Astrology and Cosmology in Early China: Conforming Earth to Heaven David W

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Index

AHeng (asterism), 244 uniqueness of Ding (Pegasus), Abrabanel, Don Isaac, 413, 417 145 Account of the Proferring Emperor (Xian di Vega-Altair, 377 zhuan ), 423 Warring States, in Kao gong ji , Against Aggressive Warfare (Fei gong ), 129 196, 256 and the Weaving Maid (star), 376 Airs of Yong (Yong feng ), 127 in Western Zhou, 126 Albumasar (Abu-Ma’shar),¯ 407, 411 zheng “correct,” 140 alignment in Zhou bi suan jing , 107 accuracy of, 122, 147 Align-the-Hall (lodge yingshi ), 35, 52, accuracy of in Egypt, 108, 117 53, 60, 61, 128, 129, 132, 144, 179, 195, astral, 95 318, 320, 321, 349, 375, 408, 409, 419, astral in Egypt, 98 428, 429, 432, 433, 435, 459, 470, 474, astronomical in Qin and Han, 317 477, 478, 481, 482, 489 cardinal, 11, 83 1953 BCE planetary massing in, 179 cardinal, in Huainanzi , 130 accuracy of polar alignment, 137 cardinal, in the Neolithic, 119 anciently included Eastern Wall, 135 cultural variability in, 100, 147 as Celestial Temple, 136, 144 of the Dipper, 271 Alioth, 372 Five Planets, 9, 206, 289, 301, 425 alignment function of, 374 Five Planets, in the Song Dynasty, 426 Allan, Sarah, 112, 116, 139, 206, 233, 241 Five Planets, in the Tang Dynasty, alligator 431 bones, 62 inaccuracy, 113, 122 drum, 62 of Luminous Hall (Mingtang ), 148, Neolithic trade in, 62 344 range in Neolithic, 62 Neolithic, at Puyang , 339 seasonal associations, 62 by Pegasus, 131, 137 seasonal behavior, 67 polar, 99, 101, 350 Yangtze, 62 polar, in Egypt, 109, 140 Altair, 376, 377, 454, 472. See also polar, intentionality of, 143 Draught-Ox pre-Columbian in Mexico, 147 Aluoshan , 439 Pyramids of Giza, 108 An Lushan , 433, 434, 437 Qin capital Xianyang , 327 Analects, 91, 142, 211 Qin capital Yongcheng , 323 ancestor worship, 240 in Shang, 122 Annotated Water Classic, Shuijing zhu solar, at Yaoshan and Huiguanshan , 349 ,30 Announcement at Luo, Luo gao , 123, by solar shadows, 12, 101, 129 124, 140, 142 solstitial at Taosi ),28 Announcement Concerning Wine, Jiu gao timing of, 138 , 244

570

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Index 571

Announcement of Duke Shao, Shao gao #, Ba (Sichuan), 92, 388 123, 140, 228 Babylonia, 104, 107, 410 Announcement of Kang, Kang gao , 343 cosmogony in Enuma¯ Elish, 394 Antares. See Great Fire divinization of celestial bodies in, 407 Anyang . See Yinxu monster Tiamat, 396 Apophis, 394 Bagley, Robert W., 150, 175 Appended Commentary, Xi ci zhuan , Bai Juyi , 342 48, 149, 162, 174, 175, 336, 364, 385 Balance and Stone Weight , 468 Arachne, 381 Balance Beam , 464, 465, 505 archaeoastronomy, 3, 98 Bamboo Annals , xxii, 123, 197 with Chinese characteristics, 14 date of defeat of Qi in, 203 definition of, 3 Five Planets criss-crossed in, 195 archetype, 96, 224 interpolation in, 196 Arcturus, 463 mention of Cinnabar Writing in, 178 Aries, 411 planetary omens in, 207 Aristotle, 410 record of planetary massing in, 196 Army (asterism), 470 relative chronology of Shang-Zhou in, 204, Arriving Beneficence Star, , 496 206 ArtofWar, The, 307 Ban Gu , 423 Ascher, M., 381 Banners , 462 Ascher, R., 381 Bao zhang shi , 7, 268 Assistant Conductors , 95, 249, 463 Baoshan ,89 Assistant Star , 461 Barnard, Mary, 254 Associate Ministers , 461 Base (lodge), 52, 73, 245, 307, 463, 476, Astana, 389, 392 487, 489 astral omenology Basic Annals of the First Emperor of Qin definition of, 194 , 318 astral prognostication, 261, 384, 406, 408, Basic Annals of Zhou , 198 437, 440, 449, 454 Basket (lodge), 195, 272, 429, 433, 463, motivation for, 407 475, 476, 482, 487, 489 and national security, 442 Battle of Chengpu , 196, 261, 264, 283, popularization of, 314 288, 289, 292, 294, 297 astrology Battle of Muye , 216, 293, 294 cause and effect in, 417 Bauernkrieg. See Peasant’s War horoscopic, 10, 418 Beak () (lodge), 77, 274, 466 path-dependency in, 407 Beginning of Autumn ,ix and secrecy, 9 Beginning of Spring , ix, 60, 136, 375, astronomical orientation, 83 471, 501 astronomy Behr, Wolfgang, 159 and computation, 146 beiji . See Northern Culmen cultural, xxi, 4 Bellah, Robert N., 1, 56, 162, 193 as exact science, 153 Bengbu , 188 and orientation, 174 Bennett, Steven, 317 and social control, 146, 153 Berger, Peter, 223, 224, 232, 237, 242, 405 and theoretic development, 146, 153 Berosus, 409, 411 atomism, 353 Beside the Ear , 468, 469 Attack (lodge), 59, 77, 468, 505 bestow the seasons, 141, 243, 252 Augustine, 410 Beyton-Davies, Paul, 152 Auriga (constellation), 325, 349, 403 bi bing '. See Weapon Deterring Aveni, Anthony, 28, 153, 154, 256, 365 dagger-axe Axial Age, 237 bi yong , 229. See also Circular Moat axial alignment, 113, 118, 146, 147, 214, 323 Bible, 415 axis mundi, 96, 214, 326, 333, 349 Bin Gong xu , 34, 273 Aymara, 164 Bird. See Vermilion Bird (constellation) Aztec, weaver goddess, 381 Bird Star , 197, 212, 245

572 Index

Blake, William, 397 invention of, 251 Bo hu tong . See Comprehensive khipu, 163, 166 Discussions in the White Tiger Hall and legitimacy, 356 Bolt and Latch , 462 li xiang (“to calendar”) , 218, 447, 450, Bonampak, 171 502 Book of Changes , 40, 44, 48, 142, 144, lunar, 154 162, 174, 282, 336, 344, 355, 357, 358, luni-solar, 152 359, 364, 368, 382, 385, 421, 431 Mandate, 197 Book of Daniel, 413, 417, 418 Marc Kalinowski on, 242, 255 Book of Documents , 35, 65, 123, 176, Maya, 440 183, 201, 215, 216, 227, 228, 235, 253, mismanagement of, 252, 257, 258 254, 256, 272, 343, 370 multiple, 158 Book of Lord Shang , 382 Muslim, 440 Book of Odes , 35, 77, 124, 154, 197, 366, obsolescence of, 256 369, 383 ofﬁcial, 80, 113, 153, 248 Book of Rites , 211, 353, 366 origin of, 155 Book of the Dead, 400 as politically sensitive, 422 Book of the Thousands, The, 411 popular seasonal, 257 Bow #, 469, 505 ritual-bureaucratic, 154, 257 Bowl , 460 and science, 147 Branner, David Prager, 159 Shang neglect of, 256 Brightly Shining Star , 494 Shang ritual, 239 Broadaxe , 465, 470 Sima Qian on, 250 Brokaw, Galen, 165 social nature of, 255 Bronze Age, 147, 212, 250, 258, 358 solar, 156, 253 astral indicators of the seasons in, tables, 155 383 and temporal power, 150 broom star, 485, 494, 496, 504, 506, 508 and theoretic development, 246 Brown, David, 153 Triple Concordance System, 207 Burke, Kenneth, 143, 221, 222, 226, 232, warfare according to the, 266 244 written, 170 Xia, 53 Cai Mo , 40, 53, 80, 139, 248, 251 Zhuan Xu, 409 Cai Yong , 344 calendar and legitimacy, 154 Calabash ., 472 calends, 153 calendar Canals and Gullies , 467 agricultural, 154 Cang Jie pian , 366, 367 as almanac, 171 Canon of Shun , 243 annuary type, 245 Canon of Stars ,35 Antares, 73 Canon of the Generations #, 208, 420 astronomical, 246 Canon of Yao , 31, 32, 58, 75, 138, 141, Bureau of Astrology and, 437 175, 209, 243, 245, 248, 255 customs, 254 and “bestowing the seasons,” 246 and day cycle, 162, 172 Sun cult in, 138 and dynastic change, 255, 257, 425 Canopus (star), 494 as external memory device, 251 Cao Cao , 204, 424 Fire Star, 210 Cao Pi 2, 204, 302, 423, 450 ﬁrst “zheng” month of, 174 Captain of the Palace Gentlemen , and good government, 253 465 Grand Inception reform of, 97 Carlson, John B., 399 Greek, 154 Carrasco, David, 243 Gregorian, 408 Carriage , 466 Guo Moruo on, 156 Cassiopeia (constellation), 318, 321 horizon, 152, 171 causality, 352 as inspiration for writing, 152 acausal orderedness, 357 invention by Fu Xi, 172, 385 in the Book of Changes, 362

Index 573

Cavalry Ofﬁcers , 462 Cherchen 3#, 306, 311 Celestial Army of the Forest of Feathers Chi You , 114, 507. See also Chi You’s , 470 Banner Celestial Arsenal , 463 Chi You’s Banner , 114, 496, 507, Celestial Arsenal and Tower , 466 508 Celestial Banner , 469, 472 Chong and Li , 246, 249 Celestial Culmen , 458 Chong Er , 261, 280 Celestial Drum , 495 chronosophy Celestial Feces (), 468 Zou Yan’s , 265 Celestial Flail , 459, 476 Chu (kingdom), 88, 246, 248, 252, 261, Celestial Ford , 471 269, 270, 279, 283, 325, 397 Celestial Four-in-Hand , 471 Chu Silk Manuscript, 225, 246, 252, 385, 397 Celestial Gate Towers , 465 Chunqiu fanlu , 211 Celestial Granary , 467 Chunqiuwei wen yao gou , 269 Celestial King , 461 Cinnabar Writing 4, 179, 211 Celestial King’s Court , 463 Circular Moat , 229, 343, 344, 349 Celestial Lakes , 466 clan-sign, 188 Celestial Lance , 459 Classic of Mountains and Seas , 31, 33, Celestial Latrine , 468 213, 366, 494 Celestial Market , 349, 419, 462 Cloud Serpent, 383 Celestial Parkland , 469 color coding, 166 Celestial Pendants , 370 correlations, 215 Celestial Pole, 40, 88, 94, 98, 100, 109, 111, colors 114, 317, 329 regulation, 211 Celestial Spearhead , 461 comet, 8, 9, 114, 196, 216, 309, 415, 419, 422, Celestial Street , 303, 451, 468, 506 435, 447, 459, 476, 478, 485, 487, 496, Celestial Temple , 53, 60, 136, 137, 174 497, 506, 507, 508, 509 Ding (Pegasus) as, 138, 143 Commander-in-Chief &, 460 Celestial Turtle , 179, 186 Commentary on the Image , 46, 55 Celestial One , 459, 461 Commoners’ Prison , 461 Central Palace , 458 compass, 385, 389, 399 Central Peak , 214, 342 and Nu¨ Wa, 385 Cerulean Dragon . See dragon Comprehensive Discussions in the White Tiger constellation Hall , 370 Ch’ing nang jing , 317 Comprehensive Mirror to Aid in Government Chamber (lodge), 52, 59, 60, 73, 136, 143, , 422 183, 196, 206, 208, 307, 324, 429, 433, Confucius, 42, 88, 91, 100, 164, 179, 207, 257, 461, 464, 475, 476, 487, 489, 492, 505, 359, 432, 442, 503 509 Conklin, William J., 371 Chancellor , 460, 464 Cook, Richard S., 61 Chang Xi , 244 Copernicus, 408 Chang, Kwang-chih, 62, 247 Corballis, Michael C., 225 Chang’an , 93, 327, 331, 339, 340 Corona Australis (constellation), 177, 178 Chankillo, 24 cosmic parallelism, 320 Charge to Wen Hou , 297 cosmic religion, 147, 240 Chariot Platform (lodge), 77, 196, 466, cosmicization, 246 475, 489 cosmogony, 126, 219, 233, 250, 389 Chariot Pole , 465, 478 cosmography, 56, 80, 219, 266, 321, 327, 366, chen (seasonal astral indicator), 57 367, 382, 383 Chen Mengjia , 234 cosmology, 80, 166, 194, 212, 217, 219, 239, Chen Ni gui , 158 266, 299 Chen Rong *,46 correlative, 265, 301, 337, 353, 367, 384, Cheng Tang , 207, 239, 240, 253 440, 442, 450 chen wei (apocrypha), 367 myth, 215 Chengpu . See Battle of Chengpu principles, 215 Chengzhou , 123, 124, 148, 228, 326 weaving motifs in, 381, 382

574 Index

cosmo-political culture, 97 Ding zhi fang zhong , 35, 127 cosmo-priest, 339 Dipper , 9, 36, 57, 279, 331, 367, 371, 454, cosmos (&), 369 459, 496 Court , 472 alignment by in Egypt, 109 Court Enclosure Palisade , 465 alignment function of, 334 Cricket , 202 antiquity as asterism, 2, 107 Crooked Arrows $ (meteors), 496, 507 astral deities of, 10 Crop () (lodge), 466 in astral prognostication, 268, 271, 505 Crown Prince and Cadet Princes , 458, Bowl of, 460 461 called Jade Device and Jade Transverse, Cullen, Christopher, 40, 458 460 cuneiform, 150, 155 as celestial clock hand, 92, 95 cyclical signs, 149, 156, 234 and Chang’an Dipper Wall, 331 Cygnus (constellation), 394 compared to a net, 374 depicted in reverse, 336 da chen (Great Seasonal Indicator), as Great Seasonal Indicator, 59, 245, 372, 338 375, 383 Da Dai liji . See Record of Rites of Han representation of, 333 Dai the Elder handle of, 6, 7 Da dong . See Great East and the Luminous Hall, 344 Da Feng gui . See Tian Wang gui Luo Writing and, 176 on mantic astrolabe, 90 Da you (hexagram), 359 numinous power of, 92, 94, 339 da yu *. See rain sacriﬁce oracle bone graph, 104 Da Yu ding , 201 prognostication based on, 9 Dabuzishan , 323 as Regulator, 371, 460 Daming Palace , 340 representation in Neolithic, 337 Dao (Tao), 89, 225, 251, 353, 366, 425 Southern (lodge), 305 Dark Palace , 34, 205 Supernal Lord identiﬁed with, 93 Dark (Somber) Warrior , 77, 469 as Supernal Lord’s carriage, 9, 93, 460 Dawenkou, 32, 62 and Wang Mang’s Ladle of Majesty, 94 Dawn of Astronomy, The,98 Warring States representation of, 95 de (virtus), 88, 197 in the Yellow Plans of the Three Capital de Santillana, Giorgio, 98 Commanderies, 331 Decade’s Beginning Star , 496 Dipper Cloud , 336 Defoort, Carine, 92 Dipper Handle (asterism), 463, 481 Deluge, 410, 414 Dipper Top-Cord , 371 Denderah, 98 Dipper Wall , 340, 374 Detached Court , 463 Di-Qiang people , 245 Detached Palace , 471 Directorate , 462 Deutsch, David, 150, 169 Discourses of Jin , 264 Di , 231. See Supernal Lord Discourses of the States , 52, 58, 136, applied to Shang kings, 115 143, 197, 204, 216, 245, 246, 250, 263, etymology of, 113 299, 364, 423, 446 graph denoting, 107, 113, 114 Diverse Prognostications on Heavenly title adopted by the First Emperor, 318, 322 Patterns and Formations of Materia Di Ku , 244 Vitalis , 336, 445 Di Xin (Shang king), 123, 196, 199, 201, divination, 56, 405, 409 216, 253, 256, 257 astral, in Mesopotamia, 7, 195, 407, 448 Di Yi (Shang king), 234 astral prognostication, 5, 6, 10, 202, 303, Diagrams of Auspicious Signs , 178 309, 448 Didier, John C., 106, 133 astromantic, 419 Dieny,´ Jean-Pierre, 38 and Grand Scribe-Astrologer, 356 Ding (Square of Pegasus), 35, 119, 127, and logic of alignment, 143 320, 329 by mantic astrolabe, 7

Index 575

milfoil, 199 Duke of Zhou , 124, 199, 202, 216, 228, noetic impulse behind, 142, 350 237, 253, 256, 343 oracle bone, 73 Duke Wen of Jin . See Chong Er in Shang, 96 Duke Xiao of Qin $, 327 Shang writing in, 161, 175 Dunhuang, 306, 311 siting in W. Zhou, 124 Duo fang . See “Many Regions” stars mentioned in Shang, 104 Duo shi . See “Many Officers” term problematic in Chinese astrology, 448 by turtle in W. Zhou, 199 Earl of the West Suppressed Li, The by turtle, in late Han, 424 , 203 zhen “to divine” in Shang, 141 Earth Star (Saturn), 479 Doctrine of the Mean, The !, 224 earthly branches, 58, 149, 158 Dog of Heaven (bolide), 496, 507 Eastern Wall (lodge), 129, 474, 475, 481, Donald, Merlin, 146, 150, 153, 154, 161, 172, 489 246, 251, 365 Eastern Well 5 (lodge), 330, 425, 429, 433, Dong Zhongshu +, 238, 359, 360, 368, 449, 465, 475, 486, 489, 507 448 eclipse, 168, 404, 447 Dongbi (lodge), 129 Egan, Ronald, 43 Donne, John, 368 Egypt, 98, 107, 161, 195, 243, 400, 413 dragon , 38, 47, 144, 338, 388, 397, 403, 461 invention of writing in, 161 as alligator, 62 Eight Winds, 501 artifacts, 61 elemental phase astral deity, 57 change of, 302 battling, 53 of Zhou, 208 bones, 66 elephant, 62, 189 bounding, 45 Eliade, Mircea, 96, 220, 248 breeder, 41 Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 1 chief of scaly clan, 71 Emperor Gaozu of Han, 329, 330, 418, constellation, 48, 73, 245, 253 429, 449 cosmological principle, 57 Emperor Hui of Han, 329, 330 first appearance, 45 Emperor Shizong # of Ming, 426, 435 flocking, 45 Emperor Shun , 40, 95, 162, 249, 424, hidden, 45 425 iconic creature, 41 Emperor Taizu of Song, 429 naturalistic origin, 62 Emperor Wen of Wei, 450 officials, 67 Emperor Wu of Han, 305, 446 recalcitrant, 45 Emperor Xian of Han, 204, 423, 450 scales, 66 Emperor Xuan % of Han, 306 seasonal appearance, 47 Emperor Xuanzong % of Tang, 324, 429 soaring, 45 Emperor Yao , 19, 40, 162, 243, 249, 274, taming, 40 326 as watery creature, 44 Empress Dowager Lu¨ of Han, 405, 507 whiskers, 66 Encountering Sorrow , 325, 403 winter, 53, 60 Enforcers of the Law , 464 as yang creature, 47 Eno, Robert, 231 yin and yang, 54 Enuma¯ Elish, 394 Dragon Pool , 401 E-pang (A-fang) Palace , 318 Dragon Spirit, 62 equinox, 24, 47, 275 Dragon’s Head Festival ,66 Erlitou , x, 17, 61, 67, 100, 113, 122, Dragon-Horse , 177 146, 148 Draught-Ox , 376 Erya (Literary Expositor), 59, 73, 132 Drum-Bearer , 472 eschatology, 409 Duke Huan of Qi , 177, 261, 297, 355, Establishment Star , 376 433, 435, 450 Everlasting Palace , 330 Duke of Shao #, 124 Explicating Heaven ,59

576 Index

fabric of relations Fu Yue , 139, 244 in the Book of Changes, 362 Fufeng , 101 ji gang (“ropes and threads”) as social Fundamental Star , 472 fabric, 366 Fagg, Lawrence, 358 gai tian “canopy-sky,” 365 Farmer’s Auspice , 53, 60, 136, 143 Gan De , 429, 437, 444, 509 Female Ruler , 465 gan ying “mutual resonance,” 299, 362, feng huang $. See Phoenix 445 feng sacrifice, 228, 229, 342 Ganquan gong . See Sweet Springs Feng Shi , 283 Palace Fengjing , 76, 212, 343 Gao Yao mo , 215 Ferghana, 508 Gate of Heaven , 399, 403 Field (asterism) ikuˆ, 133, 174 Gate Span , 465 field allocation , 202, 216, 264, 268, 299, Gathered Herd , 467 418, 446 Gedao . See Screened Causeway Fire. See Great Fire Geertz, Clifford, 237, 358 Fire Star , 58, 73, 104, 107, 139, 216, 245, Gemini (constellation), 325 257, 280, 464, 480. See also Great Fire General-in-Chief &, 472 Fire Star (Mars), 465 Generals , 464 First Emperor of Qin , 317, 336, 506 Generals of the Left and Right -, 472 Five Cruelties Star , 494 Gentlemen of Integrity Unappreciated in Their Five Elemental Phases, 7, 41, 43, 56, 184, Time (, 359 212, 234, 243, 249, 265, 278, 280, 301, geomancy, 317. See siting 356, 370, 409, 419, 421, 448, 460, 503 Ghost in the Conveyance , 77, 195, 465, antecedents of, 209 475, 486, 489 change of phase , 218 Gingerich, Owen, 107 Han Dynasty speculation, 206 Giza, 108 Five Emperors , 388 gnomon, 29, 102, 108, 118, 127, 128, 130, Five Emperors’ Chariot Sheds , 467 502 Five Emperors’ Thrones , 464 Golden Age, 43 Five Grains , 256, 387 Goldin, Paul R., 142, 159 Five Hegemons , 505 Gongyang zhuan ,59 Five Minister Regulators , 234 good and evil, 7, 363 Five Offices ,43 Gou Mang ,42 Five Planets , 179, 218, 234, 235, 267, Graham, A.C., 215, 226 268, 279, 301, 303, 307, 330, 369, 375, Grand Ancestral Temple , 136, 342, 344 393, 415, 422, 425, 429, 433, 449, 450, and Luminous Hall, 343, 344 465, 466, 470, 477, 479, 480, 484, 487, Grand Chancellor (Venus), 483 503, 507, 509 Grand Hall of Cultivation , 479 Five Planets criss-crossed, the, 195. See wu Grand Scribe’s Records , viii, 197, 211, xing cuo xing 263, 418 Five Sacred Marchmounts , 424 Grand Tenuity Enclosure , 464 Fleeting Star (meteor), 496 Grand Tenuity Palace , 88, 478 Fodder Barn ", 467 Grand Yin ,57 Forbidden City, 86 Granet, Marcel, 226, 351, 357 Fortifications , 470 Great Announcement , 201, 216 Four Counselors , 492 Great Boar , 467 Four Pacifing Stars , 495 Great Chen , 58, 59, 73 Four Quarters , 96, 107, 118, 126, 215, Great Commentary on the Book of Documents 253, 272, 424 , 228 Four Water Courses , 424 Great East , 376 Frazer, James G., 2, 236 Great Fire (Jupiter station), 204, 273, 274 Fu Hao ,65 star, 235, 273 Fu Xi , 47, 67, 135, 162, 172, 174 Great Horn , 463, 492 Fu Xi and NuWa¨ , 135, 384 Great Peace, Age of, 432

Index 577

Great Plan , 215, 244, 252, 257 362, 422, 423, 425, 430, 438, 442, 449, Great Rites Controversy, 427 503 Great Ruiner Star , 494 Heaven’s Root 6 (lodge), 52, 245 Great Seasonal Indicator , 281 Heaven’s Top-Cord , 372 Great Span , (Jupiter station), 281, 423 Heavenly Lance , 476 Great Year, 406 Heavenly Quadriga , 245 Great Yin, 492 Heavenly Sickle , 476 Greater Elegantiae , 22, 125, 127 heavenly stems , 149 Greece, 95, 107, 359, 383, 410 Hedin, Sven, 311 monster Typhoeus, 396 hegemon , 261, 288, 435 groma, 109 hegira, 440 Gu Gong Tan Fu , 214 Heguanzi . See Pheasant Cap Master Gu Jiegang , 209 Hemudu , 369 Gu Yanwu ,17 Henderson, John B., 181 Guaman Poma, 167 Hereditary House of Jin #, 264 Guangyun #,77 Herodotus, 289 Guanzi , 140, 177, 355 Hesiod, 31, 153, 249 Guatemala, 396 hetu . See River Diagram Guitoushan , 400 Hetu doubao shou , 176 Gullet (lodge), 466, 491 Hetu jiang xiang , 177 Gun , 244, 275 Hetu kao ling yao , 177 Guo Moruo , 155, 158 Hetu kuodi xiang , 278 Guo Pu ,59 hieroglyph, 109 Guo Shoujing , 408 Hipparchus, 97 Guodian ,88 Historia et Rudimenta Linguae Piruanorum, Guoyu . See Discourses of the States 171 historical narrative, 43 Hall of Heaven , 214, 229, 342 history as Luminous Hall (), 343 astrological, 418 Halley’s Comet, 196, 216, 435, 504 causation in, 352 Han Dynasty, viii, 56, 73, 92, 194, 204, 409, theocentric theology of, 413 425 theocentric view of, 266 Hanfeizi , 267, 421 History of the Former Han Dynasty ,89 Haojing , 123, 148, 343 History of the Jin Dynasty , 176, 269 Harper, Donald, 56 History of the Later Han Dynasty , 176 Havelock, Eric A., 147, 223, 244 History of the Ming Dynasty , 428 Hawaii, 163 History of the Song Dynasty , 34, 430, 450 Hawkins, Gerald S., 3 History of the Tang Dynasty , 431 Hay, John, 38 History of the Three Kingdoms , 295 Hayashi Minao , 399 Hong Fan . See Great Plan He Xiu , 59, 94, 353 Hongshan culture, 65, 396 He zun , 124, 214, 227 Horned Owl (lodge), 77, 468, 475, 489 Headsman’s Block , 465 Horns (lodge), 51, 52, 73, 245, 271, 372, Heart (lodge), 59, 73, 274, 324, 461, 464, 460, 464, 476, 482, 487, 489, 492 476, 478, 484, 489, 492, 505, 509 horoscope, 407, 411 Heaven , vii, 33, 89, 115, 124, 500 Hotaling, Stephen, 331 Heaven Questioned , 199 Hou Ji , 240 Heaven’s Five Assistants (planets), Houston, Stephen D., 155 509 Hu Houxuan %%, 209 Heaven’s Gate , 492 Huainanzi , 57, 88, 126, 130, 219, 266, Heaven’s Great Command , 183, 270, 299, 325, 385, 403, 446 225, 228, 233 Huan Tan , 183, 208 Heaven’s Mandate , vii, 123, 125, 177, Huang Yi-Long, 205 194, 197, 199, 204, 217, 220, 227, 235, Huang Zongxi , 432 238, 240, 250, 264, 268, 290, 301, 329, Huang-Lao , 219, 266

578 Index

Huaqing chi . See Huaqing Hot Springs Kao gong ji Artificers Record, 77, 129 Huaqing Hot Springs , 324 Keenan, Douglas J., 206 Hua-Xia , 263 Keightley, David N., 106, 119, 151, 154, 177, hun spirit, 400 188, 239, 255, 358, 397 Hunting Net (lodge), 77, 303, 451, 468, Kepler, Johannes, 414 475, 482, 489, 506, 507 khipu, 162, 364, 371, 381 Huo Guang , 420 analog device, 169 huo wen (fire pattern), 71 invention by Fu Xi, 172 Hwang Ming-chorng , 33, 76, 233, 343 as Luo Writing, 181 Hyman, Malcolm D., 152 reading key to, 169 semiotics of, 166 ideograph, 151, 167 King Cheng of Chu, 294 ikuˆ (asterism). See Field King Cheng of Zhou, 124, 141, 227, 274, Imprisoned Han Star , 495 326 Inca. See Inka King Wen of Zhou, 123, 148, 183, 196, India, 353, 397, 406, 410, 411, 437, 440 199, 207, 211, 212, 216, 228, 290, 318, Inka, 68, 164 326, 342, 370, 423 Spanish conquest of, 166 King Wu of Zhou, 123, 125, 197, 199, Inner Palace , 459 202, 204, 214, 228, 229, 274, 318, 342, Iran, 311, 380, 437 423 Irwin, Geoffrey, 166 King Wu Ding of Shang, 104, 255, 257 Islam, 412, 438 King You of Zhou, 324 King Zhaoxiang of Qin, 329 Jacobsen, Thorkild, 216 King Zu Jia of Shang, 256 Jade Device (!), 460 Kitchen $ (asterism), 466 Jade Transverse , 243, 372, 460 Klein, Cecelia F., 381 Jewish astrology, 413 knot-readers, 169 Jia Yi , 356 knotted strings Jiahu , 186 record keeping by, 162, 364 jieqi , 153 Kochab, 90, 94, 99, 117, 333 Jin (kingdom), 261 and passim Kong Jia of Xia, 40 Jin Xianmin , 435 Korea, 305, 336, 467, 508 jing “warp,” 125, 367, 369 Kuhn, Dieter, 379 jing shou min shi , 257 Kuiqiu covenant, 288 Jiu gao . See Announcement Concerning kun hexagram, 48 Wine Kunlun Mountains, 311 Jiu ge 1. See Nine Songs Kushan, 311, 313 Jiujunshan 1, 324 Jiuquan , 306 La sacrifice, 501 Jung, Carl G., 352 La pig face ,66 Jupiter, 36, 133, 197, 202, 205, 264, 267, 279, Ladle , 461 301, 411, 419, 449, 470, 473, 477, 492, Ladle Indicator , 372 502, 505 Lai Guolong, 400 station skipping (shi ci), 284 Lang Ying , 428 stationary episodes, 294 language stations, 269, 270, 376 analogical, 222, 225 Justeson, John S., 201 grammar as logically prior, 223 Justice , 463 Lao-Huang , 355 Laozi , 89, 90, 367 kairos, 359 Laurencich-Minelli, Laura, 169 Kaiyuan zhanjing (Prognostication Le Huo , 433 Classic of the Kaiyuan reign period), 133, Ledyard, Gari, 336 456 Lee, Dorothy, 368 Kalinowski, Marc, 40, 56, 89, 242, 255, 473 Left Horn , 463 Kang gao . See Announcement of Kang legitimacy

Index 579

dynastic, 221, 238 Luoyang , 17, 65, 123, 148, 214, 324, and the Mandate, 237 342, 388, 438 political, 224 Lushi¨ chunqiu . See Springs and Lesser Annuary of Xia , 154, 175, 245, Autumns of Master Lu¨ 377, 383 Luther, Martin, 414, 417 Levi, Jean, 248 Levi-Strauss,´ Claude, 396 Ma Chengyuan ,71 Lewis, Mark E., 227, 266, 345 macrocosm–microcosm, 95, 193, 224, 242, Li Daoyuan , 349 355 Li Jianmin ,89 Magi, 437 Li Ling !, 34, 89, 218 magic square, 179 Li Po , 401 Mai zun , 343 Li Xueqin , 34, 172, 283 Main Gate , 464 Liangzhu Culture, 19, 29, 185, 380 Major, John S., 56, 94, 219, 235, 266, Lieutenant General , 460 270 lin . See unicorn Malinowski, Jacob, 364 Lin Yun , 214 Man and Yi , 491 ling tai . See Spirit Terrace Mantic Dragon , 177 Ling Zhoujiu , 264 Mantic Turtle , 176, 177, 181, 267 Lingjiatan , 185 in archaic cosmology, 184, 185 list, 172 astral associations of, 176 signiﬁcance of, 171 and divination, 185 as visuographic device, 172 divination by, 424 Liu Bang , 425 and Luo Writing, 176 Liu Qiyu ,59 Supernal Lord’s messenger, 176 Liu Tao . See Six Quivers symbolism of, 179 Liu, Xiang ,36 mantic astrolabe , 89, 94, 95, 336 Liu Xin , 207, 249, 419 Many Ofﬁcers , 253 Liu Zongyuan , 378 Many Regions , 201 Lockyer, J. Norman, 3, 97, 98, 108 Mao Heng %, 129, 138 Loewe, Michael, 365 Market Tower , 462 Long chi pian . See Dragon Pool Marquesas, 163 long ma . See Dragon-Horse Marquis of Ru Yin , 375 Long Sandbar , 466 Marquis Yi of Zeng , 57, 95, 131, 144, long tou (Dragon’s head), 66 401 Longevity Star (Canopus). See Shou Xing Mars, 36, 205, 267, 301, 452, 464, 465, 467, 470, 477, 492, 505, 508, 509 (Jupiter station), 282 Marshak, Alexander, 3 Longshan culture , 17, 19, 61, 67 Marxism–Leninism–Mao Zedong Thought, Lord and Ministers , 463 443 Lord of the Earth (Saturn), 479 Mash¯ a’all¯ ah,¯ 411, 438 Lost Books of Zhou , 158, 196, 228, Maspero, Henri, 26 245, 257 materia vitalis , 53, 60, 136, 249, 265, 278, Loulan , 306, 311 317, 362, 368, 445, 448, 477, 491, 495, Lowith,¨ Karl, 217, 240, 405 497, 499, 500, 509, 510 Lu Jia , 367 Mawangdui , 43, 54, 89, 183, 285, 299, Lu¨ Shang , 199 399, 400, 445, 565 Luminous Hall , 63, 145, 148, 229, 343, Maya, 256, 383, 396, 440 461, 478 astronomy in classic texts, 201 lunar eclipse, 196, 494 Cosmic Monster, 396 Luo gao . See Announcement at Luo Jupiter–Saturn observations by, 197, 431 Luo Writing , vii, 34, 176, 183, 208, 227, on the Milky Way, 396 267 planetary astrology, 294 astral associations of, 176 skyband reptilian, 399 omen of Mandate’s bestowal, 177 weaver goddess, 381

580 Index

meaning Muntzer,¨ Thomas, 417 problem of, 237 myth Mencius , 205, 207, 420 astral, 98 Mengjin , 198, 293 astronomical, 34, 377 Mercury, 36, 301, 467, 470, 486, 491, 492, Chi You, 114 494, 505, 506 cosmology in, 56 Meridian Avenue , 327 demythicization, 224, 251 Mesoamerica, 396 dragon, 38 Mesopotamia, 195, 243, 383, 407 dramatization in, 220, 231 astral bodies as divine in, 448 encoding in, 246 astral divination in, 448 etiological, 243, 273, 338 astrology, 407 flood, 275, 401 diffusion of astrology to China, 61 foundational, 233 Square of Pegasus in, 133 Fu Xi, 67 Messiah, 413 Fu Xi–Nu¨ Wa, 384 Metal Star (Venus), 465, 480 language of, 98 Milky Way, 1, 176, 179, 279, 302, 390, 471 mythospeculation, 56 as analog of Yellow River, 276, 278, 320, narrative, 42 326, 451 pan-Eurasian, 379 as archetypal sky river, 303, 452 rhetoric of, 221 in the Book of Odes, 383 separation of Heaven and Earth in, 246 as cosmic divide, 276 ten suns, 233 ecliptic ford on, 181, 331, 374, 403 time in, 354 Fu Xi–Nu¨ Wa identified with, 397, 399 Weaving Maid, 376 materia vitalis of, 495 as Maya Celestial Cayman, 383 Nanyang , 400 opposition of Scorpius and Orion on, 275 National Time Service Institute as Plumed Serpent, 395 , 245 seasonal gyrations, 394 Naturalism, 353 separates yin and yang sky, 303, 453 naturalistic theology of history, 408, 440 as Sky River, 383 nature, 411 as Tiamat’s tail, 383 connections in, 369 watery associations, 383 continuous with human society, 193, 223, millenarianism, 411 239 Mineral Spring , 325, 326, 403, 467, 509 early Chinese lacked word for, 80 Ming Dynasty, 33, 86, 333, 409 as ethical, 193, 226, 232 Ming he fu . See Rhapsody on the Four Elements, 413 Luminous River as manifesting the divine, 227 ming qi , 343 on the “supernatural,” 141 Mingtang . See Luminous Hall Neck 6 (lodge), 73, 463, 475, 476, 486, 487, Minister Regulators , 225 489 Mohammed, 440 Needham, Joseph, 59, 61, 99, 117, 122, 142, Monograph on the Suburban Sacrifices 205, 215, 351, 357, 444, 448 ,89 Nei ye !, 140, 142 month names, 154, 158 Neo-Confucianism, 10, 425, 426 Monthly Ordinances $, 138, 158 Net (lodge). See Hunting Net Moon Netting Carriage. See Hunting Net eclipse cycle, 494 Neugebauer, Otto, 153 occultation of planets by, 492 New Analects , 367 Mortar and Pestle , 472 New Discourses , 183, 208 Mount Hua , 460 New Year, 53, 66, 329, 444 Mount Kunlun , 388 Dragon constellation at, 54 Mouth and Tongue , 464 in Qin, 329 Mozi , 33, 204, 210, 254, 256, 258, 366 seasonal asterisms, 53 Muller,¨ Klaus E., 236 ni xing . See retrograde

Index 581

Nine Cadet Princes 1, 463 Ox-Leader (lodge), 270, 305, 321, 375, Nine Cauldrons 1,67 376, 377, 454, 472, 474, 475, 487, 489 Nine Dragons hand-scroll, 46 confusion with Draught-Ox (Oxherd), 472 Nine Li 1, 247, 249 Nine Pennants 1( ), 469 pa zhu lian (tou) (), 66 Nine Provinces 1, 185, 268, 271, 276 Palace Gentlemens’ Seats , 465 Nine Songs 1, 376, 401 Palace of Enduring Happiness , 321 Nisbett, Richard E., 363 Palace of Grand Tenuity , 349 Niu fang ding ,75 Palace of Purple Tenuity , 88, 320, 322, Nivison, David S., 142 349, 401, 509 Niya , 179, 306, 311, 312, 313, 419 Panlongcheng , 102, 119 nong xiang . See Farmer’s Auspice parallelism North and South Rivers , 492 astral–terrestrial, 304 North Pole, 98, 108 Parrot, 80 as distinct from the Pole Star, 96, 97, 98, Pasture (lodge), 467, 475, 476, 486, 489 108, 116, 117, 143, 333 Peasants’ War, 415 North River , 465 Pegasus, 35, 36, 53, 60, 119, 128, 147, 174, Northern Asterism , 88, 91 177, 179, 195, 392 and Shangdi, 94 Align-the-Hall as, 131, 375 Northern Complex, 69 planetary massing in, 409 Northern Culmen , 88, 93 Square of, 61, 320, 329 Northern Palace, 469 Peiligang , x, 186 Northern Territories Army Gate , Pelliot, Paul, 311 470 Pendants of the Stars. See Stellar Pendant nothing Persia, 289, 406, 410, 437 virtue of, 89, 90, 92 personality numerology, 56, 183, 355, 358, 444 connotes reason, 222 Nut (Egyptian goddess), 383, 394 empirical, 224 Heaven endowed, 224 Official Consort , 459 imputed to deity, 224 Old Chinese, 158 Peru phonology, 128, 140, 159 weaving in, 371 old degree Pettazoni, Raffaele, 2 determinative stars, 285 Pflaum, Jacob, 414 Old Man of the Southern Culmen , Pheasant Cap Master , 88, 92, 197 469, 494 Phoenix, 177, 178, 183, 197, 201, 208, On Conjunctions, Religions, and Peoples, 411, 294 438 and Quail Fire, 198 On the Great Conjunctions and on Revolutions Vermilion Bird as, 294 of the World, 411 Pi Zao , 280 Ong, Walter, 151, 171, 172, 183 pig oracle bone, 19, 96, 101, 141, 149, 173, 186, pig-dragon jade, 65 189, 209, 212, 225, 234, 255, 300, 306, protein source, 65 338, 447 sacrifice, 65 Ordinances of Xia $,52 skull burial, 65 orientation status symbol, 65 cardinal, in the Neolithic, 83 Pingcheng , 349, 507 Orion (constellation), 58, 59, 77, 79, 243, 267, Pingree, David, 265 274, 325, 339, 372, 377 Pingyang ,17 Ourobouros, 383 Pirckheimer, W., 415 Overseer of Deviance Star , 495 Pisces (constellation), 408, 411, 413, 414, Overseer of Fate , 460 415 Overseer of Ranks and Emoluments , 460 Five Planets in 1524, 442 Overseer of the Middle Way , 460 and Israel’s destiny, 413 Overseer of Works $, 470 sign of the Deluge, 414

582 Index

planetary conjunction, 240, 429 Prognostication Canon of the Kaiyuan Reign astrological significance of, 218 Period , 437 and Battle of Chengpu, 289 Prognostications of the Five Planets , conjunctionist thesis of, 240 285, 303, 445 cycles, 406, 410 Promotion of Civic Virtue , 460 dynastic implications of, 193, 449 Propriety and Kaliyuga, 410 origin of, 387 in mid-Ming Dynasty, 428, 433 Protestant Reformation, 409, 414 in mid-Tang Dynasty, 438 Ptolemy, 8, 299, 407, 410 as portent of Han Dynasty’s rise, 300 Pulleyblank, E. G., 149 retro-calculation, 207 Punishing Yin , 254 signifying Heaven’s intentions, 295 Pure Temple , 470, 477 like “strung pearls,” 131, 169 Puyang , 56, 107, 212 in Vermilion Bird, 294 cosmo-priest’s tomb, 271, 337, 401 planetary massing. See planetary conjunction pyramid, 108, 122 planetary omens, 309, 428 at Giza, 108 Plataia, 289 Plato, 224, 359, 409, 420 qi . See materia vitalis Pleading for Artfulness festival 7, 378 qi qiao jie 7. See Pleading for Artfulness Pleiades (constellation), 77, 168, 245, 303, 452 festival Plumage (lodge). See Wings Qi ye , 202 Plumed Serpent, 395 qian ' hexagram, 40, 42, 45, 46, 48, 144 polar-equatorial qian niu . See Ox-Leader Chinese astronomy as, 95, 97, 119 Qiang , 313 Chinese indifference to the ecliptic, 6 Han adversaries, 269, 306, 388 Polaris, 98, 100, 101, 333, 458 Shang adversaries, 213 not always Pole Star, 333 qilin . See unicorn Pole Star, 92, 101, 143, 333 Qin Dynasty , 179, 261, 409, 425, 429, absence of, 91, 96, 98, 107, 116 445 as distinct from the Celestial Pole, 116 Qin Shihuang , 318, 326, 327, 401 in Han Dynasty, 94, 458 qing long . See Cerulean Dragon inconstancy of, 97 Qinghua bamboo slips, 202 Thuban as, 459 Qinling Mountains , 327 Polynesia, 166, 371 Qiu Xigui ,73 Pomian, Krzysztof, 407, 410 Qu Yuan !, 403 portentology Quail Fire (Jupiter station), 197, 201, conservatism of, 407 204, 264, 274, 279, 287, 293, 423 ethnocentric bias in, 451 Quail’s Head (Jupiter station), 293 Han Dynasty practice of, 446 Quail’s Tail (Jupiter station), 281 politicization of, 9 Quechua, 164, 169 in Song Dynasty, 10 Milky Way in, 399 state level, 444 Queen Mother of the West, 385, 396, 400, Porter, Deborah L., 73, 174 494 precession, 95, 97, 98, 250, 258, 377 Qutan Xida (Gautama Siddha), 437 awareness of by Han Dynasty, 249 knowledge of in Egypt, 97 Ra, 394 and obsolescence of Assistant Conductors, Rabbit Star % (Mercury), 488 463 Radical Reformation, 417 Prefect Grand Scribe-Astrologer , 445, rain sacrifice, 47 502 rainbow, 68, 188, 396, 397 Primal Turtle , 178 Ranking Officials , 465 Prince of Wei , 256 Record of Imperial Rule since the Separation Prison , 460 of Heaven and Earth problems of meaning , 385 Shang conceptualization of, 221 Record of Monthly Ordinances $, 347

Index 583

Record of Rites of Dai the Elder , cosmological content, 177 343, 369 and magic square, 179 recursion, 382 and Neolithic motifs, 185 property of thought, 221 as omen text, 267 Red Bird (), 294 and Phoenix, 179 Vermilion Bird constellation, 197 presentation to First Emperor of Qin, 183 Regulator of Fire , 42, 249, 274 as sign in the sky, 183 Regulator of Metal ,42 sign of Mandate’s bestowal, 177 Regulator of Water , 42, 139 River Drum , 419 Regulator of Wood %,42 River Garrisons , 508 Regulators , 460 River of Clouds . See Milky Way Reiche, Harald A.T., 97 River Star , 471 Resplendent Star , 496 Robertson, John S., 152 retrograde Rome, 109 all Five Planets appear to, 509 Rong cheng shi * , 212, 273 ambiguity of meaning, 481 Roof / (lodge), 325, 469, 472, 474, 475, 489, as applied to the Moon, 473 505, 509 as ill omen, 478 Round Ofﬁce , 466 Jupiter in, as ill omen, 198, 293 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 233 Jupiter’s motion, 474 Ru Shou ",42 Mars’ motion, 478 Ruggles, Clive, 108 as portent, 473 Ruins (lodge), 32, 245, 325, 469, 474, 489, Saturn’s motion, 481 505, 509 Sima Qian claims discovery of, 509 Ryukyu Islands, 163, 365 Venus’ motion, 194 retrograde motion Sage King, 362, 366 of Venus, 482 San Bartolo, 396 Reverting to Perversity , 495 Sanfu huangtu . See Yellow Plans of Revolving of the Rites , 353 the Three Capital Commanderies Rhapsody on the Luminous River , Sas¯ anians,¯ 411 377 Sas¯ anid¯ Empire, 437 Rhapsody on the Western Capital , Saturn, 36, 205, 301, 411, 419, 470, 478, 492, 330 505, 509 Rhapsody on Women Weavers , 379 scapulimancy, 199 Rhine, J.B., 352 Schaberg, David, 364 rhinoceros, 62 Schafer, Edward H., 379, 397 rhyme School of Prognosticators, 363 in the Book of Changes,42 scorpion, 104 mnemonic device, 160 Scorpius (constellation), 45, 54, 58, 60, 73, notional link between speech and writing, 104, 136, 205, 243, 274, 307, 339, 377, 162, 175 393, 453 rhyming Screened Causeway , 61, 318, 329, 459, in bronze inscriptions, 229 471 among day names, 158 Screening Ministers , 459, 464 Ricoeur, Paul, 160, 354 seasonal indications , 154 Right Horn -, 463 selvedge, 365 Right Outer Trace-Horse - , 462 Sermon to the Princes, 417 Rites Serving Girl (lodge), 270, 472, 474, 489 origin of, 387 Seshat, 108, 113 Rites of Zhou , 77, 101, 129, 268, set-square, 389 269 Shang graph for, 112 River Diagram , 34, 176, 183, 267, Seven Stars (lodge), 466, 475, 489 392 seven-day week, 10, 437 astral content of, 227 Shakespeare, William, 356, 404 bestowal on Yu the Great, 176 shaman, 66, 246

584 Index

shamanism, 250 simulacrum of the sky David N. Keightley on, 247 First Emperor’s tomb, 401 K.C. Chang on, 247 Luminous Hall as, 345 suppression of, 248 Qin Xianyang as, 322, 327 and taotie, 62 vaulted tomb as, 391 Shang Dynasty, 19, 31, 33, 35, 56, 61, 65, 83, simultaneous transit, 111 115, 149, 154, 194, 201, 204, 244, 268, method to locate the Pole, 111 344, 397, 423, 447 sinocentrism, 302 Shang star , 104, 216 siting (fengshui ), 123, 124, 127, 317 Shang Yang , 327 astrological, 317 Shangdi &. See Supernal Lord in Book of Odes, 125 Shangshu dazhuan . See Great Sivin, Nathan, 5, 80, 336 Commentary on the Book of Documents Six Classics , 503 Shanhaijing . See Classic of Mountains Six Quivers , 199 and Seas Siyue . See Supervisor of Contracts Shanxi Province, 69 sky god, 113, 209, 220, 237 Shao gao #. See Announcement of Duke Shangdi as, 6 Shao sky pattern reading , 10, 176, 209, 356, Shao Hao , 249 401 Shaughnessy, Edward L., 34, 53 Sky River , 177, 179, 267, 275, 276, 278, Shen (lodge), 273, 275 320, 321, 325 Shen Kua ,58 aspect at Qin New Year, 329 Shen Quanqi , 325, 401 as astral correlate of Wei River, 327 Shen Yue , 302, 450 causes floods, 401 Sheti . See Assistant Conductors Celestial Ford on, 342 Shibuyufu( . See Gentlemen of Circular Moat as, 349 Integrity Unappreciated in their Time divides yin from yang, 397 Shi Chen (astral official & Jupiter Dragon emerges from, 393 station), 243, 244, 248, 267, 273, 274, as Dragon’s abode, 403 275, 281, 282, 283, 284, 288, 293 and earthly waterways, 401 Shi Shen , 35, 429, 437, 444, 509 and Fu Xi–Nu¨ Wa, 392, 399 Shi tian . See Explicating Heaven as Han Dynasty reign title, 448 Shi zhigan , 156 lack of unique graph for, 396 Shield , 461 planetary ford on, 374, 376, 393 Shiji . See Grand Scribe’s Records and the rainbow, 397 Shima Kunio , 174 reptilian associations, 394 Shiwei , 40, 139, 244 and Southern Dipper, 341 astral official placed in the sky, 41 skyscape Shoulders and Haunches , 468 priority given to, 384 Shu (Sichuan), 388 Sliding Weight , 464, 465 Shuangdun , 188, 189 Smith, Jonathan, 61 Shui jing zhu . See Annotated Water Smith, Kidder, 142 Classic Snow, Justine, 379 Shuowen jiezi , 47, 77, 103 Sogdian, 437 Shuoyuan ,48 solar eclipse, 494, 504 si fang . See Four Quarters solar halos, 491 si xiang . See Four Iconic Images solar observation, 19, 22, 26 Side Gates , 464 and Dawenkou, 32 Silk Route, 311 and horizon calendar, 31 Silvery River , 176 ritualized, 28 Sima Guang , 422 solstice, 23, 32, 53, 60, 75, 83, 376 Sima Qian , 77, 217, 238, 249, 256, alignment at Taosi, 24 267, 418 alignment in Puyang tomb, 339 Sima Tan , 418, 444 alignment of Haojing, 148 Sima Zhen , 137 natural signs of approach, 502

Index 585

observation in Yao dian, 243 Stomach (lodge), 467, 475, 486, 489 observation keyed to stars, 97 stretching of the cord, 108 and Weaver Maid, 376 in Egypt, 126, 140 in Zuozhuan, 375 Stride (lodge), 467, 475, 486, 489 Son of Heaven, 204, 303, 344, 423, 432, 452, planetary massing in, 429 465, 479, 505, 506 strung pearls Song dynasty, 278, 421 planetary alignment, 308 Song shan , 342 Sui Dynasty, 341 South Gate , 463 Sulva Sutra, 126 South River , 465 Summons to the Soul , 400 Southern Dipper (lodge), 178, 270, 331, Sunzi , 307 334, 374, 460, 472, 474, 478, 479, 487, Supernal Lord, vii, 33, 37, 40, 93, 141, 174, 489, 508 179, 194, 202, 209, 220, 222, 229, 234, space and time 239, 252, 255, 274, 322, 330, 333, 336, relativity of, 352 342, 379, 403 space–time as nature power, 96 Chinese conceptions of, 13 Supervisor of Contracts , 163 fabric of, 356 Supreme Being, 3 as fabric of reality, 363, 364, 368, 448 Supreme One , 88, 94, 114, 458 relativity of, 352 asterism, 9 in Shanhaijing, 366 disparaged by Han Fei, 267 and synchronicity, 352 Han worship of, 94 visuographic representation of, 365 identified with Dao, 90 Spanish Inquisition, 413 initiates all things, 91 Sparkling Deluder (Mars), 477 resides at the Dipper, 89 Spence, Kate, 111 yin and yang spring from, 91 Spica, 47, 51, 54, 73, 104 Supreme White (Venus), 481, 482, 488 spider, 379 Swanson, Guy, 233, 250 and Arachne, 381 Sweet Springs Palace , 318, 324 patroness of weavers, 381 symbolism Puyang tomb mosaic, 337 of capitals, 327 and Qi qiao jie, 378 of the Center, 96 spirit terrace , 22, 26, 28, 62, 123, 125, cosmological, 340 229, 349 dragon, 38 astronomical function, 22, 33 of Luminous Hall, 343 in the Book of Odes, 22, 62 structural, in Qin and Han, 93 at Taosi and Yaoshan, 31 visuographic, 153, 365 Splendid Gleam of the Terrestrial Nodes synchronicity, 352, 363 () , 495 syzygy Split Wood, % (Jupiter station), 279 definition of, 289 Spread (lodge), 466, 474, 475, 489 Springs and Autumns Chronicle , 273, Tai Gong , 199 447, 448 Tai Hao ,47 Springs and Autumns of Master Lu¨ , Tai shi gong . See Prefect Grand 91, 114, 211, 299, 366, 446 Scribe-Astrologer Spring Festival. See Beginning of Spring Tail (lodge), 59, 73, 195, 272, 429, 431, Star of Virtue , 496 434, 463, 476, 487, 489 State Majesty Star , 494 Taiping yulan , 322 Steele, John M., 206 Taisui , 481, 502 Stein, Aurel, 311 Taiyi . See Supreme One Stellar Pendant , 374, 375, 376 Taiyi sheng shui ,88 stems and branches Taklamakan, 311 as phonograms, 159 Tambiah, Stanley, 216, 217, 322 stem-sign ding , 174 Tan Fu , 127 Stoffler,¨ Johannes, 414 Tang Du , 509

586 Index

Tang Dynasty , 66, 278, 324, 340, 342, Patterns and Formations of Materia 401, 409, 429, 431, 437, 438 Vitalis Tang Shuyu , 274 Tianyuan yu li xiang yi fu ( ) Tanstatter,¨ George, 414 , 180, 426, 498 Tao Tang . See Emperor Yao Tiger (constellation), 57, 76, 77, 212, 338, 468 Taosi ), vii, 17, 19, 61, 71, 113, 144, 152, Timaeus, 409 162, 188, 209, 340 time taotie , 62, 65 cyclical, 160 Tarim Basin, 311, 380 cyclical versus linear, 351 Taurus, 77, 307, 393, 411, 453 measuring, 153 Teboul, Michel, 90 profane, 31 teleology, 353, 358, 441 reckoning, 47 ten-day week, 156 rhythmic, 160 Teotihuacan, 396 sacred, 31 textualization sacred versus profane, 160 of the cosmos, 227 and space, 154 theocrat, 193, 216, 221, 226, 252 timekeeping theology, 255, 265, 410 sidereal, 154 dialectic, 224 timeliness, 202, 242, 255, 353, 355, 358, 368 vocabulary of, 222 Titiev, Mischa, 255 theophany, 3 tocapu, 170, 171 theoretic understanding, 237 Tocharian, 313 Thom, Alexander, 3, 97 Tong ren hexagram, 359 Thorp, Robert L., 102, 154 Tong Shuye , 263 Thoth, 161 Topknot (lodge), 32, 77, 245, 303, 467, thought 468, 475, 476, 489, 506 cosmo-magical, 243 Torch Star , 495 Three and Five , 293, 423, 455, 467, 504, totemism, 233 510 Treatise on Harmonics and the Pitchpipe , Three August Sovereigns , 388 137 Three Dynasties, 17, 33, 68, 119, 177, 205, Treatise on the Celestial Ofﬁces , viii, 209, 211, 212, 217, 236, 301, 420, 449, 77, 88, 136, 234, 299, 324, 372, 377, 384, 503 403, 418, 437, 444 Three Eminences , 458 Treatise on the Feng and Shan Sacriﬁces Three Luminaries , 301, 464, 503, 510 , 89, 102 Three Miao, 34, 247, 249 Triaster (lodge), 59, 77, 273, 281, 372, 460, Three Pillars , 467 468, 475, 476, 484, 489, 505, 507 Three Terraces , 379, 461 Tribute of Yu , 35, 272 Thuban, 98, 100, 102 Triple Concordance System , 419, Tiamat, 383 420 Tian . See Heaven triplicity, 411, 438 tian dao , 254 Trobriand Islands, 364 Tian di kaipi yilai diwang ji Troy, 95 . See Record of Imperial Rule since tuntian , 306 the Separation of Heaven and Earth Turfan, 135, 389 tian di xing . See Kochab Turtle. See Celestial Turtle Tian men , 403 Twelve Provinces, 6, 505 Tian Wang gui , 229, 342, 343 twenty-eight lodges, 35, 57, 91, 95, 144, 268, tian wen . See sky-pattern reading. 390, 454, 505 Heaven Questioned Twinkling Indicator , 461, 508 tian wu huang . See Heaven’s Five Lakes unicorn , 77, 178, 179, 212, 432 Tianjin qiao , 342 Ursa Major, 6, 7, 8, 101, 105, 243, 331, 332, Tianwen qixiang za zhan . See 372 Diverse Prognostications on Heavenly Ursa Minor, 105, 331

Index 587

Vandermeersch, Leon,´ 223 Wei yang gong . See Everlasting Palace Vassal Lords (asterism), 464 Wei Zhao , 60, 136, 143 Vega, 375, 376 Wei zi . See Prince of Wei Venus, 36, 301, 307, 420, 465, 467, 470, 477, Weight and Balance Beam , 324, 478, 481, 487, 492, 495, 505, 506 509 daylight appearance, 485 well-field system 5, 273 observed to cross meridian, 483 Wells of Salvation, The, 413 Veritable Records of the Ming Dynasty Wen Wang you sheng , 125 , 433 Wen, Yiduo , 45, 54 Vermilion Bird (constellation), x, 75, 79, Wenchang , 375 178, 196, 202, 216, 235, 275, 454, 464, Western Palace , 467 505 Western Zhou , 67, 123 Virgo (constellation), 45, 51, 54, 104, 403, Wheatley, Paul, 96, 322, 331 411, 443 wheel metaphor, 91 Virtue of Yin (asterism), 459 White Tiger (constellation), 337 visuographic code, 171 White, Hayden, 43 von Dechend, Hertha, 3 Whitfield, Roderick, 62 von Falkenhausen, Lothar, 322 Willow (lodge), 196, 466, 474, 475, 482, 486, 489 Waley, Arthur, 177 winds Wang Chong &, 362, 363 gods of, 209 Wang Liang , 244, 471 Wings (lodge), 466, 475, 489 Wang Mang ,94 Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 2 Wang Shuo , 499, 509 Wolf , 469, 484, 505 Wang Yangming , 432 Wood Star % (Jupiter), 479 Wang Yi , 199, 379 Worthen, Thomas, 254 Wang Zhongshu +, 331 Wright, Arthur, 239, 340 Wangcheng , 322 writing warp , 360, 362, 365, 367, 369, 371, 379, alphabetic, 151 509 and the brain, 151 Water Star (Mercury), 480, 485 celestial origins of, 176 Way, the. See Dao (Tao) glottograph, 152, 175 Weapon Deterring dagger-axe ', 114 gradual evolution of, 155 weaving, 369 not a “graphic echo” of speech, 150 compared to khipu, 371 ideograph, 151 cosmic, 379 invention by Fu Xi, 174 and knotting cords, 162 invention of, 152 metaphor for cosmos, 13 and lists, 171 as metaphor for space–time, 364 logograph, 151 metaphors for time and order, 361 Maya, 171 motifs in cosmology, 376 orality versus literacy, 165 in the Neolithic, 369 origins of, 149, 174 as processual activity, 368 range of applications of, 175 recursion in, 382 Shang cultic origin, 150 spider as patroness of, 381 as signs in Heaven, 174 terms in the Book of Changes, 360 step-like invention of, 155 as women’s work, 382 and technology, 161 Weaving Maid , 375, 376, 472 and textualization, 175, 176 Weber, Max, 237 and theoretic culture, 162 wefts true, 172 apocrypha as, 207 uniqueness of Chinese, 152 the planets as, 330, 369, 509 visuographic, 155 Wei Dynasty , 204 zodiograph, 170 Wei Shangchen , 434 wu , iconic figure, 249 Wei Xian , 501, 509 as categories of tribute, 42

588 Index

wu xing cuo xing Yang Guifei , 324, 437 Five Planets criss-cross, 204 yang heaven , 308 wu xing (de) (). See Five Elemental Yang Star , 492 Phases Yang Tinghe , 427 Wu Yiyi, 422 Yangshao , x, 83, 212, 337 Wuliang shrine , 333 Banpo 0,83 Yangtze alligator, 67 Xi Bo kan Li . See Earl of the West Yanshi Shang City, x, 146 Suppressed Li, The Yaoshan , 29, 33, 56 Xi Meng , 133 Year-star (Jupiter), 385 Xi’an Jiaotong University , 134 Yellow Dragon , 465 Xia Dynasty, 17, 33, 61, 71, 83, 100, Yellow Emperor , 176, 250, 252, 326, 149, 194, 244, 257, 268, 344, 542, 565 388, 479, 510 existence of, 146 Yellow Plans of the Three Capital Xia Shang Zhou duandai gongcheng Commanderies , 320, 322, 331 ,17 Yellow Road , 401, 403 Xia xiao zheng . See Lesser Annuary of Yellow Turbans , 422, 424 Xia Yellow Turban Rebellion, 204 xiang “iconic images,” 77, 170, 209 Yi Shitong # , 340 Xiang Tu , 274 Yi Xing , 278, 437 Xiang Yu , 507 Yi Zhou shu . See Lost Books of Zhou Xiang zhuan . See Commentaryonthe Yi-Di barbarians, 303, 452, 505, 506 Image Yi-minority , 131, 213, 245, 263 Xianyang , 93, 179, 318, 333, 507 astrologers from, 92 Xiaochen Qiang , 155 astronomy, 377, 472, 474 Xiaotun , 119 yin and yang, 46, 48, 54, 88, 91, 126, 184, 197, Xie Yan , 377 215, 249, 265, 266, 299, 301, 308, 340, Xijing fu . See Rhapsody on the 349, 355, 360, 371, 384, 388, 393, 397, Western Capital 419, 440, 448, 454 Xin (lodge), 52 as directional indications, 303 Xin Dynasty ,94 Yin-Yang Militarist School, 210, 270 Xin lun . See New Discourses Yin-Yang Record of the Luminous Hall of the Xin yu . See New Analects Classic of Rites , 349 Xing Ji (Jupiter station), 271 Yin Star , 492 Xingde , 183, 188 Ying Shao , 293, 423 Xinjiang , 311 Yinxu , 98, 119, 149 Xinzhai ,61 Yong chuang xiao pin , 432 Xiongnu , 302, 305, 306, 311, 313, Yongcheng , 323 451 Yu gong . See Tribute of Yu Xishuai . See Cricket Yu Long , Dragon Tamer clan, 41 Xu Fuguan , 19, 209, 210, 217, 218 Yu the Great , 33, 34, 40, 162, 244, 250, Xu Hong !, 146 272, 275, 318, 420, 425 Xu Shen , 47, 103 Yu Xingwu , 103 xuan ji (hsuan¨ chi) (!), 108. See also Yu¨ Ying-shih, 353, 421, 440 Jade Device Yue ling $. See Monthly Ordinances Xuan Ming ,42 Yue ling ji $. See Record of Monthly Xuan Yuan , 176, 465 Ordinances Xunzi , 127, 267, 366, 421 Yueyang , 323 Yuezhi , 303, 313, 451 Yabuuchi Kiyoshi, 406 yuga, 406, 411 Yan Bo , 243, 244, 248, 273, 274, 275, 281, 377 Zao Fu ), 244 and Shi Chen, 274, 377 Zhang Heng , 278, 330, 369 Yan Shigu , 293, 423 Zhang Peiyu , 206 Yan Yiping , 103 Zhang Shoujie , 320

Index 589

Zhangye , 306 Zhuan Xu , 35, 244, 246, 248, 249, 279 Zhao Chongguo &, 306, 307, 309 calendar, 36 Zheng Qiao , 278 Zhuangzi , 89, 90, 162 Zheng Xuan , 129, 176 Zi Chan , 280 Zhengzhou ,x Zi Fan , 264, 281 Zhi gong . See Shuoyuan Zi Fan he zhong , 283 zhi nu¨ . See Weaving Maid zi wu da dao . See Meridian Avenue zhong yue ( ). See Central Peak Zi Yu , 261, 263, 296, 297 zhongguo , 303 zodiac, 58, 240, 270, 405, 411, 437 Zhou bi suan jing Canon of Computation of zodiograph, 170 the Zhou Gnomon , 108 deﬁnition, 170 Zhou Conquest, 199, 204, 258, 264, 288 Zongzhou , 123, 343 Zhou Dunyi , 426 Zoroaster, 411 Zhou Dynasty , 33, 35, 40, 61, 65, 66, 83, Zou Yan , 43, 210, 217, 218, 235, 238, 101, 115, 143, 148, 194, 261, 264, 318, 265, 409, 420, 442 322, 330, 344, 430 Zuidema, R. Tom, 167 Zhouyuan !, 83, 122, 127, 346 Zuixi . See Horned Owl Zhu Guozhen , 426, 428, 429, Zuo Qiuming (,44 432 Zuoce Mai fang zun , 229 Zhu Rong , 42, 280 Zuozhuan , 19, 40, 43, 56, 133, 139, 209, Zhu Xi , 425 234, 263, 267, 273, 279, 280, 287, 295, Zhu Yuanzhang , 430 299, 354, 375, 377, 385, 420, 446