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Contribution of Fiscal Decentralization to Economic Growth: Evidence from Pakistan
Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences (PJSS) Vol. 35, No. 1 (2015), pp. 377-389 Resolving Balochistan Conflict: A Human Needs Approach Syed Shahid Hussain Bukhari, PhD Assistant Professor Department of Political Science Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan. [email protected] Yasmin Roofi, PhD Assistant Professor Department of Political Science The Islamia University of Bahawalpur. [email protected] Syed Adnan Bukhari Research Assistant Department of Defence and Strategic Studies Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad. [email protected] Abstract The current study presents the analysis of Baluchistan conflict with a lens of Human Needs Theory (HNT) and tries to find out the possible resolution of conflict in accordance with the parameters given by HNT. The first part deals briefly with the major issues of the conflict in Baluchistan, which provides an insight to the conflict. The second part outlines the ideas of HNT theorists; i.e. John Burton and Abraham Maslow. The third part provides the application of HNT to the conflict in Baluchistan, which aims at to find out a mechanism that may help to reach at a possible resolution of the conflict. The study also takes into account the matters regarding Baloch grievances, the sense of deprivation, lack of trust, the issues of perception and enemy images. The analysis of Baluchistan conflict through Human Needs Theory and having awareness about the effect of enemy images and perceptions after more than a decade of conflict, study recommends that a needs- based solution is within reach. It just needs to be viewed with a different eye, which should focus on the conflict with reference to natural human needs, respecting their natural responses and only by fulfillment of these natural needs, the conflict can be mitigated. -
Pakistan Courting the Abyss by Tilak Devasher
PAKISTAN Courting the Abyss TILAK DEVASHER To the memory of my mother Late Smt Kantaa Devasher, my father Late Air Vice Marshal C.G. Devasher PVSM, AVSM, and my brother Late Shri Vijay (‘Duke’) Devasher, IAS ‘Press on… Regardless’ Contents Preface Introduction I The Foundations 1 The Pakistan Movement 2 The Legacy II The Building Blocks 3 A Question of Identity and Ideology 4 The Provincial Dilemma III The Framework 5 The Army Has a Nation 6 Civil–Military Relations IV The Superstructure 7 Islamization and Growth of Sectarianism 8 Madrasas 9 Terrorism V The WEEP Analysis 10 Water: Running Dry 11 Education: An Emergency 12 Economy: Structural Weaknesses 13 Population: Reaping the Dividend VI Windows to the World 14 India: The Quest for Parity 15 Afghanistan: The Quest for Domination 16 China: The Quest for Succour 17 The United States: The Quest for Dependence VII Looking Inwards 18 Looking Inwards Conclusion Notes Index About the Book About the Author Copyright Preface Y fascination with Pakistan is not because I belong to a Partition family (though my wife’s family Mdoes); it is not even because of being a Punjabi. My interest in Pakistan was first aroused when, as a child, I used to hear stories from my late father, an air force officer, about two Pakistan air force officers. In undivided India they had been his flight commanders in the Royal Indian Air Force. They and my father had fought in World War II together, flying Hurricanes and Spitfires over Burma and also after the war. Both these officers later went on to head the Pakistan Air Force. -
Ground Authenticities Following the Baloch Insurgency in Pakistan, 1948-2005: a Critical Analysis
J. Appl. Environ. Biol. Sci. , 7(10)247-259, 2017 ISSN: 2090-4274 Journal of Applied Environmental © 2017, TextRoad Publication and Biological Sciences www.textroad.com Ground Authenticities Following the Baloch Insurgency in Pakistan, 1948-2005: A Critical Analysis Shumaila Rafique 1, Dr. Abdul Zahoor Khan 2 1Ph.D.-Scholar, Department of Politics and International Relations, Faculty of Social Sciences, Maryum Block, New Campus, Sector#H-10, International Islamic University, Islamabad-Pakistan, 2* Assistant Professor-History/In-Charge, Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Faculty Block #I, First Floor, New Campus, Sector#H-10, International Islamic University, Islamabad-Pakistan Received: March 7, 2017 Accepted: August 23, 2017 ABSTRACT Balochistan largest province of Pakistan and hub of minerals resources has always been prone to ethnic insurgencies since independence of Pakistan. State faced a sequel of insurgencies in Balochistan. Its first insurgency started on Kalat Issue which emerged soon after independence in 1948. Upshots of first conflict lead to four other ethnic conflicts in Province which cause to subvert the relations of federal and province. To find out the root causes of the Baloch insurgency and the conflicts those have risen in the province of Balochistan. The paper discusses in detail the history of the grievances and the complexes that the Baloch community has had to face over the years. Paper focused on the internal factors that have contributed to the social unrest in the province including the political deprivation, economic discrimination, social instability and security problems. Analysis shows that the government policies and the lack of communication among institutions caused to raise ethnic phenomena. -
Inside Balochistan's Forgotten Conflict
Inside Balochistan’s Forgotten Conflict Understanding Pakistan’s Repressive Policies & Human Rights Violations 1 2 Balochistan’s Forgotten Conflict Pakistan’s Repressive Policies & Human Rights Violations 3 4 Balochistan’s Forgotten Conflict Overview: I. Balochistan: An Introduction 07 II. Human Rights Violations in Balochistan 09 III. Enforced Disappearances 14 IV. Political Assassinations and Targeted Killings 28 V. Mass Killings 38 VI. Abduction, Arrests & Detentions 39 VII. Displaced Baloch 45 VIII. Restrictions on Freedom of Expression 48 IX. Restrictions on Freedom of Association 53 X. Gender-Based Human Rights Violations 56 XI. The Neglected Region 59 XII. Development & Militarization 65 5 Balochistan’s Forgotten Conflict 6 Balochistan’s Forgotten Conflict Balochistan: An Introduction Balochistan is divided between Pakistan, Iran and Afghanistan. It strategically bridges the Middle East and Southwest Asia to Central Asia and South Asia, and forms the closest oceanic frontage for the land-locked countries of Central Asia. Balochistan is the largest among Pakistan's four provinces, comprising 43 per cent of land area. Around 13 million people inhabit Balochistan (both in Iran, Pakistan and Afghanistan). Despite being the richest province in terms of energy and mineral resources, Balochistan remains one of the most under- developed and impoverished regions. The Baloch therefore have long been demanding the national right to self- determination and control over their land and resources. Although the Balochistan crisis pre- dates General Parvez Musharraf’s military regime, it still remains unaddressed. The denial of the fundamental right to self-determination has been a major cause of the ongoing conflict. Pakistani intelligence and security forces are using brute and suppressive policies to silence moderate Baloch nationalists. -
Pakistan: Violence Vs. Stability
PAKISTAN: VIOLENCE VS. STABILITY A National Net Assessment Varun Vira and Anthony H. Cordesman Arleigh A. Burke Chair in Strategy [email protected] Working Draft: 5 May 2011 Please send comments and suggested revisions and additions to [email protected] Vira & Cordesman: Pakistan: Violence & Stability 3/5/11 ii Executive Summary As the events surrounding the death of Osama Bin Laden make all too clear, Pakistan is passing through one of the most dangerous periods of instability in its history. This instability goes far beyond Al Qa‟ida, the Taliban, and the war in Afghanistan. A net assessment of the patterns of violence and stability indicate that Pakistan is approaching a perfect storm of threats, including rising extremism, a failing economy, chronic underdevelopment, and an intensifying war, resulting in unprecedented political, economic and social turmoil. The Burke Chair at CSIS has developed an working draft of a net assessment that addresses each of these threats and areas of internal violence in depth, and does so within in the broader context of the religious, ideological, ethnic, sectarian, and tribal causes at work; along with Pakistan‟s problems in ideology, politics, governance, economics and demographics. The net assessment shows that these broad patterns of violence in Pakistan have serious implications for Pakistan‟s future, for regional stability, and for core US interests. Pakistan remains a central node in global counterterrorism. Osama Bin Laden was killed deep inside Pakistan in an area that raises deep suspicion about what Pakistani intelligence, senior military officers and government officials did and did not know about his presence – and the presence of other major terrorists and extremist like Sheik Mullah Omar and the “Quetta Shura Taliban.” Pakistan pursues its own agenda in Afghanistan in ways that provide the equivalent of cross- border sanctuary for Taliban and Haqqani militants, and that prolong the fighting and cause serious US, ISAF, and Afghan casualties. -
Ethno-Nationalist Movement in Balochistan (1999-2013)
Ethno-nationalist Movement in Balochistan (1999-2013) By Muhammad Hassan National Institute of Pakistan Studies Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan 2019 Ethno-nationalist Movement in Balochistan (1999-2013) By: Muhammad Hassan A Dissertation Submitted to the National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quai-i-Azam University Islamabad, in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Award of Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Pakistan Studies. National Institute of Pakistan Studies Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan 2019 Dedication This work is dedicated to the people of Balochistan. vi Acknowledgements This thesis has been enhanced by many fruitful encounters with a number of people in Islamabad and elsewhere. First and foremost, I am thankful to my supervisor Dr. Masood Akhtar Zahid, who not only ignited a curiosity within me to study and research nationalist politics of South Asia but encouraged me to explore it in the context of Baloch nationalist struggle. I greatly value his abundant support, insightful remarks, and keen interest in my work. Without his expert guidance and attention to detail, this thesis would not have appeared in its present form. I am duly grateful to Professor Tahir Amin, the incumbent Vice Chancellor of Bahauddin Zakariya University, who guided me at the early stages of this research. During my six months fellowship at University of Southampton, I worked under the supervision of Professor Ian Talbot and benefitted from his expertise and specialist knowledge of modern South Asian politics in wide variety of ways. He went through the design as well as the early drafts of my thesis. I am very thankful to my parent department National Institute of Historical and Cultural Research (NIHCR) and the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan, (HEC) for facilitating a six months Fellowship to United Kingdom. -
THE SECURITY CHALLENGES of BELT and ROAD CORRIDORS* Kuşak Ve Yol Projesi Koridorlarının Karşılaştığı Güvenlik Tehditleri
Ekonomi, Politika & Finans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2019, 4(1): 91-105 Journal of Research in Economics, Politics & Finance, 2019, 4(1): 91-105 Araştırma Makalesi, DOI: 10.30784/epfad.518954 THE SECURITY CHALLENGES OF BELT AND ROAD CORRIDORS* Kuşak ve Yol Projesi Koridorlarının Karşılaştığı Güvenlik Tehditleri Gökhan TEKİR** Abstract This paper tries to identify security problems exist on the Belt and Road Initiative corridors. Although it is one of the most ambitious economic projects in the 21st century, Belt and Road Initiative is afflicted by separatist and terrorist activities. The paper selected three cases: Xinjiang, Key words: Balochistan, and Myanmar. In Xinjiang, oppressed Uyghur people Infrastructural Linkages, sporadically rise against Chinese rule, afflicting the security of the New Conflict, Security Eurasian Land Bridge and China-Central Asia-West Asia corridors. Balochistan province, which has witnessed several rebellions since Jel Codes: Pakistan’s independence threaten China’s 46 billion investment in China- F51, F52, O19 Pakistan Economic Corridor. Myanmar’s Rohingya Muslims are unwanted hosts of the territories which Belt and Road corridors pass through. In response to these threats, China implements a set of security measures including strengthening its presence in Xinjiang and abandoning its traditional non-interference policy in its interactions with relevant countries to provide stability Belt and Road corridors. In Xinjiang, it establishes a security state; in Balochistan it propels Pakistan to increase the number of troops; for Rohingya Muslims in Myanmar China backs Myanmar army’s atrocities in the global arena. Özet Bu çalışma Kuşak ve Yol Projesinin koridorlarında mevcut olan güvenlik tehditlerini teşhis etmek amacındadır. 21. -
Caught Between Five Extremes: Reporting Pakistan
Caught between five extremes: Reporting Pakistan Razeshta Sethna Thomson Reuters Fellow Hilary and Trinity Terms 2015 1 Acknowledgements The opportunity to learn at the University of Oxford is invaluable. I would like to thank the Thomson Reuters Foundation for their generosity, interest and faith, without which this research paper would not have been possible. Your excel- lence, commitment and passion to develop the best practices in journalism have contributed to the very best experience of my professional and academic life. My supervisor, Caroline Lees has been more than generous with her time and patience, and while doing so shown huge amounts of curiosity for my difficult world. Thank you, Caroline. You always make it appear easy to accomplish the most difficult of tasks. I would also like to thank James Painter and David Levy for their interest and encouragement; for making the Institute an oasis of diversity in the midst of a traditional center of learning. And a thank you to the wonderful Reuters staff for ensuring my two terms at Oxford were exciting, stimulating, and packed with excellent food. This study would not have been possible without the many conversations with writers, editors and reporters; and the stories told by brave, committed jour- nalists and friends who agreed to be interviewed; sometimes over cups of coffee and cake; sometimes over crackling connections on Skype and Facetime. Thank you, Ayesha Azfar and Bahzad. Thank you, Hameed Haroon and Nilofer. Not just for your interest in showing me the importance of debate, reading just about all I can get my hands on, but with trusting me and teaching me. -
Asia Briefing, Nr. 68: Pakistan
Update Briefing Asia Briefing N°69 Islamabad/Brussels, 22 October 2007 Pakistan: The Forgotten Conflict in Balochistan I. OVERVIEW The insurgency now crosses regional, ethnic, tribal and class lines. Musharraf appears oblivious to the need to change course if the insurgency is to be contained and Violence continues unabated in Pakistan’s strategically political stability restored. Islamabad has yet to implement important and resource-rich province of Balochistan, any of the recommendations on Balochistan’s political where the military government is fighting Baloch and economic autonomy made by a Senate (upper house) militants demanding political and economic autonomy. committee in November 2005. The federal government President Pervez Musharraf’s government insists the has also disregarded the Balochistan provincial assembly’s insurgency is an attempt to seize power by a handful unanimous resolutions against unpopular federal of tribal chiefs bent on resisting economic development. development plans. The government’s inadequate Baloch nationalists maintain it is fuelled by the military’s response to the cyclone and floods that devastated the attempts to subdue dissent by force and the alienation area in June and July 2007 has further worsened alienation. caused by the absence of real democracy. Whether or not free and fair national and provincial elections are Although the crisis in Balochistan is assuming threatening held later this year or in early 2008 will determine dimensions, it is not irremediable provided the national whether the conflict worsens. and provincial elections are free and fair. The restoration of participatory representative institutions would reduce Instead of redressing Baloch political and economic tensions between the centre and the province, empower grievances, the military is determined to impose state moderate forces and marginalise extremists. -
Pakistan--Violence Versus Stability
Pakistan—Voilence versus Stability versus Pakistan—Voilence Pakistan—Violence versus Stability versus Pakistan—Violence a report of the csis burke chair in strategy Pakistan—Violence versus Stability a national net assessment 1800 K Street, NW | Washington, DC 20006 Tel: (202) 887-0200 | Fax: (202) 775-3199 C E-mail: [email protected] | Web: www.csis.org ordesman Authors Anthony H. Cordesman Varun Vira Cordesman / V ira / Vira September 2011 ISBN 978-0-89206-652-0 CSIS Ë|xHSKITCy066520zv*:+:!:+:! CSIS a report of the csis burke chair in strategy Pakistan—Violence versus Stability a national net assessment Authors Anthony H. Cordesman Varun Vira September 2011 About CSIS At a time of new global opportunities and challenges, the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) provides strategic insights and bipartisan policy solutions to decisionmakers in government, international institutions, the private sector, and civil society. A bipartisan, nonprofit organization headquartered in Washington, D.C., CSIS conducts research and analysis and devel- ops policy initiatives that look into the future and anticipate change. Founded by David M. Abshire and Admiral Arleigh Burke at the height of the Cold War, CSIS was dedicated to finding ways for America to sustain its prominence and prosperity as a force for good in the world. Since 1962, CSIS has grown to become one of the world’s preeminent international policy institutions, with more than 220 full-time staff and a large network of affiliated scholars focused on defense and security, regional stability, and transnational challenges ranging from energy and climate to global development and economic integration. Former U.S. -
Pakistan: Violence Vs
PAKISTAN: VIOLENCE VS. STABILITY A National Net Assessment By Anthony H. Cordesman Arleigh A. Burke Chair in Strategy and Varun Vira Final Draft: 7 June 2011 Please send comments and suggested revisions and additions to [email protected] Vira & Cordesman: Pakistan: Violence & Stability 6/7/11 ii Acknowledgements This book is largely the product of research and writing by Varun Vira, who carried out this project under the direction and guidance of the Burke Chair. It draws on a wide range of sources. These are cited in detail, but some information was provided by US experts that cannot be cited by name or organization. Their work played a critical role in shaping the framework of analysis and several key judgments in this analysis. Vira & Cordesman: Pakistan: Violence & Stability 6/7/11 iii Executive Summary As the events surrounding the death of Osama Bin Laden make all too clear, Pakistan is passing through one of the most dangerous periods of instability in its history. This instability goes far beyond Al Qa‟ida, the Taliban, and the war in Afghanistan. A net assessment of the patterns of violence and stability indicate that Pakistan is approaching a perfect storm of threats, including rising extremism, a failing economy, chronic underdevelopment, and an intensifying war, resulting in unprecedented political, economic and social turmoil. The Burke Chair at CSIS has developed a net assessment of these threats and areas of internal violence in depth; and does so within in the broader context of the religious, ideological, ethnic, sectarian, and tribal causes at work; along with Pakistan‟s problems in ideology, politics, governance, economics and demographics. -
Pakistan State–Society Analysis
DEMOCRATISATION AND TRANSITIONAL JUSTICE CLUSTER Country case study: pakistan Pakistan State–Society Analysis Marco Mezzera, Safiya Aftab January 2009 This initiative is funded by the European Union About IfP The Initiative for Peacebuilding (IfP) is a consortium led by International Alert and funded by the European Commission. IfP draws together the complementary geographic and thematic expertise of 10 civil society organisations (and their networks) with offices across the EU and in conflict-affected countries. Its aim is to develop and harness international knowledge and expertise in the field of conflict prevention and peacebuilding to ensure that all stakeholders, including EU institutions, can access strong independent analysis in order to facilitate better informed and more evidence-based policy decisions. This document has been produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The contents of this document are the sole responsibility of IfP/Clingendael Institute and can under no circumstances be regarded as reflecting the position of the European Union. To learn more, visit http://www.initiativeforpeacebuilding.eu. About Clingendael “Clingendael”, the Netherlands Institute of International Relations, is a research and training organisation on international affairs. Within the institute, the Conflict Research Unit (CRU) forms a multidisciplinary team focusing on policy research on the security-development nexus. To learn more, visit http://www.clingendael.nl/cru/. Cover image: Pakistani lawyers and political party activists shout anti-government slogans during a protest in Lahore on 6th November 2008. Pakistani lawyers and political parties held a rally against the dismissal of Pakistani Supreme Court Chief Justice Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry and dozens of other judges by former President Pervez Musharraf when he declared a state of emergency in the country on 3rd November 2007.