422 423 M. Kuusinen Nephroma arcticum Nephroma arcticum (L.) Torss. Nephroma Ach. NEPHROMATACEAE Pohjankorvajäkälä • norrlandslav LC Munuaisjäkälät • njurlavar Syn. Opisteria arctica (L.) Vain. Thallus foliose, large, loosely attached, cortex pres- Thallus foliose, thalli can form contiguous, large, ent on both the upper and lower surface. Upper sur- loose colonies to almost 1 m wide. Upper surface yel- face brown, blue-grey or green, depending on light low-green, blue-green or bright green, often glossy. Low- conditions of the habitat. In shade thalli are usual- er surface dull, margins paler, darker towards the cen- ly much paler than in sunny situations. Lower sur- tre. Lobes to 2–5 cm wide, smooth or slightly pitted, face pale brown or black, smooth or variably hairy. tongue-like, margins ascending. Apothecia common, Apothecia with a brown disc, lecanoroid, develop- large, 1–3 cm diam. Spores 23–30 × 4–5 µm. Conid- ing on the lower side of slightly elongated margin- iomata rare, at lobe margins. Photobiont green; cyano- al lobes. Spores 4-celled, long-fusiform, pale brown. bacteria in large, bluish cephalodia that are easily visible Photobiont usually only cyanobacterium (Nostoc), in moist thalli. sometimes green alga (Coccomyxa), but in the lat- ter cases cyanobacteria present in cephalodia. Many Chemistry K−, KC+ yellow, PD+ orange. Zeorin, species contain triterpenoids: e.g. zeorin, peltidacty- nephroarctin, phenarctin, methyl gyrophorate, and us- lin, and dolichorrhizin. Epiphytic, saxicolous or ter- nic acid. ricolous. Seven species in Finland. Habitats On mosses in Pinus forests and in arctic heaths particularly in North Finland. Typical in the Hylocomi- um-Myrtillus type Picea forests, but also in humid Betula forests at the timberline. In the south mostly on mosses over shady cliffs. InL EnL Distribution Throughout Finland, rare KiL SoL PeP in South Finland, more common from Ks Middle Finland towards the north, of- OP Kn ten abundant in Lapland and Koillis- KP maa. – Europe, Asia, North America. EP PH PS PK General Nephroma arcticum is easy to St EH ES recognise by its yellowish green colour A V U EK and large size. Nephroma expallidum has a darker and duller upper surface, and its lobes are narrower. V. Haikonen V. Nephroma arcticum 424 425 Nephroma expallidum (Nyl.) Nyl. Habitats Among mosses in arctic and alpine heaths and Tunturikorvajäkälä • grön njurlav LC alpine meadows, in the forest zone the southernmost populations can often be found on village grasslands in Syn. Opisteria expallida (Nyl.) Vain. Lapland. Thallus rosette-forming, to 15 cm diam. Upper surface Distribution In the northernmost Lap- InL brownish or bluish green, usually finely verrucose, dull. EnL land, most common in the fjells. – Eu- KiL SoL Lobes to 2 cm wide, margins often crisped and with lob- rope, Asia, North America. ules. Apothecia rare, to 1.5 cm diam. Spores 17–21 × Ks General A partly brownish thallus colour 5–6 µm. Dominant photobiont green, cyanobacteria in and verrucose, dull upper surface distin- cephalodia that are visible as warts on the upper surface. guish N. expallidum from N. arcticum. Chemistry K−, PD− or PD+ orange. Triterpenoids, for instances dolichorrhizin and zeorin, and unidentified substances. P. Halonen P. Nephroma bellum Nephroma bellum (Spreng.) Tuck. Habitats On trees, particularly on Salix caprea and Pop- Silomunuaisjäkälä • stuplav NT ulus tremula, often also on Juniperus communis and on Betula snags, usually in shady sites. Also on mossy rocks Syn. Nephroma laevigatum auct. (commonly before and cliffs. InL 1960), Nephromium subtomentellum (Nyl.) Gyeln. EnL Distribution Throughout Finland. Prob- KiL SoL Thallus rosette-forming, to 10 cm diam. Upper surface ably declined during the last decades, PeP Ks blue-grey – grey-brown, usually smooth, medulla white. but common in Middle and North Fin- OP Kn Lower surface darker brown in the centre, paler at mar- land up to the timberline. – Europe, KP gins, very smooth, but sometimes slightly short-tomen- Asia, North America. EP PH PS PK tose. Lobes to 1 cm wide, partly overlapping, lobules General Nephroma bellum differs from St EH ES sometimes present at margins. Apothecia very common, N. laevigatum by its white medulla and A V U EK to 1 cm diam., their upper surface verrucose or ridged. negative K reaction. It also resembles N. parile, but the Spores 15–23 × 4–5 µm. Photobiont cyanobacterium. lobes of the latter are sorediate. The southern popula- E. Timdal Chemistry K− or sometimes K+ yellowish, PD−. Triter- tions of N. bellum are often small and in poor condition. penoids, for instance dolichorrhizin, and zeorin. Nephroma expallidum 426 427 Nephroma helveticum Ach. General New records are likely on steep cliffs of East Fin- Kalliomunuaisjäkälä CR land. Isidia, the dark tomentum on the lower surface, and the chemical composition most reliably distinguish Thallus rosette-forming, to 8 cm diam. Upper surface N. helveticum from its relatives. blue-grey – dark brown, medulla white. Lower surface dark brown or black, densely pubescent or tomentose. Lobes 0.5 cm wide, margins and sometimes also upper Nephroma laevigatum Ach. surface with phyllidia and isidia. Apothecia fairly com- Lännenmunuaisjäkälä • västlig njurlav CR mon, to 8 mm diam., exciple pectinate and upper sur- Syn. Nephroma lusitanicum Schaer. face scabrid, faveolate or pubescent. Spores 21–7 × 6–8 µm. Photobiont cyanobacterium. Thallus rosette-forming, to 15 cm diam. Upper surface blue-grey – grey-brown, smooth, medulla often yellow- Chemistry K−, PD−. Triterpenoids, for ish. Lower surface pale brown at margins, dark brown instance peltidactylin. or black in the centre. Lobes to 1.5 cm wide, margins Habitats On shady cliffs, on rockfaces Ks sometimes with phyllidia. Apothecia common, to 10 and among mosses over rock outcrops. mm diam. Spores 17–20 × 5–7 µm. Conidiomata not common. Photobiont cyanobacterium. Distribution Very rare. Found in only a few places. – Europe (very rare), Asia, EH Chemistry K+ rapidly – very slowly purple, PD−. Triter- North America. U penoids and anthraquinones. K. Jääskeläinen Nephroma laevigatum Habitats On bark or mosses on bases of old deciduous General The yellowish colour of the me- trees, on rockfaces and mosses over rocks. In shady and dulla and the purple K reaction distin- sheltered sites. guish N. laevigatum from N. bellum. P. Halonen P. Distribution Here and there in South and Middle Fin- EP PS PK land, often sparse and populations declining. – Europe, St EH Africa, Asia, North America. Oceanic. A V U EK Nephroma helveticum 428 429 General N. General Nephroma parile (Ach.) Ach. Soralia are the best diagnostic character of × 4–6 µm. Conidiomata rare, at lobe margins. Photobi- The tomentose upper and low- InL EnL Jauhemunuaisjäkälä • bårdlav LC parile. They are absent from other Finnish Nephroma ont cyanobacterium. er surfaces, whitish papillae on the low- species. In North Finland, a slightly different form can er surface, phyllidia, and the absence of KiL SoL Chemistry K−, PD−. Lichen substances absent. PeP Thallus rosette-forming, to 10 cm diam. Upper sur- be found. Its soredia mass is partly heavily corticate, its lichen substances distinguish N. resupi- Ks OP face blue-grey – brown, slightly faveolate, sometimes upper surface is more clearly faveolate and ridged, lower Habitats Particularly on bases of deciduous trees, also on natum from N. bellum. These two spe- Kn KP ridged. Lower surface smooth, sometimes partly pubes- surface is dark-tomentose, and it belongs to the peltidac- mossy rocks and rockfaces. Prefers old-growth forests. cies often grow together. EP PH PS PK cent. Lobes to 1 cm wide, soralia present at margins and tylin-containing chemotype. This form is known from Distribution Fairly common throughout Finland, but St EH ES partly also on the upper surface, soredia sometimes part- at least North Norway, Switzerland, Greenland, and probably declined during the past decades. – Europe, A V U EK ly corticate and browned. Apothecia rare, upper surface Canada, but its taxonomic status is still unclear. Asia, North America. and exciple sorediate. Spores 8–20 × 6–7 µm. Conidio- mata rare. Photobiont cyanobacterium. Chemistry K−, PD−. Triterpenoids. Two chemotypes: 1) dolichorrhizin; 2) peltidactylin. Both chemotypes can Nephroma resupinatum (L.) Ach. also contain other substances. InL Nukkamunuaisjäkälä • luddlav NT EnL Habitats Particularly on bases of old de- KiL SoL Syn. Nephroma tomentosum (Hoffm.) Flot. PeP ciduous trees, and among mosses over Ks rocks and rockfaces. Most common in OP Thallus rosette-forming, to 10 cm diam. Upper surface Kn old-growth forests. KP blue-grey – grey-brown, medulla white. Lower surface EP PH PS PK pale, distinctly tomentose, with scattered, whitish papil- Distribution Throughout Finland, fairly St EH ES lae. Lobes to 1.5 cm wide, particularly margins but also common, but declined during the past A V U EK the upper surface tomentose and sometimes with phyl- decades, particularly in the south. – Eu- lidia. Apothecia fairly common, 1–1.5 cm diam., up- rope, Africa, Asia, North and South America. per surface tomentose, scabrid or ridged. Spores 21–24 K. Jääskeläinen P. Halonen P. Nephroma parile Nephroma resupinatum 430 431 Ochrolechia alboflavescens (Wulfen) Zahlbr. Ochrolechia A. Massal. OCHROLECHIACEAE Petäjänkermajäkälä • halmgul örnlav LC Kermajäkälät • örnlavar Thallus verrucose, areolate or cracked, usually thick; pale Thallus crustose, cracked, areolate or verrucose, grey – grey – brown-grey – pale yellowish, prothallus sometimes spiny and appearing fruticose, thin or poorly distinguished. Soralia rounded – ellipsoid, cra- thick, grey-white or creamy white, often slightly yel- ter-like – semiglobose, white, clearly delimited. Apothe- lowish or greenish. Many species always or usual- cia fairly rare, 1–3 mm diam., pruinose. Spores 25–57 ly sorediate and without apothecia. Apothecia le- × (10)20–38 µm. canoroid, often closed when young; flat, pale or Chemistry K−, C+ yellow (at least soralia), PD−, UV+ ochre-yellow, often pruinose, exciple thick. Hyme- bluish white. Lichesterinic, protolichesterinic, and vari- nium 150–200 µm, I+ blue, K/I+ blue, paraphy- olaric acids, and unidentified substances.