DOCSLIB.ORG

Denisonia Hydrophis Parapistocalamus Toxicocalamus Disteira Kerilia Pelamis Tropidechis Drysdalia Kolpophis Praescutata Vermicella Echiopsis Lapemis

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Denisonia Hydrophis Parapistocalamus Toxicocalamus Disteira Kerilia Pelamis Tropidechis Drysdalia Kolpophis Praescutata Vermicella Echiopsis Lapemis The following is a work in progress and is intended to be a printable quick reference for the venomous snakes of the world. There are a few areas in which common names are needed and various disputes occur due to the nature of such a list, and it will of course be continually changing and updated. And nearly all species have many common names, but tried it simple and hopefully one for each will suffice. I also did not include snakes such as Heterodon ( Hognoses), mostly because I have to draw the line somewhere. Disclaimer: I am not a taxonomist, that being said, I did my best to try and put together an accurate list using every available resource. However, it must be made very clear that a list of this nature will always have disputes within, and THIS particular list is meant to reflect common usage instead of pioneering the field. I put this together at the request of several individuals new to the venomous endeavor, and after seeing some very blatant mislabels in the classifieds…I do hope it will be of some use, it prints out beautifully and I keep my personal copy in a three ring binder for quick access…I honestly thought I knew more than I did…LOL… to my surprise, I learned a lot while compiling this list and I hope you will as well when you use it…I also would like to thank the following people for their suggestions and much needed help: Dr.Wolfgang Wuster , Mark Oshea, and Dr. Brian Greg Fry. Best wishes Sierra VENOMOUS SPECIES OF THE WORLD COMPILED BY SIERRA Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Class: Reptilia Order: Squamata Suborder: Serpentes Superfamily: Xenophidia Families: Atracaspididae Subfamily: Atractaspidinae Aparallactinae Colubridae Elapidae 1 Subfamily: Hydrophiidae Viperidae Subfamily:Azemiopinae Subfamily:Crotalinae Subfamily: Viperinae Subfamily: Causiae Family Viperidae (Vipers and Pit Vipers) Subfamily Azemiopinae Azemiops SubfamilyCausinae Causus Subfamily Crotalinae (Pit Vipers) Agkistrodon Gloydius Calloselasma Porthidium Atropoides Hypnale Cerrophidion Protobothrops Bothriechis Lachesis Crotalus Sistrurus Bothriopsis Ophryacus Deinagkistrodon Trimeresurus Bothrocophias Ovophis Ermia Tropidolaemus Bothrops Subfamily Viperinae (Pitless Vipers) Adenorhinos Daboia Macrovipera Pseudocerastes Atheris Echis Montatheris Vipera Bitis Eristicophis Proatheris Cerastes 2 Family Elapidae (cobras, coral snakes etc.) Aspidelaps Elapsoidea Micruroides Pseudohaje Boulengerina Hemachatus Micrurus Walterinnesia Bungarus Hemibungarus Naja Calliophis Homoroselaps Ophiophagus Dendroaspis Maticora Paranaja Subfamily Hydrophiinae (Australasian and marine Elapids) Acalyptophis Elapognathus Laticauda Pseudechis Acanthophis Emydocephalus Loveridgelaps Pseudonaja Aipysurus Enhydrina Micropechis Rhinoplocephalus Aspidomorphus Ephalophis Notechis Salomonelaps Astrotia Furina Ogmodon Simoselaps Austrelaps Hemiaspis Oxyuranus Suta Cacophis Hoplocephalus Pailsus Thalassophina Demansia Hydrelaps Parahydrophis Thalassophis Denisonia Hydrophis Parapistocalamus Toxicocalamus Disteira Kerilia Pelamis Tropidechis Drysdalia Kolpophis Praescutata Vermicella Echiopsis Lapemis Family Atracaspididae (Mole vipers/Stiletto Snakes) Subfamily Atractaspidinae Atractaspis Subfamily Aparallactinae Amblyodipsas Macrelaps Aparallactus Polemon Brachyophis Xenocalamus Chilorhinophis Hypoptophis Micrelaps Elapotinus 3 Family Colubridae (listing only the rear-fanged venomous snakes) (The arrangement of Colubridae is currently suited to common usage, however, changes in the entire Family and subfamilies are inevitable in the future, thus changing this arrangement) Subfamily Cloubrinae Boiga Dispholidus Thelotornis Subfamily Natricinae Rhabdophis Subfamily Psammophiinae Malpolon Subfamily Xenodontinae Hydrodynastes Philodryas Tachymenis Family Viperidae (pit vipers and vipers) Subfamily Azemiopinae Azemiops Azimiops fea common name: Fea’s viper Subspecies: none Subfamily Crotalinae(pit vipers) Agkistrodon Agkistrodon bilineatus Common name: Cantils Subspecies: Agkistrodon bilineatus bilineatus Common name: Mexican Cantil Agkistrodon bilineatus howardgloydi Common name: Costa Rican Cantil Agkistrodon bilineatus lemosespinali Common name: Agkistrodon bilineatus russeolus Common name: Yucatan Cantil 4 Agkistrodon contortrix Subspecies: Agkistrodon contortrix contortrix Common name: Southern copperhead Agkistrodon contortrix mokasen Common name: Northern copperhead Agkistrodon contortrix laticinctus Common name: Broad-banded copperhead Agkistrodon contortrix phaeogaster Common name: Osage copperhead Agkistrodon contortrix pictigaster Common name: Transpecos copperhead Agkistrodon piscivorus Subspecies: Agkistrodon piscivorus conanti Common name: Florida cottonmouth Agkistrodon piscivorus leucostoma Common name: Western cotonmouth Agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus Common name: Eastern cottonmouth Agkistrodon taylori Common name: Taylors cantil/Ornate Cantil Atropoides Atropoides nummifer Common name:Jumping Pit Viper Subspecies: Atropoides nummifer mexicanus Common name:Mexican Jumping Pit Viper Atropoides nummifer nummifer Common name:Jumping Pit Viper Atropoides nummifer occiduus Common name:Western Jumping Pit Viper Atropoides olmec Common name -Olmecan Pit Viper- Subspecies:none Atropoides picadoi Common name Picado's Pit Viper Subspecies:none Bothriechis Bothriechis aurifer Common name: Yellow-blotched Palm Pit Viper Subspecies: none Bothriechis bicolor Common name: Guatemala Palm Pit Viper Subspecies: none Bothriechis lateralisCommon name: Coffee Palm Viper Subspecies: none Bothriechis marchi Common name: March's Palm Pit Viper Subspecies: none Bothriechis nigroviridis Common name: Black-speckled Palm Pit Viper Subspecies: none Bothriechis rowleyi Common name: Rowley's Palm Pit Viper Subspecies: none Bothriechis schlegelii Common name: Eyelash Viper Subspecies: none Bothriechis supraciliaris- Common name: Subspecies: none Bothriechis thalassinus- Common name: Subspecies: none Bothriopsis( Many authors reguard species of this group as part of Bothrops) Bothriopsis bilineata Common name:Green Jararaca/Two striped Forest Pit viper Subspecies: Bothriopsis bilineata bilineata Common name: Bothriopsis bilineata smaragdina Common name: Bothriopsis medusa Common name: Venezuela Forest Pit Viper Subspecies: none Bothriopsis oligolepis Common name: Inca Forest Pit Viper Subspecies: none Bothriopsis peruviana Common name: Peru Forest Pit Viper Subspecies: none 5 Bothriopsis pulchra Common name:Ecuadorian/Andean Forest Pit Viper Subspecies: none Bothriopsis punctata Common name: Chocoan Forest Pit Viper Subspecies: none Bothriopsis taeniata Common name: Speckled Forest Pit Viper Subspecies: Bothriopsis taeniata taeniata Common name: Bothriopsis taeniata lichenosa Common name: Bothrocophias Bothrocophias campbelli Common name-Dusky Lancehead :Subspecies: none Bothrocophias hyoprora Common name-Amazonian Hog-nosed pit viper Subspecies: none Bothrocophias microphthalmus Common name: Small-eyed Lancehead Subspecies: none Bothrocophias myersi Common name: Myer’s Lancehead Subspecies: none Bothrops Bothrops alcatraz Common name:Alcatrazes Lancehead Subspecies: none Bothrops alternatus Common name: Urutu Subspecies: none Bothrops ammodytoides Common name: Longnose Lancehead, Patagonian Lancehead Subspecies: none Bothrops andianus - Common name: Andean Lancehead Subspecies: none Bothrops asper Common name: Terciopelo, Barba Amarilla Subspecies: none Bothrops atrox - Common name: Common Lancehead, Fer-de-Lance Subspecies: none Bothrops barnetti - Common name: Barnett's Lancehead Subspecies: none Bothrops brazili -Common name: Brazil's Lancehead Subspecies: none Bothrops cambelli-Common name: Subspecies: none Bothrops caribbaeus-Common name: Saint Lucia Lancehead Subspecies: none Bothrops colombianus- Common name: Colombian Lancehead Subspecies: none Bothrops colombiensis- Common name: Wolfgang’s Lancehead :0) Subspecies: none Bothrops cotiara - Common name: Cotiara Subspecies: none Bothrops erythromelas - Common name: Caatinga Lancehead Subspecies: none Bothrops fonsecai - Common name: Fonseca's Lancehead Subspecies: none Bothrops iglesiasi -Common name: Sertao Lancehead Subspecies: none Bothrops insularis - Common name: Golden Lancehead Subspecies: none Bothrops itapetiningae -Common name: Sao Paulo Lancehead Subspecies: none Bothrops jararaca - Common name: Jararaca Subspecies: none Bothrops jararacussu -Common name: JararacussuSubspecies: none Bothrops jonathani - Common name: Jonathan's Lancehead Subspecies: none Bothrops lanceolatus - Common name: Martinique Lancehead Subspecies: none Bothrops leucurus Common name: Whitetail Lancehead Subspecies: none Bothrops lojanus -Common name: Lojan Lancehead Subspecies: none Bothrops marajoensis -Common name: Marajó Lancehead Subspecies: none Bothrops moojeni -Common name: Brazilian Lancehead Subspecies: none Bothrops muriciensis- Common name: Bothrops neuwiedi - Common name: Jararaca Pintada, Neuwied’s Lancehead 6 Subspecies: Bothrops neuwiedi bolivianus Bothrops neuwiedi diporus Bothrops neuwiedi goyazensis Bothrops neuwiedi lutzi-Common name: Lutz Lancehead Bothrops neuwiedi matogrossensis Bothrops neuwiedi meridionalis Bothrops neuwiedi neuwiedi Common name: Neuwieds Lancehead Bothrops neuwiedi paranaensis Bothrops neuwiedi pauloensis Bothrops neuwiedi piauhyensis Bothrops neuwiedi pubescens Bothrops neuwiedi urutu Bothrops pictus - Common name: Desert Lancehead- Subspecies: none Bothrops pirajai -Common name: Piraja's Lancehead Subspecies: none Bothrops roedingeri-Common name: Roedinger’s Lancehead
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Xenosaurus Tzacualtipantecus. the Zacualtipán Knob-Scaled Lizard Is Endemic to the Sierra Madre Oriental of Eastern Mexico
    Xenosaurus tzacualtipantecus. The Zacualtipán knob-scaled lizard is endemic to the Sierra Madre Oriental of eastern Mexico. This medium-large lizard (female holotype measures 188 mm in total length) is known only from the vicinity of the type locality in eastern Hidalgo, at an elevation of 1,900 m in pine-oak forest, and a nearby locality at 2,000 m in northern Veracruz (Woolrich- Piña and Smith 2012). Xenosaurus tzacualtipantecus is thought to belong to the northern clade of the genus, which also contains X. newmanorum and X. platyceps (Bhullar 2011). As with its congeners, X. tzacualtipantecus is an inhabitant of crevices in limestone rocks. This species consumes beetles and lepidopteran larvae and gives birth to living young. The habitat of this lizard in the vicinity of the type locality is being deforested, and people in nearby towns have created an open garbage dump in this area. We determined its EVS as 17, in the middle of the high vulnerability category (see text for explanation), and its status by the IUCN and SEMAR- NAT presently are undetermined. This newly described endemic species is one of nine known species in the monogeneric family Xenosauridae, which is endemic to northern Mesoamerica (Mexico from Tamaulipas to Chiapas and into the montane portions of Alta Verapaz, Guatemala). All but one of these nine species is endemic to Mexico. Photo by Christian Berriozabal-Islas. amphibian-reptile-conservation.org 01 June 2013 | Volume 7 | Number 1 | e61 Copyright: © 2013 Wilson et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Com- mons Attribution–NonCommercial–NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License, which permits unrestricted use for non-com- Amphibian & Reptile Conservation 7(1): 1–47.
    [Show full text]
  • Supplemental Information Biological Conservation No Safe Haven: Protection Levels Show Imperilled South African Reptiles Not
    Supplemental Information Biological Conservation No safe haven: protection levels show imperilled South African reptiles not sufficiently safe- guarded despite low average extinction risk Krystal A. Tolley, Joshua Weeber, Bryan Maritz, Luke Verburgt, Michael F. Bates, Werner Conradie, Margaretha D. Hofmeyr, Andrew A. Turner, Jessica M. da Silva, Graham J. Alexander Supplemental Figures S1-S3 Figure S1. Species richness of threatened and Near Threatened reptiles in South Africa. 1 Figure S2. Reptile species richness in South Africa (darker shades indicate higher richness), with the current protected area network indicated by the black outlines. 2 Figure S3. Reptile species richness in South Africa (darker shades indicate higher richness), with the current protected area network indicated by the grey shaded polygons and the protected area expansion network indicated by black polygon outlines. 3 Appendix S1. Protocol for Measuring Protection Level for South African Reptiles The following process was applied to measure the level of protection for each species, using the interpreted distributions for the species (see main text). We evaluated the effectiveness of South Africa’s protected area network in ensuring that minimum viable populations of reptiles are protected. We set a conservation target for protection of at least 10 fragments of protected habitat, each with areas greater than 10 km2 (1000 ha) for a total of 100 km2 for each species. The fragment size was considered to be the minimum area that would support viable populations, with the total area considered to be the total area needed to safeguard the species survival into the future. The interpreted distributions for each species were then intersected with South Africa’s protected area network (Government of South Africa, 2010).
    [Show full text]
  • Cairns Regional Council Water and Waste Report for Mulgrave River Aquifer Feasibility Study Flora and Fauna Report
    Cairns Regional Council Water and Waste Report for Mulgrave River Aquifer Feasibility Study Flora and Fauna Report November 2009 Contents 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Scope 1 1.3 Project Study Area 2 2. Methodology 4 2.1 Background and Approach 4 2.2 Demarcation of the Aquifer Study Area 4 2.3 Field Investigation of Proposed Bore Hole Sites 5 2.4 Overview of Ecological Values Descriptions 5 2.5 PER Guidelines 5 2.6 Desktop and Database Assessments 7 3. Database Searches and Survey Results 11 3.1 Information Sources 11 3.2 Species of National Environmental Significance 11 3.3 Queensland Species of Conservation Significance 18 3.4 Pest Species 22 3.5 Vegetation Communities 24 3.6 Regional Ecosystem Types and Integrity 28 3.7 Aquatic Values 31 3.8 World Heritage Values 53 3.9 Results of Field Investigation of Proposed Bore Hole Sites 54 4. References 61 Table Index Table 1: Summary of NES Matters Protected under Part 3 of the EPBC Act 5 Table 2 Summary of World Heritage Values within/adjacent Aquifer Area of Influence 6 Table 3: Species of NES Identified as Occurring within the Study Area 11 Table 4: Summary of Regional Ecosystems and Groundwater Dependencies 26 42/15610/100421 Mulgrave River Aquifer Feasibility Study Flora and Fauna Report Table 5: Freshwater Fish Species in the Mulgrave River 36 Table 6: Estuarine Fish Species in the Mulgrave River 50 Table 7: Description of potential borehole field in Aloomba as of 20th August, 2009. 55 Figure Index Figure 1: Regional Ecosystem Conservation Status and Protected Species Observation 21 Figure 2: Vegetation Communities and Groundwater Dependencies 30 Figure 3: Locations of Study Sites 54 Appendices A Database Searches 42/15610/100421 Mulgrave River Aquifer Feasibility Study Flora and Fauna Report 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Controlled Animals
    Environment and Sustainable Resource Development Fish and Wildlife Policy Division Controlled Animals Wildlife Regulation, Schedule 5, Part 1-4: Controlled Animals Subject to the Wildlife Act, a person must not be in possession of a wildlife or controlled animal unless authorized by a permit to do so, the animal was lawfully acquired, was lawfully exported from a jurisdiction outside of Alberta and was lawfully imported into Alberta. NOTES: 1 Animals listed in this Schedule, as a general rule, are described in the left hand column by reference to common or descriptive names and in the right hand column by reference to scientific names. But, in the event of any conflict as to the kind of animals that are listed, a scientific name in the right hand column prevails over the corresponding common or descriptive name in the left hand column. 2 Also included in this Schedule is any animal that is the hybrid offspring resulting from the crossing, whether before or after the commencement of this Schedule, of 2 animals at least one of which is or was an animal of a kind that is a controlled animal by virtue of this Schedule. 3 This Schedule excludes all wildlife animals, and therefore if a wildlife animal would, but for this Note, be included in this Schedule, it is hereby excluded from being a controlled animal. Part 1 Mammals (Class Mammalia) 1. AMERICAN OPOSSUMS (Family Didelphidae) Virginia Opossum Didelphis virginiana 2. SHREWS (Family Soricidae) Long-tailed Shrews Genus Sorex Arboreal Brown-toothed Shrew Episoriculus macrurus North American Least Shrew Cryptotis parva Old World Water Shrews Genus Neomys Ussuri White-toothed Shrew Crocidura lasiura Greater White-toothed Shrew Crocidura russula Siberian Shrew Crocidura sibirica Piebald Shrew Diplomesodon pulchellum 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Advice to the Minister for Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population
    The Minister included this species in the vulnerable category, effective from 11 May 2012 Advice to the Minister for Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities from the Threatened Species Scientific Committee (the Committee) on Amendment to the list of Threatened Species under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) 1. Name Acanthophis hawkei The species is commonly known as the plains death adder. It is in the Family Elapidae. 2. Reason for Conservation Assessment by the Committee This advice follows assessment of information provided by a public nomination to list the plains death adder. The nominator suggested listing in the vulnerable category of the list. This is the Committee’s first consideration of the species under the EPBC Act. 3. Summary of Conclusion The Committee judges that the species has been demonstrated to have met sufficient elements of Criterion 1 to make it eligible for listing as vulnerable. 4. Taxonomy The plains death adder is conventionally accepted as a distinct species. The species has been formally described by Wells and Wellington (1985) and the subsequent genetic work by Wüster et al. (2005) allows the species to be defined by reference to a phylogenetic clade and accessioned sequences. A scientific institution has a specimen of the species (Northern Territory museum (R3677)) and the taxon is recognised as a distinct species by both the Northern Territory museum and the Queensland Museum. 5. Description The plains death adder is a robust terrestrial snake which grows to a maximum length of approximately 1.2 m (Wells and Wellington, 1985). The species’ dorsal side ranges in colour from shades of grey to a brownish-red, usually with wide, lighter bands across the body.
    [Show full text]
  • Real-Time DNA Barcoding in a Remote Rainforest Using Nanopore Sequencing
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/189159; this version posted September 15, 2017. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 Real-time DNA barcoding in a remote rainforest using nanopore sequencing 2 3 Aaron Pomerantz1,*, Nicolás Peñafiel2, Alejandro Arteaga3, Lucas Bustamante3, Frank Pichardo3, 4 Luis A. Coloma4, César L. Barrio-Amorós5, David Salazar-Valenzuela2, Stefan Prost 1,6,* 5 6 1 Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA 7 2 Centro de Investigación de la Biodiversidad y Cambio Climático (BioCamb) e Ingeniería en 8 Biodiversidad y Recursos Genéticos, Facultad de Ciencias de Medio Ambiente, Universidad 9 Tecnológica Indoamérica, Machala y Sabanilla, Quito, Ecuador 10 3 Tropical Herping, Quito, Ecuador 11 4 Centro Jambatu de Investigación y Conservación de Anfibios, Fundación Otonga, Quito, 12 Ecuador 13 5 Doc Frog Expeditions, Uvita, Costa Rica 14 6 Program for Conservation Genomics, Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 15 USA 16 17 * Corresponding authors: [email protected] (A. Pomerantz) and 18 [email protected] (S. Prost) 19 20 Abstract 21 Advancements in portable scientific instruments provide promising avenues to expedite 22 field work in order to understand the diverse array of organisms that inhabit our planet. 23 Here we tested the feasibility for in situ molecular analyses of endemic fauna using a 24 portable laboratory fitting within a single backpack, in one of the world’s most imperiled 25 biodiversity hotspots: the Ecuadorian Chocó rainforest.
    [Show full text]
  • Venom Characterization of the Three Species of Ophryacus and Proteomic Profiling of O. Sphenophrys Unveils Sphenotoxin, a Novel
    Journal of Proteomics xxx (xxxx) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Proteomics journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jprot Venom characterization of the three species of Ophryacus and proteomic profiling of O. sphenophrys unveils Sphenotoxin, a novel Crotoxin-like heterodimeric β-neurotoxin Edgar Neri-Castroa,b, Bruno Lomontec, Mariel Valdésa,d, Roberto Ponce-Lópeza, Melisa Bénard-Vallea, Miguel Borjae, Jason L. Stricklandf, Jason M. Jonesg, Christoph Grünwaldg, ⁎ Fernando Zamudioa, Alejandro Alagóna, a Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, México b Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas UNAM, México. c Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501, Costa Rica d Laboratorio de Genética, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 07738, México e Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Av. Universidad s/n. Fracc. Filadelfia, Gómez Palacio C.P. 35010, México. f Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Blvd, Orlando, FL 32816, USA. g Herp.mx A.C., Villa del Álvarez, Colima, México ABSTRACT Venoms of the three species of Ophryacus (O. sphenophrys, O. smaragdinus, and O. undulatus), a viperid genus endemic to Mexico, were analyzed for the first time in the present work. The three venoms lacked procoagulant activity on human plasma, but induced hemorrhage and were highly lethal to mice. These venoms also displayed proteolytic and phospholipase A2 activities in vitro. The venom of O. sphenophrys was the most lethal and caused hind-limb paralysis in mice. Proteomic profiling of O.
    [Show full text]
  • Xenosaurus Tzacualtipantecus. the Zacualtipán Knob-Scaled Lizard Is Endemic to the Sierra Madre Oriental of Eastern Mexico
    Xenosaurus tzacualtipantecus. The Zacualtipán knob-scaled lizard is endemic to the Sierra Madre Oriental of eastern Mexico. This medium-large lizard (female holotype measures 188 mm in total length) is known only from the vicinity of the type locality in eastern Hidalgo, at an elevation of 1,900 m in pine-oak forest, and a nearby locality at 2,000 m in northern Veracruz (Woolrich- Piña and Smith 2012). Xenosaurus tzacualtipantecus is thought to belong to the northern clade of the genus, which also contains X. newmanorum and X. platyceps (Bhullar 2011). As with its congeners, X. tzacualtipantecus is an inhabitant of crevices in limestone rocks. This species consumes beetles and lepidopteran larvae and gives birth to living young. The habitat of this lizard in the vicinity of the type locality is being deforested, and people in nearby towns have created an open garbage dump in this area. We determined its EVS as 17, in the middle of the high vulnerability category (see text for explanation), and its status by the IUCN and SEMAR- NAT presently are undetermined. This newly described endemic species is one of nine known species in the monogeneric family Xenosauridae, which is endemic to northern Mesoamerica (Mexico from Tamaulipas to Chiapas and into the montane portions of Alta Verapaz, Guatemala). All but one of these nine species is endemic to Mexico. Photo by Christian Berriozabal-Islas. Amphib. Reptile Conserv. | http://redlist-ARC.org 01 June 2013 | Volume 7 | Number 1 | e61 Copyright: © 2013 Wilson et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Com- mons Attribution–NonCommercial–NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License, which permits unrestricted use for non-com- Amphibian & Reptile Conservation 7(1): 1–47.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogenetic Relationships of Terrestrial Australo-Papuan Elapid Snakes (Subfamily Hydrophiinae) Based on Cytochrome B and 16S Rrna Sequences J
    MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS AND EVOLUTION Vol. 10, No. 1, August, pp. 67–81, 1998 ARTICLE NO. FY970471 Phylogenetic Relationships of Terrestrial Australo-Papuan Elapid Snakes (Subfamily Hydrophiinae) Based on Cytochrome b and 16S rRNA Sequences J. Scott Keogh,*,†,1 Richard Shine,* and Steve Donnellan† *School of Biological Sciences A08, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia; and †Evolutionary Biology Unit, South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia Received April 24, 1997; revised September 4, 1997 quence data support many of the conclusions reached Phylogenetic relationships among the venomous Aus- by earlier studies using other types of data, but addi- tralo-Papuan elapid snake radiation remain poorly tional information will be needed before the phylog- resolved, despite the application of diverse data sets. eny of the Australian elapids can be fully resolved. To examine phylogenetic relationships among this ௠ 1998 Academic Press enigmatic group, portions of the cytochrome b and 16S Key Words: mitochondrial DNA; cytochrome b; 16S rRNA mitochondrial DNA genes were sequenced from rRNA; reptile; snake; elapid; sea snake; Australia; New 19 of the 20 terrestrial Australian genera and 6 of the 7 Guinea; Pacific; Asia; biogeography. terrestrial Melanesian genera, plus a sea krait (Lati- cauda) and a true sea snake (Hydrelaps). These data clarify several significant issues in elapid phylogeny. First, Melanesian elapids form sister groups to Austra- INTRODUCTION lian species, indicating that the ancestors of the Austra- lian radiation came via Asia, rather than representing The diverse, cosmopolitan, and medically important a relict Gondwanan radiation. Second, the two major elapid snakes are a monophyletic clade of approxi- groups of sea snakes (sea kraits and true sea snakes) mately 300 species and 61 genera (Golay et al., 1993) represent independent invasions of the marine envi- primarily defined by their unique venom delivery sys- ronment.
    [Show full text]
  • Ancestral Reconstruction of Diet and Fang Condition in the Lamprophiidae: Implications for the Evolution of Venom Systems in Snakes
    Journal of Herpetology, Vol. 55, No. 1, 1–10, 2021 Copyright 2021 Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles Ancestral Reconstruction of Diet and Fang Condition in the Lamprophiidae: Implications for the Evolution of Venom Systems in Snakes 1,2 1 1 HIRAL NAIK, MIMMIE M. KGADITSE, AND GRAHAM J. ALEXANDER 1School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. PO Wits, 2050, Gauteng, South Africa ABSTRACT.—The Colubroidea includes all venomous and some nonvenomous snakes, many of which have extraordinary dental morphology and functional capabilities. It has been proposed that the ancestral condition of the Colubroidea is venomous with tubular fangs. The venom system includes the production of venomous secretions by labial glands in the mouth and usually includes fangs for effective delivery of venom. Despite significant research on the evolution of the venom system in snakes, limited research exists on the driving forces for different fang and dental morphology at a broader phylogenetic scale. We assessed the patterns of fang and dental condition in the Lamprophiidae, a speciose family of advanced snakes within the Colubroidea, and we related fang and dental condition to diet. The Lamprophiidae is the only snake family that includes front-fanged, rear-fanged, and fangless species. We produced an ancestral reconstruction for the family and investigated the pattern of diet and fangs within the clade. We concluded that the ancestral lamprophiid was most likely rear-fanged and that the shift in dental morphology was associated with changes in diet. This pattern indicates that fang loss, and probably venom loss, has occurred multiple times within the Lamprophiidae.
    [Show full text]
  • Late Cretaceous) of Morocco : Palaeobiological and Behavioral Implications Remi Allemand
    Endocranial microtomographic study of marine reptiles (Plesiosauria and Mosasauroidea) from the Turonian (Late Cretaceous) of Morocco : palaeobiological and behavioral implications Remi Allemand To cite this version: Remi Allemand. Endocranial microtomographic study of marine reptiles (Plesiosauria and Mosasauroidea) from the Turonian (Late Cretaceous) of Morocco : palaeobiological and behavioral implications. Paleontology. Museum national d’histoire naturelle - MNHN PARIS, 2017. English. NNT : 2017MNHN0015. tel-02375321 HAL Id: tel-02375321 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02375321 Submitted on 22 Nov 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. MUSEUM NATIONAL D’HISTOIRE NATURELLE Ecole Doctorale Sciences de la Nature et de l’Homme – ED 227 Année 2017 N° attribué par la bibliothèque |_|_|_|_|_|_|_|_|_|_|_|_| THESE Pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DU MUSEUM NATIONAL D’HISTOIRE NATURELLE Spécialité : Paléontologie Présentée et soutenue publiquement par Rémi ALLEMAND Le 21 novembre 2017 Etude microtomographique de l’endocrâne de reptiles marins (Plesiosauria et Mosasauroidea) du Turonien (Crétacé supérieur) du Maroc : implications paléobiologiques et comportementales Sous la direction de : Mme BARDET Nathalie, Directrice de Recherche CNRS et les co-directions de : Mme VINCENT Peggy, Chargée de Recherche CNRS et Mme HOUSSAYE Alexandra, Chargée de Recherche CNRS Composition du jury : M.
    [Show full text]
  • Rattlesnake Genome Supplemental Materials 1 SUPPLEMENTAL
    Rattlesnake Genome Supplemental Materials 1 1 SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIALS 2 Table of Contents 3 1. Supplementary Methods …… 2 4 2. Supplemental Tables ……….. 23 5 3. Supplemental Figures ………. 37 Rattlesnake Genome Supplemental Materials 2 6 1. SUPPLEMENTARY METHODS 7 Prairie Rattlesnake Genome Sequencing and Assembly 8 A male Prairie Rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis viridis) collected from a wild population in Colorado was 9 used to generate the genome sequence. This specimen was collected and humanely euthanized according 10 to University of Northern Colorado Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee protocols 0901C-SM- 11 MLChick-12 and 1302D-SM-S-16. Colorado Parks and Wildlife scientific collecting license 12HP974 12 issued to S.P. Mackessy authorized collection of the animal. Genomic DNA was extracted using a 13 standard Phenol-Chloroform-Isoamyl alcohol extraction from liver tissue that was snap frozen in liquid 14 nitrogen. Multiple short-read sequencing libraries were prepared and sequenced on various platforms, 15 including 50bp single-end and 150bp paired-end reads on an Illumina GAII, 100bp paired-end reads on an 16 Illumina HiSeq, and 300bp paired-end reads on an Illumina MiSeq. Long insert libraries were also 17 constructed by and sequenced on the PacBio platform. Finally, we constructed two sets of mate-pair 18 libraries using an Illumina Nextera Mate Pair kit, with insert sizes of 3-5 kb and 6-8 kb, respectively. 19 These were sequenced on two Illumina HiSeq lanes with 150bp paired-end sequencing reads. Short and 20 long read data were used to assemble the previous genome assembly version CroVir2.0 (NCBI accession 21 SAMN07738522).
    [Show full text]