422 423 M. Kuusinen arcticum Nephroma arcticum (L.) Torss. Nephroma Ach. Pohjankorvajäkälä • norrlandslav LC Munuaisjäkälät • njurlavar Syn. Opisteria arctica (L.) Vain. Thallus foliose, large, loosely attached, cortex pres- Thallus foliose, thalli can form contiguous, large, ent on both the upper and lower surface. Upper sur- loose colonies to almost 1 m wide. Upper surface yel- face brown, blue-grey or green, depending on light low-green, blue-green or bright green, often glossy. Low- conditions of the habitat. In shade thalli are usual- er surface dull, margins paler, darker towards the cen- ly much paler than in sunny situations. Lower sur- tre. Lobes to 2–5 cm wide, smooth or slightly pitted, face pale brown or black, smooth or variably hairy. tongue-like, margins ascending. Apothecia common, Apothecia with a brown disc, lecanoroid, develop- large, 1–3 cm diam. Spores 23–30 × 4–5 µm. Conid- ing on the lower side of slightly elongated margin- iomata rare, at lobe margins. Photobiont green; cyano- al lobes. Spores 4-celled, long-fusiform, pale brown. bacteria in large, bluish cephalodia that are easily visible Photobiont usually only cyanobacterium (), in moist thalli. sometimes green alga (), but in the lat- ter cases present in cephalodia. Many Chemistry K−, KC+ yellow, PD+ orange. Zeorin, species contain triterpenoids: e.g. zeorin, peltidacty- nephroarctin, phenarctin, methyl gyrophorate, and us- lin, and dolichorrhizin. Epiphytic, saxicolous or ter- nic acid. ricolous. Seven species in Finland. Habitats On in Pinus forests and in arctic heaths particularly in North Finland. Typical in the Hylocomi- um-Myrtillus type Picea forests, but also in humid Betula forests at the timberline. In the south mostly on mosses over shady cliffs. InL EnL Distribution Throughout Finland, rare KiL SoL

PeP in South Finland, more common from Ks Middle Finland towards the north, of- OP Kn ten abundant in Lapland and Koillis- KP maa. – Europe, Asia, North America. EP PH PS PK General Nephroma arcticum is easy to St EH ES recognise by its yellowish green colour A V U EK and large size. Nephroma expallidum has a darker and duller upper surface, and its lobes are narrower. V. Haikonen

Nephroma arcticum 424 425

Nephroma expallidum (Nyl.) Nyl. Habitats Among mosses in arctic and alpine heaths and Tunturikorvajäkälä • grön njurlav LC alpine meadows, in the forest zone the southernmost populations can often be found on village grasslands in Syn. Opisteria expallida (Nyl.) Vain. Lapland.

Thallus rosette-forming, to 15 cm diam. Upper surface Distribution In the northernmost Lap- InL brownish or bluish green, usually finely verrucose, dull. EnL land, most common in the fjells. – Eu- KiL SoL Lobes to 2 cm wide, margins often crisped and with lob- rope, Asia, North America. ules. Apothecia rare, to 1.5 cm diam. Spores 17–21 × Ks General A partly brownish thallus colour 5–6 µm. Dominant photobiont green, cyanobacteria in and verrucose, dull upper surface distin- cephalodia that are visible as warts on the upper surface. guish N. expallidum from N. arcticum. Chemistry K−, PD− or PD+ orange. Triterpenoids, for instances dolichorrhizin and zeorin, and unidentified substances. P. Halonen

Nephroma bellum

Nephroma bellum (Spreng.) Tuck. Habitats On trees, particularly on Salix caprea and Pop- Silomunuaisjäkälä • stuplav NT ulus tremula, often also on Juniperus communis and on Betula snags, usually in shady sites. Also on mossy rocks Syn. Nephroma laevigatum auct. (commonly before and cliffs. InL 1960), Nephromium subtomentellum (Nyl.) Gyeln. EnL Distribution Throughout Finland. Prob- KiL SoL

Thallus rosette-forming, to 10 cm diam. Upper surface ably declined during the last decades, PeP Ks blue-grey – grey-brown, usually smooth, medulla white. but common in Middle and North Fin- OP Kn Lower surface darker brown in the centre, paler at mar- land up to the timberline. – Europe, KP gins, very smooth, but sometimes slightly short-tomen- Asia, North America. EP PH PS PK tose. Lobes to 1 cm wide, partly overlapping, lobules General Nephroma bellum differs from St EH ES sometimes present at margins. Apothecia very common, N. laevigatum by its white medulla and A V U EK to 1 cm diam., their upper surface verrucose or ridged. negative K reaction. It also resembles N. parile, but the Spores 15–23 × 4–5 µm. Photobiont cyanobacterium.

lobes of the latter are sorediate. The southern popula- E. Timdal Chemistry K− or sometimes K+ yellowish, PD−. Triter- tions of N. bellum are often small and in poor condition. penoids, for instance dolichorrhizin, and zeorin. Nephroma expallidum 426 427

Nephroma helveticum Ach. General New records are likely on steep cliffs of East Fin- Kalliomunuaisjäkälä CR land. Isidia, the dark tomentum on the lower surface, and the chemical composition most reliably distinguish Thallus rosette-forming, to 8 cm diam. Upper surface N. helveticum from its relatives. blue-grey – dark brown, medulla white. Lower surface dark brown or black, densely pubescent or tomentose. Lobes 0.5 cm wide, margins and sometimes also upper Nephroma laevigatum Ach. surface with phyllidia and isidia. Apothecia fairly com- Lännenmunuaisjäkälä • västlig njurlav CR mon, to 8 mm diam., exciple pectinate and upper sur- Syn. Nephroma lusitanicum Schaer. face scabrid, faveolate or pubescent. Spores 21–7 × 6–8 µm. Photobiont cyanobacterium. Thallus rosette-forming, to 15 cm diam. Upper surface blue-grey – grey-brown, smooth, medulla often yellow- Chemistry K−, PD−. Triterpenoids, for ish. Lower surface pale brown at margins, dark brown instance peltidactylin. or black in the centre. Lobes to 1.5 cm wide, margins Habitats On shady cliffs, on rockfaces Ks sometimes with phyllidia. Apothecia common, to 10 and among mosses over rock outcrops. mm diam. Spores 17–20 × 5–7 µm. Conidiomata not common. Photobiont cyanobacterium. Distribution Very rare. Found in only a few places. – Europe (very rare), Asia, EH Chemistry K+ rapidly – very slowly purple, PD−. Triter- North America. U penoids and anthraquinones. K. Jääskeläinen

Nephroma laevigatum

Habitats On bark or mosses on bases of old deciduous General The yellowish colour of the me- trees, on rockfaces and mosses over rocks. In shady and dulla and the purple K reaction distin- sheltered sites. guish N. laevigatum from N. bellum.

P. Halonen Distribution Here and there in South and Middle Fin- EP PS PK land, often sparse and populations declining. – Europe, St EH Africa, Asia, North America. Oceanic. A V U EK Nephroma helveticum 428 429

General N. General (Ach.) Ach. Soralia are the best diagnostic character of × 4–6 µm. Conidiomata rare, at lobe margins. Photobi- The tomentose upper and low- InL EnL Jauhemunuaisjäkälä • bårdlav LC parile. They are absent from other Finnish Nephroma ont cyanobacterium. er surfaces, whitish papillae on the low- species. In North Finland, a slightly different form can er surface, phyllidia, and the absence of KiL SoL Chemistry K−, PD−. substances absent. PeP Thallus rosette-forming, to 10 cm diam. Upper sur- be found. Its soredia mass is partly heavily corticate, its lichen substances distinguish N. resupi- Ks OP face blue-grey – brown, slightly faveolate, sometimes upper surface is more clearly faveolate and ridged, lower Habitats Particularly on bases of deciduous trees, also on natum from N. bellum. These two spe- Kn KP ridged. Lower surface smooth, sometimes partly pubes- surface is dark-tomentose, and it belongs to the peltidac- mossy rocks and rockfaces. Prefers old-growth forests. cies often grow together. EP PH PS PK cent. Lobes to 1 cm wide, soralia present at margins and tylin-containing chemotype. This form is known from Distribution Fairly common throughout Finland, but St EH ES partly also on the upper surface, soredia sometimes part- at least North Norway, Switzerland, Greenland, and probably declined during the past decades. – Europe, A V U EK ly corticate and browned. Apothecia rare, upper surface Canada, but its taxonomic status is still unclear. Asia, North America. and exciple sorediate. Spores 8–20 × 6–7 µm. Conidio- mata rare. Photobiont cyanobacterium. Chemistry K−, PD−. Triterpenoids. Two chemotypes: 1) dolichorrhizin; 2) peltidactylin. Both chemotypes can (L.) Ach. also contain other substances. InL Nukkamunuaisjäkälä • luddlav NT EnL Habitats Particularly on bases of old de- KiL SoL Syn. Nephroma tomentosum (Hoffm.) Flot. PeP ciduous trees, and among mosses over Ks rocks and rockfaces. Most common in OP Thallus rosette-forming, to 10 cm diam. Upper surface Kn old-growth forests. KP blue-grey – grey-brown, medulla white. Lower surface EP PH PS PK pale, distinctly tomentose, with scattered, whitish papil- Distribution Throughout Finland, fairly St EH ES lae. Lobes to 1.5 cm wide, particularly margins but also common, but declined during the past A V U EK the upper surface tomentose and sometimes with phyl- decades, particularly in the south. – Eu- lidia. Apothecia fairly common, 1–1.5 cm diam., up- rope, Africa, Asia, North and South America. per surface tomentose, scabrid or ridged. Spores 21–24 K. Jääskeläinen P. Halonen

Nephroma parile Nephroma resupinatum 430 431

Ochrolechia alboflavescens (Wulfen) Zahlbr. Ochrolechia A. Massal. OCHROLECHIACEAE Petäjänkermajäkälä • halmgul örnlav LC Kermajäkälät • örnlavar Thallus verrucose, areolate or cracked, usually thick; pale Thallus crustose, cracked, areolate or verrucose, grey – grey – brown-grey – pale yellowish, prothallus sometimes spiny and appearing fruticose, thin or poorly distinguished. Soralia rounded – ellipsoid, cra- thick, grey-white or creamy white, often slightly yel- ter-like – semiglobose, white, clearly delimited. Apothe­ lowish or greenish. Many species always or usual- cia fairly rare, 1–3 mm diam., pruinose. Spores 25–57 ly sorediate and without apothecia. Apothecia le- × (10)20–38 µm. canoroid, often closed when young; flat, pale or Chemistry K−, C+ yellow (at least soralia), PD−, UV+ ochre-yellow, often pruinose, exciple thick. Hyme- bluish white. Lichesterinic, protolichesterinic, and vari- nium 150–200 µm, I+ blue, K/I+ blue, paraphy- olaric acids, and unidentified substances. Epihymenium ses strongly branched and anastomosing, hypotheci- C+ red. Gyrophoric and lecanoric acids. um pale or brownish. Asci 2–8-spored, thick-walled. Spores 1-celled, (broadly) ellipsoid, thin-walled, col- Habitats On bark of Picea abies, Pinus sylvestris and Bet- ourless, large. Conidiomata immersed. Conidia cy- ula, rarely on Quercus robur or on lig- num. In open Pinus forests, herb-rich lindrical. Photobiont green (Trebouxia). Often con- KiL SoL forests, and on trees in mires. Prefers tain gyrophoric and variolaric acids, and variably PeP open woodlands. Ks some other lichen substances. Epiphytic, or on rock OP Kn or soil. 14 species in Finland. Distribution Fairly common through- KP out Finland, except for Fjeld Lapland. EP PH PS PK – Europe, a few records from Africa and St EH ES Asia. A V U EK E. Timdal

Normandina pulchella

surface white, ecorticate, slightly tomentose, often with Normandina Nyl. VERRUCARIACEAE abundant, white rhizines. Soralia often abundant; some- times soredia cover most of the thallus, but can be ab- Simpukkajäkälät sent. Margins commonly with ear-like, rounded lobules. Thallus squamulose or crustose, blue-grey or green. Perithecia rare in European populations, immersed, but Diffuse-sorediate or soralia on margins and up- visible as bumps on the lower surface. Spores 25–35 × per surface of the squamules. Perithecia entirely or 6–9 µm. partially immersed. Spores usually longitudinally Chemistry K−, PD−. Zeorin. 8-celled, rarely somewhat muriform, slightly con- stricted at the septa, colourless. Conidiomata absent. Habitats On mosses over moist rockfaces. For instance Photobiont Trebouxia. Contain zeorin or lichen sub- on the coast of Norway often also on stances absent. On mosses or , rarely on bark, mosses of tree bases and even on bark. EnL in humid sites. Two species in Finland. Distribution Found only in Kilpisjärvi in Enontekiö, but is expected to occur else- where, e.g. along the Gulf of Bothnia. – West Europe, Africa, Asia, Australasia, North and South America. Oceanic, of- Normandina pulchella (Borrer) Nyl. ten abundant in the tropics. Suomusimpukkajäkälä • mussellav VU General Normandina pulchella resembles the squam- ules of Lichenomphalia hudsoniana, but the latter are not Syn. Lauderlindsaya borreri (Tul.) J. C. David & D. sorediate, and have a cortex on the lower surface. It was Hawksw. long thought that N. pulchella was a sterile, lichenised Thallus squamulose, squamules small, to 5 mm diam., basidiomycete and that its perithecia were fruiting bod-

scattered or in colonies, fairly rounded, margins clear- ies of a parasite. However, DNA analyses confirmed that J. Pykälä ly upturned. Upper surface blue-grey or greenish, cor- both belong to the same species. Normandina acroglypta, ticate, with concentric ridges and small soralia. Lower also found in Finland, is crustose. Ochrolechia alboflavescens 432 433

Ochrolechia frigida (Sw.) Lynge Distribution Common in the fjells, rarer further south, Tunturikermajäkälä • nordlig örnlav LC but can be common on the vast bogs in Satakunta. – Europe, Asia, Australia (Tasmania), North and South Syn. Ochrolechia gonatodes (Ach.) Räsänen, Ochrolechia America, Antarctic. Essentially an arctic and subarctic lapuënsis (Vain.) Räsänen species. Thallus variable, thin or verrucose, often developing General The diagnostic characters of O. frigida include spine-like extensions to 2 cm long, and then thallus ap- a pale thallus often with spine-like extensions, and a pearing fruticose, occasionally thick-verrucose, often smothering growth over low vegetation. The fairly thick; white-grey, yellowish grey or slightly red- of this species is not entirely solved, and particularly the brown, prothallus often indistinct. Spines often yellow- sorediate morphotypes have often been treated as a sep- ish brown or brown-red. Usually esorediate, but some- arate species, O. lapuënsis. times with fairly abundant white – yellowish soralia. Apothecia common, large, 0.8–5 mm diam., pruina ab- sent. Spores 20–50 × 12–30 µm. Conid- InL iomata not common. EnL KiL SoL

Chemistry K−, C+ red, PD−, UV+ pale PeP Ks blue. Gyrophoric acid, sometimes addi- OP Kn tional lecanoric acid. KP Habitats On soil in alpine heaths and EP PH meadows, particularly in open, windy St EH sites, further south most common on A V U

bogs. In the fjells often aggressively growing over other E. Timdal lichens and shrubs, suppressing them. Occasionally on bases of trees and shrubs, and on rocks. Ochrolechia frigida V. Haikonen

Ochrolechia androgyna

General The best diagnostic characters of O. albofla- Chemistry K−, C+ red, PD−, UV+ bluish white. Gyro- vescens are its thick thallus and the presence of liches- phoric acid, lecanoric acid (small amounts), fatty acids, terinic and protolichesterinic acids (thin-layer chroma- and unidentified substances. tography needed). Ochrolechia turneri can look similar Habitats On base trunks and branches InL and also has a yellow C reaction, but it typically grows EnL of deciduous trees and conifers, on rot- KiL SoL on deciduous (often broad-leaved) trees, has a thinner ten wood and shady, siliceous rocks and PeP thallus, and lacks lichesterinic acid. Ochrolechia micros- Ks on bare or mossy rockfaces. OP tictoides is another species with a yellow C reaction, but Kn KP its thallus is thinner, soralia are irregular and contigu- Distribution Common throughout Fin- EP PH PS PK ous, and it lacks protolichesterinic acid. Ochrolecia al- land. – Europe, Macaronesia, Afri- St EH ES boflavescens can sometimes lack soralia and produce nu- ca, Asia, Australia (Tasmania), North U merous apothecia. This growth form is difficult to dis- America. A V EK tinguish from O. pallescens without thin-layer chroma- General The best diagnostic characters of O. androgyna tography. are its fairly pale thallus, yellowish and often large soral- ia, and its lichen substances. A few similar species have Ochrolechia androgyna (Hoffm.) Arnold recently been distinguished from O. androgyna. They Jauhekermajäkälä • grynig örnlav LC can be identified most reliably by their lichen substanc- es. Ochrolechia mahluensis grows on bark of conifers and Thallus variable, often verrucose, thick, grey – pale grey, Betula in open forests. Its thallus is, however, usually prothallus distinct. Soralia numerous, often large; fair- thinner and it lacks fatty acids. The thin morphotypes ly rounded or irregular in shape, yellowish. Apothecia of O. androgyna can also resemble O. arborea that grows

rare, 2–4 mm diam., pruina absent. Spores (12)25–50 on trunks and branches of deciduous trees on shorelines, A. Launis × (12)17–30 µm. Conidiomata common. Conidia 4–6 in herb-rich forests, and in open Pinus forests. However, × 1 µm. the latter has an orange UV reaction. Ochrolechia frigida 434 435

Ochrolechia microstictoides Räsänen Katajankermajäkälä • tunn örnlav LC Thallus slightly cracked, thin at margins; white-grey – grey, prothallus often distinct. Soralia numerous, grey- white, rarely yellowish, variable in size and shape, often contiguous in the centre of the thallus to form a contin- uous cover. Apothecia very rare, 1–2 mm diam., some- times slightly pruinose. Spores 45–52 × 17–25 µm. Co- nidiomata absent. Chemistry K−, C+ yellow (at least soralia), PD−, UV+ white. Lichesterinic and variolaric acids, and unidenti- fied substances. Epihymenium C+ red. Gyrophoric and lecanoric acids. Habitats On bark and lignum of trees. Requires acidic substrata, such as bark KiL PeP of conifers and Betula. Ks OP Kn Distribution Common throughout Fin- KP land, except for Fjeld Lapland. – Eu- EP PH PS PK rope, Turkey. St EH ES General The best diagnostic characters A V U EK of O. microstictoides include its thin thallus and irreg- ular, often contiguous soralia. It resembles O. albofla- vescens and the rare O. turneri, but the soralia in the lat- ter two are more clearly delimited. Furthermore, these species differ in their lichen substances.Phlyctis argena can be morphologically similar to O. microstictoides, but has a red K reaction. E. Timdal

Ochrolechia microstictoides

Ochrolechia pallescens (L.) A. Massal. North Africa. Some uncertain records also from India, Haavankermajäkälä • blek örnlav DD Australia, and South America. General The diagnostic characters of O. pallescens in- Thallus uneven and cracked, fairly thick – thick, brown- clude the esorediate thallus, pruinose apothecia, and its grey, yellow-grey or pale grey, soredia absent, prothallus lichen substances. Ochrolechia alboflavescens sometimes indistinct. Apothecia 1–3 mm diam., sometimes pale- produces numerous apothecia and no soralia, and in or yellow-pruinose. Spores (35)45–70(75) × (12)25–40 that case thin-layer chromatography is needed in distin- µm. guishing it from O. pallescens. Chemistry K−, C+ yellow (at least the exciple, often also the thallus), PD−, UV−. Substances of the murolic acid group, variolaric acid, sometimes alectoronic acid, and unidentified substances. Exciple cross-section some- Ochrolechia upsaliensis (L.) A. Massal. times KC+ pink. Epihymenium C+ red. Gyrophoric and Kalkkikermajäkälä • uppsalalav LC lecanoric acids. Thallus cracked, coarsely granulose, fairly thick, white- Habitats On bark of old deciduous trees, grey – yellow-grey – grey, prothallus distinct. Apothe­

particularly on Populus tremula, but also PeP cia usually numerous; yellowish, 0.6–4 mm diam., pru- on Salix caprea and Sorbus aucuparia. inose. Spores very variable in shape and size, (20)40– In well-lit situations, preferably in old- 75(80) × (17)25–35 µm.

H. Eskelinen growth forests. EP PH PS PK Chemistry K−, C+ yellow, PD−, UV−. Variolaric acid, Distribution In South and Middle Fin- St EH ES substances of murolic acid group (small amounts), and land, rare and declined. – Europe, A V U EK unidentified substances. Ochrolechia pallescens 436 437

Ophioparma ventosa (L.) Norman tional atranorin and psoromic acid. If the amount of us- nic acid is low, thalli are grey in colour. The thamnolic E. Timdal Ophioparma Norman OPHIOPARMACEAE Tuulirokkojäkälä • vindlav LC acid containing chemotype is the most common in Fin- Rokkojäkälät • vindlavar Syn. ventosum (L.) A. Massal., land and almost the only one in the southern parts of Thallus small-squamulose, areolate or cracked, pale Haematomma lapponicum var. violascens Räsänen the country. Epihymenium K+ indigo-blue, becoming unevenly violet-blue. Hymenium and hypothecium K+ grey or dark grey, ochre-colour, orange-brown or Thallus coarsely granulose, verrucose, uneven, thick, blue, becoming strongly orange-red. Haemoventosin. yellow. Apothecia often lecanoroid, rounded or ir- grey – yellow-grey, forming large patches. Apothecia InL regular in shape, bright red, exciple distinct or indis- common, 1–5 mm diam., often irregular in shape; fairly Habitats On siliceous rock outcrops and EnL tinct. Paraphyses rarely branched, slightly swollen at rounded – angular, red – red-brown, exciple pale when rocks, often in windy sites. KiL SoL PeP tips. Asci clavate. Spores multicellular, fusiform, col- young. Epihymenium, hymenium, and hypothecium Ks Distribution Throughout Finland, fairly ourless, often spirally arranged in asci. Conidiomata unevenly orange-red, hymenium 60–70 µm. Spores OP Kn common on the south coast, fairly rare KP immersed. Conidia bacilliform, colourless. Photo- 4–8-celled, curved, (30)40–60 × 3–4.5(6) µm. Conidio- inland, common in the north, particu- EP PH PS PK biont green (Trebouxia). Contain depsides, aliphat- mata common, wall colourless, ostiole black-green. Co- larly in the fjells. – Europe, Asia, North St EH ES ic acids, and haemoventosin, sometimes depsidones nidia 7–10 × 1 µm. and terpenes. On siliceous rock outcrops. Two spe- and South America. A V U EK Chemistry K− or K+ yellow, KC+ yellow (medulla), PD− cies in Finland. General Ophioparma ventosa is easy to recognize by its or PD+ orange, UV+ bluish white. Three most common rough surface and red apothecia. It resembles O. lappon- chemotypes: 1) thamnolic, divaricatic, and usnic acids; ica, but the latter has smaller spores (12–21 × 3–5 µm) 2) hypothamnolic, divaricatic, and usnic acids; 3) divar- and always positive K and PD reactions. icatic and usnic acids. These chemotypes can have addi-

Ochrolechia upsaliensis

Habitats On plant debris and mosses on soil, particular- ly in the calcareous areas. InL EnL Distribution Rare in Kuusamo Region KiL (Oulanka), fairly common in the fjells Ks of Lapland. – Europe, northern parts of Asia, North America. General The best diagnostic characters of O. upsaliensis are its yellowish, pruinose apothecia, and the yellow C reaction of the thallus. It resembles O. frigida, which is common

on soil in Lapland. However, the thallus of the latter of- A. Launis ten develops spines, its apothecia are epruinose, and its C reaction is red. Ophioparma ventosa 438 439

Orphniospora moriopsis (A. Massal.) D. Körb. FUSCIDEACEAE Hawksw. Ruutujäkälät Mustaruutujäkälä • svart rutlav LC Thallus areolate, grey or brown-black. Apothecia le- Syn. Buellia atrata (Sm.) Anzi cideoid, black, true exciple present in young apothe­ Thallus brown-black, areoles 0.3–1 mm diam. Apothe- cia, gradually disappearing. Paraphyses unbranched cia common, 0.5–1(1.2) mm diam., at first immersed, or branched, often indistinct, hypothecium dark later mostly sessile. Epihymenium olive-green, hymeni- brown. Asci clavate. Spores 1-celled (but some- um 80–110 µm. Spores dark brown, 11–18 × 6–10 µm. times with an indistinct septum), thick-walled, el- Conidia 3–4 × 1 µm. lipsoid, colourless or dark brown. Conidiomata im- mersed. Conidia bacilliform. Photobiont green. Li- Chemistry Medulla I+ blue-violet. Epihymenium K+ green, N+ red. InL chen substances absent. On siliceous rock outcrops. EnL The spores of Rhizocarpon are 2-celled or multicel- Habitats On siliceous rock outcrops, KiL lular, and those of Buellia 2–4-celled. Two species PeP usually in exposed sites. Ks in Finland. Distribution Probably throughout Fin-

land, possibly fairly common but rare- EP ly observed. – Europe, Asia, Australia,

North America. A V U General Orphniospora moriopsis can resemble O. moriop- soides, but the latter has a grey or blue-grey thallus and its epihymenium has a violet K reaction. E. Timdal

Orphniospora moriopsis E. Timdal

Orphniospora moriopsis 758 759

Scientific names with authors, and Finn- Selected synonyms Biogeogr. Habitats Checklist of the lichens of Finland ish and Swedish names when available provinces *Abrothallus caerulescens I. Kotte V, EH K; on thalli and apothecia of Xantho­ parmelia *Abrothallus cetrariae I. Kotte V, PS, PK, Ks M, K; on thalli of glauca *Abrothallus parmeliarum (Sommerf.) Abrothallus bertianus auct. scand., A–U, St–ES, K, M; on Cetraria (s. lato),- Parmelia (s. Arnold Abrothallus smithii Tul., Abrothallus tulasnei PS, PK, OP, lato), and on Platismatia glauca M. S. Cole & D. Hawksw., Vouauxiomyces Ks, SoL, InL This checklist includes all the lichens and licheni- Abbreviations santessonii D. Hawksw. colous species known in Finland, plus some related *Abrothallus peyritschii (Stein) I. Kotte Abrothallus parmeliarum var. peyritschii A, V, EH Kk, M; on Vulpicida pinastri non-lichenized species, and some ’lichen-like’ species. Ih = wooded pastures and pollard meadows, Ij = road- Stein *Abrothallus prodiens (Harm.) Diederich Abrothallus parmeliarum f. prodiens PS M; on Hypogymnia physodes The first list was published by Vitikainen et al. sides, railway embankments etc., In = seminatural dry grasslands, Ip = parks, yards and gardens, Ir = buildings & Hafellner (Harm.) Vouaux (1997) but it is outdated. Additionally, we provide hab- *Abrothallus suecicus (Kirschst.) Nordin Leciographa suecica Kirschst., Vouauxiomy- V, U, PeP, Ks M; on thalli and apothecia of Ramalina itat and substrate data, which were absent from the first (and constructions). ces ramalinae (Nordin) D. Hawksw. calicaris, R. dilacerata, R. fastigiata, and R. fraxinea list. The provided data is essentially based on herbarium K = rock outcrops (incl. rocks and boulders), Kk = cal- Absconditella celata Döbbeler & Poelt, V, EP, PH, PK S, M; on dead Sphagnum and on specimens housed in H, TUR, and OULU, but also on careous rock outcrops and limestone quarries, bare cal- taigakaihojäkälä, nordlig kryptolav wood, mainly on mires literature and field observations. Please note, that this careous soil, Kl = caves and crevices, Ks = serpentine (ul- Absconditella delutula (Nyl.) Coppins & H. Absconditella modesta (Hegetschw. ex V Ml, Rjk; on rotten wood and on rocks kind of a checklist is never final, it constantly changes tramafic) rock outcrops. Kilias, kalvaskaihojäkälä, blek kryptolav Stizenb.) Vězda in shady sites while new data is accumulated. Absconditella lignicola Vězda & Pišút, V, U, EH, PK, Mkv, Mk; on conifer lignum in moist Altogether 1952 species, subspecies, and varieties are M = forests and woodlands, Mk = heath forests, Mkk liekokaihojäkälä, vedkryptolav Kn, Ks sites, usually on fallen trunks in old- growth forests included. The scientific name and authors, the vernacu- = sub-xeric, xeric and barren heath forests, Mktv = old- growth mesic and herb-rich heath forests, Mkv = old- Absconditella sphagnorum Vězda & Poelt, V, U, EH, PK, S; on dead Sphagnum on peat hum- lar Finnish and Swedish names (when available), and se- rahkakaihojäkälä, mosskryptolav EnL mocks growth heath forests, Ml = herb-rich forests, Mlt = dry lected synonyms are given. Furthermore, the distribu- Acarospora admissa (Nyl.) Kullh., Lecanora admissa Nyl. EH, PeP K; on siliceous rocks and rock outcrops tion (by biogeographical provinces) and habitats are list- and mesic herb-rich forests, Mlv = old-growth herb-rich tummakuoppajäkälä ed for each taxon. forests, Mp = burnt forest areas and other young stages Acarospora anomala H. Magn., V, St, EP, PS, Ir; on old wooden buildings tupakuoppajäkälä, träspricklav PeP * = a lichenicolous, non-lichenized ; of natural succession, Mv = old-growth forests. Acarospora badiofusca (Nyl.) Th. Fr. Acarospora umensis H. Magn., Lecanora InL K; on siliceous rock, often in areas with + = a saprophytic non-lichenized fungus; R = shores, Ri = shores of the Baltic Sea, Rih = Baltic badiofusca Nyl. also calcareous rock (*) = sometimes lichenized, but always a lichenicolous sand beaches, Rik = Baltic rocky shores, Rin = Baltic Acarospora castaneocarpa M. Westb. & V Kk; on calcareous rock outcrops fungus; coastal meadows, Ris = Baltic gravel, shingle and boul- Wedin (+) = sometimes lichenized, but always a saprophytic der shores, Rj = lakeshores and riverbanks, Rjh = sandy Acarospora discreta (Ach.) Arnold Acarospora durietzii H. Magn. EP, PeP, Ks K; on siliceous rocks and rock outcrops fungus. lakeshores and riverbanks, Rjk = inland rocky shores, Acarospora fennica H. Magn. V Ir; on concrete If more than three authors exist for a taxon name, Acarospora fuscata (Nyl.) Arnold, Acarospora squamulosa (Schrad.) Trevis., A–OP, Ks, K; on fairly horizontal surfaces of sili- Rjm = inland alluvial forests, Rjs = inland gravel, shin- ruskokuoppajäkälä, brun spricklav Trimmatothele glacialis Nilsson KiL, EnL, InL ceous rock outcrops, rarely on lignum only the first one is given. If a question mark precedes a gle and boulder shores, Rjt = inland open alluvial shores, Acarospora glaucocarpa (Ach.) Körb., Parmelia glaucocarpa Ach. V–ES, PS–EnL Kk, Ir; on calcareous rock outcrops, in synonym, the status of the name as a synonym has not Rk = shore rock outcrops. kalkkikuoppajäkälä, kalkspricklav limestone quarries, and on concrete been confirmed. Acarospora impressula Th. Fr., V K; on slightly acidic, siliceous rock The abbreviations of the biogeographical provinces S = mires (peatlands), Sk = Picea mires (swamp forests), pistekuoppajäkälä outcrops of Finland are listed in Table 1, on page 11; an uncer- Skr = eutrophic and mesotrophic Picea mires, Sn = tree- Acarospora macrospora (Hepp) A. Massal. Acarospora squamulosa sensu Th. Fr. V, PK, Ks, Kk; on calcareous rock outcrops, pre- ex Bagl., isokuoppajäkälä EnL fers exposed sites tain record is indicated with a question mark. It should less fens, Sr = Pinus mires (bog forests), Srk = ombro- trophic and oligotrophic Pinus mires (bogs). Acarospora moenium (Vain.) Räsänen, Aspicilia excavata G. Thor & Timdal, V–ES, EP, Ir, Kk; on concrete, cement, and on be noted that the distribution of some lichens is poorly muurikuoppajäkälä, murstenslav Aspicilia moenium (Vain.) G. Thor & Timdal, PS–KP, PeP, vertical surfaces of calcareous rock known, and therefore the list is not necessarily complete. T = alpine heaths and meadows, Tk = alpine heaths, Tl Endocarpon moenium Vain. Ks, EnL outcrops, in exposed sites The habitats are given both as abbreviations (sym- = alpine rock outcrops and boulder fields. Acarospora nitrophila H. Magn. Acarospora aequatula H. Magn., Acaro- V, U Rik; on siliceous rock surfaces on coast- bols) and in words. The first symbol tells the primary spora normanii H. Magn., Acarospora al rock outcrops, in nitrogen-rich sites Vj = rivers, Vk = rapids and water-falls, Vp = brooks. praeruptorum H. Magn. habitat of the species, while the possible following ones Acarospora oligospora (Nyl.) Arnold, Acarospora glebosa Körb. EH K; on siliceous rocks close to the are regarded as secondary. The abbreviations follow the suomukuoppajäkälä ground Red List of Finnish Species (Rassi et al. 2010), thus de- Acarospora peliscypha (Wahlenb.) Th. Fr., Parmelia peliscypha Wahlenb. V, U, St–PH, K; on siliceous rock outcrops, nitrophil- riving from the Finnish language. rosokuoppajäkälä, rynkspricklav OP, EnL, InL ous, benefits from bird manure Acarospora rhizobola (Nyl.) Alstrup Lecanora glaucocarpa var. endocarpoides PK, Ks Kk; on calcareous soil Vain., Lecidea rhizobola Nyl. Acarospora rugulosa Körb., Acarospora chalcophila H. Magn., Acaro- U, St K; on iron-rich or copper-rich rock kastanjakuoppajäkälä spora hellbomii H. Magn., Acarospora mon- outcrops tana H. Magn., Polysporinopsis rugulosa (Körb.) Vězda Acarospora sinopica (Wahlenb.) Körb., Polysporinopsis sinopica (Wahlenb.) Vězda A–EP, PS–KP, K; on iron-rich siliceous rock outcrops ruostekuoppajäkälä, rostspricklav OP, PeP, SoL, EnL Acarospora veronensis A. Massal., A–EK, EH–EP, K; on siliceous rock surfaces, rarely on pikkukuoppajäkälä, liten brunspricklav PS, PeP, KiL lignum, nitrophilous Acarospora versicolor Bagl. & Carestia, V Kk; on a calcareous rockface kalvaskuoppajäkälä