not are they But produced Istanbul. the vegetables vegetables produced aslocal inYedikule. to where Yedikule transported facility provinces wholesale local Mediterranean from from well vegetables to as vegetables sell cost gardeners bostan to But their lower from vegetables plots. bazaars provide vendors, at also neighborhood to They greengrocers, friends. vegetables neighborhood local Yedikule to produced costumers, frequent their to neighborhoods, selling bostancıs that neighborhood. Resident’s access to - to access Resident’s neighborhood. provide plots bostan Existing otn i nt nuh o ed otn aiis te ne etra sucs o ed their feed to sources external need they families, bostan families. feed to of enough income only not But is needs. subsistence bostans their meet to enough is it Perhaps stands. roadside the at selling or bazaars, neighborhood in selling level, district local food in network access distribution can bostancıs Yedikule needs. fertilizer other pay to have and Istanbul, around farms other from manure buy to have gardeners increasing, are inputs of costs the and profit, make to operations family smallholder as work bostancıs urban Because negatively. Yedikule in gardeners existing influenced been have more Turkey of provinces becoming Mediterranean from sources is resources distant from competition agrarianTheYedikule.gardeners fromdifficult industries, massiveproduced for vegetables in the that out brings that industries difficulty The ifcly h cmeiin o slig eeals o gardeners. vegetables for bostan vegetables selling to for competition compare the in difficulty more is products of diversity and easily; marketplaces global networking are investments capitalized highly operations, large-scale by inexpensively grown are industries agrarian from vegetables produced Massive to bostanfamily smallholders. compare in organized more is it and easier; network distribution food access vegetables specifically weeding the bostans. Bostans provide the source accessing the labor for old old for labor the accessing in source food the provide selling Bostans bostans. specifically the in weeding specifically in and and harvesting in harvestparticipate women and stands; irrigate, roadside the at or planting, bazaars neighborhood for beds prepare of consists mostlyMen Yedikule. labor in children the and men, and woman, young techniques, and old intensive including members, labor household on relies bostans in workforce The 192 192    

Access to fresh produced vegetables by short food miles food Accessto fresh produced vegetables short by Access to food production and food distribution network in the in distribution network production Accessto food city and food h cmeiin rm itn rsucs s eoig oe ifcl fr family for difficult more smallholders. becoming is resources distant from competition The Access to labor, as a household and (old Access work to labor, asahousehold men,young woman, children) and

to access food production and food distribution network distribution food and production food access to

‘access to fresh produced vegetables’ produced fresh to ‘access fresh produced vegetables- produced fresh

is increasing due to the fact the to due increasing is

for residents in Yedikule Yedikule in residents for

h msie produced massive The in compare to agrarian agrarian to compare in Teeoe i makes it Therefore, .

the the

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. work jobsforcausedfamilies. another feed to family their to forcemembers the is bostans of size the shrinking Today, Cide. from friends or relatives mostly are helpers the and food, distributing or vegetables, the pick-up for labor of sources external sometimes need Gardeners hectares. 2 or 1 around bostan of size small the for needs basic the feed to together to famil of five least at necessary Itis family small. so are margins profit because profit;make extended as work Cidelis well-being. mental self-esteem, increasing and women, inBostans Yedikule Ottoman agriculture techniques (See the the (See techniques agriculture Ottoman remaining wells, water historic four still are there site study the In well. the in collected that water withdrawing by lands the water and wells the from water to access bostancıs Yedikule watering theland, therefore thewater spreads theland in channels. land around the beds for planting- for beds the around land the in canalize gardeners bostans, the on pool the into poured is water of withdrawal the then well, the from collected is waters undergoing from water of withdrawal the Firstly, technique. oa, t is it Today, Yedikule, gardeners continue the same water techniques as they learnt today. The The today. learnt they ‘ named are bostancıs Yedikule as sense. traditional in meaning techniques water the gains Period Republic to Period same Ottoman from techniques water same the of continuation the continue gardeners Yedikule, in families Cideli of generations third or second being to According techniques. water learnt workedCidelis gardenersor as Albanian for in1950s,they Macedonian hired master labor the eiue te fr aias a be mvd rm otn b ct atoiis Bostancı authorities. city by bostans to from began moved plots, been bostan had the animals in farm 1990s then until Yedikule, animals farm their from manure used gardeners Yedikule profit The Catalca. in farms from Yedikule difficult more becoming is manure to construction materials, labor. and bulldozing, and exist therubblesthe high on still quality Yedikule in soil inDecember, 2014. todue efficientsoil the rubbles areon ofgenerated stack 2013,a gardens in of demolition The Yedikule in the existing soil isefficientcultivating. quality for high and has ofbostans iscultivatedthe soil between Ottoman, Byzantine, and Republic way Period, in this for used are lands that Itmeans before. mentioned as the well as 1600-years, around fruits and vegetables producing because soil, quality access to opportunity have bostancıs Yedikule 193 193   

. Today, there is is there Today, . Water irrigation-ongoing traditional techniques- keeping traditional watering watering traditional practices keeping techniques- traditional irrigation-ongoing Water Co fertilizers- Keeping bostans contribute bostans quality soil Keeping toto high cultivating accessfor pay for manure from farms around Istanbul around farms from manure for pay

mpost & Fertilizers & mpost oe ifcl t acs sfiin compost sufficient access to difficult more

an increase to costs of inputs inputs of costs to increase an : More difficult to access natural inputs, increasing to use to increasing inputs, natural access to difficult More tarh -, ( ( -, high costs of fertilizers is decreased the margin of of margin the decreased is fertilizers of costs high , and gardeners bring manure in the bostan plots, in plots, bostan the in manure bring gardeners and , Image 7- Image

mg 7- Image 66 22 ) and then the pool’s vale is opened for for opened is vale pool’s the then and ) : Existing land use analyses). When When analyses). use land Existing : , and , uh s ol, ops, fertilizer, compost, tools, as such i seiial mnr. Because manure. specifically in , salma’ began to use fertilizer use to began for this traditional water traditional this for

y to work ywork to . Access Access

s Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 7- They have to pay individual for the requirement sources such as materials, physical physical materials, as such sources limited requirement the etc. for tools gardening individual structures-stands-, pay in to selling have network, They distribution food access to restaurants. to bazaars, neighborhood budgets individual from pay Gardeners inBostans Yedikule etnl lt adte olwtaiinlwtrtcnqefrirgto ( irrigation for technique water traditional follow they and plots rectangle shaped in plants of beds the cultivation, for patterns traditional the follow bostancıs Yedikule budgets. ecological explaining history, conditions bostan displaying for groups visitor offering programs, offer as such services, supportive for fund government of lack the is There neighborhood in spaces selling vegetables, grow bazaars, make their to bostans. improvements to ability their constrain that resources Yedikule. in bostans family they millions, industries agrarian of benefits level neighborhood neglecting and agriculture, bostans. urban of benefits scale wide city- on focus officials government the seems It communities. low-income The improving voices, excluded. are bostancıs local empowering for authorities family city by considered not smallholder are bostancıs smallholder of but benefits funds, government to access gain to able are They farms. commercial and institutional of gardeners covers mostly Fund Incentive Agriculture government. of funds incentive to access gain to able not are bostancıs Yedikule 67 194 194    ).

n opr t lre cl arra oeain fo Mdtraen provinces. Mediterranean from operations agrarian scale large to compare in Non-supportive financial resources for gardeners Non-supportive financial resources gardeners for Keeping bostans contribute to access to traditional production production contributepractices bostans Keeping to traditional to access adnr. nraig ls bsd iprte i te ra fo sse in system food urban the in disparities Istanbul. based class for Increasing production food ongoing gardeners. keep to promote to fund government of lack The

. Bostancıs sell in neighborhood bazaars through renting spaces from through renting neighborhood . Bostancıs the in individual spaces bazaars sell have high budget for investing their operations in compare to smallholder smallholder to compare in operations their investing for budget high have

in large scale are able to list sources of funding for infrastructure over infrastructure for funding of sources list to able are scale large in

mlhle fml oeain i Ydkl hv limited have Yedikule in operations family Smallholder They don’t have any supportive government funds. government supportive any have don’t They h bde o salodr aiy prtos is operations family smallholder of budget The

mg 7- Image ing education ing

66 , Image The

Image7- 195 195 Image7- Image7- 66

: 68 The canals in the land around the beds of plants for watering near the g wateringthenear for ofplants the beds around land the canals in The 67 : Production patterns at the Land Walls in 2009, cited from Başer and Eşbah and from Başer cited 2009, in Walls Land the at patterns : Production : Production patterns at the Land Walls in Yedikule, photo by Elis M., in Sep in byM., photo Elis Yedikule, in Walls Land the at patterns : Production

photo by Elis M. in September, 2013. 2013. September, by in photo ElisM.

ate of Belgrad in Yedikule, in Yedikule, ofBelgrad ate

Tuncay’s article. Tuncay’s tember, 2013 tember,

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. http://www.webcitation.org/6Bu3myMLK in Yedikule neighborhood is 22,403 people 22,403 is neighborhood Yedikule in the Fatih, density population the in and kilometer; square loss per people 26,841 population is Fatih of continuously density population seems it that fact the of spite In 2014. in people l Hsoi Pnnua ad h pplto ws ot n 08 rm 443,955 from 2008 in lost was population the and Peninsula, Historic all of consists district Fatih 2008, After 2014. and 2008 years the between in lose to continues it stop; didn’t district) (Fatih Peninsula Historic in loss population the and, population, losing to leisure and recreation for due spaces Act 2008 in Public Fatih into wasactivities. district district by Although Eminönü merged open need citizens Istanbul, of city developed densely In TR/BilgiHizmetleri/Istatistikler/Documents/bldhizmetleri/2010/parkvebahceler_mud_2004-%2020 de 18:28:59-20326588335119040151210238786.pdf 7.3.2 inBostans Yedikule 7.3.2.1 236 235 234 density 232 237 and greenareas district. local inthe outdoors accessible publicly provide to important also is it spaces, only open urban not the to It’s relating conditions. livable more achieve to Vienna to compare district Fatih in Vienna spaces to compare in more times 6.39 is district Fatih in density Today, of greenurbanfor gives themeasure inthe capita areas city. oflivability someindicators per amount the and spaces green urban to access Easy world. the in cities livable measure to pn pcs e ct delr s iiu 9 qae meters square 9 minimum is dweller city per spaces open Istanbul areas. green urban publiclyaccessible more needs Istanbul this, to According p.45). 2013, Forum,Culture Cities Vienna Neighborhood? Yedikule in use recreational 233 4,200 inhabitants per square kilometers. square per inhabitants 4,200 http://www.statistik.at/web_de/services/wirtschaftsatlas_oesterreich/oesterreich_und_seine_ amount of green open spaces per city dweller. In 2013, the population density in Vienna in density population the 2013, In dweller. city per spaces open green of amount Istanbul . Accessed on November, 2014, from http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/x15 from 2014, November, on Accessed Accessed on November, 2014, from http://www.ibb.gov.tr/tr- from 2014, November, on Accessed Accessed on February 13 February on Accessed TUIK (Turkish Statistical Institute): The population census in 2008 accessed o accessed 2008 in census population The (TurkishInstitute): Statistical TUIK Accessed on February 13 February on Accessed TUIK (Turkish Statistical Institute), accessed on February 6, 2015, from 2015, 6, February on accessed (TurkishInstitute), Statistical TUIK

196 196

234 ouain n Yedikule, in population The proposed municipal park project proposed The ny . pret f ra gen ra ae ulcy cesbe n Istanbu in accessible publicly are areas green urban of percent 1.5 only 235 needs more space open needs green The SignificanceThe of making Public Park ,

easy accessibility of urban green spaces green urban of accessibility easy cnenn itrainl iiu sadr b WO te mut f green of amount the WHO, by standard minimum international concerning , The amount of green open spaces per city dweller is 6 square meters in meters square 6 is dweller city per spaces open green of amount The

th th , 2015 , , 2015 , ,

, https://www.wieninternational.at/de/content/umweltstadt-wien- . o mc oe sae ne t flil h nes of needs the fulfill to need spaces open much how

to reach the international minimum standard about the toreach standardaboutinternationalthe minimum the

eern t lcldsrc o Fatih of district local to Referring

per square kilometer in 2014. According to According 2014. in kilometer square per Compare to the most livable city of the world world the of city livable most the to Compare

by local dwellers is one of the indicators indicators the of one is dwellers local by 77e/x1577e06.htm http://rapory.tuik.gov.tr/06- 236 Acrigy te iy of city the Accordingly, . n February 6, 2015, 2015, n6, February Teei ane o open to need a is There . bundeslaender/ 232 . . , the population population the , o 419,266 to 10.pdf 5050 l 02 (World - . -gruen- 2015

. high high 237

233 is -

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. produce to need a is There use. leisure and recreation for spaces open need Yedikule in residents the result, a As inBostans Yedikule osss f pn pcs ad 1 bitu aes Tbe ) Rfrig o h aon of amount the to Referring 4). (Table areas built-up % district,in local population 81 and district. spaces, Fatih open in of spaces dist consists Fatih open of area total of of percent 19% size hectares, 1562 Fatih total of area total the the to Referring is which hectares, 296 compose together and In Fatih district, urban open spaces consist of consist spaces open urban district, Fatih In Fatihin help district. increase to the life conditions a livability more bring will Yedikule in spaces open to access public increasing Therefore, neighborhood.Yedikule in parks public of number the byincreasing areas green and outdoors district. local in provides Park Public Making local residents. of needs recreational of gaps the fulfilling therefore, and Vienna, as conditions city livability local of Fatih. district 197 197 o drcl oe t pbi acs o oe spaces open of access public to open directly not

l lcl residents local All oe ulcy cesbe re areas green accessible publicly more

the amount of open spaces per inhabitants is spacesinhabitants openper amountof the public access to urban open spaces open urban to access public would have the opportunity to easily access to urban urban to access easily to opportunity the have would

public ly accessible outdoors and green areas green and outdoors accessible Tee w tps f pn spaces open of types two These . n Yedikule in ; outdoors and green areas areas green and outdoors ;

7 square 7 meters to achieve better better achieve to rict nd nd in

, Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 239 of amount the 2014, in Fatih, in population the to According directly access public not to are open project park municipal of border the inside kulliyes. plots bostan lawns, of number hospital three and university cemeteries, bostans, urban existing are These public to open directly Not Fatih. of in the localdistrict inBostans Yedikule public access outdoors and green areas per person is person per areas green and outdoors access public of amount the 2014, in Fatih, in population the to According areas. green accessible publicly Public access outdoors and green areas in Fatih cover 155 hectares, and they cover cover they and hectares, 155 cover Fatih in areas green Peninsula Historic of approximately%10 and outdoors access Public 238 open spacesis h ttl ie f pn pcs n h lcl itit f ai i 26 etrs te ie of size the hectares; 296 is Fatih of spacesis open of hectares district local the in spaces open of size total The Image7- Ibid. Ibid. Istanbul Historic Peninsula Site Management Plan, 2011, pp.1-474., p.75- pp.1-474., 2011, Plan, Management Site Peninsula Historic Istanbul 198 198 Image7- 70 :

The percent of publicly access and not directly public access open spaces in spaces open access public not directly and access publicly of percent The 69 : The percent of urban open spaces and built up areas in the local district of Fati of in district the local areas up built and spaces open urban of percent The not directly open to public access open topublic directly not The percent of publicy access and not directly public .

Not directly open to public access of open spaces cover 141hectares. 141hectares. cover spaces open of access public to open directly Not 2. 2. Built-up 81% public access outdoors and green areas green accessoutdoors and public areas areas 81% The The percent of open spaces in local district

access of open spaces open of access

(Source: Site Management Plan, 2011) 2011) Plan, Management Site (Source: (Source: Site Management Plan, 2011) 2011) Plan, Management Site (Source: access access open spaces 10% 239

(Table 5). These are public parks, and other direct direct other and parks, public are These 5). (Table of of Fatih

9% 238

cover % 9 of Historic Peninsula (Table 5) (Table Peninsula Historic of 9 % cover . 3.7 square meterssquare 3.7 3. Built-up areas areas 3. Built-up public to open directly that not 2. spaces open spaces of areas open green and outdoors 1. access Public 77. 77. not directly open to public of public to open directly not 1.Open 1.Open spaces spaces ; 19% the size of 141 hectaresof 141 ofsize the

local district, by author. by author. district, local at existing situationexisting at h,author by

155 . The The

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. n gen areas green and Therefore, 190(155+35) access. of public to amount spaces total open the of hectares increase to help publicly would direct it be Therefore, would spaces. spaces open open access of to hectares opened 35 had of areas amount green the these access, if public public, directly to open directly not that Walls Land the along Walls:Landthe along go that areas greenof potential The health, education, as of such border activities, the urban inside environmental activities and haveto meet social the needsrecreation and potential leisure. of complementary plots with bostan project the park on municipal production food multi into Keeping areas green practices. existing functional converting through spaces open of use legitimate consider to important It’s spaces. open urban on plans good make to plots bostan existing of potential the account into take to necessary is It uses. land functional multi with activities recreational spaces open of areas green and outdoors access public into Walls Land the along and go that areas green activities, of potential recreational using for cemeteries of potential the exclude lo ee) r 3 hcae; n te eeeis n ufr oe r 16 hectares 106 are zone buffer in cemeteries the and hectares; 35 are here,) also place take bostans (Yedikule bostans urban include Walls Land the along go that areas green gardens. open A spaces, particular smallcommercialact are groupbostan plots as public semi Existing access. Theybostan keepers are for used by producingand making profit. vegetables leisureOn the needs. open other are topublic hand, Bostans Yedikule existing notdirectly On the localdistrict. all one residents hand, beuse recreation will their urban for and park Making public Park access provides Public green areas and openspaces; outdoors inlocal 7.3.2.2 the alldifferent stakeholders with interests. urban be should and it But spaces. green conditions. areas recreational livability to access better easily provide achieve could Yedikule to in park help urban Making areas more green neighborhood, and Yedikule outdoors Concerning Fatih. accessible of publicly district local the in needs leisure recreation fill and to areas green and outdoors accessible publicly of need a is there result, a As the increase to help will Peninsula quality localconditions of oflife of residents Fatih. district thelocal in Historic in areas accessible publicly More local settlement. in conditions life qualified and healthy, comfortable, more provide would areas green and outdoors access public more Accordingly, district. the in livability the about information give to measurements arethe greenurbancapita per of areasamount the dwellersandby local needs recreation for outdoors increased be will uses meters open spacesper person inBostans Yedikule 240 Ibid. Ibid. 199 199

in in Who benefits of as it making Urban Park

the local district. Therefore, district. local the

e inhabitant per , it would provide the size of size the provide would it ,

; and it will also provide provide also will it and ; is

3.3 square meters at the existing situation in the in at the situation meters existing 3.3 square localdistrict.

a good plan for public access public for plan good a . These both indicators, that easy access to urban green areas green urban to access easy that indicators, both These .

il be will the publicly accessible open spaces for recreation recreation for spaces open accessible publicly the

nrae from increased

easy accessibility of urban green areas and and areas green urban of accessibility easy 35 hectares 35 the amount of public access outdoors outdoors access public of amount the Referring to all green areas that go that areasall green to Referring

3.7 square meters to 4.5 square square 4.5 to meters square 3.7 through addressing the wishes of of wishes the addressing through of green areas green of if we convert the the convert we if more more 240 I we If . o use to The

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. also make also markets also neighborhood from productions be their and can families interventions These produced. local from fruits bostans and vegetables of consumption their increase to people local the motivate losing 6hectares of vegetable gardens in Yedikule. It Yedikule. gardensin vegetable of 6hectareslosing park urban recreational making for bostans of destruction foods, fresh vegetables h mtvtos f adnr fr netn ter land; their investing for phy gardeners of motivations the Ifland gardeners toland owners. forcompensation pay occupying the land land It’svendors, for stands. orroadside use to notaccessible gardens, at all citizens the existing operations, selling and for their working ownproduce neighborhood into or bazaars as street ofas using peoplecertaingardensThey smallholder family bostansare use purposes. to inBostans Yedikule opportunity and foresees project municipal The 7.3.2.3 renting notdirectly papers. isalso land,butit signed official public property,gardeners authorities ofresponsible pay then themunicipality tothe for gardenersproperty, pay withunofficial orif renting for theland their agreements; is lands,but The Network of Yedikule NetworkThe the Distribution of Food local/Food and Bostans Miles / district &Health Environment bazaars they will bostans; their of destruction the by Cide, from migrants inland are Bostancıs Yedikule pn spaces open leisureactivitiesandrecreation bostans for preservationof and the connection with buyers-local residents-. the residents-. connectionand buyers-local with be will Bostancıs lost. be will bazaars neighborhood their between and products food distribution of accessto network district local the and Bostans Yedikule between be will wide district the be necessity be willbostans hectaresYedikule of6 of size the from vegetables produced the Therefore, losing 200 200   siological effectssiological for gardeners. replacing with a publicly accessible recreational urban park project. park urban recreational accessible publicly a with replacing

lose their strong connection with Yedikule local neighborhoods and district-wide district-wide and neighborhoods local Yedikule with connection strong their lose

(local residents). buyers and (gardener) seller between connection the and bazaars neighborhoods and product gardeners’ between production, food of network to access to Losing Increasing the food miles, vegetableIncreasing the food needs from supply distance sources long . Advantages & Disadvantages of making urban park Th

social disparities between the societies the between disparities social for e network through the selling and buying activity of the bostan products in products bostan the of activity buying and selling the through network e to supply vegetable needs of local citizens from wholesale markets wholesale from citizens local of needs vegetable supply to to make plans in urban open spaces. The neighborhoods will will neighborhoods The spaces. open urban in plans make to improving the health of buyers of health the improving

. This kind of interventions from the local authorities may intend not to may intend notto from of authorities interventions This kind the local

eraig y oig hcae o bsa lands bostan of hectares 6 losing by decreasing the destruction of some parts of existing Yedikule Bostans Yedikule existing of parts some of destruction the

- . These type interventions will be will interventions typeThese . local residents local makes reduction in in reductionmakes asd agnlzn te bostans the marginalizing caused cuts back health benefits health back cuts to n i wl create will it and and from the society. It can can It society. the from and use as land use elementsof land use as use - themselves. Because, the the Because, themselves. - access to nutritious nutritious accessto

. s h network The are private It is It , and other other and , cut back back cut oig to losing negative negative oe the lose missing missing , due to due ,

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. United States, Environmental Science & Technology, 42(10), 3508-3513, ac 3508-3513, 42(10), &Technology, Science Environmental States, United http://www.foodpolitics.com/wp-content/uploads/food_miles_climate_impacts.pdf consumer – to from of thetransportation It food producer market. Istanbul’s means provinces wholesale to resources food distance long inBostans Yedikule 242 241 neighborhood bazaars neighborhood into spaces consumption the to bostans on spaces production local from vegetables produced fresh transporting Bostans, Yedikule to compared longer be will miles food of distance The created in production phase of food life-cycle; it creates approximately 83% of overall overall of 83% approximately creates it life-cycle; CO of food emissions of phase production in created into spaces consumption the warming, to provinces Mediterranean bazaars. neighborhood from specifically in sources London, UK, accessed February on 15 on February accessed London,UK, phase energyfood Ifis produced, isused. which pha transportation seem economically preferable by providing cheaper price to access to to residents access local to for pricefood provinces, cheaper providing Mediterranean by preferable concerning economically seem transportation sources distance long from o fo tasotto fo lne dsacs il e increased be will distances increasing carbon emission. longer from transportation food for using result a as and bostans, from transportations productions local food to compared distance long for required be will energy More environment. damages inputs to keep the vegetables longer fresh. tokeepinputs thevegetables longer fresh. chemical use to need don’t gardeners the bostans; as sources food distances short from access to compared food ‘fresh’ natural as healthy not also are inputs chemical These ‘fresh’. longer food the keep to colorings and preservatives required be could resources food distance Long

Weber, C., & Matthews, H. (2008): Food-Miles and the Relative Climate Impacts Climate Relative the Food-Miles and & C., (2008): Matthews, H. Weber, food long-distance dangersof The Miles Report: Food The A Paxton, (1994): 201 201    se.

to make intensive farming intensive make to The energy is used for producing as well as for transportation. It is important, how the the how important, is It transportation. for as well as producing for used is energy The Long distance food miles impact environmentally negative; food from long long food from from the bostans. local than food cheaper economically negative; may operations environmentally agro large-scale impact distance miles food distance Long nraig h ceia mtras rm og itne od ore t ke the keep to longerfood ‘fresh’. sources food distance long from materials chemical the Increasing elh ad rs pout fr ues Ln dsac fo mls r caused are miles food distance Long buyers. for access products to fresh decrease to and caused healthy is this phase, production food in operations agro scale large in activities farming intensive for fertilizer and pesticides Increasing

relating to environmental impacts of food. Greenhouse gas emissions are mostly mostly are emissions gas Greenhouse food. of impacts environmental to relating food miles 2 242 . od yl cnit of consists cycle Food 241 is shorter is

Long distance food transportations make negative impact negative make transportations food distance Long - will bewill longer. but ;

. The food is being mostly transported form Mediterranean Mediterranean form transported mostly being is food The . o rnwbe nry impacts energy renewable non th than the distance of food transportations from the production the from transportations food of distance the than , 2015, from http://www.sustainweb.org/publications/?id=191 2015, , and to produce lots of vegetables in large scale operation scale large in vegetables of lots produce to and cheap non renewable energy renewable non cheap

rdcin cnupin n transportation and consumption production, cessed February on 15 February cessed on

environmen transport, SAFE Alliance, SAFEtransport, non renewable fossil fuel fossil renewable non .

of Food Choices in the the Choices in Food of og itne food distance long isused inproduction ad t il cause will it and ; t negatively. th , 2015, from 2015, , on global on . It

s Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. inBostans Yedikule cause bostans, compared of products to local in using inputs. other and fertilizing, or composting as such processing growing, of consists phase Producing in production phase compared to natural compost using. Using Using using. compost natural to compared phase production in growing faster make operations scale large in using fertilizer and Pesticide distances. long by they may cheaper products than the food may the localthan food they from bostans. cheaper products in to provide causeto use to fertilizers and pesticides More for buyers. phase, production for products fresh and healthy access to provide and production healthier makes fertilizers and pesticides using to compared composts Economic feeding their families. feeding Yedikule. in operations family smallholder will park urban accessible publicly make to bostans of destruction The otn aiy te noe f otn hl t fe lvlho nes f otn families. bostan of needs livelihood They feed to help bostans of income the family, bostan Although there are more than 2 family operations in the border of project, project, of border the in operations external income sources tofeed needs. all family 2 than more are there and hectare, 6 is site study the in bostans existing of size The family. its feed to land hectare approximately explained family 3 needs a bostan feeding asKaldjian before, bostancı families 202 202     

il oe hi incomes their lose will increasing of carbon of increasing nraig f abn msin, n ue nnrnwl osl ul Ti impacts This environment negative. fuel. fossil non-renewal used and emissions, carbon of increasing h byr wl ls acs t haty n feh od y h dsrcin of destruction the by food fresh and healthy Bostans. Yedikule to access lose will buyers The fet evrnet eaiey n i dmgs niomn. t hud be should It distance food transportations. long of environment. impacts environmental negative on damages for buyers of acknowledgment it the enhancing energy and negatively fossil environment It plate. renewable effects consumers’ to and distribution non to phase, production food used from occurs the and buyers- by considered be should It transportation. pollution of percentage h evrnetl impact environmental The Decreasing smallholder family operations Losing income of bostans to feed livelihood needs of of families. bostancı livelihood needs income to feed Losing bostans of Decreasing employment and sources to sell vegetables and fruits from sourcesbostans fruits vegetables to and and sell Decreasing employment Environmentally large-scale operations such as massive products from Mediterranean provinces provinces Mediterranean from products massive as such operations large-scale only income of commercial functions of existing bostans is not enough to feed a feed to enough not is bostans existing of commercialfunctions of income only

access to not healthy as natural inputs used production as bostans and as bostans production used inputsnatural as healthy not to access increasing the amounts of products in large scale operations scale large in products of amounts the increasing

if the producing techniques require techniques producing the if emissions from selling products that produced on bostans. Concerning Concerning bostans. on produced that products selling from

f ogr itne od ie sos nraig the increasing shows miles food distance longer of ; and increasing of the used non renewal fossil fuel fossil renewal non used the of increasing and which is used natural composts for producing, which will for isused it composts natural

Bostancı families will will families Bostancı

local residents local natural inputs natural

more pesticide and fertilizer fertilizer and pesticide more lose their sources for sources their lose otn aiis need families bostan effect negatively the the negatively effect -carbon emission -carbon such as natural natural as such

, it will it ,

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. of destruction the Through plots, families. bostan bostancı for employment provide sources as Bostans inBostans Yedikule According to my interview with the reeve of Yedikule neighborhood Ali Küpücü Ali neighborhood Yedikule of reeve the with interview my to According 243 commercial gardens surrounding Istanbul, and he sells his products on filled moat for for moat filled on as products act his that sells lands also he gardening,Land standsatroadside the at the Walls. has and he Istanbul, for Yedikule, surrounding use in to gardens Riza lands commercial other gardener find one to as need vegetables; they Perhaps producing jobs. another or families, their feeding ih costs.” high with lands their selling for or apartments, their renting by profit more make could Yedikule in owners property the therefore structures; other and stores apartments, of rents of also cost and the owners apartment with owners, property park for lands of urban value the enhance an will it making because of interested are residents local considerationaspect of historic ofbostans or three bostan families will lose their jobs. The poverty of the society will be increased. or three be povertyfamilies losetheir The increased. jobs. will the bostan society will of Two benefits. social back cuts park urban recreational making for bostans of destruction The Social property make could than more owners before. also profit the therefore Yedikule, in properties the selling or renting for costs high make to contribute needs. leisure and recreation bostans. the symbolic from benefit meetcan Yedikule and can structural spaces to open respect of with functions designing purposes, production food of values for Exploring bostans bostans. of values existing enhancing consider don’t authorities Local Making an urban park that accessible for all people all for accessible that park urban an Making leisure and recreation and leisure

Interview with Ali Küpücü , is the reeve of Yedikule Neighborhood, Decem Neighborhood, oftheYedikule reeve is , Ali Küpücü with Interview 203 203    

Increasing the demands of recreation needs of local residents in Yedikule. Yedikule. in residents local of needs recreation Public thefill of a will gaps recreationMaking Park needs. of demands the Increasing nraig h vle f ad te rpry wes a mk mr poi by profit more make can owners property in their Yedikule. lands selling orrenting their apartment the land, of value the Increasing only for land owners, all neighborhoods in Yedikule land owners,in aswell. for only all neighborhoods not properties valuable provide can border project the in plots bostan existed of values exploring bostans, existed of values enhancing of consideration of lack The cesbe o al eiet, nraig oil n scea fntos f open of recreation Yedikule. leisure are in and to groups all usefor available functions societal and for facilities All activities. leisure and social recreation for use direct its provide spaces, increasing residents, all for Accessible

t seems It gardeners will lose their jobs. their lose will gardeners local authorities are interested more to more interested are authorities local

and it includes it and

its direct use direct its This can provide valuable properties as well. It may It well. as properties valuable provide can This . .

Bostancı families Bostancı for play, sport, and walking, formal and and formal walking, and sport, play, for , it provides it , have to find other sources for for sources other find to have ber 29, 2014. 29, ber

make high profit high make oen riiil designs artificial modern

spaces and facilities for facilities and spaces

l nihohos in neighborhoods All

243 , “ , than the than 90% of 90%

, Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. “UrbSpace” (www.urbanspaces.eu “UrbSpace” http://www.central2013.eu/fileadmin/user_upload/Downloads/outputlib/Urbspace_Guidel from 2014, sport spaces such as gymnastic space, skateboard space; it it space; skateboard space, recreation gymnastic as such spaces provides it sport groups; age different of children for spaces play provides project park proposed society, the in people of groups all the by activities different for use direct its involve don’t they Because attractive. seems It times. leisure society; the in Walls Land project the park of urban south of towards border north from waves forming by fountain with pool 245 pdf project park fo public studios art and recreational education restaurants, proposedspaces, sport grounds, play The children squares; involves passive. and active recreation, informal, inBostans Yedikule equipments provides park Urban al aon te ra pr. hrfr, aig n ra pr i Ydkl wl enhance will Yedikule in park urban an security sanitary by providingaccessible installations. making Therefore, park. city urban from the passing ways around and the walls lights on the residents, local of for installation spaces The safe Walls. provide will Land guards the security at park the in guards security or lights place the of security the enhance Walls. Land the at bostans the near insecurity for claim residents the on local The Meeting, 2013). (Public occursunsafeplaces it Walls; Land the atways and bostans night-lights enough not is there Yedikule, in bostans as such spaces overlooked The 244 ifrn sca, utrl n dmgahc rus et n cm it cnat ih each with contact into come and meet other groups demographic and cultural social, different facilitates it frompeople which arenaessentialin an provides it park,urban as spacessuch openaccessible project, park urban Making üüü underlines Küpücü groups”. social, cultural people,Turkish different Interview with Ali Küpücü , is the reeve of Yedikule Neighborhood, Decem Neighborhood, oftheYedikule reeve is , Ali Küpücü with Interview Stiles R., 2013: A Guideline for Making Space: Joint Strategy Activity 3.3, it’s Activity3.3, Strategy Joint Making Space: for A Guideline 2013: R., Stiles r serving social education and exhibitions...etc as well as seen on seen as well as exhibitions...etc and education social serving r 204 204 , pp.1-60, p. p. 16- pp.1-60, ,   

244 . It provides furthering social cohesion. The reeve of Yedikule neighborhood Ali Ali neighborhood Yedikule of reeve The cohesion. social furthering provides It . equipments in in publicequipments the park Increasing accessible installations sanitary park the in equipments supplementary with place the of security the Enhancing Making public park contributes public park to increasing Making communication contact social and even the destruction of bostans; the bostan keepers can also use these spaces for their for spaces these use also can keepers bostan the bostans; of destruction the even they are only used directly by bostans families for making profit. directly forthey are used only making families by bostans profit.

that .

18. is not requiring special facilities special requiring not

245 seating, meeting and communication areas by supplementary supplementary by areas communication and meeting seating, “

In Yedikule neighborhood lives Armenian, Jewish, Greek, Kurdish, Kurdish, Greek, Jewish, Armenian, lives neighborhood Yedikule In etn, etn ad omncto aes y supplementary by areas communication and meeting seating, ), Al hs fclte ae vial t ue o al rus in groups all for use to available are facilities these All .

it’s implemented through Central Europe Programme, accessed on October, October, on accessed Programme, Europe Central through it’s implemented with supplementary equipments such as installation of the of installation as such equipments supplementary with

otn ae ny sd y otn keepers bostan by used only are bostans oil otc ad communication and contact social It means different social, cultural groups in groups in culturalIt social, different means

such as walking ways walking as such rvds lo o informal for also provides ber 29, 2014. 29, ber Making an urban park will park urban an Making a part of the project project the of part a Image 7- Image ine_for_makingSpace.

33 around the water water the around . Therefore, the the Therefore, . Publicly , and and ,

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. of the project “UrbSpace” (www.urbanspaces.eu “UrbSpace” ofthe project http://www.central2013.eu/fileadmin/user_upload/Downloads/outputlib/Urbspace_Guidel from 2014, October, on accessed pdf 247 pdf actively. environment urban from benefits derive Biophilia As nature. to contact getting and areas, natural that forward puts to Wilson E.O. Hypothesis‘by close live to need People derive environment. urban from bostans benefits for keeping the citizens all by use to right let and accessible being to converting and Social availability. becoming interactions public open spaces. social p from of spaces open accessibility relating in hierarchy possibility of range a require interactions the results open in that time free their spaces spend to opportunity the use making when people the involves one interactions; social of level first last the level; the second occurs time free their spend to prefer people occurswhich spaces open creating spaces 1986) outdoor (Gehl, in be Gehl to Jan need architect basically Danish People by identified are spaces public in interactions social of levels Three park. urban in other each with contact into come and meet can Yedikule inBostans Yedikule environments. Urban open spaces provide habitats for fauna and flora, and human users can users human and flora, and fauna for habitats provide spaces open Urban environments. years,” of millions over environment natural its with interaction in evolved having species the of result nature are Bostans part of the project “UrbSpace” (www.urbanspaces.eu “UrbSpace” the of project part The fact of the lack of the public awareness on Yedikule environment issues environment Yedikule on awareness public the of lack the of fact The contact and to nature. 246 inYedikule.the publicawareness be issues increasedon environment will way this in and nature, with contact would citizens all and bostans in access to citizens all let nature of will experience it Therefore,functions. use land multiple with spaces open public andinto bostans converting to access to resources are bostans the that recognize, nature experiencing lets It issues. environmental on awareness public the increasing promotes http://www.central2013.eu/fileadmin/user_upload/Downloads/outputlib/Urbspace_Guidel from 2014, October, on accessed Wi Gehl J., 1986, quoted in Stiles R., 2013: A Guideline for Making Space: Joint Str Joint Makingfor Space: A Guideline 2013: R., in Stiles quoted 1986, Gehl J., 205 205 , pp.1-60, p. p. 17. pp.1-60, , p. 16. pp.1-60, ,  lson E.O., 1984, quoted in Stiles R., 2013: A Guideline for Making Space: Making Space: for A Guideline 2013: R., in Stiles quoted 1984, lsonE.O.,

Keeping bostans to make a public park contribute to increase access to and to and to access increase to contribute park public a make to bostans Keeping issues. issues. actively nature of experience hog cnetn it mlil ln ue ucin b cmlmnay activities, complementary by functions use land multiple into converting through Densely built up areas such Yedikule, it is it Yedikule, such areas up built Densely

people still need to close and contact to nature, even we live devastatingly in urban urban in devastatingly live we even nature, to contact and close to need still people xsig resources existing

o provide to , increasing the public awareness on environmental on awareness public the increasing , ), it’s implemented through Central Europe Programme, Europe Central through it’s implemented sc a pyia ad etl el being; well mental and physical as such ,

), access to nature and access to experience of of experience to access and nature to access it’s implemented through Central Europe Programme, Europe Central through it’s implemented 247 “ human beings are a part of nature and as a a as and nature of part a are beings human necessary to live close to natural areas, areas, natural to close live to necessary Joint Strategy Activity 3.3, it’s a Activity3.3, Strategy Joint ategy Activity 3.3, it’s a part it’s part a 3.3, Activity ategy . Public park users can can users park Public . ine_for_makingSpace. ine_for_makingSpace.

, it doesn’t let to let doesn’t it , actively rivate to to rivate and by by 246

: Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. bostans of actively nature experiencing contribute to potential the have park public a make to bostans Keeping inBostans Yedikule

(Box.10 Vienna in Garten Karls seen as PET-bottles as such materials recycling environmental using park. to public a make to activities complementary with bostans potential keeping as such uses land functional have Bostans environmental enhancing to contribution Yedikule process...etc. production 206 206 to useor access tobostans. neighborhood. Even Yedikule Bostans are natural areas in densely developed developed densely in areas natural gardeners as are Bostans such groups certain a only used it’s and accessible, not it’s but Yedikule, of neighborhood Yedikule Even neighborhood. Yedikule developed densely in areas natural provide bostans Yedikule Bostans. Yedikule habitats occur which in species animal and The issues. environmental about awareness public increase to difficult is it neighborhood, Yedikule developed densely particular in cities, in areas near-natural of presence the without but passively; nature urban experienced be can member Everypublic in habitat its environment, its Yedikule and ecology. urban and character, natural its to damage minimum therefore designs near-natural provide should designs the least at designs, artificial-natural of part a a not are nature, beings of part Human designs. artificial than habitat character, natural its to damage less and environment, the in damage less create and benefits more derive designs Near-natural  nature nature with contact to need they and nature; of part a are beings Human  physical benefits, and mental well being. health provide areas green to close living schools, and workplaces in specifically in greenareas promotepeople’s ability green The outdoorspaces toconcentrate. of provision outdoors in time Spending nature. into attention children provides it and

Therefore, it could contribute to be a good plan for open spaces. Therefore,contributegood for tobea could it open plan spaces. character place of turning for spaces minimum to respect aue rcvr rm tes tk avnae f elh eeis pyia and physical benefits, health with of contact advantage being. mental well increase take to stress, contribute from park recover public nature, a make to bostans Keeping Keeping bostans to make a public park with near-natural designs, designing with with designing designs, near-natural with park public a make to bostans Keeping , such as promoting educational activities for environment, health, conservation issue issue conservation health, environment, for activities educational promoting as such , ). It could promote also information related to growing vegetables biologically, food food biologically, vegetables growing to related information also promote could It

to being a carrier of historic cultural landscape; cultural historic of carrier a being to promotes recovery from stress, enhancing mental well being, well mental enhancing stress, from recovery promotes , gardeners have right to use gardens use to right have gardeners ,

in Yedikule. in Yedikule. , einn wt rset o iiu sae fr turning, for spaces minimum to respect with designing

awareness through converting bostans into multi into bostans converting through awareness

contribute to damage less habitat and natural and habitat less damage to contribute in Yedikule and, takes place in specifically in place takes and, Yedikule in , but , citizens don’t have legal right legal have don’t citizens using rainwater for harvesting, harvesting, for rainwater using make an important important an make improves behaviors, improves Contacting with Contacting existing plant existing and

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. nature artificial of experience to access residents park all connecting provides public and designs artificiala with make to bostans of destruction the foresees project park public proposed The environment urban of awareness an inBostans Yedikule about environmental issues to make make education. to environmental issues environmental aware public Urban park. aboutpublic a make to bostans of demolition the to environment due loosed about be public will the in awareness make to potential the result, a As urban environment. of benefits the about visitors informal guiding or students school educating compost, and access to experience of artificial nature artificial of experience to access access and to citizens let designs artificial Shortly, part. next the deeply on also discussed is It topic. discussion another create designs artificial and designs Near-natural make fountains. attractions with will It project. park public proposed the of middle the in fountains with pool water artificial awareness Yedikule. in changed The lack of consideration of bostans as bostans of consideration of lack The actively as environment on experiencing designs. the near-natural awareness public enhancing as let doesn’t designs nature benefits issues. artificial-nature about environment awareness public with the enhancing promotes contact nature Experiencing benefits. but environment outdoors, green access tocitizens all letsdesignsartificial with Park Public a make to bostans of demolition The would access the the access would i nature artificial of experience to and to access to create will designsartificial with park public amake to bostans of demolition the that, of instead and opportunity the lose to let will it project, park proposed 207 207  

xeine f aue n t ices t cnat ih riiil aue and nature artificial with contact issues to environmental on increase awareness public to decreasing and nature of experience to and to access decrease nature; of experience and to access of potential the lose of public on environment issues. issues. of public onenvironment awareness the decrease and ecology urban damage natural Yedikule, in place andthe of character habitat more damage will Yedikule in designs artificial designs, natural The demolition of bostans to make a public park with artificial designs artificial with park public a make to bostans of demolition The artificial nature artificial near natural designs natural near nature. artificial of experience to access and nature artificial access The demolition of bostans to make a public park with artificial designs artificial with park public a make to bostans of demolition The but ; and wider environmental goals to be reached by the increasing wider environment environment wider increasing the by reached be to goals environmental wider and

it doesn’t let to experiencing the nature actively. Experiencing artificial artificial Experiencing actively. nature the experiencing to let doesn’t it public park with a with park public Looking at bostans promotes also living close to nature and health and nature to close living also promotes bostans at Looking

actively. actively. in the proposed municipal public park project. Compared to near to Compared project. park public municipal proposed the in But it’s not enough. It requires the the requires It enough. not it’s But

rtificial-nature designs rtificial-nature

uh s anae hretn o trig at into waste turning or harvesting rainwater as such

sources to access to and experience of nature of experience and to access to sources . As well as can be seen on seen be can as well As . nraig awareness increasing

. The consideration of keeping bostans to make make to bostans keeping of consideration The . to access to and experience of nature of experience and to access to n Public Park. Therefore, the public Therefore,the Park. Public n . to access to artificial nature and nature artificial to access to It will will It depends on the base of of base the on depends . It provides experiencing experiencing provides It . . It promotes health and and health promotes It . l ose the source to provide provide to source the ose ulc eair to behaviors public Image 7- Image

There is a is There artificial nature artificial 40 contribute to contribute , there is an is there , cause lack of of lack in the in be be to

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. such as sport; children play grounds, squares, education and art studios for serving social social serving for studios art and education squares, grounds, play children sport; as such spaces provide to resources involves park public municipal The park. urban of border the in district of Fatih. district ofFatih. including to including such leisure and recreation contributes park leisure and public recreation a Making park. public a make to requires Fatih of district developed densely and population increased of pressure The hectares of of hectares So, destructed. already been have hectares 2.7 its and destroying, be will bostans of hectares 6 means It borders. the in included are bostans of hectares 6 project. park of public proposed the border the in place take Bostans Yedikule of parts some project, park urban to Referring make to bostans of demolition The to access let Park will Public accessing nature. and artificial nature, to experience of instead of inBostans Yedikule square meters, after making Public Park. The total open space area in Fatih district will not but will change, district Fatih in area space open total The Park. Public making after meters, square from increased be will person per areas green and outdoors access hectares 161 Therefore, hectare. 6 increase will district local the into public access open spaces open access public into will access public to open not that spaces open of hectares 6 project, park urban By designs. as issues environment in designs. awareness near-natural public increasing as let doesn’t nature Artificial designs. artificial with habitat character,its natural its destroying than passively, nature nature. artificial to contact character natural its habitat, being outdoors green Increasing being. will areas green accessible 208 208   

recover from stress, take advantage of health benefits, physical and mental well well mental and physical benefits, health of advantage take stress, from recover . Publicly accessible urban park will provide the Yedikule residents living close to close living residents Yedikule the provide will park urban accessible Publicly Increasing resources to directly Increasingto to resources open public access green areas and outdoors Increasing resources to space and facilities facilities recreation and for Increasing leisure space resources and to natural designs. natural near- as benefit health of advantage take doesn’t it but Yedikule, publicly in being well and increase to contribute designs artificial contribute and greenoutdoors accessible with park public a Making

it not directly to open public areas public open to directly not its direct use formal or informalformalor directuse its in Fatih. According to the population in Fatih, in 2014, the amount of public of amount the 2014, in Fatih, in population the to According Fatih. in is significant to provide publicly accessible open spaces in dense settlement of settlement dense in spaces open accessible publicly provide to significant is

It lets green outdoors, but it doesn’t derive benefits as near-natural near-natural as benefits derive doesn’t it but outdoors, green lets It , and they can go walking and spending time there, and therefore they they therefore and there, time spending and walking go can they and , ,

iety cesbe ulc park public accessible directly nlecs ua pyia ad scooia hat ad well and health psychological and physical human influences Perhaps it’s better to look at bostans, and get experience of of experience get and bostans, at look to better it’s Perhaps s pcs o paig mkn sot walking sport, making playing, for spaces as . Therefore, the amount of public of amount the Therefore, . Srl, otc t ntr poie mr bnft ta to than benefits more provides nature to contact Surely, . a public park with park public

will be open directly to access public areas. public access to directly open be will , active or passive, spending some of free times of some spendingpassive, or active , human physical and psychologicalandhealth physical human public access open spaces will be reach be will spaces open access public eore t sae n fclte for facilities and space to resources artificial designs causes to damage its its damage to causes designs artificial involves resources to space for for space to resources involves ly 3.7 square meters to 3.84 to meters square 3.7 accessible open spaces in in spaces open accessible eating…etc; , convert

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. http://www.central2013.eu/fileadmin/user_upload/Downloads/outputlib/Urbspace_Guidel from2014, October, on accessed “UrbSpace”, meetingthe gardens friends or with aroun walking as such activities leisure and recreation for bostans access to permitted upss uh s od production. food as such purposes accessible is it project, park urban of border the inside are bostans Yedikule ofmake size hectares 6 park. to urban of border the in production profit food of purpose to land occupy to gardeners permitted be anymore not leisure and recreation of purpose the to permission any without access to people semi-public open spaces into public open space open public into spaces open semi-public pdf space space.a public being through people, all access to open is It leisure. and recreation for facilities and space ( exhibitions…etc. and education inBostans Yedikule resource to access all people all access to resource a walk at the park, or meeting with friends for celebrations. Everybody can use park in in park use can Everybody celebrations. for friends with different different with purposes. ways meeting or park, the at walk a for neighborhoods or friends with meeting as such spaces meeting or times, free their of some as space. communication such and sourcesmeeting provides park public a Making eurn nt oml aiiis o establish. to facilities that formal project not park urban requiring of border the forming in Walls by Land the fountain of with south towards pool north from water waves the around ways walking also establish; to facilities spaces sport social benefits of making urban park that to provide spaces for social contact and and contact social for other spaces provide each with contact into come and meet to groups demographic and cultural social, different from that people which in arena park essential an provides space urban open accessible Publicly communication. making of benefits social 248 residents. local for spaces of use limited spaces of usability different with spaces Making urban park contribute contribute park urban Making public open space. open public the on depend interactions Social contact each with other. intocome and meet to park, to access groups. can Theydemographic cultural, differentsocial, Stiles R., 2013: A Guideline for Making Space: Joint Strategy Activity 3.3, it’s Activity3.3, Strategy Joint Making Space: for A Guideline 2013: R., Stiles 209 209 , pp.1-60, p. p. 16- pp.1-60, ,  

248 and , Mkn a ulc ak n eiue contributes Yedikule in park public a Making . Increasing equipments for seating, meetingIncreasingfor equipments communication and space Increasing access to spaces for social contact and communication contactIncreasing access social and for tospaces

rvds l pol t etr inside entire to people all provides ; gymnastic space, skateboard space that for formal recreation requiring special special requiring recreation formal for that space skateboard space, gymnastic ;

18.

Different degree of accessibility on open spaces gives spaces open on accessibility of degree Different

social interactions in urban park urban in interactions social and it provides it and mg 7- Image ere f cesblt o oe sae fo piae to private from spaces open of accessibility of degree hs bsas are bostans These ny lal dfnd ru o grees o s certain use to gardeners of group defined clearly only People can sit on the benches at the park, and spend spend and park, the at benches the on sit can People , orplaying areasfor children. , such as certain purposes to use spaces. It makes makes It spaces. use to purposes certain as such , Bostans are Bostans 33

Al , mg 7- Image gop i scey r aalbe o s this use to available are society in groups l facilities for recreation and leisure such as such leisure and recreation for facilities

. As well it was mentioned before on the the on before mentioned was it well As . to making urban park in Yedikule let all let Yedikule in park urban making to upeetr eupet fr seating, for equipments supplementary 41 semi-public open spaces open semi-public . uiia pr project park Municipal ). eipbi oe spaces. open semi-public ces o oil interactions social to access , urban park is a is park urban , a part of the project project the of part a ine_for_makingSpace.

l egal right to use to right egal .

public open open public Converting It’s provides . It will It . with not d

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. city-wide. level and poverty disintegrated neighborhood and societies in adnr give Gardeners project seems one-sided. one-sided. seems project but groups ofland users; rights ofdifferent open different spaces including with authorities. the by ignored been have activities bostan Cidelis not.” Cidelis n as fr te things other for project also park urban and making for fuss a make they them, with pleased not are we from Kastamonu, Cidelis, are they project, park urban the complains who know I But region. Sea Black provincein a whichis Giresun, from is family myoriginally in Yedikule, born was I old, years equipments supplementary necessity the satisfy aprivatebelong owner are border project the inside bostans and lands; their secure and maintain, inBostans Yedikule ifrn gop f sr i Yedikule. in users of group different inter different including with park urban an planning on way a finding consider buying vegetables from bostans. from vegetables buying of purpose the to unrelated activities into the enter activities to people buying permit of doesn’t It purposes Bostans. Yedikule the to only enter and come can Everybody project. park of border the inside are bostans Yedikule of size hectares 6 production. food of purposes the

It is accessible and is used by all citizens. Urban park Urbanpark citizens. all by used is and accessible Itis 249 is it and park; public means accessible publicly that park urban Making facilities and municipality, the of responsibility the under be body. national or government local creates into the society. According to interview with the reeve of Yedikule, he underlines he Yedikule, of reeve the with interview to According society. bostan the into income Low bostans. disintegrated be Yedikule will they therefore society; the in from weakened and marginalize will families families income low the weaker making cause will bostans of destruction The migrants. inland families, income low are Gardeners societies. the between disparities based class caused be can authorities municipal of interventions The Interview with Ali Küpücü , is the reeve of Yedikule Neighborhood, Decem Neighborhood, oftheYedikule reeve is , Ali Küpücü with Interview 210 210   

Land tenure Land local residents. and gardeners between disparities based class cause bostans of destruction The space Making an urban park provides directly access to all people, it is a public open public a is it people, all to access directly provides park urban an Making omnl space communal for makingfor safe. park

and offersthe legal to and right use It shows there are already are there shows It opnain o ln tenure land for compensation

( Image 7- Image and . It creates also Itcreates 9 o lcl eiet are o ae n ra pr hr, but here, park urban an make to agree residents local of %90

h lgl ih t use to right legal the

After making urban park, the land will be owned by a by owned be will land the park, urban making After 27 , Image7- gardeners are temporary owners of bostans of owners temporary are gardeners It will hold in trust for the public, and the security will will security the and public, the for trust in hold will It oty ulc rpry n a ml sz o bostan of size small a and property public mostly

the lack of trust in government and increasing the increasing and government in trust of lack the disparities in the socie the in disparities The interests of bostan families to use land for for land use to families bostan of interests The

28 and makes communal and a senseof ownership. ). Gardeners rent the lands to use for bostan to bostan to usefor ). Gardeners lands rent the Grees r rsosbe o produce, to responsible are Gardeners . the municipality is also responsible to responsible also is municipality the o ngtlgt, lcrct ad other and electricity night-lights, for open to directly access to all people all to access directly to open n i makes it and But it should be a good plan for for plan good a be should it But ty ber 29, 2014. 29, ber , and , sne f communal of sense a the authorities can’t can’t authorities the a public open space open public a

theproposed 249 . Existing . “ I am 63 am I ests of ests , i ,

t .

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Istanbul of landscape cultural of part a being haveuserswill of the public park ownership inBostans Yedikule make more profit. to therefore and customers; the to connection of accessibility easy by good products sell their to lose places will sellers vegetable The activities. buying and selling for customers more with connect to accessible easy for opportunity the provides It 10.Yil. of street main the near and Yedikule, in roadsides used much the in place take Bostans Yedikule because roadsides, the at bostans, their on food selling as such food selling for resources their lose will Bostancıs wide bazaars, therefore other residents will also lose to access health, fresh produce from from produce fresh health, access to thebazaars.bostans in lose also will residents other therefore bazaars, city- and wide neighborhood into them take to and food health produce to sources their lose will gardeners Because bazaars. district-wide in bostans from produce, fresh access to opportunity fresh to the that access lose will residents district-wide also provide residents, local for only not vegetables; producedto sources are project park public of border the in bostans Existing By the destruction of bostans, they will be loosed loosed be will they bostans, of destruction the By being a part of part as a loosed being be will It loosed. be will Constantinople and water Peninsula of Historic part of a system supply structures, system supply water existing with Bostans of destruction the by Peninsula; Historic of system supply water about information give that time Byzantine from pool water wells, water four are there project, park urban of border the In bostans. Yedikule (Bostans). Gardens Vegetable Urban Istanbul the of impactgardenswill negatively vegetable Yedikule destruction of historic bostans to make a public park. Yedikule Bostans are structural and symbolic functions of of functions symbolic and structural open spaces. are Bostans Yedikule and park. public landscape a make urban to bostans sustainable maintain Therefore, to society. urban of opportunity viability important the and Peninsula, val lose be will it Bostans, Yedikule historic of destruction the By past. the on practices agricultural and seeds a the on dataas stratigraphic and Walls Period, historic of databank Ottoman Land the and the Byzantine of the in part city the a of asboundaries the loose forms that be system will It Period. Republican the in Peninsula Historic system foundations pious 211 211 ues, which is the historical continuity of agricultural practices in Istanbul Historic Historic Istanbul in practices agricultural of continuity historical the is which ues,   

h dmlto o bsas o aig mncpl ulc ak ih artificial with park public municipal a promotes food. designs selling for decrease resources to making to bostans of demolition The The demolition of bostans to making a municipal public park promotes to to promotes park public municipal a making decrease produced vegetables. to access tofresh to bostans of demolition The The demolition of bostans to making a municipal public park will cause to lose to cause will park public municipal a making to bostans of demolition The will loosed.be will spaces open of functions symbolic and structural

. All people in Yedikule will have the legal right to use the public park; and the the and park; public the use to right legal the have will Yedikule in people All . civic and monastic practices monastic and civic

n h Otmn eid as Period, Ottoman the in a senseof ownership cultural heritage cultural

in the Byzantine Period, as being a part of part a being as Period, Byzantine the in ; because there will be not any more historic historic more any not be will there because ; . en a a are o identity of carrier a as being pr o ubn amn activities farming urban of part a will be loosed by the destruction of destruction the by loosed be will t il be will It in Yedikule. Cultural heritage Cultural Yedikule. in the embodiment of intangible of embodiment the lose Yedikule Bostans Bostans Yedikule socio-cultural value socio-cultural . The The . the in as as

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. meet Yedikule, of the different and in groups doesn’t demands target groups users- of wishes the understanding to account into destroy be will city the for and therefore Yedikule in residents land, local for leisure activities bostan and recreation into converted be will it and lands Istanbul. in gardening traditional residents, experience their with process production ongoing stopped will bostans on residents. city will It inBostans Yedikule localcontribute tomake doesn’t authorities by lands policy bostan the in of instead park involved public a making not of way The land-owners, decisions. plan temporary and making are who gardeners, as well as authorities; local the by process decisions plan and making policy in involved not are residents local The years. be forgotten by theupcoming will land existing the Bostans, project park public Therefore, The lack of non-participating the local residents, activists and the land users- land the and activists residents, local the non-participating of lack The in the planning process in Yedikule case, in accordingly, in case, Yedikule in process planning the in groups target of all of feeling participation participation, a public of create involvement of doesn’t lack The it ownership. park, a make to bostans Yedikule of design and management 212 212  

not any more keep the perception of bostan activities for local residents and for and residents local for activities bostan of perception the keep more any not ak f novn vros rus n h pann poes rm h beginning the from process planning of municipal project. park doesn’t create ownership of afeeling the in groups various involving of Lack ak f atcptn lcl eiet ad adnr i plc mkn process, making policy in of making ownership the project asense municipal proposed of lack of park gardeners and residents local participating of Lack

The destruction of Bostans will be caused that the ongoing production process process production ongoing the that caused be will Bostans of destruction The

nt n mr poie rsrig rdtoa bsas with bostans traditional preserving provide more any not , doesn’t create an appropriate level of use for all different all for use of level appropriate an create doesn’t not provide any more continuing the perception of of perception the continuing more any provide not

a sense ofownership. a sense Ongoing production will be interrupted on the on interrupted be will production Ongoing gardeners-, . After the destruction of Yedikule Yedikule of destruction the After . the local authorities didn’t take didn’t authorities local the

local residents, activists. residents, local

the perception of of perception the gardeners- ed . . , and it will it and . in the in

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. turning for spaces minimum to respect 7.3.3 inBostans Yedikule planning context context planning existing the designs, artificial with park urban recreational making for bostans of destruction (bostans) spaces” “open existing the of identities values, meanings, the with exploring park Or designs. public artificial a making focusing just and process; making policy in participation public values existing the ignoring and preserving: of way The spaces? open urban preserve to strategy best the is What space. open the on expression new some make interrupting to value space, new a open putting and them, of qualities existing of consideration of lack the with spaces open urban on interventions make case Yedikule concerning authorities planning centralized The the different layers of meanings have been clashing for the function of open spaces open of function the for clashing been have meanings of layers different the case Yedikule in process planning in space open to react to extremely challenging been have au te ae space- may groups same Different the value leisure.. open and recreation Urban providing production. than more foo food much and be of should conservation spaces for demands interests the of demands supply the recreation, ignoring of doesn’t demands and the it filling project, leisure; one-sided seems It and conservation. and recreation production of interests the supply to only focuses project park public proposed The recreation. landscapeand cultural historic of conservation production, food of demands different their and groups target different are There damages natural its character. into way. spaces open urban preserve to help will it spaces, open urban in plan good make to strategy best the Finding strategy? best the what’s but spaces, open urban preserve interventions artificial-nature ra pr poet ih riiil ein, ts eesr t aod the avoid to necessary it’s designs, artificial with project park urban ecosystem i ecosystem bostans for of destruction the case, Yedikule concerning landscape; the altering ecosystem, the into intervention level high a represent that areas build-up to compared naturalness, intrinsic the bostans damage will designs artificial with park public ItYedikule.will natural of characteristic a make to bostans of destruction The cultural upplanning traces from policies? bottom approaches. It is important to clearly consideration in Yedikule context, the way of planning planning of way the context, Yedikule in consideration clearly to important is It approaches. value in Yedikule. Yedikule. in value bostans in species animal and plants of habitats the be should It park. stereotype a is project park urban proposed The approaches. planning cliché to oh r oe spaces open are Both designing with disrespect to all spaces for turning for spaces all to disrespect with designing 213 213 considered designing with respect to minimum spaces for turning for spaces minimum to respect with designing considered making public park with artificial-nature designs let also a high level intervention into the into intervention level high a also let designs artificial-nature with park public making

In Yedikule, it’s necessary to necessary it’s Yedikule, In REFLECTION AND IMPLICATION REFLECTION Atog oe sae rpeet lw ee itreto ta dnt e change let don’t that intervention level low a represent spaces open Although . as a whole a as

n Yedikule. It lets to change intrinsic naturalness, altering the landscape, the altering naturalness, intrinsic change to lets It Yedikule. n is needed a considerable care considerable a needed is os t ely ed n ra pr wt atfca designs artificial with park urban an need really it Does to ensure the continuation of daily life, and experiencing space with its with space experiencing and life, daily of continuation the ensure to eiue Bostans Yedikule

eitn bsas n te rpsd ra pr poet bt the but project; park urban proposed the and bostans existing , into the area make to make area the into , meanings, identities by top down planning policies, lack of of lack policies, planning down top by identities meanings, , make near-natural innervations into the space, with with space, the into innervations near-natural make - in different ways. The different layers of meaning meaning of layers different The ways. different in - damage the habitats of plants and animal species animal and ofplants habitats the damage , it should be considered designing with minimum minimum with designing considered be should it ,

. The municipal park project is a stereotype a is project park municipal The . , and loosing the characteristic landscape landscape characteristic the loosing and lose its natural character natural its lose into

urban park with artificial designs artificial with park urban establishing new value new establishing , not like Yedikule case Yedikule like not clichés . Both help to to help Both . in the best the in ? It seems seems It ? planning planning

losing losing . The in d a

s ; . Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. The municipal park project is project park municipal The groupsspace Yedikule? in of different tobalance target thedemands access, public for plan be agood it could spaces, open accessible how producing public for winners and as seems park park, recreational access to residents income high and villas, the of front in placed designs is Villas, artificial Yedikule of modern frontage a with as seems park public municipal The neighborhood. Yedikule in land o value the increase to bostan existing of replacement the by Villas Yedikule luxury built is the after Because, Firstly areas’. Yedikule. ‘renewal became are in area conservation in values Bostans Yedikule 2005, in land decision increase to seem municipality of actions The different find thebest waygoodfor onmaking Yedikule. a preserving plan open urban space in balancing Yedikul therefore in space of use and of level solution appropriate an in recreation groups compromise different of demands a and make production to food help may conservation, beginning between the from process making policy in project the of process planning project, park urban municipal the of inBostans Yedikule leisure. What could be a good plan to preserve urban open spaces in the best way? The The way? best context. urban the in spaces open urban project park preserve municipal and to proposed recreation plan of good demands a the be fill could to What spaces leisure. open accessible publicly of needs the meets spaces open of use legitimate the Bostans as Bostans the organizing that intends municipality The activities. leisure and recreation for land the access to users residents’ income high new for appropriate to facilities specific promoting seems and groups user specific for appropriate to facilities specific provides it facilities; cliché involves there is a demand for recreational need, bostans are also an opportunity to provide recreation provide to opportunity an also are bostans need, recreational for demand a is there park municipal but Yedikule; The in people park. all for urban accessible publicly with be will plots project bostan historic existing of replacing foresees project municipal proposed spaces spaces, open urban is project park urban municipal proposed The Yedikule. in thelandneeds values benefit and explore may also allneighborhoods provide provide also may contemporary the meet to potential its exploring and well, as values land increase to help may activities urban for values and the meanings identity, source its exploring park, public the in exploring activities leisure and recreation as activities; activities leisure and complementary recreation with for bostans opportunity an are bostans urban that owners, but also for all neighborhoods in Yedikule? in neighborhoods all for propalso but owners, for only not benefit make and values land explore to is ways or another Yedikule any in there values land increase to way one only the designs artificial with Park Pub making Is values. higher at easier much properties the sell and image the change 214 214 ; it makes all people access to urban park compared to Yedikule Bostans, Bostans, Yedikule to compared park urban to access people all makes it ;

for preserving urban open spaces? What about making a legitimate use of open open of use legitimate a makingabout What spaces? open urban preservingfor Because the proposed project is project proposed the Because a stereotype park stereotype a kn o bcwr o te niind osn development housing envisioned the of backward of kind a aig go pa fr ulc ces n a eiiae s o open of use legitimate a and access public for plan good a making

a good plan for public access? public for plan good a . Yedikule neighborhood is a densely urban settlement area, and and area, settlement urban denselya is neighborhood Yedikule . to make a public park. Involvement of different target groups target different of Involvement park. public a make to missing keeping bostans for recreation and leisure use. leisure and recreation for bostans keeping missing is missing a legitimate use of open spaces in an historic an in spaces open of use legitimate a missing is would increase the land rent in the area and make easier to to easier make and area the in rent land the increase would n te ak f novmn o dfeet rus in groups different of involvement of lack the and

missing conservation issue conservation missing missing to be the best strategy to preserve preserve to strategy best the be to missing and to increase land value. The planned planned The value. land increase to and The municipal park project is missing missing is project park municipal The

This is a question a is This if there are some losers losers some are there if of bostans, and it and bostans, of promoting new promoting for inquiring a inquiring for e . The project project The . may help to help may but was the was but erty lic If

f , Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. park decisions plan and ownership of making policy with resisting to make in to help will it participation case, Yedikule in beginning the public from processes active an to involvement The widely before.explained heritage park urban accessible publicly as Bostans Yedikule use to right have spaces open spaces, open semi-public are Bostans Yedikule existing Because, activities. leisure and inBostans Yedikule otn i ubn ak Teeoe i wud ep o rae n pn spaceopen an create to help would it Therefore, park. urban in bostans in Participation Yedikule. in levelappropriate of ofusage all groupsinan target helptobalance policy will making process activities complementary with park public a make to bostans keeping possible makes it project, park public in activities complementary with functions use The consideration land functionall possible multiple through of converting of into open space land plots. bostan the using frequently by protection and surveillance, maintain, to bostans attention of heritage cultural of conservation pay createto will bostans about residents local of ownership of sense Theincreased. be would of awareness public the Therefore, Yedikule Bostans.of heritage cultural of conservation to attention pay to lets it because park, public spaces, open public as plots bostan the from utilize can citizens All this In well. as groups. recreation and production food protectedconservation, of demands the fill can Park Public way, be will bostans historic the plots; bostan the on production food ongoing keep to contributes this and leisure, and recreation provide that uses land functional multi into conservation, and production food only provide that use restricted from converted local dwellers. So, they carry historic cultural landscape value; and they are a part of of part a are values theyand meanings identity, of carrier are Bostans Yedikule and value; landscape cultural reminders. livable also theyare Peninsula, Historic historic topographyof of part a identity,Istanbul’s carry they continuing So, dwellers. and local existing, of still connection the are on ofperception the and carryspace the traceson agrarian Period Republican and Ottoman,Byzantine, Bostans bostans Yedikule centuries. past Yedikule the in urbanization, as practices production of pressure the and rapidly has growing is Istanbul Although plot. for production used same years the hundreds at over producing vegetable are They them. of conservation to significant is plots bostan on production keeping and 1600-year-old, years, for knowledge local of perception the at are Yedikule bostans are bostans Yedikule to preserve space. open urban the filling taste, plan good personal a make to help may spaces open of functions possible ofthe Considering too. criteria matter functional meet a to needs it groups; just other of wishes not the ignoring group, one is only of demands spaces open urban preserving for good plan a make to strategy best the Finding production. food and conservation of interests the excluding leisure, and recreation of interests the meets project park municipal proposed the The enhance to helps This gardens. vegetable historic this awareness theYedikule significanceabout Bostans. ofpublic ofthe preserve to likely more may 215 215 - for all. - for all. n clua lnsae wih ed o e osre. itrc set f otn is bostans of aspect Historic conserved. be to need which landscape, cultural and

, and to convert into multi functional land uses. Yedikule Bostans could be be could Bostans Yedikule uses. land functional multi into convert to and , . Feeling of ownership by participants would increase the sustainability of the of sustainability the increase would participants by ownership of Feeling structural and symbolic functions of open spaces open of functions symbolic and structural

but they have have they but the opportunity to act as land use elements of of elements use land as act to opportunity the

not directly open to public, public, to open directly not ; they are carrier of carrier are they; if the city stakeholders city the if , the local dwellers dwellers local the , in Yedikule. They Yedikule. in rdcie urban productive cultural cultural a sense sense

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. leisure and recreation provide will activities urban as bostans the way, best the in spaces open urban also and neighborhoods,

it would be a be would it space.Because open forgood plan a provide Yedikulecasewould bostan in these of inclusion way open for spaces preserving urban visitors for schools, for activities educational provide could it funds, government with Supportingresidents. local ofneeds the meet opportunitythe to be could use leisure and recreation for bostans keeping need, recreation a demand really residents local If inBostans Yedikule production spaces safe create steps these therefore, space, the of maintenance the increasing neighborhood, in responsibility area. the of ownership of feeling t cnevto o hsoi clua landscape cultural historic of conservation its space open on plan good a Making in participation public active an beginning the from process planning the groupsin various involving policymaking, that, besides life, everyday for conceiving people, the for significance its and place, the of geography and history the account into Taking spaces. open Yedikule.gain Yedikule can with educational bostans activities. value makes process policy-making into dwellers Strategy, pp. 19- pp. Strategy, 250 best the find to help will elements changeable and fixed the of managing account into Taking pay to as elements fix necessary manage changeable is to and models it garden urban that, new adapt of demands, contemporary besides answer space, to attention open of qualities existing of consideration urto classes activities. nutrition environmental and social economic, health, as such bostans urban at place take can that activities functional Multi activities. urban functional multi complementary, with needs recreation meet to plots same the on production food ongoing historic keep to helps It on spaces. open urban aspect on plans making during conservation gardens vegetables the consider and gardens vegetable to help historic would preserve it and keep, park, urban an make to destroyed be don’t plots bostan existing the If way. best the in park public a making for bostans keep to attention pay to help will place the of geography and history the account into taking with bostans of significance the Considering make a ofplace. sense and organizing, food justice/social justice education; education; justice research justice/social food based organizing, school and or university movie), watching example (for spaces gathering social and green areas at the Land Walls will help to make productive urban park for everybody for park urban productive make to help will Walls Land the at areas green and outdoors accessible publicly produced the Therefore, education. environmental composting, Etbihn a es o place’ of sense a ‘Establishing

R. Stiles, 2013, Characteristics of Good Urban Open Spaces, In: A Guideline for In: A Spaces, Guideline Open Urban ofGood Characteristics R.Stiles, 2013, 216 216 activities in productive way productive in activities

that would help to make building communities, increasing solidarity between between solidarity increasing communities, building make to help would that productive urban park in Yediku in park urban productive 20 . ; oil activities social 250 Te a o peevn ubn pn pcs s ey motn t the to important very is spaces open urban preserving of way The .

designing with respect to near-natural designs will designs near-natural to respect with designing whole, a

is one of the most important strategies to preserve urban urban preserve to strategies important most the of one is uh s rdcn tgte vgtbe, ulc kitchens, public vegetables, together producing as such in Yedikule case, it has potential has it case, Yedikule in All these provide frequently use of space and increasing increasing and space of use frequently provide these All , such as providing education activities. As a result, the result, a As activities. education providing as such , . . rm otm p lnig oiis ti wy ep to helps way this policies, planning up bottom from

sense-of-place a le au and value with elh activities Health activities balancing different legal rights to use to rights legal different balancing einn wt rset f food of respect with designing and empowers the locality in in locality the empowers and such as rainwater harvesting, harvesting, rainwater as such could be cooking and and cooking be could designing with respect to respect with designing Making Space: Joint Joint Space: Making Priiaig local Participating . help to preserve preserve to help creates creates a

. Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. context. urban historic an in value landscape cultural historic of conservation leisure, and recreation hy ae also have They would be realized. Yedikule in usage land legitimate a and users different of interests the of consensus the way uses land multifunctional integrated bostans of inBostans Yedikule of significance the about information give to issues landscape attention to come to important how shows It Initiative. Preservation Bostans Yedikule of reactions of result a as project the Bostans” Yedikule of meters square of a mayor that explained was the 2013 organizedAugust in Forum, Demir Mustafa Municipality Fatih the Initiative after month one Preservation and Bostans; Gardens Yedikule in meeting Vegetable Forum-public Historic Yedikule The inform? will Who Experts? people. informing need to out brings it enough, not is function state The conservation areas. laws national down, The institutions. level local and level city level, responsibl no It control between national connection such ornot. mechanisms there as SMP isno highlights, are of guideline there the follows project and the that way, areas conservation easy in projects control in to institutions projects the make authorities local that seems It institutions. control the between working not is it but case, Yedikule about policy landscape implementation the but before, SMP in guidelines are bostans Although 7.3.3.1 highlyspace, valued and spaces. wouldmake it of value the increased spaces, open the on value a gained be would it Therefore, space. the on 252 infrastructure and education environment, and culture healthcare, stability, categories: broad http://store.eiu.com/product.aspx?pid=455217630&gid=0&pubid=465217631 252 place 2014 took in LivabilityRanking Global the at second is Vienna Austria, in Vienna consider cities- livable most world’s -the livability 251 . The productive innovation on the space is very important, to provide multiple functions multiple provide to important, very is space the on innovation productive The . Accessed on February 5, 2015, from 2015, 5, February on Accessed Accessed on February 5, 2015, from http://www.economist.com/blogs/g from 2015, 5, February on Accessed 217 217 but they are not followed exactly to the considerations of guidelines of SMP in in SMP of guidelines of considerations the to exactly followed not are they but

hrfr, t Therefore, Yedikule Conclusion & the decision on revision of proposed the municipal park project in

; existing bostans would be converted into multi functional land uses; and in this in and uses; land functional multi into converted be would bostans existing ; and potential potential ifrn itrss f ifrn users different of interests different he sophisticated and complex methods would be recognized, and and recognized, be would methods complex and sophisticated he f uiia pbi pr poet I mas hr i lw eae to related law is there means It project. park public municipal of

ne te rtcin f ainl laws national of protection the under o ae ennfl otiuin fr t ftr ue through use future its for contributions meaningful make to . It’s important to consider the contributions of bostans for for bostans of contributions the consider to important It’s .

the monitoring mechanisms are not working well to control to well working not are mechanisms monitoring the , by a newspaper it is announced that they have revised revised have they that announced is it newspaper a by ,

251 - The livability factors are organized in five in organized are factors livabilityThe - , h itrss f od production, food of interests the raphicdetail

s el s etoe the mentioned as well as r ipeetd rm top from implemented are “We will preserve 800 preserve will “We

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 254 oluyor_111546.html by protection landscape to relation in bostans inBostans Yedikule rjc ae, sal ah ws h vze o Sla Slm Te ak rjc hs en revi been has project park The Selim. Sultan of vizier the was Pasha Ismail area, project bo the inside wells water and Bostan, Pasha Ismail also is There flora. city’s the of part a and city, theagriculture in of examples rare a are theyByzantineera, gardens from inherited 253 Municipality told There are recent developments about Yedikule historic bostans. In December 12 December In bostans. historic Yedikule about developments recent are There contains Preservation group Bostans This gardeners. showing with solidarity Yedikule gardeners. by bostans on from activity support production ongoing keep to also demand to their specifically that seems It Initiative. and students bostans intellectuals, preserving academicians, by park public a The demand of first group is to is group first of demandThe concerningperceptionconservation perspective.narrow of city bostans authorities, mindby in of lack the still seems it Fatih, of municipality local of mayor the of explanation to According added Ismail Pasha Bostan the to project. We have plannedof 8units 100 square meters of bostans”. confusion between Conservation Council and Local City Council of Fatih about the the But 2013. about Fatih City Local Istanbul of byMunicipality of Greater of Council project City by before approved park was Fatih Council of Council prepared The City area. conservation Local in construction and of permission Council Conservation between confusion is There irregularities. tender being to due Planlama Kutup of firm the of proposal project the cancelled was Istanbul of MunicipalityGreater of Council the that newspaper a by announced to landscape inYedikule. protection specifically in issues landscape on experts of role the shows Istanbul of Municipality Greater of Council the by acts municipal local the Stopping authorities. city local by mind narrow in Yedikule Historic bostans of perception the of lack the of still seems conference it Unfortunately, Initiative. press Preservation Bostans the during it learnt he and Yedikule, in of bostans history the about knowledge have didn’t he that explained he Demir, Mustafa is Fatih of municipality local of mayor The Yedikule. in bostans of significance the understanding make year City city to akeepersfor half andactivists struggled and have with bostan one authorities local residents workshop inYedikule and for of toorganize bostans historic preservation o peevto o hsoi bsas n eiue Te ao o Itnu Metropolitan Istanbul of mayor The Yedikule. in Topba Kadir bostans is Municipality historic of preservation for workshop organize to and residents local of views the to refer to suggested he then and acts municipality’s local the stopped and Fatih, of Council City Local to back returned is it then reevaluating project, tothe the necessity of due project, park municipal refusedTopbaş, the he Atr h sat f h poet iln ad oeg lcues r epand ta bostans that explained, are lecturers foreign and inland project, the of start the “After Accessed from a newspaper on January, 2015, from http://www.hur from 2015, January, on newspaper from a Accessed Accessed on December, 2014, from http://www.yapi.com.tr/haberler/yedikule from 2014, December, on Accessed 218 218

n eebr 2014 December, in . 253

: :

, he refused the project and suggested to refer to the views of of views the to refer to suggested and project the refused he , conservation of the historic cultural landscape, landscape, culturalthe historic of conservation ,

the mayor of Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality is Kadir Kadir is Municipality Metropolitan Istanbul of mayor the

h experts the riyet.com.tr/gundem/27762771.asp . As a result, the Mayor of Fatih Fatih of Mayor the result, a As . -bostanlari-hobi-bahcesi- th and to build build to and rder of park of rder , 2014, it’s it’s 2014, , they arethey e, a sed, r the are . mi 254

- .

nd in in

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. landscape attention pay to policy state on bring or change be could landscape on about act informing The how practice. everyday publics in landscape informed The participation. active the through increased be will issues landscape specific the about public of awareness the because surroundings, their of features the landsca about of care ownership take will actors of city the sense Therefore actors. city a the between place/landscape makes it process, participation public with plan a Making or issues landscape the policies. landscape make about to is Do process participation public public active an involving as Such the plans? inform groups. to different attention of pay user/actors authorities public land competent different of demands different the balance space open of functions possible all considering Because objective. their its to quality regard regard with landscape could design to necessary public is spaces the open on Then plan good object. landscape. a Making quality surroundings. about landscape people without informing enough needs the not it of is Because suggestions it the but to authorities, line public in by policies Convention landscape own implementing for attention pay quality Landscape features. landscape to important is policy landscape Because other. each dependent regard is policylandscape and object to out brings authorities of formulation The inBostans Yedikule doesn’t involve unique unique involve doesn’t project park proposed the project, down top from was for it participationYedikule, in public project park any a making make didn’t they even local project, any park inform public to the attention about pay residents didn’t authorities public competent the 2013, in process project suggests the of beginning the HeAt bostans. of preservation the gardens. about workshop a organizing vegetable also historic to respect with designing well as groups, different of demands the considering with park public a designing and residents local of demands the account into take to proposes IMM of mayor The stopped. are municipality local the of acts the 2014, December Since park. recreation a make to participation public active an of absence projects park proposed the of revision are of necessity press activities, or demonstration meetings public other by and bostans of explanations, value landscape cultural historic the about public result a As from down? authorities top couldlandscape bebring toregarding outpublic issues s el s h cnieain f h picpe o eooia, itrc sca, economic social, historic, ecological, of principles the of consideration the as well as spaces, open for plans good public making to necessary transparent are process policy-making and in participations open mechanisms, monitoring well-working down, to top from and the up of bottom from institutions revision well-working public, the Informing project. park during municipal proposed ELC the of suggestions the account into take to is necessity The groups- conservation 2013 toDecember 2014). the specifically experts value- landscape historic of conservation the of resisting the the designs, the on natural bring doesn’t near it space well not as heritage designs, cultural the artificial destroy will modern solutions design with proposed park a make and bostans, 219 219 any quality any

as explained in regard to landscape policy, the intends of experts to inform the the inform to experts of intends the policy, landscape to regard in explained as from the social and ecological perspective. It is a stereotype park; but then then but park; stereotype a is It perspective. ecological and social the from

adcp quality landscape from bottom up bottom from h lnsae ult o place of quality landscape the came into effect after one and half year (from July July (from year half and one after effect into came

, because it intends the destruction of historic historic of destruction the intends it because , to make a plan, and then it can promote to to promote can it then and plan, a make to by the mayor of IMM, despite the the despite IMM, of mayor the by or make a landscape policy by state by policy landscape a make or came into effect to consider the the consider to effect into came the demands of the the of demands the brings out through through out brings pe pe

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. with actors users/city land different of keeping recreation and bostans for leisure Neighborhood. useinYedikule interests different balancing to solution a produce to opportunity an have will seem Fatih of municipality local the of interventions the activists against city the by demonstrations The Istanbul. of Municipality Greater the of authorities the by project park urban to regard in bostans keeping and Bostans the Yedikule of of significance consideration a there’s that show Municipality Greater of Council the of actions The to take account into the ofthe suggestions ELC. (guideline) steps requirement sustainability making Theythe the are plansisimportant. during inBostans Yedikule 220 220

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Balancing the demands ofthe different land users-actors- inBostans Yedikule 221 221 Consideration of Bostans in Yedikule Public Park Project ofin Bostans Consideration Public ParkProject Yedikule Through converting land into multifunctional land uses landThroughinto converting land multifunctionaluses CASE STUDY: DESIGN PROPOSALS CASE STUDY: DESIGNPROPOSALS Keeping bostans to makea publicbostans to Keeping recreational park

The consensus of the interests of different users consensusofThe theinterests ofusers different "A Productive"A Publicin Park Yedikule" with complementary urban activities,urban complementary with

(from up), bottom

in Yedikule PART 4: PART 4:

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 8.1 8.1.1 8 inBostans Yedikule investigated in the status quo chapter. Secondly, the needs of Yedikule neighborhood, the the neighborhood, Yedikule gardens- of ofusers existing residents, local users, widely of needs aspirations is the Secondly, This chapter. context. quo its social status and the with historical in its investigated neighborhood from occurs Yedikule that values in and meanings Bostans its of role existing the of as well as featuresphysical its context, landscape and urban potential its sense as broad a in surroundings, the well site, the as of Bostans, potential the Yedikule understanding to necessary is it firstly consider, to inputs three are there Yedikule, in space open urban good of design the Ensuring public open space is necessary to involve all target groups, and an active public participation public active an and groups, target all involve to necessary is space open public for plan good A conservation. and production food as such groups of demands other the of gapsfill doesn’t project municipal the and leisure; and The recreation of demands municipality. the meets only of district group, particular of local needs the meet to of focuses It well. proposal as explained is project the park municipal with explained widely been have use conservation and production food for bostans in dimensions health environmental, social, with explained widely bostan as such bostans of groups benefit the bostans, keeping of significance the explained above As of conservation and needs use of it an public active participation leisure process. open spaces, inplan decisions public case and Yedikule recreation concerning production, users- groups land food different different of of demands interests the different balancing of demands the meet with context urban historic park an in spaces open public of public use legitimate a to bostans urban Keeping recreational a make to bostans project a helptocreate compromise will design. keep to out park public the in access public allowingmore but bostans Keeping activities. complementary brings it users; land of demand different the balance to help will it way, this In groups. different of demands the gardeners between and residents, space, local of expectations of and requirements use the and legitimate site, the a of potential mix, coherent a creating space, its new with with users the area project identify to proposed basis the provide the to and Bostans, of Yedikule includes that geography requirements, functional and history the together tying in factors narrative two these integrating Thirdly, municipality. of district of local chapter of the proposal at planning investigated deeply are they project, park recreational proposed currently

222 222

users-actors- in Yedikule Yedikule in users-actors- land different the of demands the Balancing PROPOSALS:

Consideration Bostans of in Yedikule Public Park Project c epn bsas o ae rcetoa pbi pr wt complementary with activities park public recreational a make to bostans Keeping ıs, customers, sellers, buyers; advantages and disadvantages of keeping bostans are are bostans keeping of disadvantages and advantages buyers; sellers, customers, ıs,

actors

- in an appropriate level of use, in Yedikule. Finding a right way right a Finding Yedikule. in use, of level appropriate an in -

. As well the demands for recreation and leisure leisure and recreation for demands the well As . Bostancis status quo chapter to keep keep to chapter quo status - in Yedikule and also and Yedikule in - the

, Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. value- are monumental They hist Istanbul. The explained. of widely before as symbols landscape cultural cultural and heritage and cultural of carrier historical of carries the are bostans Yedikule urbanopen Yedikule. in an space context historic in public of use legitimate food a different to bostans of keeping of for level appropriate demands demandsan provide to all groups three the balancing groups, of necessity two the other creates it of conservation, demands and production the of involvement of lack The all. for use to provides it therefore clear and a ownership of produce sense a to creates Itlets plan. it participation then public and space, the of users different of wishes the understand to inBostans Yedikule leisure and recreation for group particular one only of demands the meet to designs artificial with structural and symbolic the area. interrupts Bostan Yedikule of functions and ignores authorities competent the project, park space of functions symbolic and designing structural necessary to respectis with it plan, good a Making protected. be to need which value landscape Balancing the demands of three different groups to make a good plan in the project area is area project the necessary in plan good a make to groups different three of demands the Balancing public clear a produce to and groups, three participation planinYedikule. of demands the food understand and to decisions conservation plan leisure, and recreation in participation public active for an necessary also is It use. groups of level appropriate an in production three all of demands the meet to necessary is it case, Yedikule in way, best a in space open urban preserving for plan good both of analysis as observable uses space open and value landscape cultural historic bostans’ keep to order In fill to contemporaryrequirements. needs it and leisure and recreation for group third the of demands the meet to lacks it in bostans because urban conservation; and production food only for groups two allowedof demands the meet to be quo status not should area as project cottage proposed gardener The barns, explained. pools, before water wells, water historic are there and times, from activities Ottoman farming observational provide they Periods, Republic Turkish and Ottoman its conservation of historic cultural landscape cultural historic of conservation its necessary is it space, well as project, park the in Bostans Yedikule of recognition the of necessity the out brings it concerning space open of functions possible with plan good a making to claims 2013 od rdcin ciiis n esrn te otniy amn patcs n bostans, on practices farming space open continuity the of functions societal and social environmental, ensuring of potential the considering with designing and activities production food dctoa atvte, elh fo, od euiy ciiis evrnetl ciiis to activities environmental activities, security food food, healthy activities, educational way productive in bostans into activities integrating designs, near-natural making character, natural its into damages minimum with designing space, the into innervations 223 223 ; eas Ydkl bsas r crir f utrl adcp bten Byzantine, between landscape cultural of carrier are bostans Yedikule because

the consideration of Bostans in Yedikule Public Park Project area Project YedikuleParkPublic in Bostans of consideration the , designing status quo status ad Walls- Land designing with respect to structural and symbolic functions of space of functions symbolic and structural to respect with designing

ihrset omnmmsae fr unn,mkn near-natural making turning, for spaces minimum to respect with and hc i peety rtce; u as te itrc cultural historic the also but protected; presently is which the municipal park project park municipal the The proposed project area should not only a public park public a only not should area project proposed The a functional approach functional a

value andvalue considering all possible functions possible all considering designing with respect to still survive still to respect with designing , but as seen the proposed public public proposed the seen as but , in above explained; providing a a providing explained; above in , it includes considering all considering includes it . As R. Stiles, Stiles, R. As . of the open the of , such as such orical orical

, Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Project, 2013, Metrics, p.44. p.44. Metrics, 2013, Project, P and Diseasefor Centers the by health decisions makeappropriate services to with gardeners of experiences sharing to miles, food short participants- eating, fresh and healthy health, social, contribute to residents’ local from contribute can Bostans Bostans Yedikule outcomes. benefits, ecologic economic, Yedikule at place take can activities range broad The make park recreational public complementaryThe bostan keeping a for to activities local of leisure and recreation of residents Yedikule. in needs the meet to functions, societal and social promote inBostans Yedikule Farm" etc…. others, and children to school practices visitors, farming practices, social and physical and Walls, Land bostans, of background air open attractions, historic the explain to Tourism studios exhibition making as programs, such education heritage historic cinemas, Access Food and Senior bazaars, Research neighborhood into based vegetables -selling academician products, Value-added Events, -Special or programs, Volunteer Organizing, school -Community, programs, Intergenerational Programs, focused Women - Training, Management bostan -Urban training, leadership Youth - Programs, School Education, Justice Food regarding Social Education, Wellness and Health - Education, Systems -Food Classes, Nutrition and -Cooking harvesting, for rainwater use to how show to materials recycling afrom wall make vertical as such to Education -Environmental stands profit, roadside or bazaars neighborhood in sell to gardeners by bostans at fruits and vegetable producing gardens,-Ongoing experimental Keeping,-Composting,-Land at vegetables Remediation,-Planting Livestock,-Bee Saving,-Raising -Seed harvesting, -Rainwater water storm forRecreation Leisure activities: and The possible Keeping Bostans quality, air as such issues environmental retention. about to training awareness job residents, the local with increasing contacts social provide actively, nature of experience ocrig od t otn, uh s elhrltd rgas i poie te participants literacy the provides it food-health programs, about awareness the increase and improve to health-related elders…) visitors, students, (school as such bostans, in at crops food produced concerning gardeners from activities educational food, buy healthy and fresh to access can to buyers low the also provides for it residents bostans, food, local healthy to also access families, to provides bostan it income gardeners, of consensus the at use of level Health: Benefits ofthese activities: residents,the experimental gardens inprogram participants tospend activities. time in local engages It experimental well. as bybostans including area project bostans park the at at kitchens public or activities gardens physical the increase food, healthy eating of way the 255 Health Literacy is defined as the capacity to obtain, process, and understa and process, obtain, to capacity as the defined Literacy is Health 224 224 , p.90-91.) 255 epn Ydkl Bsas o ae rcetoa pr, rvdn a appropriate an providing park, recreational a make to Bostans Yedikule Keeping , skills, by beginning to read food nutrition labels at the supermarket, understanding supermarket, the at labels nutrition food read to beginning by skills, ,

oa residents local

at -

ulc kitchen public

(Source: Cohen, N., 2012: Metrics, “The Five Borough Borough Five “The Metrics, 2012: N., Cohen, (Source: r at or xeiet gardens experiment nd basic health information and and information health basic nd revention, from Five Borough Farm Farm Borough from Five revention, , access to and and to access ,

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. sustainable agricultural systems, from Five Borough Farm Project, 2013, Project, Farm Borough from Five systems, agricultural sustainable have farming animals like chickens. But perhaps it can be permitted again by local authorities local by again permitted be can it perhaps don’t But chickens. like animals farming bostanshave Existing energy. and water of consumption the reduce also gardens can it collections, of irrigation use to It wells compost. the into waste food turning gardens the among by rainwater the managing for contributes waste food reducing as such cycle ecological participants in the public, among the Yedikule neighborhoods. Some parts of Yedikule Yedikule of parts Some neighborhoods. Yedikule the among public, the in participants creates it actively issues, security bostans food food, Consequently, bostans. healthy at spaces integrated to age temporary access about participants the increase of programs, awareness development partnership youth-adult by young and adults between relationships and knowledge people’s young increase bazaars, neighborhood the at or stands, social to provides it roadside the at result gardeners local from a buyers the increase as participants, the between spaces, connection safe creates it activities, social and educational of interest the with ages all groups, social different bringing through area, park public of usage children kids, the introduce to activities educational for beehives or chickens to park- the inside pool artificial an making as such designsartificial and sterile the against energy project, park the at bostans keeping concerning Conservation citizens. of perception the at bostans keep to helps it as well as park; public the plots food. health and fresh of significance the and educational food Istanbul modern health and in ancient and about production information environmental give that provide farm to educational as access act to public activities, to open let can Bostans Social inBostans Yedikule per square meters. All these activities contribute to the consideration of the significance of of significance infrastructure.green of part a as the spaces, open of part a as bostans of consideration the to contribute activities these All meters. square per produced food of amount the and bostans, at food produced of amount the reporting gardens, theytheir manage plots, bostan managers their land at a be to continue aregardeners Yedikule Organizing food system ecology programs at the Yedikule public park project area, it it area, ecology project system park food public Yedikule the at well theparticipants aboutthe as students local contributes awareness of the theincreasing the systems. programs food ecology city-wide to system local food from system, Organizing food biodiversity, urban soil, as the well of remediating as experience issues, rainwater, the conservation the and capturing access public contribute to It open actively. to bostans lets It about up. public bottom the from in awareness issues the ecological increasing to facilities physical establish can activities, Environmental: effective well the school asas environmental curriculum, thanlearning at issues. more is process production food food, healthy the about actively gardens school experimental 256 important is conditions local to suitable varieties vegetation planting species, plant and animal local space, of habitat the in animals suitable Choosing area. neighborhood Yedikule up built Food system ecology applies ecological concepts and principles to the design, develop the design, to principles and concepts ecological systemapplies ecology Food 225 225 help to increase the perception of the importance of bostans among the local residents at residents local the among bostans importanceof the of perception the increaseto help and , : Yedikule bostans with several educational and cultural activities promote frequently promote activities cultural and educational several with bostans Yedikule

keeping bostans with complementary activities in the public park contribute contribute park public the in activities complementary with bostans keeping As acting educational farms of Yedikule Bostans can provide environmental provide can Bostans Yedikule of farms educational acting As , it provides increasing the awareness from bottom up between the the between up bottom from awareness the increasing provides it , 256

Sm bsas tl ogig cig s omril adn, and gardens, commercial as acting ongoing still bostans Some .

, but for the park area by well-managing rainwater rainwater well-managing by area park the for but ,

t eue te osmto o wtr use, water of consumption the reduces it as well, actually there are there actually well, as Metrics, p.105. p.105. Metrics, access to and the experience of of experience the and to access Publicly accessible bostans bostans accessiblePublicly ment and management of and ment erig t the at Learning of densely densely of 4 water 4 to

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. groups, gardeners, local residents in planning and managing process in Yedikule; it creates creates it Yedikule; in process managing social and planning various in involving residents local with gardeners, activities groups, temporary with usability promote to life everyday 8.1.2 ofenvironmental fruit well and using vegetables, issues with as materials. recycling to school consumption the to strategies the about awareness the increasing the provide from initiatives bostan school, to bostan from adults, and youth between activities physical as as participants, well of behaviors the improving being, Bostans, well mental Yedikule and physical improvements, at place take that consumption vegetable and activities different fruitsparticipating activities, cultural and educational of participants the between increasing eating, healthy improving explained: widely above as benefits of lots provide project park public Yedikule in bostans of consideration the use leisure and recreation of demands the fill to help will access public to open As a result artists, residents, local gardeners, of demands andexperts, groups. all other the satisfy it conservation, and production food of expectations and leisure, and recreation of of requirements the site fills It Bostans. of Yedikule potential the and use leisure and recreation and conservation, production, food of gardeners, and residents, pn pc poet A wl te uoen adcp Cneto i Atce dfns the 1defines Article in Convention Landscape landscape European the well As project. proposed space the in open plan good a produce to indicator as bostans of heritage social and physical allthat consider to necessary is it Bostans, Yedikule concerning spaces open urban preserving respect the with designing to According of use space, legitimate a mix, coherent a creating Yedikule, in users land different of demands contributes it as well As activities. these of participants of number as such the box, plant activities as materials recyclingusing programs, planting native programs, educationalkitchen public and cultural of type and number the employment, of number the fruits, and vegetables produced of from tones of amount policy the as the such indicators The influence up. bottom can metrics a with bostans of contribution the of evaluation The ecological the topublic plots access ofbostan some complementary part opening urban activities. with increasing and and biodiversity, residents, habitat, local of the connectivity improving provide they result, a As fertilizers. and pesticides, synthetic of usage the reducingof contribute They composts. for waste food using well as manure, natural to contribute can Animals place. of character natural inBostans Yedikule establishing a sense of place and its significance for gardeners- for significance its and place of sense a establishing to Bostans Yedikule of geography and history account into take to necessary is It landscape. October, 2014 October, 257 pp. 1-60, p. 18, from http://www.le-notre.org/urban-spaces/urban p. 18, 1-60, pp. Stiles, R., 2013: “A Guideline for making space, joint strategy activity 3.3, is activity3.3, strategy makingjoint space, for “A Guideline Stiles,2013: R., 22

6 6

between the potential of the site, and the requirements and expectations of local local of expectations and requirements the and site, the of potential the between Designing with respect to structural and symbolic functions of space structural Designing space to of functions and symbolic respect with 257

keeping some bostans but allowing more public access and making some bostans allowing but accessmore public bostans making keepingsome and

. “...as an area of land as perceived by people...”, by perceived as land of area an “...as

therefore it creates a legitimate use of space between the demands demands the between space of use legitimate a creates it therefore

a ccess to and the experience nature actively through through actively nature experience the and to ccess nraig o onc nature connect to increasing o ucinl prah to approach functional to

-spaces.php?encyclopedia_id=256 so the perception is a part of part a is perception the so users-, users-, part of the project “UrbSpace”, “UrbSpace”, the of project part balancing the different the balancing make a good plan for for plan good a make as well as to conceive to as well as bring out health health out bring concerning , accessed on accessed ,

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. result a As way. best the in asurban preserving spaces for such open plan good days, a make futureto important are to they bostan, past on practices from farming transferring practices, self-specific practices, with cultural heritage cultural of conservation and whole, a as Bostans Yedikule historic and Walls Land historic of conservation to respect with heritage, cultural historic bostans’ to response with designing and project, park the in bostans of features specific the Considering social and physical in Yedikule. of carrier plan good a make are to heritages social and physical Bostans all consider to necessary is it Yedikule and heritage, context, this In characteristics. and diversity social creating on based are representations socio-special all their and identities, and culture local These from identities. with and cultures local inherited self-specific practicesproduce practices cultural are these cultural practices these cultural carry These to hand, days.other the on process, historic represent they hand one the on generations; essential futures to generations the is into it past history, from living transferring the of part a heritage being Historic together. practice layerscultural social-spatial, covers it natural well as structures; natural and and cultural involves cultural temporal, all days, these including publicly plots to Referring bostan some allowing and project park involving public accessible. with Yedikule space the of Yedikule identities in and of bostans values, meanings, responsibility their represented and and protected ownership be should Designing identities. of values, meanings, of carrier are Bostans Yedikule sense Bostans. Therefore, Yedikule of security The maintaining, increase to spontaneously context. create neighborhoods its in embedded are these identities, cultural and social produces it therefore and place, of ownership feeling inBostans Yedikule 8.1.3 in Yedikule uses land activities complementary with park public functional recreational a make to bostans keeping multi promotes into bostans converting and access public to open bostans some the leisure and fills recreation of demands it the functions, symbolic and structural these demands of bostancis - to respect with designing resources,

to make a public park with complementary activities, and in this way it will help to produce produce to help will it way this in and activities, complementary with park public a make to the bostans keeping promote fill will it Therefore use. to land functional multi and into facilities, bostansaccess converting public to socialization plots bostan and some allowing through recreation leisure and recreation quality of demands and above unique as make bostan to is it well on necessary As groups. production conservation and production food food of for demands the fill practices these explained, gardening as such practices, cultural ongoing keep to and Bostans Yedikule of landscape cultural historic of conservation Besides (Integrating Bostans into Public Yedikule (Integrating Yedikule ParkProject) 227 227

Yedikule project area Yedikule area project of functions societal and social of potential the considering with Designing

. Therefore all threegroups. good filling provides it a of thedemands planwith itrc report historic

food production group- production food , itrc heritage historic in an appropriate level of use of bostans of use of level appropriate an in dsgig ih epc to respect with designing ,

and conservation group. But it needs it conservationgroup.But alsotofill and should be protected and represented with with represented and protected be should

conservation . Making . continuity f these of s. As As s.

a Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. prevents safe and neglected problems of bostans, bostans, of problems neglected and safe prevents the at visitors and residents local the near-naturally lacking originality, the lacking concept production to contributes not that landscape a creates and Bostans, Yedikule of demolition of sense the result, a As bostans. of use of level proposed the at appropriate ownership an find be users, can way land this potential In the of leisure plan. participation public clear produce and then and side, maker’s decision on openness produces recreation and production food conservation, of demands the as such groups, different of demands the wishes, the understanding meetings, ownership of sense a process, create decisions plan of beginning the at policy-making for plan participation Yedikule. in park public productive a produced be will it Therefore, park. public the into bostans integrate to promote spaces open ofa use land as bostans using and access public to plots bostan some allowing with bostans Keeping with Yedikule in plan good inBostans Yedikule Thus, 8.1.4 cities the in cultural ecological, social, to spaces up bottom Yedikule in plan good a then and area, project Yedikule the at activities complementary

ra bsas rmts o ae erntrl pn spaces open near-natural make to promotes bostans Urban sn ceia sry, n i cue t ices wtr n eeg cnupin Mkn a Making consumption. energy humans to beneficial be necessaryto is it area, project proposed the in goodplan and water increase to causes it and sprays, chemical using design sterile a out brings it Park, Public in landscape created the on continuity the Ensuring the by designs artificial produce to promotes project park urban municipal The Yedikule. should be suitable for new or changed climatic conditions, choosing avoid planting of of planting avoid choosing conditions, climatic changed or invasive woody (e.g. Ailanthus). new for suitable be should spontaneously consider to necessary species Usingnew inhabitants. necessaryforis attractions it proper Land Walls, the at bostans is It space. local proper thegreen in distribution suchas theiroccurring networksand belts animals, with plants the of biodiversity the consider parameters defining quality to space open of functions remarks space open for plan good a Making conditions. cultivation local its to species suitable using consider to necessary is It Garten)…etc. (Karls harvesting for rainwater harvesting, for bostans from compost produced using people, the for food promoting species, plant and animals to habitat a promoting harvesting; for rainwater using cycle, hydrological chains ecosystem of processes the in mutually other each support cycles ecological (Integrating Bostans into Public Yedikule (Integrating Yedikule ParkProject) 228 228

it Designing with considering the potential environmental and ecological ecological and environmental potential Yedikule area project functions of the considering with Designing helps to create attractive a large number of policies to promote unceasing users with users unceasing promote to policies of number large a attractive create to helps

sbe o all, for usable will be produced. The competent authorities are responsible to promote good ope good promote to responsible are authorities competent The produced. be will .

ih osdrn pooig to promoting considering with and space makes attractive, favorable spaces for using frequently using for spaces favorable attractive, makes space balancing all demands in an appropriate level of use of bostans. bostans. of use of levelappropriate an in demands all balancing n h poet ra acrt ifrain f ulc y public by public of information accurate area, project the in economical indicators economical Yedikule public park with involving bostans. bostans. involving with park public Yedikule

Designing with respect to an active public active an to respect with Designing as mentioned in Public Meeting (Box 6 (Box Meeting Public in mentioned as , to promote to , , as a result increases the necessity of necessity the increases result a as , (Stiles, 2013, p. 16), it is necessary to necessary is it 16), p. 2013, (Stiles, increase the quality of space by by space of quality the increase in densely built up areas like like areas up built densely in

increasing the life quality life the increasing environmental environmental ; the different the it , such as such , ep to helps o this So, from by ). it n

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. accessible outdoors and green areas per citizens in Yedikul in citizens per areas green and outdoors accessible activities complementary with promotes it approach, functional consider functions environmental of Sustainability inBostans Yedikule osdrn te ucinl prah n pn pc planning space open in approach functional the Considering inYedikule. of these, environmentalensure they contribute functions sustainability the to of all result a As Karls public, the from over awareness wall environmental the vertical increasing provides of it garten, example the as vegetables grow to rainwater up pick to bottles network suitable with habitats, for space suitable costs, maintenance lower promotes vegetation uprig to supporting ceases andThirdly pesticides. fertilizers mineral using it Therefore bostans. Yedikule from compost produced using or compost produced regionally bostans into multi functional land use land functional multi into bostans element infrastructure residents benefit from bostans that are integrated into different cycles, and into into and activities into cycles, different outcomes, the into therefore health and ecologic economic, social, integrated with residents local the benefit are of purpose that bostans theto bostans urbanplace atthat takecomplementary The activities complementaryactivities. from benefit local the residents well as species, plant and animal for space harvesting, for rainwater using as such chains ecosystem of processes the in mutually other each support cycles ecological different rmts the promotes to provide to potential have bostans Yedikule because residents, local of leisure and recreation of demands cnmc clua, clgcl eeis s eoe xlie. ra bsas with bostans Urban explained. before as social, health, benefits provide as them involve activities ecological such complementary of facilities all cultural, physical and library, establishingeconomic, neighborhood well or as gardens experimental activities social cultural, educational, give the rights to common use of gardens of use common to rights the give spaces; attractive into spaces open the converts production, and lots of benefits on economic, social, ecological, health dimension. It meets meets It dimension. health ecological, social, economic, on benefits of lots and production, food and conservation also provides project this functions, leisure and recreation facilitate to project park public into Bostans Yedikule of integration the as area explained, widelyabove bostan Yedikule of functions possible all the considering areas; green and outdoors result a As approach this bostans; Yedikule the around problems provides solve also security inYedikule to asolution bostans. problems security the about residents local creates it of complaints the benefits, before, mentioned is it well As problems. security different with spaces open against get to actively, nature of experience the to access gardeners of consensus the with residents 229 229 its surroundings; using recycled/renewable materials in the bostans such as using Pet- using as such bostans the in materials recycled/renewable using surroundings;

recreation and leisure use for All citizens All for use leisure and recreation , if there is a demand on recreation needs and the necessity for public accessible accessible public for necessity the and needs recreation on demand a is there if , local residents are integrated into the different cycles and they are integrated are they and cycles different the into integrated are residents local through oe mitnne ot vru te infcne of significance the versus costs maintenance lower s ntv foa n fauna and flora native use

the functional open space planning models planning space open functional the alwn mr pbi acs i te otn lt ad converting and plots bostan the in access public more allowing , regard to functional approachfunctional to regard Firstly . public access into gardens with recreational purposes recreational with gardens into access public s with complementary activities in productive way, as as way, productive in activities complementary with t rvds i provides it keeping bostans to make a recreational public park park public recreational a make to bostans keeping , then it occurs frequently visiting the bostan areas bostan the visiting frequently occurs it then ,

in an appropriate level of using bostans by local by bostans using of level appropriate an in n ohr nus n h Ydkl poet area project Yedikule the in inputs other and in Yedikule to make project is necessary to to necessary is project make to Yedikule in as a result a as , using local materials and characteristic and materials characteristic local , using with complementary activities, such as such activities, complementary with to make a good urban open space and and space open goodurban amake to cesn te mut f directly of amount the ncreasing it makes makes it e have potential much more than more much potential have as before explained. Secondly explained. before as . As a result, it meets the the meets it result, a As . Y a sense of ownership, ownership, of sense a , bostans edikule edikule saf with using using with as urban urban as e spaces , it

, ,

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. landscape value, landscape are o hsoi clua lnsae value. landscape cultural its historic to respect of with access public carrier to plots bostan Yedikule traditional some allowing with nutrition classes, providing food justice and social justice education programs. classes,nutrition providing justice educationand food social justice programs. and cooking providing and through health and nutrition awareness, good about awareness environmental heath increase to about activities food helps educationalit way, this In Bostans. Yedikule of value ongoing landscape as cultural of awareness conservation keep such to way, gardeners productive in of nature demands experience the to access provides it the time same the at and income, meets make to production it with attractions Therefore, tourism visitors. provide to guided or productions, food on experience getting education, farm educational 8.2 of kind What spaces. open urban preserving designs approachfunctional spaces ofopen the answer can to inYedikule? strategy best the provide appropriate will an use in of groups level different of demands all land Balancing different groups. of social leisure different and users, recreation and production food conservation, of demands the inBostans Yedikule o utrl eiae n h prpcie f itr t being to history of perspective the in heritage cultural to respect with designing Bostans, Yedikule of significance the considering and turn, to spaces involves plan good A sabl n te infcne f rs ad elh food health and fresh of significance the and Istanbul experience of nature actively. Yedikule Bostans have potential to considering into the the into considering to potential have Bostans Yedikule producing and public park Yedikule actively. nature of experimental experience facilitate spaces, open the provides of it way this in elements and farms, education gardens, community use kitchen, public gardens, land as acting time, every in access public to open are activities urban complementary with plots bostan some hand other the on times, certain a in at access public production allowing but food farms commercial acting ongoing as plots keep bostan some gardeners Yedikule provides some hand, activities one the complementary On dimensions. with park public park public recreational productive a make to bostans way way. productive a in actively, actively nature experienceof let to potential have Bostans YedikuleHowever, bostans use to residents local the contribute doesn’t project oit. o ti rao, t seems it reason, of this group particular For a only society. bostans, at vegetables produce to gardeners the only provides it in entrance and the recreational at payment to by space.But beingsemi-public accessas such them, atlook bostansand into getaccess to certaintimes perhaps can tourism, citizens attracting well all as gardens, purposes; at conservation vegetables produce to bostans to for benches seating promoting perhaps residents access doesn’t to it allow the local and at tolook them, but sitting around thebostans or bostans, the around activity running or walking condition the with bostans Yedikule to access to citizens all let designing, of way one purposes; production food and leisure and recreation experience of nature actively, and it lets to experience of bostans passively for citizens for passively bostans of experience to lets it and actively, nature of experience 230 230 , with educational, social, cultural activities that take place at Yedikule Bostans. Keeping Keeping Bostans. Yedikule at place take that activities cultural social, educational, with ,

Keeping bostans to make recreationala public park

how should it be better to design? design? to better be it should how ht ie nomto aot nin ad oen od rdcin in production food modern and ancient about information give that

making near natural spaces, and designing with respect to minimum minimum to respect with designing and spaces, natural near making with lots of benefits on health, social, ecological and economic economic and ecological social, health, on benefits of lots with the Yedikule productive public park productive public Yedikule the restricted use of bostans, bostans, of use restricted

ny o ok t bostans at look to only

Keeping bostans with conservation and and conservation with bostans Keeping Let bostans to stay in the public park public the in stay to bostans Let , s well as

are o hsoi cultural historic of carrier t doesn’t it

providing environmental environmental providing , by providing only only providing by , , e t acs to access to let such as acting as as such in a productive productive a in . This This a

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Moreover, besides facilitating the physical the facilitating besides Moreover, and cooking creates it as strong connections. social participants, such the between activities experiences sharing promotes together, cooking this classes, nutrition farms, community or gardens community activities, the studies and meetings of local groups,…etc. activities, the and studies meetingsgroups,…etc. oflocal educational together, public local with artists the createsby performed be will workshops exhibitions, it therefore area; bostan the in well spaces as area park public the in spaces specific into integrated be can public activities social the and cultural of temporary These year. model a per management park regular a with activities social and cultural promote also well facilitating well residents, local by as frequently such using for spaces useful the and safe of promote and to consideration recreation activities for leisure the spaces permanent with facilitate can level, park public appropriate also The gardeners. be of an consensus can in leisure Bostans and recreation Yedikule promote into to integrated functions other for facilities some as well job, As income.. make to stands roadside or together, working their as restaurants or park, the at bazaar keep Bostancıs food local some into bostans from vegetables produced sell Therefore, and gardens commercial their continue their generations,…etc. transferring future to survive to bostans heritage keep can cultural how and of bostans, conservation of to value necessity cultural the about historic aspect historic with bostan of significance the well food modern as education, justice and social/food nutrition, healthy ancient of significance the issues, Istanbul, in production environmental about people young educating activities, gardening use to compost into turning leftovers food bostans; irrigating to pools water well, water historic using by techniques irrigation traditional explaining or harvesting rainwater as such purposes, different with use to rainwater the storing issues; environmental and nutrition Providing inBostans Yedikule materials recycling from wall vertical grounds, play children and kitchen, public library, neighborhood amphitheater gardens, commercial farm, and garden community farm, educational gardens, csse chains. ecosystem will park public the into plots contribute bostan integrating into result, get a participants As plots. The and bostan bostans. the bostans at in activities place to take access that to activities residents range broad local into let participate to potential have Bostans Yedikule benefits. contribute to bostans Yedikuleat place activities complementary with with potential have Bostans Yedikule provide societalfacilities communication leisure and recreation for bostans keeping Therefore exhibitions,…etc. ciiis these activities, 231 231 for these temporary activities, such as concerts, conferences, film screenings, events, events, screenings, film conferences, concerts, as such activities, temporary these for egbrod irre, hlrn ly rud, oa fo bza a te park, the at bazaar food local grounds, play children libraries, neighborhood and it can also promote also can it and

different ecological cycles to support each other mutually in the processes of of processes the in mutually other each support to cycles ecological different pc ad aiiis physically facilities and space public kitchens kitchens public nraig h aaees f ifrn gop o scey bu healthy about society of groups different of awareness the Increasing eprr activities temporary

in educational way. The broad range of activities can take take can activities of range broad The way. educational in contribute using fresh produced vegetables and fruits from from fruits and vegetables produced fresh using contribute . complementary activities complementary to health, social, economic, and ecological outcomes ecological and economic, social, health, to park public recreational a make to bostans keeping such consistent functions consistent

s emnn spaces permanent as s ocr, vns oe ar cinemas, air open events, concert, as , educational, social and cultural cultural and social educational, ,

in the public park area, it can can it area, park public the , such such as experimental experimental as temporary temporary social and and social as

, ,

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. provides activities complementary with park public recreational a making for bostans Keeping about students educating of trash landfills. that the to local pays ofFatih for amount municipality tohaul the reduces opportunity compost into waste an food turning plants; contributesgrow to rainwater Itcapturing bostans. cultural of historic the value about landscape bostans of conservation of importance the or issues, food ancient production and modern issues, food healthy plants, growing to related information of lots using as such seen issues as actively nature of environmental experience and to well access harvesting, for rainwater as courses, for processes production food about information get and visit can students school Local curriculum. school local within visitors, Vienna (Box 10, 10, (Box Vienna contributes This plot. bostan third the on space open public to space open semi-public from farm, educational into plots bostan commercial existing converting through created is Bostan School Yedikule The inBostans Yedikule from bostans mutually in different ways. from different mutually bostans in ways. benefit can groups three All activities. complementary with level appropriate to an citizens bostans use lets It way. productive a in conservation, and food leisure, and of recreation demands production, the meets it Therefore, spaces. open of functions possible all considering park public productive Yedikule the make to activities complementary with bostans keeping as such uses land functional multi provide practices These residents. local the of conditions environmental the improve to contributes It compost. into waste food turning and harvesting, for rainwater issues food healthy and environmentaleducate s rsl, h eprecn ntr atvl i te eiue otn mks n important an makes bostans promoting Yedikule to the contribution in actively nature experiencing the result, a As impact Yedikule’s environment. issues it therefore and neighborhood, local the The system. sewer Yedikule’s more residents local in floods that rainwater engaging provide gardens community as such plots bostan of on activities urban complementary amount the reduce and food 232 232 such as urban infrastructure element through collecting rainwater and waste, that that waste, and rainwater collecting through element infrastructure urban as such “To be faithful to a tradition means to be faithful to its toits tobefaithful means a tradition to befaithful “To clgcl eeis a wl a evrnetl education environmental as well as benefits, ecological

Image 8- Image active in maintaining gardens in public park public in gardens maintaining in active th

e experience of nature actively, nature of experience e 12 niomna aaees in awareness environmental ). It provides as well literally get their hands dirty and learn about about learn and dirty hands their get literally well as provides It ). flame and not its ashes.” itsashes.” not flame and . This will be contributing to be a good plan with with plan good a be to contributing be will This makes increasingly public aware of environmental environmental of aware public increasingly makes

by partnerships with local schools, informal informal schools, local with partnerships in public a productive way productive a

y ovrig otn into bostans converting by , maintain open spaces in in spaces open maintain , , capturing and reusing reusing and capturing , Jean Jaures Jean Jaures ga . It contributes tocontributes It . dnr t grow to rdeners Karls-Garten in

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. inBostans Yedikule Image8-1 connectivity connectivity Horizontal 233 233 access Vertical : Functions Network, self drawing.(The report of Kutup Planlama, 201 Planlama, Kutup of report drawing.(The self Network, Functions

FUNCTIONS NETWORK N.

3).

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. inBostans Yedikule Image8-2 234 234 : The proposed Land Use (Gardens integrated into urban infrastructure), self dr infrastructure), urban into integrated Land Use (Gardens proposed The

N. LAND USE

into into urban open Bostan used land land used Bostan land useplans integrated into Hard structural Hard structural infrastructure (green areas): areas): (green area + ways: area +ways: Total Area: Area: Total (Gardens as 20 acres acres 20 acres 60 acres 85 awing. awing. element,

spaces) urban ,

N. (proposed bostan use) (proposed use) bostan GARDENS

Bostans as a land land a as Bostans open spaces in in open spaces use element of use element Bostan Land: 3 3 Land: Bostan Bostan Land: 2 2 Land: Bostan Bostan Land: 1 1 Land: Bostan Yedikule

(Proposed land use) land(Proposeduse) structure New

vertical access vertical access

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Image8-5 inBostans Yedikule 237 237 : Connection Strategies, horizontal and vertical access from the Land Walls, self d self Walls, Land the from access vertical and horizontal Strategies, Connection

connectivity connectivity horizontal access access Vertical Connection strategies Connection strategies /Connectivity rawing

: Open space strategies, self drawing, self drawing. self drawing, self strategies, space Open

strategies Open space

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. inBostans Yedikule 239 239 harvesting for rainwater collect to tool as a and vegetables produce materialsto bottles: Pet-Vertical with wall An institutional garden, it is garden, institutional An It is It is visitors for space, recreation as function, outdoor an is It also used grow. a smal has class per together; theirwith teachers vegetables grow Students schools. neighborhood Yedikule to belongs garden The vegetables. to produce such materials using recycling for harvesting, rainwater using food, healthy children of acknowledge the increasing therefore school curriculum, gar research based and university education, justice / food miles, social food take place Classes Image 8-8: Vertical wall with Pet-bottles, the photo is taken byElis. is taken the photo Pet-bottles, withwall Vertical Image8-8:

long-term usable long-term using recycling recycling using

: Environmental education, Food systems education, nutritious food, food, nutritious education, systems Food education, : Environmental , and , Yedikule School Bostan selfdrawing. bostan 3, land proposed The Image8-7: non-profit accessible for everybody, for accessible garden. Its primary vision to integrate into the into the integrate vision to primary Its garden.

and and semi-public open spaces open semi-public . .

Bostan Land: 3 3 Land: Bostan about the climate, climate, the about l garden plot to plot l garden as Pet-bottles Pet-bottles as dens. dens. .

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Image 8-9: The propesed Yedikule School Beets, self drawing. self Beets, YedikuleSchool propesed The Image8-9: inBostans Yedikule 240 240 park. productive Yedikule the ongoing are these and gardens, commercial are Bostans Yedikule Exiting dishes. traditional with restaurants the gardens from vegetables and fresh serving local bostancis the with together restauran to or bazaar food local stands, street the at vegetables sell increa to order in performance crops maximize to profit, make is to goal Primary vegetables. produce to plots renting for municipality pay gardeners space, open public owned privately A

Yedikule Commercial Bostan(gardens) beets Vegetable Managed as business for profit by Cideli gardeners gardeners Cideli by profit for as business Managed

Beets School Yedikule

ts in the park that work work that park the in ts in these plots, in plots, these in to customers at at customers to se profit, profit, se

Beets Schools Yedikule

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Image8- nature of experience and seen as such to access harvesting, for rainwater Using courses. for processes production food about information get and visit can students school local curriculum; school local within or visitors; informal to education environmental providing and schools local with Contributing inBostans Yedikule otn t pbi acs ad ovrig otn it mli ucinl ad ss with uses land functional multi park public into important the in activities bostans urban promote an to converting complementary and make access can public to bostans bostans Yedikule the in public in awareness environmental promoting to contribution landscape actively cultural historic nature the Experiencing about bostans value. of conservation of importance the Istanbul, o production food historic and ancient or plants, growing to related information of lots about be a good plan for the functions of open spaces. Therefore it will promote the replacing of of replacing the promote artificial-nature will it Therefore spaces. open of functions the for plan good a be ( as such spaces open

Image 8- 241 241 10 10 :

Yedikule School Bostans, self drawing self Bostans, School Yedikule , Image8- Pet bottles Vertical with walls experiencing nature actively nature experiencing Karls-Garten designed Public Park of the local municipality with municipality local the of Park Public designed 11 seen on the Yedikule School Bostans Bostans School Yedikule the on seen

, Image 8- in Vienna (Box 8, (Box Vienna in 12 ) .

gardens Yedikule school

through environmental education by partnerships partnerships by education environmental through

Image 8- Image planting planting Compost 12 ) or getting their hands dirty and learn learn and dirty hands their getting or at the Yedikule Productive Park Park Productive Yedikule the at through allowing some plots of plots some allowing through . This will be contributing to contributing be will This Bostan Land: 3 3 Land: Bostan near-natural designed near-natural

gardens gardens Yedikule school

Image8- inBostans Yedikule 242 242 11 12 : : Yedikule School Bostans, self drawing self Bostans, School Yedikule

The proposed vertical wall, the photos from Karls Garten.. Garten.. fromKarls photos wall,vertical the proposed The

gardens gardens Yedikule school

Compost planting Compost

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Making areas. up built densely a ne of gaps the in fills it project, park urban the in placedbostans integrating and wall, vertical are Bostans Yedikule explained, is 8 Box On inBostans Yedikule open space. This contributes contributes This space. open effect and windbreak through heat effects. insulation related traffic island the heat urban change in to also promotes counteracted It dust. be fine and noise can reducing as it such emissions and Yedikule, in traffic vehicle high is There container. a as serve to PET-bottles such materials recycling using harvesting, for rainwater saving to contribute park collecting to urban students school showing as such in opportunities educational promoting and space, wall vertical making Yedikule, in microclimate urban on impact positive provides it issues; environment of awareness Walls, Land of appreciation nature of experience 243 243 lants or or lants p the that facilitates wall Vertical microclimate. urban on impact positive well as as cityscape, of pro spaces. It open near-natural lack it is often builtareas, up densely In The used recycling materials, such as PET-bottles, serve as containers for the s the for containers as serve PET-bottles, as such materials, recycling used The Source: hands it provides an improvement of climate and ecological conditions. Thus, it chan Thus, ecological conditions. and climate of improvement an it provides hands a whole garden to take place perpendicularly; and thus it provides to save sp save thus to it provides and perpendicularly; take place to garden whole a island effect (heating of the city through densely built up areas, and lesser cooling lesser cooling areas, up and built densely city through the of (heating effect island is related; heat insulation and windbreaks are created. Also the traffic related emissions, emissions, related traffic Also the created. are windbreaks and insulation heat isrelated; On the one hand, it provides this new created ecosystem for birds, insects and bees, and insects birds, for ecosystem this created new it provides hand, one the On

BOX10. English language by Elis M., and the placard image is taken byM. Elis istaken image the placard and M., Elis by language English A placard of A placard The installation of vertical wall is also well suited for private balconies and terraces and balconies private for well suited isalso wall vertical of installation The A vertical wall-

I kes h hbtt f nml ad lns ehne h aesthetic the enhance plants; and animals of habitat the keeps It . vertikale Wand vertikale dust-particulate matter-, and noise, can be counteracted. counteracted. be can and noise, matter-, dust-particulate ( built up areas such as Yedikule neighborhood. neighborhood. Yedikule as such areas up built http://www.karlsgarten.at/beschreibung.html l ctzn te ea rgt o s bostans use to right legal the citizens all vertikale Wand in Karls Garten in Vienna, the writing of placard is translated into into is translated placard writing of the Vienna, in Garten in Karls Forschungsgarten) Forschungsgarten)

- - in

Karls Garten Viennain (

vides the aesthetic appreciation appreciation the aesthetic vides ).

ace in specifically densely specificallydensely in ace , in August, 2014, 2014, August, in , Bostan Land: 3 3 Land: Bostan ubstrate-reduced plants. plants. ubstrate-reduced at night), rain water water night),rain at , and on the other other the on and ges the urban heat heat urban ges the ces o n to and to access Schau- such as fine fine as such und . ar

-natural -natural

Image8-

They properties. public located neighborhoods, by rented They are publ for accessible public, general the for hours open host They have spaces. cel meeting, as such recreation and socialization for activities various involve They gardens. non-profit household, for vegetables produce to is goal Primary plots. individual maintain Neighborhoods Yedikule. in neighborhoods of by rungroup a Typically 244 244 are long term usable, semi public open spaces open semi public usable, term are long selfdrawing Image8- 14

: Bostan Land 2, Commercial & Community gardens, self drawing self gardens, &Community Commercial 2, Land Bostan 13 Yedikule CommunityBostans (gardens) : The proposed bostan 2, land proposed : The

Do it yourself crops Do it yourself crops

. . ic at certain times. times. certain ic at

space, Square + resting gardens Community Bostan Land: 2 2 Land: Bostan ebrating ebrating Commercial

garden

inBostans Yedikule 245 245 15 gardens Commercial : Bostan Land 2, Commercial & Community gardens with trees, self dr self with trees, gardens &Community Commercial 2, Land Bostan

gardens gardens Community Square Square

cycling way Walking & awing Bostan Land: 2 2 Land: Bostan Main axis

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. inBostans Yedikule 246 246 They neighborhoods. Yedikule surrounding with engagement is to goal Their primary public. for accessible public, general the to open They are education nutritious with cooking people educating readiness, job skills, leadership youth improve They groups. disability various youth, unemployed children, weak social for programs social development, building, community on focus Mostly spaces are They Yedikule. in organization non-profit by run a Typically

are temporary usable open spaces open usable are temporary . .

Image8- Yedikule CommunityFarms (gardens)

    

Constructed with transparent materials, open to the public public the open to materials, transparent with Constructed children and historic farming practices. practices. farming historic and children school- bostans to of background historic Informing production of Istanbul of Istanbul production food modern and ancient bostans, of history visitors about giving responsible to professionals- to responsible giving residents on certain days. days. certain on residents with together to orcook classes, nutrition Cooking and unemployed people, children , various disability group group disability , various children people, unemployed for building community to organization non-profit by running or participants, residents, of experience cooking share bostans to from and vegetables fruits Using produced 16 : The proposed drawing. self bostan 3, land proposed : The Public Kitchen

experts communal growing growing communal

- to inform to - inform Bostan Land: 1 1 Land: Bostan groups, groups, and and

farms farms Community Bostan Land 1, Community gardens and farms, commercial gardens, water gardens, commercial farms, and gardens Community 1, Land Bostan

cycling way Walking & gardens Experimental Community farms Community farms

kitchen Public Main axis Square Square gardens gardens Commercial kitchen Public Bostan Land: 1 1 Land: Bostan Glass house Glass house well, self well, drawing gardens gardens Commercial cottage cottage Gardener

248 248 Image8-

18   

: Bostan Land 1, Experimental gardens, historic water well,, community far well,,community water historic gardens, Experimental 1, Land Bostan spend time in program activities activities program in spend time to gardens experimental the in children participant, residents, local Engaging experience about food production process process production food experience about getting children, school for visitors, opportunities education provides it well as as production, food than more it provides the harvest… etc. the harvest… water to crops, up the pick to and planting prepare the to up lands dig Participants Experimental garden

gardens gardens Experimental Bostan Land: 1 1 Land: Bostan Yedikule lettuceYedikule Producimg famous ms, self ms, drawing community farms the Yedikule

Bostan Land: 1 1 Land: Bostan Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Image 8- Image Image 8- Image inBostans Yedikule way way Cycling 249 249 20 19 running way running way Walking & : Commercial gardens amd experimental gardens, composting plant, gardener c gardener plant, composting gardens, experimental amd gardens Commercial : Commercial farms, composting plant, selfdrawing plant, composting farms, Commercial farms farms Community

plant Composting

water well Historic Square Square

gardens gardens Experimental

cottage cottage Gardener Main axis gardens Commercial gardens commercial Yedikule Bostan Land: 1 1 Land: Bostan ottage, self drawing self ottage, kitchen Public plant plant Composting

     

: Glass house, commercial gardens, gardener cottage, public kitchen, self dra self kitchen, public cottage, gardener gardens, house,commercial Glass Kitchen, using traditional vegetables to serve serve to vegetables traditional dishes customers’ using Kitchen, Seating, meeting spaces spaces meeting Seating, specifically from commercial gardens at the urban urban the park. at gardens commercial from plots, specifically bostan the from vegetables produced Selling Equipment collection space space collection Equipment Selling stands Selling stands Vegetable production, selling local produced fresh fresh costumer. to producedseeds vegetables, local selling production, Vegetable

Glass HouseGlass . .

gardens commercial Yedikule

Bostan Land: 1 1 Land: Bostan Glass house Glass house wing

Bostan Land: 1 1 Land: Bostan Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 8- Image inBostans Yedikule 8.3 gardens make a good plan good a make existed protect to with area go to space, how qualityexisting open enhance of gives theopportunity to before,explained it project of functions possible all Considering As a result, balancing the demands of different groups is possible with considering all all considering with possible is groups different of demands functions possible Yedikule, in and brings it the out the balancing result, a use. As of level appropriate an in groups different of demands open the in fill to approach provide functional will it a spaces, to respect the with Designing etc. and area dump to becoming against as such negativities other or vandalism to against spaces open will protecting it provide therefore uses; land multifunctional into converting to opportunity have spaces open rdcie way productive a in use leisure and recreation of demands the meet also will it conservation, and production food of demands the meet only not will it uses, land functional multi into bostans Converting epe Cmuiy adn sc a Fv Bruh am rjc i Nw ok i provides it York, New in Project Farm Borough Five as such gardens Community people. young of skills leadership improve to or income earn to and gardeners helping may activities, income earn and spaces, nature, open to underused residents and connecting vacant of reclamation and cleaning residents, local for safe spaces providing readiness, job improving and people young educating provide; could leisure 251 251

The The YedikuleProductive Public Park

22 :

Local food bazaar, gardeners can sell their crops at the bazaar, speci bazaar, the at crops their sell can gardeners bazaar, food Local and create opportunities for residents to get experience of nature with different different with nature of experience get to residents for opportunities create and uh as such in the proposed project area in Yedikule. Vacant and underused lands of of lands underused and Vacant Yedikule. in area project proposed the in pn pcs uh s epn bsas o rceto ad esr ue and use leisure and recreation for bostans keeping as such spaces open

dctoa way educational keeping ongoing gardening practices for bostancıs to to bostancıs for practices gardening ongoing keeping n eiue Keig otn fr erain and recreation for bostans Keeping Yedikule. in

landscape quality fntoa approach functional a fically owners of commercial commercial of owners fically of Yedikule. of Yedikule. as Stiles Stiles as

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. aacn te ead o tre ifrn gop, loig oe at o bsas o public to bostans into dirty gethands to residents contribute this of activity, urban into them convertingand access parts some allowing groups, different three of demands the Balancing hours for general public. the rwn sae. adn ae iy we lands- owned city are Gardens spaces. communal growing or plots bostan individual surrounding their the maintain from volunteers generally the in neighborhood; volunteers Yedikule These of opportunities. group core educational a by providing run well typically are as gardens markets farmer in sell to participants gardens Community groups. with balancing ofdifferent thedemands Yedikule in park productive a create to land functional multi into converted be could bostans experience provides at the benches or walking around bostans, or in the observation of bostancıs bostancıs of observation the in or bostans, around walking or benches the at Garten Karls like a making as such way, productive in actively, nature of experience to access to provide will bostans activities, of complementary with experience way educational to in but access passively, nature to bostans in benches seating and around facilities, walking established provide by also bostans can It tours. guided or walls, vertical like materials recycling using or harvesting for rainwater use to educations environmental processes, production food biologicalabout giveinformation mayto and technologiesfarming historic present to visitors, as well as tourists attract to and school-children, to bostans of background historic inform to bostans, of conservation of importance the to education provide to area park public in studio exhibition an establishing perhaps landscape; cultural heritage, cultural of carrier a as being otc wt ec ohr, or others, each into get with and meet to contact residents to spaces social bostans; of history the about visitors inform as to experts providing compost, as such bostans, conservation into of awareness public the waste increasing as well food turning harvesting, for rainwater using example, garten Karls a such materials recycling using by issues environmental of awareness public the increasing h rgt o s gres n n prpit lvl sc a t tuh eeals r o help to or vegetables touch to as such level, crops, the appropriate up pick an to gardeners in gardens use to right the Perhaps, days. professionals- to certain on responsible residents giving with together cook to make or to classes and nutrition kitchen and public the ‘cooking in bostans from vegetables and fruits produced use to area facilitate to or processes; production learn food and aboutbostans to access can residents the but income, earn to bostans on food own their produce to right the have not will they but areas, bostan in dirty also hands get and can residents recreation provide different, bit a also approach, gardening community like can not way, educational in bostans activities food leisure of Yedikule ongoing demands provide activities. to practices, the social activities complementary cultural, everyday meet with educational, with to perhaps but use gardeners income, earn of keep to process level to production appropriate need an We find too. to conservation, in need but we opportunities; education case with Yedikule activities leisure and recreation and production food inBostans Yedikule 252 252 mo

of residents with each other, or to learn about healthy food and nutrition, therefore therefore nutrition, and food healthy about learn to or other, each with residents of re than food production, as well as it provides education opportunities for visitors, provideseducation opportunities re asproduction, well thanfood asit , or making a making or , issue involves food production with non-profit or to make income with income make to or non-profit with production food involves issue

public kitchen; public hrn spaces sharing to dig up lands to prepare the planting… etc. As a result, i result, a As etc. planting… the prepare to lands up dig experts

- to inform visitors about history of bostans that that bostans of history about visitors inform to - and let all people to access to space for sitting sitting for space to access to people all let and uh as such ulc property-, public a public kitchen public a public kitchen to share cooking cooking share to kitchen public in the public park project park public the in n rqie t hs open host to required and to give residents give vertical wall vertical

s s t Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Istanbul. sustainable a for model example an be can this therefore and activity, urban as bostans urban of contributions the recognize to help will bostans urban for support government's active An Istanbul. as benefits urban social, cultural, urban activity, in in making economic life 8.4 plan good a Making plan. good a increasehelps life neighborhood. of quality to inYedikule ofspace quality the and the provide to steps designing up bottom of importance the indicates it way, this In heritage. historic of awareness the and issues social cultural, health, landscap historic of environmental, of conservation awareness the increasing provides It context. Yedikule and historic the in value production food leisure, and recreation for groups all considering with different of demands the balancing with way,plan productive a in space open of functions possible good a provides park public productive Yedikule the result, a As volunteers as non-profit with low processwith bostan costs. of vegetables sell production to return in food helpers the offer may gardeners in commercial participate can Residents active contributesan producinghealthy onvegetable process. participation food, therefore this bostans of experience and to access to residents provides It bostans. of irrigation help at to seasons, planting the for lands prepare to lands, up dig to gardeners help to voluntary a be to bostans, inBostans Yedikule citizens. The encouragement encouragement The citizens. the an for environment healthy produce have to for help model, bostan will sustainable a create to opportunity government the model strategy, preservation space a preserveopen best to a considered as bostans spaces open of be creative urban contributions the and should Considering Istanbul. solidarity bostans in social development of sustainable contribute contributions can The They building. values. community cultural maintain and areas green enhancing spaces, open urban preserving used be to opportunity have bostans Historic within sources Istanbul. Turkey in feedcitizens orinternational business agro other from Food Istanbul. of city the across all bostans of size the shrinking so and globalization, modernization, development, urban faces seem bostans traditional The communities, building a whole. for but business, or contributions. individual environmental onlythe bostans city are partall, asdeveloping Yedikule, ofthe in after integral and neighborhoods and not economic is space cultural, the social, of urban Valuation of variety wide a for a valuable are Theyare leisure. and recreation using for spaceplans open urban in elementuse bostansland Yedikule network. infrastructure urban of part significant a are they benefits; economic social, environmental, contribute to examples remarkable are Yedikule in Bostans 253 253

Bostans in sustainable Yedikule neighborhoodrelating Istanbul actively

i lt rsdns o nom bu fo pouto poes hw o produce to how process, production food about inform to residents lets it ;

to urban bostans by policies and programs will explore bostans explore will programs and policies by bostans urban

e ; Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. raig sne f pc i Itnu. eiue egbrod s n o te. Traditional them. of one is neighborhood Yedikule bostanc and bostans Istanbul. in space of through neighborhoods sense a unique creating make to contribute They Istanbul. in values and meanings contemporary and values traditional integrating through opportunities together ofspace.a coherent mix in spaces open urban productive su Bostan Yedikule The inBostans Yedikule ra nes sc a rceto nes bsd n rdtoa bsas rvds many provides bostans traditional on potential have Bostans Yedikule historic The clean. development,and safe based space the preserving neighborhood life, needs, urban communities, sustainable recreation creating for as opportunities such needs, urban stainable urban li urban stainable 254 254

fe ılık with keeping old values of bostans. Filling the contemporary demands, demands, contemporary the Filling bostans. of values old keeping with s

activities can be source for new urban activities. This helps to make a a make to helps This activities. urban new for source becan activities carry historic cultural landscape and they are carrier of identity, identity, of carrier are they and landscape cultural historic carry

to produce

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 8.5 inBostans Yedikule integrated into urban infrastructure and urban life. This identifies a productive public park. public The productive a identifies This life. urban and creates infrastructure urban models into integrated garden traditional urban adapt new to order into in functions spaces open bostan urban of functions possible all of Consideration garden urban new contemporary the and bostans models and theexpectation ofdifferent dwellers. city of functions traditional between of space use coherent a find to helps spaces open urban of functions possible all of Consideration creates gardens functionalgardens strategy useof possibly urban is open urban thebest spaces. topreserve urban of use functional multi open spaces; open of urban elements use land of significant are gardens Urban part life. urban and a system space infrastructure, urban of component significant the are gardens Urban open urban spaces useof spaces. public a and open tomake legitimate preserve to strategy good very are gardens Urban explored. been urban has into landscape integration their and spaces open urban preserving of means a as gardens Urban information of public on decision makers’ side, and in this way, different demands w demands different way, this in and side, makers’ decision on public of information demandsgroups; accurate ofof understand help different 'ownership'. to target the steps These beginning. sense a with functioningteama endure as will neighborhoodslocal of beginning,involvement the from making policy participation, in found be publi of should active an rights through participation space different of use balance of level to appropriate an order space, open in of users spaces different open of spaces. open functions public possible of use all legitimate Considering a make to help space open of becomes functions possible All park’ public productive ‘a finally identified. Aproductivepublic park isa ofurban component and infrastructure urban created, life. become developed, get communities neighborhoods urban produced, of sustainable get component communities significant real a way, as this element, In use land infrastructure. a as plans, space open urban into improve to neighborhoods local of important strategies spaces. topreserve open urban responsibility the increase ‘ space. the of of maintenancecleanliness and sense spaces a creates crime, These of risk the safety. reduces groups target different of demands different between space of use of level appropriate an Finding spaces. lovely those in usage frequently space. of use of level appropriate an in balanced 255 255

poutv pbi park’ public ‘productive Conclusion, Recommendations andOutlook

involvement of all potential target groups in policy making process from the from process making policy in groups target potential all of involvement

en itgaig the integrating means Creating a sense ofownership’sense a Creating

poutv ubn pn spaces’ open urban ‘productive A sense of ownership of sense A utfntoa ue f ra gardens urban of use multifunctional a e ubn park’ urban new ‘a

will be created, after after created, be will n cie public active An is one of the mostthe of one is wih is which , . Multi Multi . ill be c c

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. be should Convention Landscape European consider sufficiently the of requirements The areas. conservation in projects implementation the examine to effectively work should mechanisms control The local The Bostans. conservationplans. in Bostans Yedikule historic indicated the to respect designwith and Plan, Yedikule historic Management Site Historic the the of plans conservation of of guide the follow conservation should municipality to respect with design municipality the the should and recognize laws national should of conservation Fatih the under of are municipality Bostans Yedikule local historic the municipality, in plan the Regarding in ItYedikule. wouldidentifyspace open urban preserve to strategy best the the probably be into would whole bostans a as integrating park public therefore conservation; and leisure and recreation food production, of interests the balances would project the way, this In recreation. of demands the and making and park; public the at gardeners of expectation the satisfy would times certain in public bazaar to open gardens commercial local or restaurants the in selling them, from make profit to as production food plots ongoing keep bostan to gardeners some existing let Keeping gardens conservation. commercial acting for demands the satisfy would plots bostans public more allowing but the on production food ongoing bostanskeeping and recreation, for demands the satisfy some would access keeping leisure, and recreation for bostans urban of contribution the considering use, land multifunctional into bostans converting result, a As historic the of conservation and leisure, cultural on landscape are integratedcoherent andthe space. find a together, mix they and recreation production, food for demands the groups, different of expectations the and bostans of the use functional multi considering bostans, only satisfy urban of and potential existing the bostans, of contribution the traditional Considering group. recreation demolish of demands to intends it because groups, different are local project food park the requirementsof and expectations satisfythe doesn’tmunicipalproject parkThe explained. experts, municipal proposed users, and currently and of gardens, conservation of aspirations users existing the recreation, and residents, neighborhood, for Yedikule of demands needs in the the explained production, Secondly, widely its as chapter. context, context social landscape aspect and and historical historic urban its its from occur sense values broad and a meanings in groups, different of requirements meet to potential their neighborhood; the to and spaces open urban to contributions their find to order in explored is Yedikule in bostans the of potential the site, the of potential the Firstly, inBostans Yedikule demandscreate to public park inYedikule. a productive contemporary with bostans of values traditional image, nostalgic the integrating intend should 256 256

eoe raig poet ln o Ydkl. h lcl authorities local The Yedikule. for plan project a creating before ‘a productive public park in Yedikule’. Yedikule’. in park ‘a productive public

of city-owned sites for urban gardens) urban for sites of city-owned and availability the -Evaluate gardens, urban for land vacant of the suitability criteria -Develop property, private available -Identify lands), vacant activating D. C. B. garden anurban ombudsman Establish ofIncrease capacity Green Thumb the staff role the ofStrengthen Food Policy Coordinator forbostans) consider arange some urban oflicense landExplore appropriate tenure preservation and garden (Cityshould existing urban garden fields. fields. garden existing urban urban garden plan Develop an new jobs.) creates it spaces, open vacant or unused ne creating gardens, urban at groups low-income for development economic neighborh underserved for strategy preservation space open as gardens Establish a clear urban bostan policy aclear urban bostan Establish

5. 4. 3. 2. 1. Istanbul’sAddress in Garden Urban Community Disparities 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. Cityscape Build to Identify Garden the Urban into Innovative Opportunities 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. City andIntegrate Garden and Plans Existing DistrictPolicies Urban into

Public Space, pp. 147-152. pp. Space, Public theby De published inYork, New urbanagriculture futureof Seeding the Five “The Borou 2012: Shanghvi, R. & Reynolds K. Cohen, N. Source: budget the urban garden in process the Engage equitable and participationEstablish transparent policy making in outreach Provide with community development and assistance resources and groups capacity buildingSupport garden for urban underserved available Increase toinformation about resources access Strengthen infrastructure for food distribution and production infrastructureStrengthen and for production food distribution Encourage gardening smallplots in use’ urban garden ‘interim Support project garden Encourage rooftop urban urban project-level gardenSupport and design planning neighborhoodIncorporateurban into gardens planning Include garden theCity’s review in urban process gardensdistribute compostto Design aprogram and compost organic and matter, tocollect amunicipal soilEstablish conservation distribution program and program for support Expand urban garden the in A.

Formalizing City Government’s Support for Support Formalizing Urban City Government’s

– RECOMMENDATIONS: RECOMMENDATIONS: Document available city-owned properties (identifying and (identifying properties city-owned available Document

(-Create an urban garden land use map, -Document all all -Document map, use land garden (-Create an urban

(A policy statement should support urban urban support should statement policy city’s green infrastructure

oods, supporting oods, supporting Bostans

gh Farm”gh w gardens on on w gardens sustainability sustainability sign Trust for for signTrust to evaluate evaluate to

7. 8. Neighborhood Level relatedNeighborhood Planning to urban gardens: Source: Source:

of urban agriculture in New York, published by the Design Trust for Trust Design the by published York, in New ofurbanagriculture

unused or vacant open spaces, it creates new new jobs.) creates it spaces, open vacant or unused ne creating gardens, urban at groups low-income for development economic neighborh underserved for strategy preservation space open as gardens clear Establish a urban policy garden based disparities based address to andCommit class- 6. agency-level improving race- capacities to Document Document Develop plan garden urban an  3. Provide more for support networking gardeners among sustainable funding2. Explore a garden for source urban grant1. Equalize opportunities throughout urban garden the community Grant making Garden E. Urban     

N. Cohen, K. Reynolds & R. Shanghvi, 2012: “The Five Borough Far Five Borough “The 2012: & Shanghvi, R. Cohen,Reynolds N. K. Identify sites for farmer markets and community gardens Identify for sites markets farmer andcommunity Addressing the compatibility of rooftop gardens with neighborhood neighborhood with gardens rooftop of characteristics compatibility the Addressing Determining the desirability of integrating gardens into new residential residential new into gardens integrating buildings of desirability the Determining Locating green houses and identifying land for food processing facilities Locating identifyinggreen houses processing and food landfor facilities Allocating capital money for municipal food processing facilities Allocatingcapital for municipal food money processing facilities Considering the use of parkland for growing and selling food Considering parklandgrowing for theuseand food of selling capacities to address race- and class- based disparities address class- to and capacities race-

(-Create an urban garden land use map, - map, use garden land urban (-Create an (A policy statement should support urban urban support should statement policy (A

Public Space, pp. 147- pp. Space, Public m” Seeding the future the future m”Seeding oods, supporting oods, supporting

w gardens on on w gardens 152.

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. issues following The canbeinvestigated further for research; urbangardensystem.encourage tobeapartof volunteers the may Istanbul in Gardens and Parks of Department the of jurisdiction to transferred and plans use land the on gardens urban into convert to order in spaces open potential identified the If make will volunteers The gardens. urban attend to agreementsofficial worry. without volunteers of desires the enhance to encourage will this rooftops, urbanand lands underused vacant, convert on to funds give and public support of awareness the enhance policies government If communities. sustainable creates this therefore and issuesenvironment to neighborhoods, neighborhoods weak connecting reinforce people, and educating nature, as bostans urban of a contributions creating Many for way best the may Istanbul in plans urbangardenmodel. sustainable use land garden into working well integrated a Making that areas. model up built into converting been have spaces open the Istanbul in capita where and spaces,open the on rapidly ongoing are constructions the where increased,be per will areas green of amount the therefore Istanbul, in settlements high densely specifically in areas green expand to provide city the in gardens urban the Increasing agreementofficial government among institutions. with term long or short in space temporary as rooftops and land underused and land vacant this use can groups Volunteer gardens. institutional or educational commercial, using community, as bostans urban from benefit can people many how about information an give could Istanbul in bostans urban convert to spaces open underused and vacant potential Identifying OUTLOOK inBostans Yedikule

259 259   

environment? environment? Istanbul and howimpact have in urban urban potentialtopreserve spaces open Istanbul.sustainable garden in spaces model vacant andunderused How open many begardens converted urbanto make into urban topreserve order a and in open spaces Identifying potentialvacant that spaces(rooftops, andunderused can the open lands) bostan land use map and give an example for a district in Istanbul. bostangivean landuse in and example for map a district Identify userscitywide and other stakeholders? an urban integrated urban institutions, fromcancoordinatedto citywideamong neighborhood the be level andhow level andUnder be how can urbanconditions landuse integrated which into maps bostans Istanbul? urbanization process in of urban kind What policies canbostans encourage and urban howimpact rapidly

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 4. [Accessed on November, 2014, from http://www.ruaf.org/sites/defa from 2014, [AccessedNovember, on 4. (1999): M. ARMAR-KLEMSU, ONAN F, REDN, . FOSLR D, (2008): D., FROESSLER, & D. ERBELDING, F., BORNMANN, (Difu-Impulse). Urbanistik für Deutsches Institut Berlin, urbanes Landwirtschaft, Urbane Region: und Stadt ZWICKER in Landmanagement / A. Urbanes SIMON, / T. PREUSS, / J. LIBBE, / A. HINZEN, / S. BOCK, inBostans Yedikule BILGIN, A., (2010): A., BILGIN, uzne as ntuet e Stadtentwicklung" der Instrument als Nutzungen the Ottoman Times], Yemek ve Kültür Vol. 20, 20, Vol. Kültür ve Yemek Times], Ottoman the üslof [cesd n uut 21, from 2014, August, on Gr Cities, Growing (Eds.): De H. SEL, pp.119- DSE, Agenda, Policy the on Agriculture ZEEUW, / U. SABEL-KOSCHELLA, / S. GUNDEL, [Accessed (2000): M. BOURQUE, http://www.stadtumbaunrw.de/pdf/dokumente/zwischennutzungen.pdf]. Düsseldorf. 2015, from http://www.academia.edu/3067858 from 2015, AMKI E, OO,A (2013): A. SOPOV, E., CAKMAKCI, Raporu A Lgsaie td: 0, oe [cesd n oebr 21, f 2014, November, on [Accessed Rome. 108, Study: Legislative http://www.fao.org/docrep/017/i3021e/i3021e.pdf FAO (2012): Y., CABANNES, CORREA, C. (1989): C. CORREA, resilience for long-term food security in cities”, Ecological Economics 86, pp 86, Economics Ecological cities”, in security food long-term for resilience (2013): C., ISENDHAL & S. BARTHEL, DOKMECI V., OZUS E., TURK SENCE S. (2011): S. SENCE TURK E., OZUS V., DOKMECI Space, Public for Trust Design the by published York, New in agriculture (2012): R., SHANGVI / K. REYNOLDS / N. COHEN from http://yedikulebostanlari.tumblr.com/tagged/Raporlar]. 2015, January, COOKE, P. (Eds.) P. COOKE, Stakeholder Policy and Planning in Urban Agriculture, RUAF Foundation, Foundation, RUAF Ch.1. Publishing Agriculture, Urban in Planning (2010): and R. Policy van Stakeholder VEENHUIZEN, H., ZEEUW, de M., DUBBELING, p.333. 356, AE, . EBH UCY . (2010): H. TUNCAY ESBAH / B. BASER, B agricultural landscapes in Istanbul”, in Istanbul”, landscapes agricultural .ogei 1-7 ai 21-dn p. 82- pp. 2013-Adana Kasim 14-17 Pe Tarim, Kentsel / http://www.academia.edu/6387117/ Strateji: Bir Yeni 5.Kongresi Bütünlestirilmesinde Kentle Tarimin Itilen SRKLOCOL, . KLOCOL, . (2013): B. KALYONCUOGLU, / B. ASER-KALYONCUOGLU, 260 260 , (Yedikule Recreation Implementation Project, Urban Design and Social Impact Repor Impact Social and Design Urban Project, Implementation Recreation (Yedikule i.

Bibliography , European Planning Studies, Routledge Publishing, Taylor &Francis, USA/Ca &Francis, Taylor Publishing, Routledge Studies, Planning European “Osmanlı Dönemi Istanbul Bostanları (bir giris denemesi)” [Market Gardens of of Gardens [Market denemesi)” giris (bir Bostanları Istanbul Dönemi “Osmanlı „The new landscape: Urbanization in the third world“, Butterworth Architect world“,Butterworth the third in Urbanization new„Thelandscape: oiy pin fr ra Arclue I: n BKE, . DBEIG M. DUBBELING, / N. BAKKER, In: In: Agriculture. Urban for Options Policy "Pro-poor legal and institutional frameworks for urban and peri-u and urban for frameworks institutional and legal "Pro-poor

"Urban Agriculture and Food Security, Nurition and Health", Thematic Paper Paper Thematic Health", and Nurition Security, Food and Agriculture "Urban ].

ITU A│Z Vol.7, 106- A│Z ITU Vol.7, "eiue erayn yuaa Projesi Uygulama Rekreasyon "Yedikule “Urban gardens, agriculture, and water management: Sources of of Sources management: water and agriculture, gardens, “Urban ].

“ ]. Understanding the spatial and historical characteristics of of characteristics historical and spatial the Understanding Ç

pp.1- ,

y Yynaı Itnu, p 86- pp. Istanbul, Yayınları, iya 145. Urban Restructuring of Istanbul. Istanbul. of Restructuring Urban “The Five Borough Farm” Seeding the future of urban urban of future the Seeding Farm” Borough Five “The

120. 99 -, p.11, Innovationsagentur Stadtumbau NRW, NRW, Stadtumbau Innovationsagentur p.11, -,

95. ult/files/Theme4_1_1.PDF . [Accessed on August, from from August, on [Accessed . , pp. 1- pp. Metropollesme Sürecinde Kent Disina Disina Kent Sürecinde Metropollesme Cte, oet, n Fo: Multi- Food: and Poverty, “Cities,

.224- "Zwischennutzungen: Temporäre Temporäre "Zwischennutzungen: awcs ie Patcl Action Practical hire. Warwicks 169. 234. Gärtnern und Agrobusiness, Agrobusiness, und Gärtnern ,

97. Sosyal Etki Değerlendirme Değerlendirme Etki Sosyal -SCHWARM, D. (2013): D. -SCHWARM,

yzaj Mimarligi Adana, Adana, Mimarligi yzaj [ In Accessed on January, January, on Accessed : ALBRECHTS, L. / L. ALBRECHTS, : owing Food, Urban Urban Food, owing rban agriculture", agriculture", rban t). [Accessed on on [Accessed t). ].

nada, pp. 331- pp. nada, ure. ure. Istanbul in in Istanbul rom rom / /

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Koder J, 1995: “ 1995: J, Koder http://dspace.princeton.edu/jspui/bitstream/88435/dsp0108612n667/1/report_lan 86 Eigenv Belgrade; Univ. by: Applications issued Conference, Practice: ECLAS Annual to International Theory From - Assessment Landscape In: Approach. LEINFELDER, H. (2005): H. LEINFELDER, LICKA, L. (2007): (2007): L. LICKA, Österreichisch Publisher: 289-290. pp. Abstracts, of Book Congress, Tech In: regions. urbanizing and urbanized and areas rural in agriculture documents. reference and http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/cultureheritage/heritage/Landscape/Publications/Convention-T Convention Landscape European inBostans Yedikule OAD E (1991): E. HOWARD, KIVILCIM-CORAKBAS F. / AKSOY, A. / RICCI, A. (2014): A. RICCI, / A. AKSOY, / F. KIVILCIM-CORAKBAS (1999): C. KEYDER, p.172 (2002): M. BIRCAN, / S. KESKIN, accessed in 6 accessed amr Cnd' Ofc o Ubn giutr, aaa [cesd n Novem on [Accessed Canada. Agriculture, Urban of Office http://www.cityfarmer.org/uajustification.html Canada's 2011. Farmer, Plan, (2000): J., AMEND, W., AXEL, P., JACOBI, Management Site http://www.alanbaskanligi.gov.tr/files/Management_Plan_090312_TUM.pdf]. Historic (2002): Istanbul J. /VOSS, Landwirtsch S. und Umwelt KRETSCHMANN, für GmbH. Staatsministeriums / Sächsischen des Auftrag M. Im KNIEVEL, gem oder / Verdichtungsräumen-Wiederspruch in Nutzung landwirtschaftliche W. HUHN, Sustainable Land Development, Springer-Publishers, Berlin, pp. 3- pp. Berlin, Springer-Publishers, Development, Land Sustainable Vol.94, No.3, People, Places and Gardens (Jul., 2004), pp. 284- pp. 2004), and (Jul., Gardens Places No.3, People, Vol.94, (2004): J. Paul KALDJIAN, UK. Press, International Urban The Research, Housing OASO, . (2005): R. JOHANSSON, Gardens. [Accessed on August, 2014, from from 2014, August, on [Accessed Gardens. Site Heritage World Walls Land Istanbul the of Issues HOWARD E., 1902 E., HOWARD HELMING K., MÜLLER K., WERNER A., WIGGERING H. (Eds.): The Concept Concept The (Eds.): H. WIGGERING A., WERNER K., MÜLLER K., HELMING (2003): H. WIGGERING, / K. HELMING, (2006): C. / KAMLEITNER, S. HAUSER, Press. FORMAN, R.T.T., (2008): (2008): R.T.T., FORMAN, - 261 261 7299 - 137

-6, pp. 241-247. -6, 241-247. pp. th August, 2014, [http://de.scribd.com/doc/223631136/gardencitiestom00howagoog August,2014, Fresh Vegetables for the Capital, In Constantinople and Its Hinterland Its and Constantinople In Capital, the for Vegetables Fresh : „Garden Cities of To-morrow”, Swan Sonnenschein & Co., London. Co., & Sonnenschein Swan ofTo-morrow”, Cities : „Garden ulc pn pcs n uuba Ivsiaig h Ipiain f Lnsae d Landscape a of Implication the Investigating Suburbia: in Spaces Open Public Istanbul: Between the Global and the Local, Rowman and Littlefield. Littlefield. and Rowman Local, the and theIstanbul: Global Between adn iis f omro, ulse: wn onncen C Ltd Co & Sonnenschein Swan Publisher: To-morrow, of Cities Garden

O Cs Suy ehdlg" I: ETR e a. es) "Methodology (eds.), al. et VESTBRO In: Methodology". Study Case "On The impact of the alternative concept of “public open space” on the the on space” open “public of concept alternative the of impact The „ Urban Regions: Ecology and Planning Beyond the City“, the Beyond Planning and Ecology Regions: Urban Itnu’ Bsas A ilnim f akt Gardens Market of Millennium A Bostans: “Istanbul’s Aydin agricultural master plan. In Turkish: Tarim Il Mudurlugu, Aydin Mudurlugu, Il Tarim Turkish: In plan. master agricultural Aydin Ästhetik der Agglomeration, Wuppertal: Müller und Busmann. und Busmann. Müller Wuppertal: Agglomeration, Ästhetik der ].

"Urban Agriculture-Justification and Planning Guidelines", City Guidelines", Planning and Agriculture-Justification "Urban utial Dvlpet f utfntoa Lnsae. In: Landscapes. Multifunctional of Development Sustainable

” with a special focus on the Historic Yedikule Vegetable Vegetable Yedikule Historic the on focus special a with ” 304. Acse o Jnay 21, from 2015, January, on [Accessed 18

“ er Kunst-und Kulturverlag, Vienna. Vienna. Kulturverlag, Kunst-und er . A [Accessed on January, 2015 from from 2015 January, on [Accessed Report of Concern on the Conservation the on Concern of Report nische Universität Wien (Eds): AESOP (Eds): Wien Universität nische einsame Zielsetzung? Final Report. Report. Final Zielsetzung? einsame erlag, Belgrade, 2007, ISBN: 978- ISBN: 2007, Belgrade, erlag, d_walls_whs.pdf in Planning and Design, 18th 18th Design, and Planning in aft. Sächsische Landsiedlung Landsiedlung Sächsische aft. ”, pp.49- xt-Ref_en.pdf f utfntoaiy i Multifunctionality of Freiraumschutz und und Freiraumschutz ”; Geographical View, View, Geographical ”;

Cambridge University University Cambridge e, 04 from 2014, ber, -pdf] -pdf] 56 ].

planning of of planning ]. , London, .,

riven riven in in

n , , Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. SHOPOV, A. / HAN A. (2013) A. HAN / A. SHOPOV, a p.22 from 210-228, pp. (winter, No. 2 2007), 35, Vol. History, Garden Complex Tomb Safdarjung’s Nawab Delhi’s of “ transformation (2007): P. J. SHARMA, Wien. Raumplanung, IVRS T (1997): T. SIEVERTS, TLS R, (2013): R., STILES, D.C. Washington Network, Agriculture (2001): A RATTA, and J. NASR, J., SMIT l. Wiesweg. Wiesbaden: Braunschweig, 118, Fundamente 34- August 236, 2013, Tarih Toplumsal YedikuleBostanları”, Ubpc" p. 1- pp. pdf]. http://www.central2013.eu/fileadmin/user_upload/Downloads/outputlib/Urbspace_Guidel "UrbSpace", RONGITSCH S. (2012): S. RONGITSCH Berlin. (20102): Umwelt und Stadtentwicklung für Senatsverwaltung Londo Security, Earthscan, Food and Livelihoods Planning,Generating (2009): M., REDWOOD, 28. Report Series People Feeding Cities Centre, Research Development International UN S (1999): S. QUON, Jersey. landscapes” edible of management and maintenance, PHILLIPS A., (2013): A., PHILLIPS oekom, München, Stadt“, in Gärten die der Rückkehr die Über Gardening: Urban Agriculture MOUGET, L. J.A., (2005): (2005): J.A., L. MOUGET, Canada, pp. 1-24: p.2, p.5- p.2, 1-24: pp. Canada, MOUGET, L. J.A., (2000 J.A., L. MOUGET, 307. internationale Entwicklung (DSE) and Zentralstelle für Ernáhrung und L und Ernáhrung für Zentralstelle and (DSE) Entwicklung internationale UBLN, . GNE, . SBLKSHLA U / EU, . e (Eds.) De H. ZEEUW, / U. SABEL-KOSCHELLA, / S. GUNDEL, / M. DUBBELING, A. PÖDÖR, J., PAULSSON, R., Blocks", Stumbling and Problems Potential, Management: MANSBERGER, V., MALIENE R., DIXON-GOUGH, E., http://www.ruaf.org/sites/default/files/Theme1_1_1.PDF access to [Available (2013): W. SEHER, K., MEYER-CHECH, Diss Planung, zukünftige die Stuttgart. für Hinweise und Architektur für Fakultät der an Ökologie und und Landschaftsplanung Konzepten von Kategorisierung (2001): F. LOHRBERG, inBostans Yedikule MULLER, C MULLER, Growing Food, Urban Agriculture on the Policy Agenda, A reader on ur on reader A Agenda, Policy the on Agriculture Urban Food, Growing 262 262

”, Publishers: Earthscan and International Development Research Center: IDRC Center: Research Development International and Earthscan Publishers: ”,

., ( 2011 lnig o Ubn giutr, Rve o Tos n Srtge fr Ur for Strategies and Tools of Review A Agriculture, Urban for Planning ): A Guideline for Making Space: Joint Strategy Activity 3.3, A part pf the the pf part A 3.3, Activity Strategy Joint Space: Making for Guideline A

Urban Gardening. Grüne Signaturen neuer urbaner Zivilisation, in: Müller in: Zivilisation, urbaner neuer Signaturen Grüne Gardening. Urban “Designing Urban Agriculture: A complete guide to the planning, design, constru design, planning, the to guide complete A Agriculture: Urban “Designing wshn td, wshn r ud et Ru ud et Sat n Land. und Stadt Zeit, und Raum Welt, und Ort Zwischen Stadt, Zwischen "Urbane Landwirtschaft in Buenos Aires", Masterarbeit, Fakultät für Archite für Fakultät Masterarbeit, Aires", Buenos in Landwirtschaft "Urbane 6. ):

tdnh Lnwrshf i dr td ud riamlnn. Ideengesch Freiraumplanung. und Stad- der in Landwirtschaft Stadtnahe

Itouto, ocuin. n RDOD M (d., giutr i Urban in Agriculture (eds.), M. REDWOOD, In: Conclusion". "Introduction, "Urban Agriculture: Definition, Presence, Potentials and Risks. In: BAKKER, N. / / N. BAKKER, In: Risks. and Potentials Presence, Definition, Agriculture: "Urban h Biih ramn o Hsoi Gres n h Ida Sbotnn: Th Subcontinent: Indian the in Gardens Historic of Treatment British The “ : “Osmanlı Istanbul’unda Kent Içi Tarımsal Toprak Kullanımı ve Dönüşümler ve Kullanımı Toprak Tarımsal Içi Kent Istanbul’unda “Osmanlı : Agropolis: The Social, Political, and Environmental Dimensions of Urban Urban of Dimensions Environmental and Political, Social, The Agropolis: 48. Acse o Nvme, 04 from, 2014 November, on [Accessed " “Urban Agriculture; Food, Jobs and Sustainable Cities”, the Urban Urban the Cities”, Sustainable and Jobs Food, Agriculture; “Urban Preservation of Farmland in the Urban Fringe" Urban the in Farmland of Preservation

, published by John Wiley and Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New New Hoboken, Inc., Sons, and Wiley John by published ,

vdf Hochschulverlag AG an der ETH Zürich, pp. 297- Zürich, pp. ETH der AG an Hochschulverlag vdf 38p 5 5 . Stadtplanung an der Universität Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Universität der an Stadtplanung n. n. andwirtschaft (ZEL), Germany (ZEL), andwirtschaft ban agriculture ban ueay adn no pbi park” public a into garden funerary ].

pp. 19-52. 19-52. pp.

ertation am Institut für für Institut am ertation ine_for_makingSpace. , Deutsche Stiftung für Stiftung Deutsche /CRDI, Ottowa, ON, ON, Ottowa, /CRDI, : . rwn Cities, Growing In: HEPPERLE, HEPPERLE, In: (Eds.), "Land "Land (Eds.), ban Planners, Planners, ban , C. (Ed.): “ (Ed.): C. , , Bauwelt Bauwelt ktur und und ktur pp.1- project project ction, ction, ichte, ichte, 42 i-

e e ; : .

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. (2013): REPORT THE inBostans Yedikule UN, (2013): UN, 1-7 pp. Planlama, Kutup by prepared Gate”, Belgrad District]. Fatih of Gardens and Parks of Department and Gate Yedikule between VESTBRO, D. U. U. D. VESTBRO, Foundation. RUAF Introduction, 1, Chapter Cities,In: (2006): V.R. VEENHUIZEN, WOOLLEY H., 2003 H., WOOLLEY Press. Architectural Burlington, Landscape, (2005): K., / Bohn, A. VILJOEN, Uganda, Technology, and in Engineering Advances on Conference http://www.worldcitiescultureforum.com/sites/all/themes/wccr/assets/pdfs/WCCR2013_lo developing countries, pp. 1-4, accessed in 2014 2014 2013 Culture, Cities World in accessed 1-4, pp. (2014): countries, UNDP, [http://esa.un.org/wpp/documentation/pdf/wpp2012_press_release.pdf]. developing AIA Pbihr Erhcn ulctos t, odn n Seln VA, Sterling and London Ltd, Publications (2007): 2014 November, accessed Magazine), (RUAF VEENHUIZEN, Earthscan VAN Publisher, [http://mirror.unhabitat.org/pmss/listItemDetails.aspx?publicationID=1156] HABITAT Wien. undRaumplanung, Architektur für Fakultät Masterarbeit, (2009): R. ZIEGLER, http://yedikulebostanlari.tumblr.com/tagg from 2015, January,on [Accessed Raporu", (2013): B. YIGIT-TURAN isites.harvard.edu/fs/docs/icb.topic1225278.files//yao_dong_di_xia_pdf_su from 2015, January, on [Accessed Design. of School Graduate (2013): Y. DONG, D., XIA, 263 263

Ydkl Rceto Ipeetto Poet Ubn ein n Lnsae Assess Landscape and Design Urban Project, Implementation Recreation (Yedikule

UN Press Release: World population projected at reach 9.6 billion by 2050 by billion 9.6 reach at projected population World Release: Press UN The Challenge of Slums: Global Report on Human Settlements 2003, accessed 2003, Settlements Human on Report Global Slums: of Challenge The 2011 :

UrbanSpaces Open concerning the project entitled “Recreation and Conservation of inside the the inside of Conservation and “Recreation entitled project the concerning Stadtfrucht: Urbane Landwirtschaft und Gärtnern als Raumnutzungsstrategie. Raumnutzungsstrategie. als Gärtnern und Landwirtschaft Urbane Stadtfrucht: , “mat o Ubnzto i LwIcm Cutis, h scn In second the Countries”, Low-Income in Urbanization of “Impacts : http://www.ruaf.org/sites/default/files/UAM_18.pdf

"Yedikule Rekreasyon Uygulama Projesi Kentsel Tasarım ve Peyzaj Değerlendir Peyzaj ve Tasarım Kentsel Projesi Uygulama Rekreasyon "Yedikule "Bostans: Agricultural Generators for Istanbul's Urbanization", Harvard University, Harvard Urbanization", Istanbul's for Generators Agricultural "Bostans: . [Accessed on January, 2015, from 2015, January,on [Accessed Cte Frig o te uue Ubn giutr fr re ad Prod and Green for Agriculture Urban Future: the for Farming “Cities “An introductory glossary”. In: Viljoen, A. ed., Continuous Urba Continuous A. ed., Viljoen, In: glossary”. “An introductory

, Taylor & Francis. & Francis. Taylor

“Building Communities through Urban Agriculture”, Agriculture”, Urban through Communities “Building

2011. 2011. bmission_.pdf] bmission_.pdf] ed/Raporlar]. ed/Raporlar]. , p.1-48., p.1. p.1. p.1-48., , 1. [Accessed from the the from [Accessed 1. w.pdf with most growth in growth most with ].

in 2014, UN- 2014, in ment Report). Report). ment n Productive nProductive Land Walls Walls Land ternational ternational uctive uctive me

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. http://www.fatih.bel.tr/ Source: Table5: Neighborhood Bazaars indistrict the Fatih of draw self Institute), (Turkish Statistical TUIK from collected are dates The Source: Table4: Demographics of Fatih and Eminönü districts Yearsby Dev French inUrban Mobility Istanbul. 2008, &DemirO., H. Gercek Source: Source: Urban Age Istanbul, 2009: Istanbul City of Intersections, in: Govern IstanbulofIntersections, City 2009: AgeIstanbul, Urban Source: Table3: Land Use Pattern Yearsby (hectares) Table Urban1: Design Models- The role of open space planning and peri-urban agriculture 2014. 29th, December on Ramazan with "Interview cur the to urbanpark, make an order in ofbostans demolition "the (2014): Neighborhood in Yedikule stand roadside the at family bostancı of seller A Dece on Kayan" withMuhammed "Interview Yedikule". in families bostan the dem after urbanpark, make to an order in ofbostans demolition (2014): Yedikule in bostans from demolished family bostancı The of son "Interview 2014. 29, December on Yedikule" in bostans ofreplacement (2014): Yedikule Neighborhood of Thereeve CanTunca". Yed in bostans of replacement with park the urban an "making topic inBostans Yedikule The Department of Parks Parks of TheDepartment Table2: TheGoverning of Istanbul Source: 264 264

S. Bock et al., 2013:54) 2013:54) al., et S. Bock iii. ii.

List of Tables Tables List of Interviews Interviews

& Gardens of Fatih Municipality in Istanbul (September, 2013): in Istanbul (September, Fatih Municipality of Gardens

...... Interview on the topic "making an urban park with the urbanpark an"making the topic Interviewon ......

...... rent situation of bostan families in Yedikule". in Yedikule". families bostan of situation rent olition of bostans, the current situation of situation the current ofbostans, olition ikule". "Interview with Landscape Architect Landscape with "Interview ikule"...... with Ali Küpücü". Ali Küpücü". with mber 29th, 2014". 2014". 29th, mber Interview on the topic "the "the Interview topic the on ing Cities, p.26 Cities, ing elopment Agency. elopment ing ing Interview on the topic topic Interviewthe on .

Interview on the Interviewthe on

...... 176 138 136 1222

53 76 39 36 4

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Image Image 4-2: (Source: Cabannes, 2012: 8). (Source:accessed from http://modernfarmer.com/2013/08/istanbuls- Image Image 1- koruma-rekreasyon-projesi/,accessed April, on 2014) Image Image 3- Waldheim C., Princeton Architectural Press,New York, 2006, pp.35-53., p.36) (Source: from Waldheim C. Image 3-1: istanbul-bizim/, September,on 2014) (Source:accessed http://www.kuzeyormanlari.org/2014/04/28/yedikule-bo from Image 1-6: September, 2014) Image Image 4- (Source:Lohrberg F., 2001:22) (Source: http://www.fatih.bel.tr/icerik/4137/yedikule-kapi- Image Image 3-3: (Source: Phillips A.,2013:" (Source: Accessed on March, 2015,http://brooklyngrangefarm.com/ from Source:Thelayout fromis Ebenezer Howard: (Source: IBA Stadtumbau 2010, http://www.spiegel.de/fotostrecke/iba-2010-einfach- Image Image 3- Image Image 1-4: landscape value,self drawing Image 1-3: dichtmachen-geht-nichtfotostrecke-53587-2.html). cases/health/new-york-city-the-school-garden- (Source: Accessed on March, 2015,http://www.dac.dk/en/dac-cities/sustainable-cities/al from inBostans Yedikule Image Image 4- Image Image 1- Image Image 4-4: Image Image 1-2: August,17th 2014) (Source:http://www.planergemeinschaft.de/sul/projekte/sul-projekte-003g-laby.h Source: CohenN.

265 265 iv. 5: 2: 1: 4: 3: 1: A view from by1875, GuillaumeBerggren, As agricultural have practices evolved by thetime Various types of urban agriculturepractices Thünen Ring,

Brooklyn Grange,Queens Lichtenberger Sonnenlabyrinth, Roof garden as classroom New in York, image Rachelby Kangas Traditional YedikuleBostans aredestroyed underthe control local of municipality Fatih of Rem Koolhaas/OMA, Parc Villettela de Competition, 1982; cartoon of programs. Garden City Projectimaginations-simulations demandsThe of food production, recreation andand leisure, conservation culturalof Hands and HeartsGarden, Brooklyn Shrinking city is inDessau East Germany.

List of Images Images List of etal., 2012: “TheFive Borough Farm”:60

“Designing Urban Agriculture”, p.7 , “Landscape as Urbanism”, In: The Landscape Urbanism Reader, edited by

„Garden Cities Toof

is -the-new-classroom/ . ile ). -belgrad-kapi-arasinda-kara-surlari- -morrow",Howard 1902:22- E.,

). di

sappearing-urban-farms/, on ).

stanlari-bizim-

tml, accessedtml, on

nur - l- 23 ic

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Image 4- inBostans Yedikule Image Image 4- from http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB1000142405274870457530457529683from (Source: Accessed on March, 2015,Susan from Farley, Street Wall Journey, accessed on March 2015, Image Image 4-7: (Source: April Phillips, 2013: “Designing Urban Agriculture”, p. 60) Image Image 4- (Source: April Phillips, 2013: “Designing Urban Agriculture”, p. 61) (Source:Cohen, (Source: Stadt WienViennaGIS- http://www.wien.gv.at/viennagis) Image Image 5-10: (Source: Googleearth, 2015) Image 5-9 (Source: the imageby the author, August, 2014) Image 5-8 (Source: the imageby theauthor, August, 2014) Image Image 5- (Source: accessed February, on 2015, from http://www.karlsgarten.at/images/kg_overview_foto.jpg) rooftop-farm-july- (Source: accessed January 2015, http://brooklynbrewery.com/blog/events/seedtock- Image Image 5- Image Image 5- Image Image 5- (Source: accessed Novemberhttp://www.fiveboroughfarm.org/).2014, Image Image 5-3: (Source: http://www.thebattery.org/projects/battery-urban-farm/) acre in Park Manhattan, New York. (Source:Cohen, N. Design Trustfor PublicSpace. Image 5-1: (Source: Philips A.,2013, p.71) Image 4-9: Thecomponents of sustainable urban food system Image Image 5- (Source: accessed Novemberhttp://www.fiveboroughfarm.org/).2014,

266 266 5: 6: 8: 7: 6: 2: 5: 4: : Commercial: gardens, glass housesin Simmering Vertical: consistsWall of Pet-bottles at Karls Garten

Taqwa Community Farm, Bronx Urban Infrastructure Web, Connecting community residents to the city Watch andastonished, be research bedsat Karls Garten GartenKarls in Vienna, Austria Battery Urban Farm, one acre educational farm is located into historic Battery, atthe 25 Eagle Street Rooftop Farm, Brooklyn, New York ComponentsThe of Urban Agriculturesystem, 2. Urban Agriculturewithin the urban infrastructure web, The ComponentsThe of Urban Agriculturesystem, 1 PhoenixCommunity Garden in Brownsville,Brooklyn, New York,by StephensonRob for Displaying Simmering district theon city map Vienna. of N. al., et 2012: “TheFive Borough Farm”:39) 9/ et al., al., et 2012: “TheFive Borough Farm” ).

)

1105864688

gle-street- ).

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Image 5-11: inBostans Yedikule Image Image 5-12: (Source: Dubbeling, policy Main perspectives urbanon agriculture, 2010, p.19) Image Image 7- accessedp.11, Decemberon 12, 2014.) Source: afterTurnbull, S.2004, TheWalls of Constantinople AD 324-1453, Osprey Publishin Image 7-3: 229). Sources resilienceof for long- Space: JointStrategy, pp. 10- (Source:Stiles, R. 2013, Characteristics Goodof Urban Open Spaces, In: A Guideline for Making (Source: Image Image 7- Im the city Istanbul,selfof drawing. (Source:Accessed January 12, 2015,https://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/lectu byzantine-architecture- Image Image 7- (Source:The map of 1875 in Ottoman Period,Ayverdi by in 1958) Yedikuleof and Belgrad. Image 7-7: (Source: by Hartman Schedel, 1493). Image Image 7- Image Image 7-6: (Source:The photo by Artamanoff dated 1937) (Source: Istanbul Historic Peninsula SMP, 2011, p.20). boundaryarea dotted is by author, drawing.self Image 7-12: (Source: Istanbul Historic Peninsula SMP, 2011, p.20). Image 7-11: Burcakby Evren, Zeytinburnu Belediye (Source: Ortayli, ilber, 2003: Image 7-10: (Source: Başerand Eşbah Tuncay, 2010: 113). atWalls least until 1966, Bostans wereremoved in 1982, scited from article. Image 7-9: (Source: Kaldjian, 2004)

age 7-2: 267 267 Barthel, S. Isendhal& C.,2013, “Urban gardens, agriculture, and water 1: 4: 8: 5:

relationThe between the development of theLand Walls, theIstanbul urban gardens and Theodosian Walls with layers.three

General view of Land Walls, showingYedikule Gardens along the city walls, Map Constantinopleof by Ljungkvist et al. (2010). The cross-sectionThe and plan of Walls,Land Thethree defenselayers of Theodosian Wall ‘Ancient Plan of Istanbul Map’ is displaying mills “water (bostan dolapları)” near Yedikule The coloredThe area showingis Bostans inside the Land Walls and Bostans between the gates Map Istanbul’sof Bostans, “Istanbul’s MarketGardens” The imagesThe showthe existed Bostans between Yedikule Dungeons/Fortressand Land The three main functions possible urbanof space, open self-drawing A drawing displaying Historic Peninsula SiteManagement Plan Area, self drawing. The main types urban of bostans, A drawing displaying World HeritageSite insideand outsidethe Land Walls where the The imagedisplaying waterwheel and bostans insidethe moat of theLand Walls, me

taphysics- „Tarihsel Perspektiften Sur Surların Dışı”, in Öte Yanı Zeytinburnu, edited 16 term foodterm security cities”, in Ecological E ) of si Kültürsi Yayınları, pp.154 -light/deck/4045597)

-163) by by Kaldjian conomics pp.224-234,86, p.

management:

re- 15 - g Ltd.,

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Image 7-16: (Source: Urban Age,2009) Image 7-15: (Source: Thelocation of Fatih District) Peninsula Image 7-14: (Source: Istanbul Historic Peninsula SMP, 2011, p. 66). border Istanbulof Historic Peninsula SMP Image 7-13: inBostans Yedikule Image Image 7-18: Institute) sources,http://www.tuik.gov.tr/. Image 7-17: (Source: Accessed January, on 2015, from https://gis.fatih.bel.tr/webgis/default.aspx). Image Image 7-22: (Source: Thereport of the proposed municipal parkproject, prepared by Kutup Planlama, p.26) Image 7-21: accessedp.11, Decemberon 12, 2014). (Source: afterTurnbull, S. 2004, TheWalls of Constantinople AD 324-1453, Osprey Publi are named moat, outer terraceand inner terrace,are usedland as for bostans, colored by author. Image 7-20: uzerine-taleplerimiz/) (Source: accessed August, on from2013 http://everywheretaksim.net/tr/birgunyedikule-bostanl Image 7-19: (Source: Accessed January, on 2015, https://gis.fatih.bel.tr/webgis/default.aspx) from Image Image 7-24: 199, p.15, 89, 127). KapsamındaMirası Istanbul Yedikule Atölyelerinin TCDD Mimarisi ve Koruma Sorunları Informationp.51. about Yedikule Ateilier Cer and Railways from: M. Ünal, Master thesis: “Endüstri Urbanization”, Harvard University Graduate School of Design, accessed November, 2014, pp.1 (Source: Imagefrom: Xia, Di and Yao Dong, “Bostans: Agricultural Generators for Istanbul’s Yedikule CerAtelier 1872),(in and theatelier had lost itsfunction and it closedwas 199 in Image 7-23: (Source: Thereport of the proposed municipal parkproject, prepared by Kutup Planlama, p.26) Image Image 7-26: Image 7-25: (Source: Googleearth, 2014)

268 268

The renewal zoneshave been shown by thehatched areas darkwith the in blue lines The Network of Ways, self drawing. A drawing displaying the existed land use in site study (self-drawn byauthor). the The cross-section and plan of Land Walls, the spaces between in land the walls, which The present state theof Land andWalls inventory analysis, picturefrom July 24th, 2013. The imagesfrom thestudy siteand its surrounding, mostly from byauthor. 2014, the The area of Yedikule N. Urban expansion Istanbul in from 15th to 20th centuries The study arearectangle is Istanbul in map. Yedikule Neighborhoodlocated is atHistoric The population in density Yedikule neighborhood,(based on TUIK(Turkish Statistical A drawingdisplaying routenetwork (self drawing) The border of Recreational Implementation, self drawing. Bostans near YedikuleGate, Yedikule Railway line (the construction started in 1870)and Thefrom photos thestudy siteand its surrounding, 2013, the photos Elis by Mehmed.

, 2009, pp.1- shing Ltd., 7) . 7)

-66, ari-

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Image Image 7-31: (Source:accessed April, on from2015, http://www.fatih.bel.tr/Gallery.aspx?GalleryID=1610 ( Image 7-34: and Belgrad Gate”, preparedKutup by Planlama, 2013, p.55) (Source: the report “Recreation and C Image 7-33: the urban parkprojectarea, the photo by Elis Mehmed, December, 2014 Image 7-32: and Belgrad Gate”, preparedKutup by Planlama, 2013, p. (Source: the report “Recreation and Conservation insideof the Land Walls between YedikuleGate Image 7- and Belgrad Gate”, preparedKutup by Planlama, 2013, p.62) Image Image 7-28: and Belgrad Gate”, prepared by (Source: the report “Recreation and Conservation insideof the Land Walls between Yed and Belgra (Source: the report “Recreation and Conservation insideof the Land Walls between YedikuleGate Image 7-37: and Belgrad Gate”, preparedKutup by Planlama, 2013, p.60) (Source: the report “Recreation and Conservation insideof the Land Walls between YedikuleGate Image 7-36: Image Image 7- and Belgrad Gate”, preparedKutup by (Source: the Image 7-29: and Belgrad Gate”, preparedKutup by Planlama, 2013, p.54). (Source: the report “Recreation and Conservation insideof the Land Walls between YedikuleGate Walls Image 7-40: and Belgrad Gate”, preparedKutup by Planlama, 2013, p.57) (Source: the report “Recreation and Image 7-39: and Belgrad Gate”, preparedKutup by Planlama, 2013, p.59) (Source: the report “Recreation and Conservation insideof the Land Walls between Image 7-38: Image 7-27: inBostans Yedikule

Source: the report “Recreation and Conservation insideof the Land Walls between YedikuleGate 269 269 35 30 d Gate”, preparedKutup by Planlama, 2013, p.58)

:A restaurant :

Kids adventure and gymnasticspace CastleSquare atthe entrance of Yedikule Castle An artificial water pool fountains,with forming waves from north towards south Land of FirstSquare at the entrance Belgradof Gate Square in the middle

Bulldozer in theproject area. Yedikule Villas canbe seen (Photo by Ali July Taptık, 2013). The proposed municipal urban parkprojectwith modern artificial designs The land wasn’tharvested fornext the year’s crops; the image showsbostan the areain Existing land relatinguse toproperty the status existingof study site, self drawing A skateboard and parking space The proposed urban parkprojectarea in 1/5000 Conservation Scale Plan The proposed urban parkprojectby local municipality Fatih of report “Recreation and Conservation insideof the Land Walls between YedikuleGate The propertyThe status existingof study site, drawing self

Kutup Planlama, 2013, p.45) Conservation insideof the Land Walls between YedikuleGate Planlama, 2013, p.46) pp. 1-71, onservation insideof the Land Walls between YedikuleGate

6 5)

YedikuleGate

ikule Gate ).

... 153

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. (Source: Kaldjian J.,Paul 2004, “Istanbul’s Bostans: A Millennium of Market Gardens”, pp.28 Image 7-42: and Belgrad Gate”, preparedKutup by Planlama, 2013, p.66). (Source: the report “Recreation and Conservation insideof the Land Walls between YedikuleGate exhibitions Image 7-41: inBostans Yedikule Image Image 7-50: Image Image 7-45: selfborder, drawing Image 7-44: p.289. Image Image 7-43: Urbanization”, pp.1 (Source:cited from Xia, Di and Yao Don Image Image 7-51: Image Image 7-52: (Source: Accessed on December, 2014, from http://www.mimdap.org/?p=160400). Bostans, photo by Aleksandar Shopov, 14th July, 2013 (Source:https://gis.fatih.bel.tr/webgis/default.aspx Image 7-54: (Source:https://gis.fatih.bel.tr/webgis/default.aspx Bostancıs, http://cityandagricultureistanbul.org/category/gardens/yedikule-gardens/ (Source: accessed November, on 2014, from Image Image 7-46: Source:(Kutup Planlama, 2013:55) Image Image 7-48: SabahPascal Image 7-47: the 1786, in map by J.B. Le Chevalier Image Image 7-53: Image Image 7-49: (Source: accessed July, on from2013 www.yesilmimarlik.com) http://cityandagricultureistanbul.org/category/gardens/yedikule-gardens/ (Source: accessed November, on 2014, from

270 270 December, 2014, Photo by Elis Mehmed

The three numbersof education and art studios for serving social education and art

Between thegates Silivri and Yedikule,Hac Yedikule Bostans insidethe Land Walls in Historic Peninsula, approximately in 1890, by Distribution of Bostans in Istanbul in 1800 and 1920. Planning Proposal of Local Municipality inNeighborhood Yedikule Distribution of Bostans in Historic Peninsulaincity the Istanbulof in 1998 Albanian gardener Rıza Bey takesfresh production from bostans to ma Bostans in the border R. of Projectin 2013 and 2014 googleearth,& Bostans the in Todays Bostancısup pick their harvest before the bulldozer destroying them, Yedikule in Interview with Muhammed Kayan,son a Cideli family,of arewho today’s Yedikule The Network of Yedikule Bostans and Fatihfood district, distrubition, drawingself The Network of Yedikule Bostans and Fatih District,self drawing YedikuleBostans (Ismail Pasha)and Yedikule Villas in 2011. One of Albanian gardener Rıza is Bey, 1963 -66, p.8, accessed November, 2014.

g, “Bostans:Agricultural Generators for Istanbul’s

.) .)

ı Piri andPiri Ismail Pasha Bostans are shown on

). ).

rket, early 1960s.

-304,

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Image 8- Image 8-1: (Source: Site Management Plan, 2011) authorby Image 7-70: (Source: Site Management Plan, 2011) author Image 7-69: (Source: Baser,B., Esbah, H. 2010, p. 113.) Image 7-67: Yedikule, photo by Elis inM. September, 2013 Image 7-66: December, 2014 Image 7-65: (Source: http://www.kuzeyormanlari.org/2014/04/28/yedikule-bostanlari-bizim- Aleksandar Shopov Image 7-64: Image 7-63: pomegranates at the truck; photo by Elis Mehmed, 1st January,2015 Image 7-62: stand; he notwas there January, on 1st 2015, photo by Elis Mehmed Image 7-61: Image 7-60: December, 2014, photo by Mehmed.Elis Image 7-59: Image 7-58: (Source: Kaldjian, 2004) cityold walls, Istanbul’s in Fatih district Image 7-57: (Source: Social ImpactAssessment Report) employment, self drawing Image 7-56: (Source: alanar.com.tr, baglamabuyusu.biz.tr, forumdas.com) Image 7-55: inBostans Yedikule Image Image 8- Im Image Image 7-68:

age 8-4: 271 271 2: 3: proposedThe Land (Gardens Use integrated urban into infrastructure), drawing self proposedThe bostan use,self drawing

The proposedThe new structure, drawing self Functions Network, drawing.self Production patterns at the Land Walls 2009 in A seller atthe roadsidestand, front in of his garden, interviewwith Ramazan in 29th A drawing of thetypical historical Istanbul Bostan based on acres-dönüm, 7.5 near the Production patterns at the Landin Walls Yedikule, 2013,photo by Elis M. Productive Bostans in Yedikule,displaying tones the produced of vegetables and the Thepercent of publiclyaccess and notdirectly publicaccess spacesopen in local district, percentThe of urban spaces open and builtupin areas the local district Fatih,of by The canals in theland around thebeds of plantsfor watering near thegate of Belgrad in A stack of rubbles on the efficient soils, instead bostans,of Elis by Photo Mehmed, YedikuleBostans, comparison The of Bostans,and after before the demolition, photo by The image Yedikuleof Bostans, December in 2014, byPhoto Elis Mehmed. A street vendor in Yedikule neighborhood insidethe Land Walls,boy a sells A roadside stand the at outsidethe Land nearWalls, gate the of Yedikule. is It Ramazan’s Food miles from Çatalca to Historic Peninsulashown are by the author Bostan fields, by image author The type fruitsof produced Yedikule in Bostan

istanbul-bizim/)

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Image 8- inBostans Yedikule commercial gardens, self drawing Image 8-22: Image 8-13: Image 8-12: Image 8-11: Image 8-10: Image 8-9: Image 8-8: Image 8-7: Image 8-6: Image Image 8-21: drawingself Image 8-20: Image 8-19: drawing Image 8-18: drawing Image 8-17: Image 8-16: Image 8-15: Image 8-14: 272 272 5:

Connection Strategies, horizontal and vertical accessfrom the Land Walls, drawing self The propesedThe YedikuleSchool Beets,self drawing proposedThe bostan land self3, drawing Open spacestrategies, drawing,self drawing self Vertical wall with Pet-bottles, the phototaken is by ElisM.,on September,2014 Local food bazaar, gardeners can sell their crops the at bazaar, specifically owners of Glass house,commercial gardens, gardenercottage, public kitchen, self drawing Commercial gardens amd experimental gardens, composting plant, gardener cottage, Bostan Land 1, Experimental gardens, historic well,,water community farms, self The proposed landbostan self3, drawing Bostan Land 2, Commercial Community & gardenstrees, with self drawing The proposed landbostan self2, drawing Yedikule School Bostans, drawing self Yedikule School Bostans, drawing self Commercial farms, composting plant,self drawing Bostan Land 1, Community gardens and farms, commercial gardens, waterwell, self Bostan Land 2, Commercial Community & gardens, self drawing The proposed vertical wall, thefrom photos Karls Garten, the photos are bytaken Elis M.

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

The main types and categories urban of open spaces: inBostans Yedikule 2014. 258 From http://www.le-notre.org/urban-spaces/urban-spaces.php?encyclopedia_id=358 From 273 273        

Parks, public gardens, and green spaces : local, neighborhood, district, city, linear; greenParks, publicgardens, linear; and city, spaces district, :local, neighborhood, sites; sites; camp grounds, sport cemeteries, gardens, allotment Playgrounds, spaces: green Other Roads and other transport routes: urban squares and plazas, pedestrian street, street, pedestrian routes, cycle plazas, parks, car and railwayembankments; corridors, lines and motorway squares urban urban roads, other routes: streets, residential transport other and Roads Residential open space and Housing landscape: private gardens, incidental open open housing, storey Children’sroofs playgrounds, and balconies; multi incidental in spaces gardens, open communal areas, private residential rise low landscape: in spaces Housing and space open Residential rtce fr osrain esn, motn poetd iw xs r ordr with are corridors significance historic or and axes restored view protected been important have reasons, conservation may for which protected parks historic public with of associated examples gardens early and buildings, parks private formerly spaces: open Historic Water bodies and water courses: rivers, canals, lakes, ponds, wetlands; Water bodiesand courses: water rivers, ponds,wetlands; canals, lakes, fie, uies ak, n amnsrtv bidns hsias n cr homes, care and hospitals buildings, administrative estatesindustrial and commercial public buildings, buildings; other and institutions, educational parks, other business and school offices, buildings: to relation in spaces External ra fig: et vr giutrl ad frss n wolns wse ipsl and disposal ex waste woodlands, and forests land, agricultural over left fringe: Urban v. cavation areas, unplanned open spaces. cavation areas, open unplanned spaces.

Appendix Appendix

258

, accessed in October, in, October, accessed