'":11,n Student Ne-ws

"And Pray to God Almighty For Granting You More .And More Knowledge •••• "

Vol. II, ):\jo. 5 Washington, D.C. Summer 1966

KABUL, COLOGNE, BONN UNIVERSITIES AGREEMENT SIGNED

The Afghan education delegation to the Federal Republic of Germany returned to Kabul recently after signing an affilia­ tion agreement with the universities of Bonn and Cologne. According to the agreement thegovem­ ment of the Federal Republic of Germany will cooperate with Afghanistan for the next four years in educational activities. The agreement signed between Etemadi and the Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Federal Republic of Germany pro­ vides for closer cooperation between Kabul Universities and the universities of Bonn and Cologne in providing teachers, scien­ tific equipment and textbooks. It will also pay for training Afghan scientists. Af­ ghanistan will provide the necessary build­ ings. The delegation was headed by Toryalai Etemadi, rector of Kabul University. Abdul Ghafar Kakar, Dean of the College of Science, Abdul Wahid Sorabi, Dean of the College of Economics, were members of the delegation.

ROCKEFELLER

John D. Rockefeller III arrived inKabul recently. During his stay here he will be the guest of the government of Afghanistan. The 60 year old Rockefeller will visit places of interest in the country-including Bamian. Prime Minister Mohammad Hashim Maiwandwal gave a reception for him in · the Gul Khan a of the Sedarat Palace. Members of the cabinet and the American Charge d' Affairs ad interim attended the reception.

AFGHANISTAN IN THE UNITED NATIONS

Afghanistan K arakv.l is Coveted at Home and Abroad Afghanistan joined the United Nations on November 19, 1946. Afghanistan's traditional policy in inter­ With regret we have learned that Dr. Awrang Shah, president of the national affairs is one of neutrality, based Azad Pakhtunistan Association in America, has been assassinated in on friendly relations with all countries. his office on August 25, 1966. The assassin was a former patient of The neutrality or nonalignment of Afghan­ Dr. Shah. H.E. Mr. Rafiq on behalf of the Afghanistan government, left istan is not an outcome of the Second Washington for Sacramento for the funeral services. World War, as this policy dates back to a The Afghan Student News would like to offer the sympathy of all period before World War I and has been Afghan students in the United States to Mrs. Shah and the family. Continued on page B Page 2 Summer 1966 Afghan Student News

PROF ES SOR DUPREE ON AFGHANISTAN The Mountains Go To Mohammad LD-6-'60 Zahir Nake M. Kamrany Observations on Afghanistan's reactions to visits from Nixon, Bulganin-Khrus hchev, As a rule, when a Western observer A Suggested Pakistan-Afghanistan- LD-4-'63 Eisenhower, and Khrushchev. (40pp.) ( especially scholars) pays a personal visit !ran Federation Th e Bamboo Curtain in Kabul LD-7-'60 to a developing country, he turns into an Part II: Political and Economic An American finds communications with "instant expert" on that country, not only Con siderations . (;t.4pp.) the Chinese Embassy closed to h;m, (7pp.) on the subject of his specialization, but The Gre en and the Black on nearly all socio-economic and political LD-5-'63 A Note on Afghanistan LD-8-'60 Social and economic aspects of a coal aspects of that country. Professor Louis (32pp.) mine in Afghanistan. (30pp.) Dupree is no exception. A Harvard grad­ American Private Enterprise in LD-9-'60 uate and a specialist in Inda-European An Informal Talk with King Mohammad LD-9-'63 Afghanistan languages and anthropology, Dr. Dupree Zahir of Afghanistan (12pp.) has visited Afghanistan twice under the (Bpp.) auspices of the American Universities "Pushtunistan": The Problem and LD-1-'61 Mahmud Tarzi: Forgotten Nationalist LD-1-'64 Its Larger Implications Field Staff, Inc. He has written prolifically (22pp.) on Afghanistan, on subjects ranging from Part I: The Complex Interrelationships constitutional development to Afghanistan­ The P eace Corps in Afghanistan LD-4-'64 of Regional Disputes. (llpp.) Pakistan relations, biographies (Mahmud The impact of the Volunteers on the "Pushtunistan": The Problem and LD-2-'61 Tarzi), political figures, etc. (For acom­ country and of the country on the Its Larger Implications plete list of his publications, see the Volunteers. (18pp.) Part II: The Effects of the Afghan­ bibliography below.) Space will not permit Constitutional Development and LD-1-'65 Pakistan Border Closure. (16pp.) a thorough review of Dupree' s works on Cultural Change "Pushtunistan": Th e Problem and LD-3-'61 Afghanistan. However, due to his writings Part I: Social Implications of Constitution Its Larger lmplic;ations on a very wide range of subjects, he has Making. (5pp.) Part III : The Big Gamble Continues. (7pp.) been forced to treat these subjects rather superficially. Constitutional Development and LD-2-'65 India's Stake in Afghan-Pakistan LD-1-'62 Perhaps his greatest contribution, how­ Cultural Change Relations ever, lies in the clarity and objectivity of Part II: Pre-1964 Afghan Constitutional Some of the political implications of the his reports. In a short time, he seems to Development. (18pp.) Afghan-Pakistan horder dispute. (5pp.) have learned quite a bit about the people Constitutional Development and LD-3-'65 The Indian Merchants in Kabul LD-:3-'62 and the country, and his opinions and Cultural Change The economic impact of the Afghan­ reflections are rather unbiased. This is Part III: The 1964 Afghan Constitution. Pakistan border di spute. (9pp.) indeed welcomed by many Afghans, espe­ (Articles 1-56,) (29pp.) LD-5- '62 cially the Afghan students in the U.S. who, Landlocked Images Co nstitutional Development and LD-4-'65 every once in a while, become very dis­ Snap responses to an informal Cultural Change questionnaire . (25 pp.) enchanted with the journalistic reports Part IV: The 1964 Afghan Constitution. Afghanistan's Slow Marrh to LD-1-'63 and cliches which, to some extent, mis­ (Artic les 57-128.) (34pp.) represent the country and the people of Democracy Afghanistan to the American public. Constitutional De velopm ent and LD-7-'65 Reflections on Ka!)Ul' s municipal balloting. What I would like to see, however, is a Cultural Change (14pp.) number of in-depth, scholarly and rigorous Part V: The Background of Constitutional treatments of various subjects on Afghani­ Development (15pp.) stan. Presently, there are many reports Constitutional Development and LD-10-'65 which tell in a general manner about the Cultural Change Continued from page 1 location, geography, history, the people, Part VIII : The Future of Constitutional etc. Professor Dupree could enhance his Law in Afghanistan and Pakistan (24pp.) observed ever since, to the present time. own scholarly stature and throw light on While it does not mean any lack of interest many anthropological aspects of Afghani­ in international affairs, it precludes parti­ stan-a field in which he is professionally cipation in any military bloc and calls trained. His only anthropological study on A CHRONOLOGICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY OF for judgment of any international situation Afghanistan which I have seen appeared PROFESSOR DUPREE'S WRITINGS ON on its merits, independent from bloc in a book edited by K. H. Silvert and AFGHANISTAN UNDER AUFS'S AUSPICES politics. entitled Expected Peoples: Nationalism and Afghanistan has participated in all the Development (Random House) under the Title Notation conferences of the nonaligned countries as title, "Tribalism, Regionalism, and Ma­ well as Asian and African countries. ternal Oligarchy.'' The Burqa Comes Off LD-2-'59 Afghanistan is a member of the follow­ The following informative and interest­ Observations on the ch ange occurring in ing Specialized Agencies: ing reports by Professor Dupree can be the s tatus of women in Afghanistan obtained at $1.00 each by writing to: society. (4pp.) International Atomic Energy Agency An Informal Talk with Prime Minister LD-3-'59 International Labour Organization American Universities Field Staff, Inc. Daud Food and Agriculture Organization 366 Madison Avenue Prince Daud's views on the domestic and United Nations Educational, Scientific New York, New York 10017 international policies of Afghanistan. (4pp.) and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Afghanistan's Big Gamble LD-3-'60 World Health Organization International Bank for Reconstruction Title Notation Part I: Hi storical Background of Afghan- Russian Relations . (20pp.) and Development The Afghans Hon or a Mustim Saint LD-2-'63 International Finance Corporation An international conference celebrates Afghanistan's Big Gamble LD -4-'60 International Monetary Fund the 900th anniversary of the death of Khwaja Part II: The Economic and Strategic International Civil Aviation Organiza- Abdullah Ansari Herawi . (26pp.) Aspects of Soviet Aid. (20pp.) tion A Suggested Pakistan-Afghanistan­ LD-3-'63 Afghanistan's Big Gamble LD-5-'60 Universal Postal Union Iran Federation Part Ill: Economic Competition in International Telecommunication Union Part I: The Empty Triangle. (18pp.) Afghanistan, (lOpp.) World Meteorological Organization Page 5 Afghan Student News Summer 1966

CONVENTION

Dear Members: AFGHAN STUDENT NEWS

Our forthcoming convention will be held Published bi-monthly throughoutthe year ( as far as the budget allows), by the at the University of California, Los An­ Associated Students of Afghanistan in the United States of America (ASA/ geles campus from September the first USA). ASN is distributed to all the Afghan students in the United States and through the fourth. We will be staying in to the American friends of Afghanistan. Recipients should pay an annual fee Rieber Hall, which opened in 1963, and is of not less than $5.00 to the ASA / USA to enable us to send this paper to you. one of the newest in the modern UCLA This is a non-profit organization helping the Afghan students arn.l working Residence Hall complex. I am sure that for understanding between Afghanistan and the United States. its spacious air-cooled lounges and rec­ The Afghan Student News welcomes articles, constructive criticism, and reation areas will afford a relaxing atmos­ other contributions from its readers. Unsigned articles are written by the phere in which we will enjoy meeting our editor. fellow countrymen. Please address all correspondence to: M. Yonus Nusraty Besides having some dynamic speakers Editor, Afghan Student News from UCLA faculty members, Mr. Latifi's P. 0. Box 4818 award-winning play, "Chadri," will be Washington, D.C. WOOS staged on our banquet night, Sept. 3. Therefore, try not to miss this wonderful opportunity whereby you not only can participate in your annual convention, but can visit Los Angeles, the city of movie gation but will provide electricity for the Canal, which will irrigate 90,000 acres of studios, Disneyland, and other exciting industrial development of the area. land, has been dug. At present it has 20 attractions. The gigantic Helmand Valley project sq. mt. capacity, but when completed it Looking forward to seeing you all in our will irrigate half a million acres, includ­ will supply water at the rate of 80 sq. mt. convention. ing the Chakhansur area. In its initial per second. The drainage water lanes of Jamila Aimaq stages, the project envisages irrigation of Kunduz, which have been dug from one to Vice-President 250,000 acres. Construction work has three meters deep, supply irrigation wa­ already started. A portion of land is being ters to 22,500 acres of wasteland. cultivated with 2,600 families having been Another canal, in the Laghman area, is AGRICULTURE IN AFGHANISTAN settled there. One hundred more families Tappa Sanglakh which will supply irriga­ are expected to settle there in the near tion waters to 2,000 acres of lam.!. Smaller Many parts of Afghanistan are ideally future. The major crop in the helmand irrigation projects include the Dasht Al­ suited for agriculture and 12 percent of and Arghandab Valleys is cotton with an chin, Kailagai, and Larkhabi projects its total area is under cultivation. Eighty­ annual production of 5,000 tons. This is which have irrigated 11,000 acres. The five percent of its population of over 15 expected to increase to 20,000 tons in the production of a total of 17,500 acres of million are farmers. Of the land under near future. During the last two years, land will be doubled with ample water cultivation, only about 8 percent is ir­ cotton exports brought Af. 1,826,000 and supply in the Iskelan and Agtappa areas. rigated. From 30 to 70 percent of agri­ Rs. 1,250,000 in foreign exchange. Kanef A survey of the Khawaja Reza Kohistan cultural land is lying uncultivated due to and beetroot are the other important Canal has been completed. This canal will lack of irrigation facilities. crops of the area. Steps have been taken irrigate a total of 4,000 acres of land, and During the last ten years strenuous to set up gunny bag, sugar and vegetable provide more water to the 4,000 acres efforts have been made to develop agri­ oil factories, which are expected to start already under cultivation. culture by providing irrigation facilities production soon. The preliminary survey for expanding and introducing modern methods of culti­ The Nangarhar Canal project will irri­ the Amir Ghazi dam from 1-1/ 2 million vation. Construction of dams and canals gate a total of 76,125 acres of land, of sq. mt. to 3 million sq. mt. has been com­ has made it possible to bring more land which 16,100 acres is already under culti­ pleted and the work of construction will under cultivation. Agricultural production vation and 60,000 acres is virgin land. start shortly. Land surveys on both sides has already increased to a considerable Ten thousand acres of land has been of the Mir Kunar and the surveys of extent, but efforts are continuing to develop levelled for cultivation. J anjghanak and Aktachi Baghan canals agriculture. The Ghazni Sardeh dam has been com­ are under way. The surveys of underground The Ministry of Agriculture has helped pleted. The work of digging canals and water resources in the Darwazagai area farmers to use fertilizers and modern levelling land will start soon. Under this in Zabul province, too, are under way. To implements. project, 40,000 acres of land will be make use of this water, pumps have al­ According to a survey of the F arahrud brought under cultivation. ready been purchased by the Agricultural region, with the completion of the Bakhash The Ministry of Agriculture is con­ Bank. Ahad Dam, 62,500 acres of land has been structing many other canals. Of these the brought under cultivation, thus doubling Ajmer Canal, which will irrigate 30,000 HOME NEWS the farm land in the area. In the Kabul acres of land, will be opened in the near and Parwan areas, the Kajao Dam on the future. A portion of the Archi canal has FRUIT CO. REPORTS Logar river with a capacity of 300 million been completed. With the completion of SALES INCREASE sq. mt. will not only supply water but will the dam the water supply will increase also increase the production of the Chak from 12 sq. mt. per second to 25 sq. mt. The fruit company has earned 500,000 Wardak and Mahi par stations. Another dam The project envisages the protection of dollars from the sale of dry fruits. A will be built on the panjsher river which canals from flood waters of the Kokcha 20,000 increase over last year's sales. will be 150 meters high with a capacity River and irrigation facilities for 60,000 It exports raisens, pestachio nuts, al­ of 200 million sq. mt., to supply water to acres of land. monds and dry fruits to the Soviet Union, 500 acres of land in the Charikar, Qara­ Another dam on the Andkhoi river, the United States, People's Republic of China, Bagh and Bagram areas. Alti Balak Diversion Dam, will irrigate Holland, England and Lebanon. The survey carried out in the Harirud 22,500 acres of land in theBolak-Faryahb Nine hundred tons of white and green Valley shows that the Hari-rud project, area. Construction on this project will raisins have been exported to the Soviet when completed, will irrigate 150,000 start soon. ln Logar, the Bedak Canal Union, 50 tons to Polam.l, and 75 tons to acres of land. Surveys of the northern has been dug for 16 km. The rest of the Holland. 65 tons of pistachio nuts have provinces show that a dam on the kokcha work is expected to completed soon. This been exported to United States, ten tons to river will not only supply water for irri- will irrigate 2,000 acres. The Sharwan Beirut, 50 tons to the Soviet Union. Page 4 Summer 1966 Afghan Student News

colored frescoes was found in the karkar Pass belonging to the fifth century. These frescoes are of the kind found only in the famous Ajanta caves of India. Bamiyan is known all over the world for its two mas­ sive statues, one 53 meters high and the other 35 meters high, and its painted temples. Another find, which dates back to the first century B.C., consisting of ivory arti­ cles, cut glass work pieces, Greek statues, and limestone medals was excavated in Bagram between 1937 and 1942. This proves that Afghanistan had a strong influence on the Indian, Greek and Chinese civilizations of that period. A number of colored plaster casts of the Buddha, the last round of Buddhic statues in the sixth to seventh centuries, were found in Fundu­ kistan (Ghorband Pass). During excavations in 1951 in Lash­ kargah, ruins of the Ghaznavid period ( the reign of Mahmood and Masood) were discovered. A French excavating team under M. Ahmed Ali Kohzad' s direction found ruins of a palace with beautiful frescoed walls, showing how developed the art of painting was in those days in Afghanistan. Kandahar, as the capital of a number of Afghan hounds like those picttl,fed above are priaed the world over for hooting and appearance, They are ruling dynasties, is rich in historical especially popular among wealthy persons in the USA. material. There, in Mandikag, remains of a prehistoric civilization have been un­ earthed recently. They throw light upon ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION IN AFGHANISTAN the people of the Arghandab Valley some 5,000 years ago. They show that the The Islamic or Moslem conquest of the prosperity and culture of the country Indus Valley and the southwestern valleys Afghanistan began during the second half falllDus in the west by the Herat School of of Afghanistan had identical civilizations. of the Seventh Century, afterwhichKhura­ Miniature. A Timurid prince, Babur, in Fire temples of the first century A.O., san, or the greater part of Afghanistan, 1526, conquered the Afghan Empire of the belonging to the great Koshanid period, became one of the most prosperous pro­ Lodis in India. This was the beginning of were found in Surkh Kotal, 18 km. north­ vinces of the Ummayad and early Abbasid the dynasty of the Great Moghuls. For west of Puli-Khumri. They prove that Empires and a famous centre of Islamic the next two centuries, Afghanistan was Zoroastrianism was practised in Bakhtar culture. After 833, Khurasan became in­ divided between the Safavid Empire of land for a long time and that its greatest dependent under the Taheriddynasty. This Persia and that of the Great Moghuls in fire temple was in Afghanistan. dynasty was followed by the Saffarid and India, while it was agitated by the activi­ Recent excavations have been started in Sumanid Empires during the 9th and 10th ties of Afghan national leaders. After Ghazni which are expected to throw more centuries, and culminated in the establish­ Babur, Sher Shaha, an Afghan prince in light upon Afghanistan's past and the ment of the Ghaznavid Empire of Afghani­ India, succeeded in overthrowing the M>g­ central position it held in influencing the stan, which conquered northwestern India hul Empire briefly. civilizations of the entire Asian continent. under Mahmud of Ghazni. During this time The Archaeological Research and Ex­ (998-1186) Islam was introduced into the cavation Team of the National History Indian subcontinent. That empire was Museum of America has found a rare followed by the Ghurid Empire, emanating historical site in Aq Kaprak, south of from the central mountains of Afghanistan. ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH Mazar Sharif, on the bank of Balkh river. The Ghurids conquered Delhi in 1193 and IN Excavations there have provided evidence expanded eastward toward Bengal. They AFGHANISTAN that Aq Kapra.k was one of the first areas laid down the foundation of the Islamic where animals were domesticated and Sultanate of Delhi, which ruled India under During the last 33 years, archaeological edible grains cultivated in the history of Afghan or Turko-Afghan dynasties for research in Afghanistan has yielded very man's evolution. The head of the team, more than three centuries and promoted valuable results. French, American and Dr. Luis Dupree, said: '' At Aq Kaprak we Islamic Khurasani culture in India, en­ Italian teams have been making excava­ have succeeded in finding archaeological riching it from the treasuries of ancient tions at many sites, including Hadda, remains of five periods,'' Indian thought, art, and science. This age Bagram, Shutrak, Fundukastan, Bamiyan, A remarkable collection was found by of prosperity and culture ended with the Balkh, Kunduz, Kakoke, Mandigak, Surkh Aq Kaprak belonging to 20,000 B.C. It was invasion of Afghanistan by the Mongol Kotal, Ghazni, Lashkargah and Sidikabad. in a graveyard and consists of bracelets, hordes of Genghis Khan. In the course of In 1923 a collection of 20,000 statues silver rings set with lapis lazuli, some eight years (1219-1227) Afghanistan be­ and statuettes was unearthed in Hadda, crude iron weapons and pieces of metallic came a vast graveyard of massacred the center of Gandahara, by Messrs. horse-reins. The team discovered a cave people and a land of ruins. This tragedy Goddard and Butar. These finds have which had been inhabited by nomads of marked the beginning of a dark age for shown that the Greco-Buddhic school of the Bronze Age, proving that while half all the Moslem world, but particularly sculpture was highly developed at the the tribes inhabiting the Middle East were for Khurasan, Turkestan and Persia. beginning of the first century. settled, the other half were nomads. At the beginning of the 15th century, the In 1930 and 1933 when excavations were Mr. Dupree has been engaged in arch­ Timurid princes of Herat established a carried out in Bamiyan, the great Buddist aeological research in Afghanistan since civilized administration which revived center in Afghanistan, a collection of 1949. Afghan Student News Summer 1966 Page 5

PAKHTUNISTAN DAY IN THE UNITED STATES HOME NEWS

Every year the Pakhtunistan independ­ McCLURE REPORTS ON AIT'S ence day is celebrated on September NEW HOME second in Afghanistan, England and in the United States. Russell S. McClure, Director of the Dr. Awrang Shah is the president of U.S. Agency for International Development the Azad Pakhtunistan Association of (USAID) Mission to Afghanistan, said re­ America. The Afghan Student News would cently "a contract for the construction like to present to you some facts about of the new Afghan Institute of Technology Pakhtunistan. For further information you (AIT) was signed last week in Washington, may write to: D.C." "We have been instructed," he said, Azad Pakhtunistan Association of "to begin the project and have authoriza­ America tion to start tomorrow.'' 335 Ochsner Bldg. "The Afghan Highway Constructors Sacramento, California 95814 (AHC)," he explained, "havebeenawarded a contract for $2,399,093.00 granted by The question of Pakhtunistan is the story USAID, with Afs. 77,043,000 pledged by of a relentless struggle by seven million the Afghan Government.'' Pathans for the formation of their own lodged a number of protests with India's AIT was established in 1951 ( 1330) as free state between Afghanistan and Paki­ foreign office after they had bombed an undergraduate technical training stan. parts of Waziristan. school, and USAID began working with the Afghanistan has never claimed to annex Afghanistan's interest in the welfare of Afghan Government in assisting its deve­ the territories inhabited by the people of the people of Pakhtunistan is naturally lopment in 1954 (1333). Initially, a team Pakhtunistan, nor is it because of a free based on bonds of kinship and it has of educators under USAID contract from corridor to the sea that it supports these All the governments to date has been keenly the University of Wyoming worked with people in their struggle for freedom. All the governments to date have been the AIT administration. In 1965 (1344), a In 1893, a line of demarcation was keenly following this path by seeking ways similar group from the Southern Illinois drawn by British India to separate Af­ and means of supporting the tribesmen to University (STU) took on the task. ghanistan from what they called the North be able to determine their own destiny. The new AIT facility will include class­ West Frontier Province of India. This The British government was aware of the rooms, a library, a combination audi­ was called the Durand Line. separate entity of the people of Pakh­ torium and dining room, offices and a The Durand Line was neither based on tunistan as they didn't have anything in dormitory for 400 students,'' said Mc­ ethnic nor on geographic considerations. common with Punjabis, Sikhs and Bengalis. Clure. It separated, and still does, members of They spoke a different language, had a "A series of shops," he went on, "will the same family for no reason other than different culture and were too proud to be permit up-to-minute, practical instruction political. amalgamated with the other elements over in metal working, electricity, automotive The fallacy of this line and the cruel which they ruled over a long span of work, construction and aviation.'' consequences thereof were discussed in time before the British occupied all the AID gives a four-year course covering detail by several British authors such as subcontinent of India. The monuments of grades 10 through 13. Many of its grad­ William Barton in his North West Frontier the Lodi kings are still intact in Delhi. uates go on to key jobs in Afghanistan's Province and later by none other than the The Kutb Minar is a living symbol of the growing industry though some attend Kabul British ambassador to Afghanistan, Sir rule over India by the Khil j id ynasty which University. Frazer Tytler in his scholarly work en­ is a landmark of the Indian capital. Architects for the project are the firm titled Afghanistan. Before the partition of India into India of Daniel, Mann, Johnson and Mendenhall The fact that Amir Abdul Rahman did and Pakistan in 1947, the British conducted (DMJM), who are advisors to the Ministry not sign the map on which the line was a referendum in the tribal areas but un­ of Education. drawn is a clear proof of the disapproval fortunately they were asked to vote either of Afghanistan's government. His son and for India or Pakistan. They were not given successor, Amir Habibullah followed in his the choice to vote a free Pakhtunistan. TWO HOSPITALS TO SERVE father's footsteps by communicating with Even so the people in the unsettled areas STUDENTS IN PROVINCES the tribesmen on the other side of the did not vote at all. ln the settled areas, arbitrary line. So did his son and suc­ Kahn Abdul Ghaffar Khan, founder of the The Ministry of Education plans to open cessor, King Amanullah, who declared Red Shirt party and his followers who two hospitals for serving students in the war against the British in 1919 and in numbered several thousands boycotted the provinces. So far the Ministry has opened whose reign Afghanistan gained her com­ referendum. Therefore the number of only three hospitals in the provinces. plete independence. votes thus obtained from unsuspecting Giving this news, President of the The Pakhtuns not only assisted the sould through trickery was not so great Health Department of Education Ministry, Afghan soldiers in logistics but also those to bestow the destiny of the 7 million Dr. Hassan Ali said the hospitals will have who served in the British militia and can­ people upon the Pakistani leaders. 10 beds each and will be built in places tonments laid down their weapons and Ever since there have been nun1erous where health care is lacking. surrendered to General Mohammed Nadir clashes between Pakistani officials and For the treatment of provincial students who was Afghanistan's commander-in­ Pakhtuns in the settled areas. In the other studying at boarding schools in Kabul the chief. parts the people have their local councils Ministry has opened a 40-bed hospital at During Amanullah' s reign and later when and decide every issue at their jirgas in AIT, Ka rte Char. General Nadir had become Afghanistan's their traditional way. Dr. Hassan Ali said under the Ministry' s ruler, there were many communications The people of Pakhtunistan have pre­ development program a number of health exchanged between the government of served their way of life even though most centers will also be opened in the pro­ Afghanistan and that of British India. of them are under foreign domination. vinces. The most important document in this Mr. James W. Spain who was once Ameri­ regard was an article in the 19 22 treaty can consul at Peshawar was so much taken of friendship signed between Afghanistan with the Pakhtuns that he spent almost and British India which clearly expressed all of his leisure in studying their folk­ In prosperity our friends know us but Afghanistan's interest in and concern for ways and mores which resulted in his in adversity we know our friends. the tribal people. The Afghan government scholarly book The Way of the Pnthons. -Lester Sims, Cambridge, Mass. Page 6 Summer 1966 Afghan Student News

MINERAL DEPOSITS IN AFGHANISTAN CHAPTER REPORT

The geological formation of Afghanistan Limestone: As deposits of this stone The Los Angeles Chapter held an "Af­ shows huge deposits of iron, lead, sulphur, (four million tons are available) are found ghan Night,'' at the International Student manganese, marble, gypsum, and precious not more than one to two kilometres from Center of UCLA on July 24. stones such as lapis lazuli and rubies. the iron mines at Hajigak in Bamiyan The colorful display of Afghan handi­ Some of the mines have been exploited province, they can be conveniently used crafts was very attractive. Following the to some extend during the past 100 years, in the melting of iron ore there. delicious and exotic Afghan food, the while others, such as coal, oil, chrome Barite: A research program was program started with the film, '' Afghani­ and antimony, were discovered during the launched in 1964 to find barite and celestine stan-Land of Beauty and hospitality." past 60 years. Oil deposits exist in which is used in digging oil wells. Barite Then a brief introductory speech about northern Afghanistan from Rustag and is found in Frinjal, 600 kilometres from Afghanistan was given by Dr. Ludwig Taluqan in the east to the Iranian border the place where it would be used, but Adamec, who recently received his Ph.D. in the west, and from the Hindu Kush celestine is available in Mazar province on Afghanistan history from UCLA. The range in the north to the Oxus River. which is not too far from the place where program ended with some Afghan folk According to oil experts prospecting an oil project has already been started. songs and national dances. at Saripul in Mazar-i-Sharif province, oil The material has been tested and has Our guests at this event were not only has been discovered at a pressure of proved useful in digging oil wells. The Americans, but also students from many nearly 60 atmospheres in that area. The total amount of celestine at Tangi-Murch other countries. The aim of such a pro­ deposits discovered there are composed is about 50,000 tons. Another celestine gram, which was to introduce Afghanistan of diesel oil and mobiloil, with about 6 mine is in the northwest of Kunduz. historically and culturally, was carried percent of gas. These oil deposits have Lapis lazuli: The expedition of 1964 is out successfully. been estimated at eight to nine million being completed at the Sar-i-Sang mines. Jamila Aimaq tons. In the second Five-Year Plan, lapis lazuli Vice-President Other oil-bearing areas of Afghanistan of type C-1 was estimated to be 40 tons, include Kalai-Nao, Herat, Shiberghan, and type C-2 to be 20 tons. But according his gold or jewels, but his inward cleanli­ F aryab, Rustaq, Takhar and the area north to latest estimates that tonnage was in­ ness and contentment.'' of the Hindu Kush range up to the borders creased to about 59 and 93. '' He is not POOR that has little, but he of Iran. Two new mines of lapis lazuli have been who desires to possess things far more Large deposits of sulphur have been discovered in the Kokcha and Sar-i-Sang than his basic needs of life." discovered at Darrah-Noor in Nangarhar. valleys. "The reality of man is his HEART and Coal deposits are found at Ishpushta, 181 Precious Stones: As a result of the not his wealth. A compassionate, cheerful miles to the north of Kabul, and at Karrukh, research program started in 1964, a large and contented heart surpasses all riches." situated at a distance of 70 miles to the mine with two kinds of beryl was found "True greatness or FAME is the echo northeast of Herat. Sulphur has also been around Paich Valley in Kunar province. of kind and humble deeds. A good name discovered at a place situated seven miles One kind is estimated at 870 tons, and the is better than mere possession of vast to the northeast of Puli Khumri. other at 4,650 tons. wealth.'' Two forms of salt are found in Afghani­ The latest survey shows that Afghanistan "SIMPLICITY is a safeguard against stan. Rock salt is found in Taluqan, Kanda­ is very rich in deposits of precious stones. life's greatest sorrows. It is foolish to har, Chaul and Quraq in Kataghan province, It is expected that Afghanistan will begin sit on a golden throne if a wooden stool and at Shahrak in Herat province. The to utilize these deposits during the third is good enough.'' second form, brine, is found at Khulm, Five-Year Plan. "Your character is often revealed by Andkhoy, Her at and Malikdinkhel in Mokor. Gold: In 1964, a complete survey was your SPEECH. So choose words with the As a result of the geological survey of made of an area 40 kilometres square. same caution that you choose friends.'' 1964 valuable mineral deposits have been This area is situated in Badakhshan pro­ "VIRTUE is the denial of self from found in Afghanistan. The main purpose of vince. The results show that it contains wrong conduct. It is to soul what health is this survey was to take geological pictures various kinds of gold. to body. Fine manners are the shadows of an area 7,000 kilometres square in of virtue." search for deposits of gold, lapis lazuli, '' The noblest acts of CHARITY for a rich beryl, coal, aml the materials to be used GREAT QUOTATIONS OF man is to shelter, feed, clothe, educate in the melting of iron ore. The survey PROPHET MOHAMMAD and love as many orphans as possible for showed the presence of about two billion him." tons of iron at Hajigak in Bamian province. ''There is a POLISH for everything "Men by nature are made unequal. True The report says that 62 percent iron is and the polish for the mind is the remem­ EQUALITY is of souls and not of ranks, available in these mineral deposits. brance of God." wealth or bodies." According to the latest reports, 45 mil­ '' As the body is purified by water and '' An ideal STA TE is that where wealth lion tons of oxidized iron is available in earth, similarly the MIND is purified by is distributed among people in proportion these deposits. reason and truth.'' to their deeds and not greeds.'' In addition to barite, quartz, limestone "True HAPPINESS depends on habitual "Bad LAWS are the worst sorts of ty­ and dolomite have also been found at noble thinking. Remember that a thought ranny and therefore peaceful and united llajigak. is to the mind what a food is to the body." resistance to tyrants is obedience to In 1964, a prospecting team started to "What love is to the heart, so FREE­ God.'' study the coalmines at Shalashak in Balkh DOM is to the soul. No man is really ''The KING or priest who does not work province. It was reported that a layer of free if he is not a wise master of himself.'' selflessly for the welfare of his people is about 25 million tons of pure coal existed ''The best KNOWLEDGE is that which a hypocrite deserving severe punish­ in these mines. There is another coalmine benefits its seeker. If possible, go even to ment." at Salzak Pass with estimated deposits of the farthest corner of the globe to acquire "The delay of JUSTICE is the greatest ten million tons of coal. Besides the coal­ it." of injustice. He who flees from the trial mines at Danitoor, Shalashak, Darwaza, ''EDUCATION is the best ornament. of justice, confesses his guilt." Qara Kotal, Ishpushta, Barfak, Karkar, The mother who teaches her child the "The best WAR is the war against Doodkash, Nahrin, Chihl and Zanboorah, wisdom of life from an early age is the ignorance and superstition, against pov­ there are others at Leily, Garmak, Sari­ best mother." erty and disease, against selfishness and toor, (~aram Qul, Darwaza-i-Shemali and ''The chief WISDOM of life for a man oppression.'' Sarasia where sufficient quantities of coal consists in knowing his own follies and "Wealth lost, little lost; health lost, can be found for Afghanistan's rapidly in correcting them.'' much lost; honour lost, most lost; COUR­ developing industries. "The richest WEALTH of a man is not AGE lost, all lost." Page 7 Afghan Student News Summer 1966

HOME NEWS

LAST SECTION OF ASIAN HIGHWAY TO BE BUILT BY 1968

The Afghan Highway Cohstruction, Inc. (AHC) has begun gathering personnel and equipment for the building of a highway between Herat and Islam Qala on the Afghan-Iran border. This follows the award recently of a contract to AHC for the project. lt provides for Afs. 64,000,000 pledged by the Afghan government and $7,485,000 available through a 1965 U.S. Agency for International Development (USAlD) loan for 7. 7 million dollars. Extending over a 40 year period the loan specifies interest of 3/4 of !%during a 10 year grace period and 2% for the remaining 30 years. The U.S. Corps of Engineers signed the contract with AHC last week in Livorno, Italy. The Corps will be responsible for super­ vising the project, insuring proper con­ struction and maintaining required stand­ ards. They acted in the same capacity for the building of the Kabul-Kandahar Road which was also done by AHC. AHC consists of a group of U.S. Road­ building companies. The new road will be 124 kilometers Minister of . ... and prospective employee. long with an asphalt surface 5.52 meters or wide and shoulders 1.2 meters on each How to get ahead in the world. side. Officials say it will be completed in 1968. Actual construction will begin next A VIEW OF NOMADIC LIFE IN AFGHANISTAN spring though AHC already has begun building its base camp near Herat and A black camp pitched in a lush green are endowed with two precious qualities: started to transfer heavy road buildiug valley with an open fire in front and a self-respect and self-control. equipment from sites near Kabul, Chazni blue starry sky above characterizes the The kochis are early risers, hard work­ and Kandahar. picturesque life of the nomad. lt is care­ ers, and sincere believers. They get up at The road is a key link in the Asian free life spent in moving, grazing the dawn, build a fire to make their simple Highway, and the last section to be built cattle, inhaling the freshest air, eating breakfast, graze the cattle until noon, have in Afghanistan. the simple food, wearing the most color­ a simple lunch, and work on their produce. Provision of the USAlD development ful clothing, and visiting various new Many kochi women give birth to children loan calls for the purchase of maintenance places. while they are moving from one pasture equipment with funds remaining above the It is paradoxical that the urban people to another, and no sooner is the child contract price of construction. always envy the adventurous nomadic life, washed and clad in the traditional black, and at the same time, want them to settle than she gets up and helps her too busy down and lose so much color. sister-in-law or a napping eighty-year-old AFS STUDENTS GO TO U.S. A nomad or a "kochi" as we call it, is mother-in-law. a strongly-built Afghan, often a six-footer, The kochis seldom know what pain is, A group of 24 students from Habibia, with the genuine Aryan complexion, and a because they have only a vague idea about Ghazi and Naderia schools left Kabul sun-tanned face. He usually wears a black it. Being always on the move, getting recently for the United States. They will turban to protect his head from the sun enough sunshine and fresh air, eating the study for one year and live with American and dust, a long black shirt, and a volum­ simplest possible food, and finally, taking families. The students are 11th and 12th inous pair of trousers, the lower part of a lot of physical exercise, all these give graders. which is usually black, and the upper, of the kochi an over-all immunity against varied colors. He walks slowly and proud­ sickness and all sorts of pain. ly; slowly because his camels are a bit Having amazingly adjusted themselves tired from the last trip, and proudly be­ to nature, the kochis avoid the complica­ FIRST WRESTLING MATCH cause he has never done anything to be tions and artificialities of modern man. OF YEAR ashamed of in his entire carefree life. They cannot sit in a small room with its HELD HERE The kochi women wear black '' chadars'' windows shut and its air stale and con­ but no "chadaris," scarlet-red or purple sumed. The words ''fireplace,'' ''stove'' Kabul-The first wrestling match of this gowns, and wrinkling trousers of various or "sandali," the Afghan special device year was held recently in Ghazi stadium, colors. They are all taller and stronger to preserve heat in winter, make no sense under the auspices of the Afghan Olympic than the village or city women, and more to them. Federation. manly. They never recoil when they see a Whenever they feel a chill i11 their The 12 contestants taking part in the stranger or guest, and never refuse to bones, they start moving to the Eastern show drew a large number of spectators. receive visitors when their men are not Province, where they can find enough Contests will be held, a federation in. On the contrary, they behave as equal pasturage, plenty of sunshine, and an source said, every Friday afternoon. members of the wandering community, and To be concluded in neJ't issue Page 8 Summer 1966 Afghan Student News

also who was not well liked by the dedi­ cated volunteers. A proper investigation should cause Peace Corps officials to stop their training programs with the Experi­ ment in International Living until such undesirable personnel has been removed and the injustices have been made right.

A FEW WORDS ABOUT WOMEN

'' As children they require tender care, and in their teens, excitement. "In the twenties, it's love and children. "In the thirties, admiration. "In the forties, sympathy. '' In the fifties-CASH.''

My crown is in my heart, not on my head, Not decked with diamonds and Indian stones, Nor to be seen: my crown is call'd content. -Shakespeare

Face the situation fearlessly, and soon there will be no situation to face. -Author Unknown

U.S. PEACE CORPS IN AFGHANISTAN Keep thy eyes wide open before marriage and half-shut afterwards. Shortly after the first group of volun­ for training volunteers in the Peace Corps -Benjamin Franklin teers arrived in Kabul in 1962, additional program (in the fall of 1963 and in the volunteers were requested. Currently, summer of 1964), f have be~m terribly QUOTATION FOR THIS MONTH there are about 170 Peace Corps Volun­ disappointed. teers scattered throughout the country On different occasions our immediate Someone is sad, then speak a word of working as En,glish teachers, math and supervisor had arguments with an Afghan cheer, science teachers, nurses, laboratory tech­ friend of mine who also was teaching Someone is lonely, make him welcome nicians, accountants, secretaries, and language during the training period. here, mechanics. Additional Volunteers will be Several months later when one of the Someone has . failed, protect him from arriving within the next few months and Afghan student teachers applied for a job despair, they include four Volunteer doctors who and proudly gave his Peace Corps position Someone is poor-there's something you will teach at the medical school in J ala­ as a reference, they blackballed him. can spare. labad, and a new group of about 20 nurses I would like to ask the Peace Corps -Author Unknown who will work in hospitals and provincial officials for a complete investigation of "Ask not what your country can do for nursing schools. this 'agency, The Experiment in Inter­ you; ask rather what you can do for your The Volunteers live in a number of dif­ national Living, which would employ a country." (John F. Kennedy) ferent areas outside of Kabul including man who victimized an Afghan student, This is an appropriate question for such communities as Mazar-i-Sharif, who had his own family problems, and Afghans to ask themselves today. Herat, Farah, Kandahar, Tegari, Ghazni, Puli Khumri, Maimana, Bost, Charikar, Kunduz and J alalabad. Up to now lang­ AFGHAN STUDENT NEWS uage training for the Volunteers has been P.O. Box 4818 in Dari but the doctors who will be arriving shortly are learning Pashtu. Washington, D.C. 20008 Indeed it was a privilege for me to be Return Requested one of five Afghan students who were employed to teach our native language and our knowledge about Afghanistan to the Peace Corps Volunteers who were going to Afghanistan. The training was conducted by the Experiment in International Living in Brattleboro, Vermont. The volunteers were wonderful to work with. They were very ambitious and dedi­ cated to their work. Long hours of train­ ing and the hardship oflearning an entirely different language were no barriers to them. They all loved Afghanistan. The youngest in the group was 18 and the oldest (but young in heart) was 65. It is very unfortunate and regrettable to say that after two terms of work with the Experiment in International Living