The following is a work in progress and is intended to be a printable quick reference for the venomous of the world. There are a few areas in which common names are needed and various disputes occur due to the nature of such a list, and it will of course be continually changing and updated. And nearly all have many common names, but tried it simple and hopefully one for each will suffice. I also did not include snakes such as Heterodon ( Hognoses), mostly because I have to draw the line somewhere. Disclaimer: I am not a taxonomist, that being said, I did my best to try and put together an accurate list using every available resource. However, it must be made very clear that a list of this nature will always have disputes within, and THIS particular list is meant to reflect common usage instead of pioneering the field. I put this together at the request of several individuals new to the venomous endeavor, and after seeing some very blatant mislabels in the classifieds…I do hope it will be of some use, it prints out beautifully and I keep my personal copy in a three ring binder for quick access…I honestly thought I knew more than I did…LOL… to my surprise, I learned a lot while compiling this list and I hope you will as well when you use it…I also would like to thank the following people for their suggestions and much needed help: Dr.Wolfgang Wuster , Mark Oshea, and Dr. Brian Greg Fry.

Best wishes Sierra

VENOMOUS SPECIES OF THE WORLD COMPILED BY SIERRA

Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Class: Reptilia Order:

Suborder: Serpentes

Superfamily: Xenophidia

Families: Atracaspididae Subfamily: Aparallactinae

1 Subfamily: Hydrophiidae

Viperidae Subfamily:Azemiopinae Subfamily:Crotalinae Subfamily: Subfamily: Causiae

Family (Vipers and Pit Vipers) Subfamily Azemiopinae

Azemiops

SubfamilyCausinae

Subfamily Crotalinae (Pit Vipers)

Agkistrodon Gloydius Calloselasma Porthidium Atropoides Hypnale Cerrophidion Protobothrops Sistrurus Bothriopsis Ophryacus Deinagkistrodon Trimeresurus Ovophis Ermia Tropidolaemus

Subfamily Viperinae (Pitless Vipers)

Adenorhinos Daboia Macrovipera Pseudocerastes Atheris Montatheris Vipera Eristicophis Proatheris Cerastes

2 Family Elapidae (, coral snakes etc.)

Aspidelaps Elapsoidea Micruroides Pseudohaje Boulengerina Hemachatus Walterinnesia Hemibungarus Ophiophagus Dendroaspis Maticora Paranaja

Subfamily Hydrophiinae (Australasian and marine Elapids) Acalyptophis Laticauda Pseudechis Emydocephalus Loveridgelaps Pseudonaja Enhydrina Micropechis Rhinoplocephalus Aspidomorphus Ephalophis Notechis Salomonelaps Astrotia Furina Ogmodon Simoselaps Austrelaps Hemiaspis Oxyuranus Hoplocephalus Pailsus Thalassophina Demansia Hydrelaps Parahydrophis Thalassophis Denisonia Hydrophis Parapistocalamus Toxicocalamus Disteira Kerilia Pelamis Tropidechis Kolpophis Praescutata Vermicella Echiopsis Lapemis

Family Atracaspididae (Mole vipers/Stiletto Snakes)

Subfamily Atractaspidinae

Subfamily Aparallactinae Macrelaps Aparallactus Polemon Brachyophis Xenocalamus Chilorhinophis Hypoptophis Micrelaps Elapotinus

3 Family Colubridae (listing only the rear-fanged venomous snakes) (The arrangement of Colubridae is currently suited to common usage, however, changes in the entire Family and subfamilies are inevitable in the future, thus changing this arrangement) Subfamily Cloubrinae Boiga Dispholidus Thelotornis Subfamily Natricinae Rhabdophis Subfamily Psammophiinae Malpolon Subfamily Xenodontinae Hydrodynastes Philodryas Tachymenis

Family Viperidae (pit vipers and vipers)

Subfamily Azemiopinae Azemiops

Azimiops fea common name: Fea’s viper : none

Subfamily Crotalinae(pit vipers) Agkistrodon Agkistrodon bilineatus Common name: Cantils Subspecies: Agkistrodon bilineatus bilineatus Common name: Mexican Cantil Agkistrodon bilineatus howardgloydi Common name: Costa Rican Cantil Agkistrodon bilineatus lemosespinali Common name: Agkistrodon bilineatus russeolus Common name: Yucatan Cantil

4 Agkistrodon contortrix Subspecies: Agkistrodon contortrix contortrix Common name: Southern copperhead Agkistrodon contortrix mokasen Common name: Northern copperhead Agkistrodon contortrix laticinctus Common name: Broad-banded copperhead Agkistrodon contortrix phaeogaster Common name: Osage copperhead Agkistrodon contortrix pictigaster Common name: Transpecos copperhead Agkistrodon piscivorus Subspecies: Agkistrodon piscivorus conanti Common name: Florida cottonmouth Agkistrodon piscivorus leucostoma Common name: Western cotonmouth Agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus Common name: Eastern cottonmouth Agkistrodon taylori Common name: Taylors cantil/Ornate Cantil

Atropoides Atropoides nummifer Common name:Jumping Subspecies: Atropoides nummifer mexicanus Common name:Mexican Jumping Pit Viper Atropoides nummifer nummifer Common name:Jumping Pit Viper Atropoides nummifer occiduus Common name:Western Jumping Pit Viper Atropoides olmec Common name -Olmecan Pit Viper- Subspecies:none Atropoides picadoi Common name Picado's Pit Viper Subspecies:none Bothriechis Bothriechis aurifer Common name: Yellow-blotched Palm Pit Viper Subspecies: none Bothriechis bicolor Common name: Palm Pit Viper Subspecies: none Bothriechis lateralisCommon name: Coffee Palm Viper Subspecies: none Common name: March's Palm Pit Viper Subspecies: none

Bothriechis nigroviridis Common name: Black-speckled Palm Pit Viper Subspecies: none Bothriechis rowleyi Common name: Rowley's Palm Pit Viper Subspecies: none Common name: Eyelash Viper Subspecies: none Bothriechis supraciliaris- Common name: Subspecies: none Bothriechis thalassinus- Common name: Subspecies: none

Bothriopsis( Many authors reguard species of this group as part of Bothrops) Bothriopsis bilineata Common name:Green Jararaca/Two striped Forest Pit viper

Subspecies:

Bothriopsis bilineata bilineata Common name:

Bothriopsis bilineata smaragdina Common name:

Bothriopsis medusa Common name: Venezuela Forest Pit Viper Subspecies: none Bothriopsis oligolepis Common name: Inca Forest Pit Viper Subspecies: none Bothriopsis peruviana Common name: Forest Pit Viper Subspecies: none 5 Bothriopsis pulchra Common name:Ecuadorian/Andean Forest Pit Viper Subspecies: none Bothriopsis punctata Common name: Chocoan Forest Pit Viper Subspecies: none Bothriopsis taeniata Common name: Speckled Forest Pit Viper Subspecies: Bothriopsis taeniata taeniata Common name: Bothriopsis taeniata lichenosa Common name:

Bothrocophias Bothrocophias campbelli Common name-Dusky Lancehead :Subspecies: none Bothrocophias hyoprora Common name-Amazonian Hog-nosed pit viper Subspecies: none Bothrocophias microphthalmus Common name: Small-eyed Lancehead Subspecies: none Bothrocophias myersi Common name: Myer’s Lancehead Subspecies: none Bothrops Bothrops alcatraz Common name:Alcatrazes Lancehead Subspecies: none Bothrops alternatus Common name: Urutu Subspecies: none Bothrops ammodytoides Common name: Longnose Lancehead, Patagonian Lancehead Subspecies: none Bothrops andianus - Common name: Andean Lancehead Subspecies: none Bothrops asper Common name: Terciopelo, Barba Amarilla Subspecies: none Bothrops atrox - Common name: Common Lancehead, Fer-de-Lance Subspecies: none Bothrops barnetti - Common name: Barnett's Lancehead Subspecies: none Bothrops brazili -Common name: 's Lancehead Subspecies: none Bothrops cambelli-Common name: Subspecies: none Bothrops caribbaeus-Common name: Saint Lucia Lancehead Subspecies: none Bothrops colombianus- Common name: Colombian Lancehead Subspecies: none Bothrops colombiensis- Common name: Wolfgang’s Lancehead :0) Subspecies: none Bothrops cotiara - Common name: Cotiara Subspecies: none Bothrops erythromelas - Common name: Caatinga Lancehead Subspecies: none Bothrops fonsecai - Common name: Fonseca's Lancehead Subspecies: none Bothrops iglesiasi -Common name: Sertao Lancehead Subspecies: none Bothrops insularis - Common name: Golden Lancehead Subspecies: none Bothrops itapetiningae -Common name: Sao Paulo Lancehead Subspecies: none Bothrops jararaca - Common name: Jararaca Subspecies: none Bothrops jararacussu -Common name: JararacussuSubspecies: none Bothrops jonathani - Common name: Jonathan's Lancehead Subspecies: none Bothrops lanceolatus - Common name: Martinique Lancehead Subspecies: none Bothrops leucurus Common name: Whitetail Lancehead Subspecies: none Bothrops lojanus -Common name: Lojan Lancehead Subspecies: none Bothrops marajoensis -Common name: Marajó Lancehead Subspecies: none Bothrops moojeni -Common name: Brazilian Lancehead Subspecies: none Bothrops muriciensis- Common name: Bothrops neuwiedi - Common name: Jararaca Pintada, Neuwied’s Lancehead 6 Subspecies: Bothrops neuwiedi bolivianus Bothrops neuwiedi diporus Bothrops neuwiedi goyazensis Bothrops neuwiedi lutzi-Common name: Lutz Lancehead Bothrops neuwiedi matogrossensis Bothrops neuwiedi meridionalis Bothrops neuwiedi neuwiedi Common name: Neuwieds Lancehead Bothrops neuwiedi paranaensis Bothrops neuwiedi pauloensis Bothrops neuwiedi piauhyensis Bothrops neuwiedi pubescens Bothrops neuwiedi urutu Bothrops pictus - Common name: Lancehead- Subspecies: none Bothrops pirajai -Common name: Piraja's Lancehead Subspecies: none Bothrops roedingeri-Common name: Roedinger’s Lancehead Subspecies: none Bothrops sanctaecrucis Common name: Bolivian Lancehead Subspecies: none Bothrops venezuelensis -Common name: Venezuela Lancehead Subspecies: none Bothrops xanthogrammus-Common name: Copes Lancehead(may be syn. with B. asper) Subspecies: none

Calloselasma Calloselasma rhodostoma -Common name: Malayan Pit Viper Subspecies:none

Cerrophidion Cerrophidion barbouri -Common name: Barbour's Montane Pit Viper Subspecies: none - Common name: Godman's Montane Pit Viper Subspecies: none Cerrophidion petlalcalensis-Common name: Subspecies: none -Common name: Tzotzil Montane Pit Viper Subspecies: none

Crotalus

Crotalus adamanteus Common name: Eastern Diamondback Subspecies: none Crotalus aquilus - Common name: Queretaran Dusky/ Blotched Rattlesnake Subspecies: none Crotalus atrox Common name: Western Diamondback Rattlesnake Subspecies: none Crotalus basiliscus - Common name: Basilisk Rattlesnake/ Mexican West Coast Rattlesnake Subspecies: none -Common name: Catalina Island Rattlesnake Subspecies: none - Common name: Sidewinder

Subspecies:

Crotalus cerastes cerastes Common name: sidewinder Crotalus cerastes cercobombus Common name: Sonoran Desert sidewinder

7 Crotalus cerastes laterorepens Common name: Colorado Desert sidewinder Crotalus durissus Common name: Cascabel Rattlesnake

Subspecies:

Crotalus durissus cascavella Common name: Northeastern Brazilian rattlesnake Crotalus durissus collilineatus Common name: Central Brazilian rattlesnake Crotalus durissus culminatus Common name: Northwestern Neotropical rattlesnake

Crotalus durissus cumanensis Common name: Venezuelan rattlesnake Crotalus durissus dryinas Common name: Guianian rattlesnake Crotalus durissus durissus Common name: Neotropical rattlesnake Crotalus durissus marajoensis Common name: Marajoan rattlesnake Crotalus durissus ruruima Common name: Mt. Roriama rattlesnake Crotalus durissus terrificus Common name: South American rattlesnake Crotalus durissus totonacus Common name: Totonacan rattlesnake Crotalus durissus trigonicus Common name: Rupunini rattlesnake Crotalus durissus tzabcan Common name: Yucatan Neotropical rattlesnake

Crotalus enyo - Common name: Lower Rattlesnake

Subspecies:

Crotalus enyo cerralvensis Common name: Cerralvo Island Diamond rattlesnake Crotalus enyo enyo Common name: Baja California rattlesnake

Crotalus enyo furvus Common name: Rosario rattlesnake

Crotalus horridus atricaudatus Common name: Canebrake rattlesnake Subspecies: none Crotalus horridus horridus Common name: Canebrake rattlesnake, Timber rattlesnake Subspecies: none (southern populations sometimes referred to as a separate subspecies, C.h. atricaudatus.) Crotalus intermedius Common name: Mexican Smallhead Rattlesnake

Subspecies:

Crotalus intermedius gloydi Common name: Oaxacan Small Headed rattlesnake

Crotalus intermedius intermedius Common name: Totalcan Small Headed rattlesnake

Crotalus intermedius omiltemanus Common name: Omilteman Small Headed rattlesnake

Crotalus lannomi -Common name: Autlan Rattlesnake Subspecies: none Crotalus lepidus –common name: Rock rattlesnake -Subspecies:

Crotalus lepidus klauberi Common name: Banded Rock rattlesnake Crotalus lepidus lepidus Common name: Mottled Rock rattlesnake Crotalus lepidus maculosus Common name: Durango Rock rattlesnake Crotalus lepidus morulus Common name: Tamaulipan Rock rattlesnake

Crotalus mitchelli Common name: speckled rattlesnake Subspecies: Crotalus mitchellii angelensis Common name: Angel de la Guarda Island Speckled rattlesnake-Sometimes recognised as a separate species(highly questionable in my view-WW) Crotalus mitchellii mitchellii Common name: San Lucan Speckled rattlesnake

8 Crotalus mitchellii muertensis Common name: El Muerto Island rattlesnake- Sometimes recognised as a separate species(highly questionable in my view-WW) Crotalus mitchellii pyrrhus Common name: Southwestern Speckled rattlesnake Crotalus mitchellii stephensi Common name: Panamint rattlesnake Crotalus molossus Common name: Black Tailed Rattlesnake Subspecies: Crotalus molossus estebanensis Common name: San Esteban Island Blacktail rattlesnake- Sometimes recognised as a separate species(highly questionable in my view-WW) Crotalus molossus molossus Common name: Northern Blacktail rattlesnake Crotalus molossus nigrescens Common name: Mexican Blacktail rattlesnake Crotalus molossus oaxacus Common name: Oaxacan Blacktail rattlesnake Crotalus polystictus -Common name: Mexican Lancehead Rattlesnake Subspecies: none Crotalus pricei

Subspecies:

Crotalus pricei pricei Common name: Western Twin Spotted rattlesnake Crotalus pricei miquihuanus Common name: Eastern Twin Spotted rattlesnake Crotalus pusillus -Common name: Tancitaran Dusky Rattlesnake Subspecies: none Common name: Red Rattlesnake

Subspecies:

Crotalus ruber ruber Common name: Red Diamond rattlesnake

Crotalus ruber lorenzoensis Common name: San Lorenzo Island Diamond rattlesnake- Sometimes recognised as a separate species(highly questionable in my view-WW) Crotalus ruber lucasensis Common name: San Lucan Island Diamond rattlesnake

Crotalus scutulatus Common name: Mojave (Green) Rattlesnake

Subspecies:

Crotalus scutulatus salvini Common name: Humantlan rattlesnake Crotalus scutulatus scutulatus Common name: Mojave rattlesnake Crotalus stejnegeri - Common name: Longtail Rattlesnake Subspecies: none Crotalus tigris -Common name: Subspecies: none Crotalus tortugensis - Common name: Tortuga Island Rattlesnake Subspecies: none Crotalus transversus - Common name: Cross-banded Mountain Rattlesnake Subspecies: none Crotalus triseriatus Common name:

Subspecies:

Crotalus triseriatus armstrongi Common name: Mexican Dusky rattlesnake Crotalus triseriatus triseriatus Common name: Central Plateau Dusky rattlesnake Crotalus unicolor Common name: Aruba Island Rattlesnake Subspecies: none Crotalus vegrandis -Common name: Uracoan Rattlesnake Subspecies: none(ssp. Of durissus???) Crotalus viridis – Common name: western rattlesnake( of C.viridis remains

9 unresolved???)Remains in a state of flux. Recognising oregamus(for the western forms) and viridis(for the eastern forms) as separate species is probably above debate by now.

Subspecies:

Crotalus viridis abyssus Common name: Grand canyon rattlesnake probably syn. of C. oreganus lutosus Crotalus viridis caliginis Common name: Coronado Island rattlesnake—syn. of C.organus helleri Crotalus viridis cerberus Common name: Aizona black rattlesnake—full species status???? Crotalus viridis concolor Common name: Midget faded rattlesnake—full species status??? Crotalus viridis helleri Common name: South pacific rattlesnake----full species status??? Crotalus viridis lutosus Common name: Great basin rattlesnake Crotalus viridis nuntius Common name: Hopi rattlesnake----syn. of C. v.viridis Crotalus viridis oreganus Common name: North pacific rattlesnake---full species status??? Crotalus viridis viridis Common name: Praire rattlesnake Crotalus willardi Common name: Ridgenose rattlesnake

Subspecies: Crotalus willardi amabilis Common name: Del Nido Ridgenose rattlesnake Crotalus willardi meridionalis Common name: Southern Ridgenose rattlesnake Crotalus willardi obscurus Common name: New Mexican Ridgenose rattlesnake Crotalus willardi silus Common name: Western Chihuahuan Ridgenose rattlesnake Crotalus willardi willardi Common name: Ridgenose rattlesnake

Deinagkistrodon Deinagkistrodon acutus -Common name: Chinese Moccasin/Snorkel nose viper Subspecies: none Ermia Ermia mangshanensis-Common name:Mount Mang Pitviper, Iron-head :Subspecies: none Gloydius Gloydius blomhoffi Common name: Mamushi

Subspecies:

Gloydius blomhoffii blomhoffii Common name: Mamushi Gloydius blomhoffi brevicaudus Gloydius blomhoffii dubitatus Gloydius blomhoffii siniticus Common name: Yangtze Mamushi

Gloydius halys -Common name: Halys Pit Viper, Siberian Pit viper

Subspecies:

Gloydius halys affinis Gloydius halys boehmei Gloydius halys caraganus Gloydius halys caucasicus Gloydius halys cognatus Gloydius halys halys Common name: Siberian Pit Viper Gloydius halys mogoi Gloydius halys liupanensis Gloydius halys intermedius

Gloydius himalayanus-Common name: Himalayan pit viper: Subspecies: none Gloydius intermedius –Common name: Central Asian Pit viper 10 Subspecies: Gloydius intermedius intermedius Common name: Asian Pit viper Gloydius intermedius caucasicus Gloydius intermedius stejnegeri Gloydius monticola- Common name: Likiang Pit viper :Subspecies: none Gloydius saxatilis-Common name: Rock Mamushi, Sanganku Mamushi :Subspecies: none Gloydius shedaoensis-Common name:Snake Island Mamushi, Shedao Mamushi Subspecies: none Gloydius strauchi-Common name: Tibetan Mamushi Subspecies: none Gloydius tsushimaensis- Common name: Tsushima Mamushi Subspecies: none Gloydius ussuriensis-Common name: Ussuri Mamushi Subspecies: none Hypnale Hypnale hypnale- Common name: Hump-nosed Moccasin Subspecies: none Hypnale nepa -Common name: Sri Lanka Humpnose Viper Subspecies: none Hypnale walli Common name: Wall's Humpnose Viper Subspecies: none

Lachesis Lachesis melanocephala Common name: Costa Rican/Black-headed Bushmaster Subspecies: none - Common name: South American Bushmaster, Amazonian Bushmaster Subspecies: Lachesis muta muta Common name: South American Bushmaster, Matabuey Lachesis muta rhombeata Common name: Atlantic Coastal Bushmaster Lachesis stenophrys Common name: Central American Bushmaster Subspecies: none Ophryacus Ophryacus melanurus-Common name: Black-tailed Montane PitViper Subspecies: none Ophryacus undulatus -Common name: Mexican Horned Pit Viper Subspecies: none Ovophis Ovophis chaseni - Common name: Mount Kinabalu Pit Viper Subspecies: none

Ovophis monticola - Common name: Chinese Mountain Pit Viper

Subspecies: Ovophis monticola convictus Ovophis monticola monticola Common name: Mountain Pit Viper Ovophis monticola makazayazaya Ovophis monticola orientalis Ovophis monticola zhaokentangi Ovophis monticola zayuensis Common name: Tibetan Mountain Pit Viper Ovophis okinavensis - Common name:Ryukyu Island Pit Viper Subspecies: none Ovophis tonkinensis-Common name: Tonking Pit Viper Subspecies: none

11 Porthidium Porthidium dunni Common name: Dunn's Hognose Viper Subspecies: none

Porthidium hespere - Common name: Western Hognose Viper Subspecies: none Porthidium lansbergii Common name: Lansberg Hognose Pit Viper

Subspecies:

Porthidium lansbergii arcosae Porthidium lansbergii hutmanni Porthidium lansbergii lansbergii Common name: Lansberg’s Hognose Pit Viper Porthidium lansbergii rozei Porthidium nasutum -Common name: Hognosed Pit Viper Subspecies: none Porthidium ophryomegas -Common name: Slender Hognose Viper Subspecies: none Porthidium volcanicum- Common name: Subspecies: none Porthidium yucatanicum Common name: Yucatán Hognose Viper Subspecies: none

Protobothrops Protobothrops elegans -Common name: Sakishima Habu Subspecies: none

Protobothrops flavoviridis Common name:

Subspecies:

Protobothrops flavoviridis flavoviridis Common name: Habu Protobothrops flavoviridis tinkhami Protobothrops jerdonii Common name: Jerdon’s pit viper

Subspecies: Protobothrops jerdonii jerdonii Protobothrops jerdonii meridionalis Protobothrops jerdonii xanthomelasVietnamese tree viper Protobothrops kaulbacki-Common name: Chinese habu, Taiwanese pit viper Subspecies: none Protobothrops mucrosquamatus Common name: Chinese slender habu, Formosan Habu Subspecies: none Protobothrops strigatus -Common name: Horseshoe Pit viper Subspecies: none Protobothrops tokarensis- Common name: Xiangcheng Pit viper, Xiangcheng Iron head snake Subspecies: none

Sistrurus

Sistrurus catenatus Common name: Massasauga Subspecies:

Sistrurus catenatus catenatus Common name: Eastern Massasauga Sistrurus catenatus edwardsi Common name: Desert Massasauga Sistrurus catenatus tergeminus Common name: Western Massasauga

Sistrurus miliarius Common name: Pygmy rattlesnake

12 Subspecies:

Sistrurus miliarius barbouri Common name: Dusky pygmy rattlesnake Sistrurus miliarius miliarius Common name: Carolina pygmy rattlesnake Sistrurus miliarius streckeri Common name: Western pygmy rattlesnake Sistrurus ravus - Common name: Mexican Massasauga

Subspecies:

Sistrurus ravus brunneus Common name: Oaxacan Pigmy rattlesnake Sistrurus ravus exiguus Common name: Guerreran Pigmy rattlesnake Sistrurus ravus lutescens Common name: Sistrurus ravus ravus Common name: Central Plateau Pigmy rattlesnake Triceratolepidophis Triceratolepidophis sieversorum Common name: ? Subspecies: none

Trimeresurus Trimeresurus albolabris Common name: White-lipped Tree Viper

Subspecies:

Trimeresurus albolabris albolabris

Trimeresurus andersonii -Common name: Subspecies: none Trimeresurus borneensis -Common name: Borneo Pit Viper Subspecies: none Trimeresurus brongersmai - Common name: Brongersma's Pit Viper Subspecies: none

Trimeresurus cantori Common name: Cantor's Pit Viper Subspecies: none

Trimeresurus cornutus - Common name: Horned Pit Viper Subspecies: none

Trimeresurus erythrurus - Common name: Redtail Pit Viper Subspecies: none Trimeresurus fasciatus Common name: Banded Pit Viper Subspecies: none

Trimeresurus flavomaculatus Common name: Habu

Subspecies:

Trimeresurus flavomaculatus flavomaculatus Common name: Philippine Pit Viper Trimeresurus flavomaculatus halieus Trimeresurus flavomaculatus mcgregori Common name: McGregor’s Pit Viper Trimeresurus gracilis -Common name: Kikuchi Habu Subspecies: none

Trimeresurus gramineus - Common name: Common Bamboo Viper Subspecies: none

Trimeresurus gumprechti-Common name: Subspecies: none Trimeresurus hageni Common name: Indonesian Pit Viper Subspecies: none Trimeresurus insularis 13 Trimeresurus kanburiensis Common name: Kanburi Pit Viper Subspecies: none

Trimeresurus karanshahi –Common name: Subspecies: none Trimeresurus labialis - Common name: Island Pit Viper Subspecies: none Trimeresurus macgrefori Common name:Phillippine tree viper Subspecies: none Trimeresurus macrolepis Common name: Large-scaled Pit Viper Subspecies: none

Trimeresurus macrops Common name: Kramer's Pit Viper/Big eyed tree viper Subspecies: none

Trimeresurus malabaricus Common name: Malabarian Pit Viper Subspecies: none

Trimeresurus malcolmi-Common name: ? Subspecies: none Trimeresurus medoensis Common name: Green Bamboo Leaf Pit Viper Subspecies: none

Trimeresurus popeiorum - Common name: Popes Tree Viper

Subspecies:

Trimeresurus popeiorum barati Trimeresurus popeiorum popeiorum Trimeresurus popeiorum sabahi Trimeresurus puniceus Common name: Ashy Pit Viper/Flat nose viper Subspecies: none

Trimeresurus purpureomaculatus Common name: Mangrove Viper/purple spotted pitviper Subspecies: none

Trimeresurus schultzei Common name: Schultze's Pit Viper Subspecies: none Trimeresurus septentrionalis Subspecies: none Trimeresurus stejnegeri Common name: Chinese Green Tree Viper

Subspecies:

Trimeresurus stejnegeri chenbihuii Trimeresurus stejnegeri kodairai Trimeresurus stejnegeri makii Trimeresurus sumatranus Common name: Sumatra Pit Viper Subspecies: none

Trimeresurus tibetanus - Common name: Tibetan Pit Viper Subspecies: none

Trimeresurus trigonocephalus Common name: Ceylon Pit Viper/Sri Lanken palm viper Subspecies: none Trimeresurus venustus Common name:Kanburi pitviper Subspecies: none Trimeresurus vogeli –Common name: Vogels Green Pit Viper Subspecies: none Trimeresurus xiangchengensis Common name: Szechwan Pit Viper Subspecies: none Trimeresurus yunnanensis-Common name: Subspecies: none Tropidolaemus Tropidolaemus huttoni-Common name: Subspecies: none

14 Tropidolaemus wagleri common name: Waglers palm viper Subspecies: Tropidolaemus wagleri alboviridis Tropidolaemus wagleri subannulatus Tropidolaemus wagleri wagleri

SubFamilyViperinae (pitless vipers)

Adenorhinos

Atheris Atheris acuminata common name: Acuminate Bush Viper Subspecies: none

Atheris broadleyicommon name:Broadley’s Bush Viper Subspecies: none

Atheris barbouri Common name: Uzungwe Mountain Bush Viper Subspecies: none Atheris ceratophoracommon name: Horned Bush viper Subspecies: none Atheris chlorechiscommon name: Western Bush Viper Subspecies: none Atheris desaixi common name: Mount Bush Viper Subspecies: none Atheris hirsutacommon name:Bush Viper Subspecies: none Atheris hispida common name: Hairy Bush Viper Subspecies: none Atheris katangensis common name: Katanga mt. Bush Viper Subspecies: none Atheris nitschei common name: Great Lakes Bush Viper(Sedge Viper) Subspecies: none Atheris rungweensis—common name:Rungwe Bush Viper Subspecies: none Atheris squamigera common name:Variable Bush Viper

Subspecies: Atheris squamiger squamiger common name:Green Bush Viper Atheris squamiger robustus Atheris subocularis Southwest Cameroon Bush Viper Subspecies: none Bitis Bitis albanica common name: Albany adder Subspecies: none

Bitis arietans Common name: Cape Puff Adder

Subspecies:

Bitis arietans arietans Bitis arietans somalica Common name: Somali Puff Adder Bitis armata Common name: Southern Adder Subspecies: none Bitis atropos Common name: Berg Adder

15 Subspecies:

Bitis atropos atropos Bitis atropos unicolor Bitis caudalis Common name: Horned Adder Subspecies: none

Bitis cornuta Common name: Many-horned Adder Subspecies: none

Bitis gabonica Common name: Gaboon Adder/Viper

Subspecies:

Bitis gabonica gabonica Common name: East African Gaboon Adder/Viper Bitis gabonica rhinoceros Common name: West African Gaboon Adder/Viper Bitis heraldica Common name: Bocage's Horned Adder Subspecies: none

Bitis inornata Common name: Plain Mountain Adder Subspecies: none

Bitis nasicornis - Common name: Rhinoceros Viper Subspecies: none

Bitis parviocula Common name: Viper Subspecies: none

Bitis peringueyi Common name: Peringuey's Adder, Dwarf Puff Adder Subspecies: none

Bitis rubida Common name: Red Adder Subspecies: none

Bitis schneideri Common name: Namaqua Dwarf Adder Subspecies: none Bitis worthingtoni Common name: Kenya Horned Viper Subspecies: none Bitis xeropaga Common name: Desert Mountain Adder Subspecies: none

Subfamily Causinae Causus Common name: Two-lined Night Adder Subspecies: none

Causus defilippii Common name: Snouted Night Adder Subspecies: none

Causus lichtensteinii-Common name: Subspecies: none Common name: Spotted Night Adder Subspecies: none

Causus resimus - Common name: Green Night Adder Subspecies: none

Causus rhombeatus - Common name: Common Or Rhombic Night Adder Subspecies: none Cerastes Cerastes cerastes Common name: Desert Horned Viper/Sidwinder

Subspecies:

Cerastes cerastes cerastes Common name: Sahara Horned Viper Cerastes cerastes hoofieni

16 Cerastes gasperettii Common name:

Subspecies:

Cerastes gasperetti mendelssohni Cerastes gasperettii gasperettii Common name: Arabian Horned Viper

Cerastes vipera Common name: Sahara Sand Viper Subspecies: none Daboia Daboia deserti –Common name: Subspecies: none Daboia mauritanica-Common name: Subspecies: none Daboia palaestinae Common name: Palestine Viper Subspecies: none Daboia russelii -Common name: Russels Viper

Subspecies: Daboia russellii russellii Daboia russellii siamensis

Echis Echis carinatusCommon name: Saw-scaled Viper, African Carpet Viper/Israeli Saw-scaled Viper

Subspecies:

Echis carinatus astolae carinatusCommon name: Indian Carpet Viper Echis carinatus sinhaleyus Echis carinatus multisquamatus Echis coloratus Common name: Palestine Saw-scaled Viper Subspecies:n Echis hughesi Common name: Hughes' Saw-scaled Viper Subspecies: none

Echis jogeri Common name: Joger's Saw-scaled Viper Subspecies: none

Echis leucogaster Common name: Roman's Saw-scaled Viper, White Bellied Carpet viper Subspecies: none

Echis megalocephalus Common name: Cherlin's Saw-scaled Viper Subspecies: none Echis multisquamatus- Common name: Central Asian Saw-scaled viper Subspecies: none Common name: West African Saw-scaled Viper Subspecies: none

Echis pyramidum Common name: Egyptian Saw-scaled Viper/Carpet viper

Subspecies: Echis pyramidum pyramidum Common name: East African carpet viper Echis pyramidum aliaborri Common name: Red carpet viper Echis pyramidum leakeyi Echis pyramidum lucidus Echis sochurecki-Common name: Sochureks Saw scaled/carpet viper(may or may not have full species status) Subspecies: none 17 Eristicophis Eristicophis macmahoni Common name: McMahons Desert Viper Subspecies: none

Macrovipera Macrovipera lebetina Common name: Levantine Viper

Subspecies: Macrovipera lebetina lebetina Macrovipera lebetina cernovi Macrovipera lebetina obtusa Macrovipera lebetina peilei [questionable subspecies] Macrovipera lebetina transmediterranea Macrovipera lebetina turanica

Macrovipera schweizeri-Common name: Subspecies: none Montatheris Montatheris hindii Common name: Montane Viper Subspecies: none Proatheris Proatheris superciliaris common name: Lowland swamp viper Subspecies: none Pseudocerastes Pseudocerastes fieldi Common name: Field's Horned Viper Subspecies: none Pseudocerastes persicus Common name: Perisan Horned Viper Subspecies: none

Vipera Vipera albizona-Common name: Subspecies: none

Vipera ammodytes Common name: Nose-horned Viper Subspecies:

Vipera ammodytes ammodytes Vipera ammodytes gregorwallneri (status questionable) Vipera ammodytes meridionalis Vipera ammodytes montandoni European Longnose Viper Vipera ammodytes ruffoi Vipera aspis Common name: Asp Viper

Subspecies:

Vipera aspis aspis Vipera aspis atra Common name: Black Blotched medow Viper Vipera aspis francisciredi Common name: Italian adder Vipera aspis hugyi

18 Vipera aspis zinnikeri Common name: Pyrenees mountain adder Vipera barani Common name: Turkish Viper Subspecies: none

Vipera berus Common name: Adder, Northern Viper

Subspecies:

Vipera berus berus Vipera berus bosniensis

Vipera bornmuelleri Common name: Viper Subspecies: none

Vipera darevskii Common name: Darevsky's Viper Subspecies: none

Vipera dinniki Common name: Dinnik's Viper Subspecies: none

Vipera eriwanensis-Common name: Subspecies: none Vipera kaznakovi Common name: Caucasus Viper Subspecies: none

Vipera latastei Common name: Lataste's Viper

Subspecies:

Vipera latastei latastei Vipera latastei gaditana Heulva Sand Adder Vipera latifii Common name: Latifi's Viper Subspecies: none Vipera lotievi –Common name: Subspecies: none Vipera magnifica- Common name: Subspecies: none Vipera monticola Common name: Mountain Viper Subspecies: none

Vipera nikolskii Common name: Nikolsky's Viper/Russian Black Viper Subspecies: none

Vipera orlovi-Common name: Subspecies: none

Vipera pontica Common name: Black Sea Viper Subspecies: none

Vipera raddei Common name: Caucasus Viper

Subspecies:

Vipera raddei raddei Vipera raddei kurdistanica Vipera renardi –Common name: Subspecies: none Vipera sachalinensis-Common name: Subspecies: none Vipera seoanei Common name: Portugese Viper

Subspecies:

Vipera seoanei seoanei Vipera seoanei cantabrica Vipera transcaucasiana –Common name: Subspecies: none Vipera ursinii Common name: Meadow Viper, Orsinis Viper 19 Subspecies:

Vipera ursinii anatolica (status unclear) Vipera ursinii ebneri (status unclear) Vipera ursinii graeca (status unclear) Vipera ursinii macrops (status unclear) Vipera ursinii moldavica Vipera ursinii rakosiensis Vipera ursinii ursinii Vipera ursinii wettsteini Vipera wagneri Common name: Wagner's Viper/Ocellated Mt. Vipers Subspecies: none

Vipera xanthina Common name: Coastal/Ottoman Viper Subspecies: none

Family Elapidae (cobras, coral snakes etc.) Aspidelaps- Aspidelaps lubricus

Subspecies:

Aspidelaps lubricus cowlesi Common name: Northern Coral Aspidelaps lubricus infuscatus Common name: Nambian Coral Cobra Aspidelaps lubricus lubricus Common name: Coral cobra Aspidelaps scutatus Common name: Sheild nosed Cobras Subspecies: Aspidelaps scutatus bachrani Common name: Sheild nosed Cobras Aspidelaps scutatus fulafulus Common name: Eastern Sheild nosed Cobras Aspidelaps scutatus intermedius Common name: Intermediate Sheild nosed Cobras Aspidelaps scutatus scutatus Common name: Sheild nosed Cobras Boulengerina Boulengerina annulata Common name: Ringed Water Cobra

Subspecies:

Boulengerina annulata annulata Common name: Banded Water Cobra Boulengerina annulata stormsi Common name: Storms Water Cobra

Boulengerina christyi Common name: Christy's Water Cobra Subspecies: none

Bungarus Bungarus andamanensis Common name: South Andaman Krait Subspecies: none

Bungarus bungaroides Common name: Northeastern Hill Krait Subspecies: none

20 Bungarus caeruleus Common name: Indian Krait/Blue Krait Subspecies: none

Bungarus candidus Common name: Blue Krait Subspecies: none

Bungarus ceylonicus Common name: Ceylon Krait

Subspecies:

Bungarus ceylonicus karavala Bungarus ceylonicus ceylonicus Bungarus fasciatus Common name: Banded Krait Subspecies: none

Bungarus flaviceps Common name: Red-headed Krait

Subspecies:

Bungarus flaviceps flaviceps Bungarus flaviceps baluensis

Bungarus lividus Common name: Lesser Black Krait Subspecies: none

Bungarus magnimaculatus Common name: Burmese Krait Subspecies: none

Bungarus multicinctus Common name: Many-banded Krait

Subspecies:

Bungarus multicinctus multicinctus Bungarus multicinctus wanghaotingi

Bungarus Common name: Greater Black Krait Subspecies: none

Bungarus sindanus Common name: Sind Krait

Subspecies: Bungarus sindanus razai Bungarus sindanus walli Bungarus sindanus sindanus

Calliophis Calliophis beddomei-Common name: Beddome’s Subspecies: none

Calliophis bibroni Common name: Bibron's Coral Snake Subspecies: none

Calliophis calligaster Common name: Red bellied Coral snake

Subspecies:

Calliophis calligaster calligaster Calliophis calligaster gemiannulis Calliophis calligaster mcclungi Calliophis gracilis Common name: Gray Coral Snake, Slender coral snake, Spotted Coral snake Subspecies: none 21 Calliophis kelloggi Common name: Kellogg's Coral Snake Subspecies: none

Calliophis macclellandi Common name: Macclelland’s Coral snake

Subspecies:

Calliophis macclellandi iwasakii Common name: Iwasaki’s Coral snake

Calliophis macclellandi swinoei Common name: Taiwan Coral snake Calliophis macclellandi swinhoei Common name: Red ringed snake Calliophis macclellandi univirgatus Common name: Calliophis maculiceps Common name: Small-spotted Coral Snake

Subspecies:

Calliophis maculiceps atrofrontalis Calliophis maculiceps hughi Calliophis maculiceps maculiceps Calliophis maculiceps michaelis Calliophis maculiceps smithi

Calliophis melanurus Common name: Sri Lanken Coral snake, Black tailed coral snake

Subspecies:

Calliophis melanurus sinhaleyus Calliophis melanurus nigrescens Calliophis nigrescens Common name: Indian Coral Snake,Striped Coral snake Subspecies: none Dendroaspis Dendroaspis angusticeps Common name: Eastern Green Mamba Subspecies: none

Dendroaspis jamesoni Common name: Jamesons Mamba

Subspecies:

Dendroaspis jamesoni jamesoni Common name: Jamesons Mamba Dendroaspis jamesoni kaimosae Common name: East African Jamesons Mamba

Dendroaspis polylepis Common name: Black Mamba

Subspecies: Dendroaspis polylepis polylepis Dendroaspis polylepis antinori

Dendroaspis viridis Common name: Western Green Mamba— Subspecies: none Elapsoidea Elapsoidea broadleyi-Common name: Subspecies: none Elapsoidea chelazzii Common name: Somali Garter Snake Subspecies: none

Elapsoidea guentherii-Common name: Subspecies: none

22 Elapsoidea laticincta Common name: Werner's Garter Snake Subspecies: none Elapsoidea loveridgei Common name: Loveridge's Garter Snake

Subspecies:

Elapsoidea loveridgei colleti Elapsoidea loveridgei loveridgei Elapsoidea loveridgei multicincta Elapsoidea nigra Common name: Black Garter Snake Subspecies: none

Elapsoidea semiannulata Common name: Boulengeis Garter Snake

Subspecies:

Elapsoidea semiannulata boulengeri Elapsoidea semiannulata moebiusi Elapsoidea semiannulata semiannulata Elapsoidea sundevallii Common name: Sundervall’s Garter snake

Subspecies: Elapsoidea sundevallii decosteri Common name: De Coster’s Garter snake Elapsoidea sundevallii fitzsimonsi Common name: Kallahari garter Snake Elapsoidea sundevallii longicauda Common name: Long tailed Garter Snake Elapsoidea sundevallii media Common name: Highveld Garter Snake Elapsoidea sundevallii sundevallii Common name: Natal Gater Snake Elapsoidea trapei Common name: Subspecies: none Hemachatus Hemachatus haemachatus common name: Rinkals cobra- Subspecies: none Hemibungarus Hemibungarus hatori-Common name: Taiwan Striped Coral snake Subspecies: none Hemibungarus japonicus common name:Japanese coral snake Subspecies: Hemibungarus japonicus boettgeri common name:Okinawa coral snake Hemibungarus japonicus japonicus common name:Amami coral snake Hemibungarus japonicus takarai common name:Takara’s coral snake Hemibungarus sauteri-Common name: Asian, Sauter’s, Striped coral snake Subspecies: none Homoroselaps Homoroselaps dorsalis Common name-Striped Harelquin snake— Subspecies: none - Common name: Spotted Harelquin snake— Subspecies: none Maticora Maticora bivirgata Common name: Blue Malaysian Coral Snake

Subspecies:

Maticora bivirgata flaviceps Maticora bivirgata bivirgata Maticora bivirgata tetrataenia

23 Maticora intestinalis Common name: Banded Malaysian Coral Snake

Subspecies: Maticora intestinalis intestinalis Maticora intestinalis lineata Maticora intestinalis bilineata Maticora intestinalis everetti Maticora intestinalis philippina Maticora intestinalis suluensis Maticora intestinalis thepassi

Micruroides Micruroides euryxanthus Common name:

Subspecies: Micruroides euryxanthus australis Micruroides euryxanthus euryxanthus Arizona Coral snake Micruroides euryxanthus neglectus

Micrurus Micrurus albicinctus- Common name: White-banded Coral Snake Subspecies: none

Micrurus alleni Common name: Allen's Coral Snake, Costa Rican Coral snake, Arrowheaded Coral

Subspecies:

Micrurus alleni alleni Micrurus alleni richardi Micrurus alleni yatesi Micrurus altirostris-Common name: Short tailed coral snake,Many Banded Coral Subspecies: none Micrurus ancoralis Common name: Regal Coral Snake

Subspecies:

Micrurus ancoralis jani Common name: Jan’s/Choco Anchor Coral Snake Micrurus ancoralis ancoralis Common name: Ecuadorian Anchor Coral Snake Micrurus annellatus Common name: Annellated Coral Snake

Subspecies:

Micrurus annellatus annellatus Common name: Common Annellated Coral Snake Micrurus annellatus balzanii Common name: Balzans/Yungas Coral Snake Micrurus annellatus bolivianus Common name: Bolivian Coral Snake Micrurus averyi Common name: Black-headed Coral Snake/Avery’s Coral snake Subspecies: none Micrurus baliocoryphus- Common name: Souther/Shortailed Coral Snake, Mesopotamian Coral Subspecies: none

Micrurus bernadi-Common name: Blotched Coral snake, Bernard’s Coral snake, Saddled Coral snake Subspecies: none Micrurus bocourti Common name: Ecuador Coral Snake, Bocourt’s Coral snake, False Triad Coral snake Subspecies: none

Micrurus bogerti Common name: Bogert's Coral Snake, Coastal coral snake Subspecies: none 24 Micrurus brasiliensis Common name: Brazilian Short-tailed coral snake Subspecies: none

Micrurus browni Common name: Brown's Coral Snake, Sierra Madre Coral snake Subspecies: none

Subspecies:

Micrurus browni brown Common name: Common Sierra Madre Coral Snake Micrurus browni importunus Common name: Antigua Basin Coral Snake Micrurus browni taylori Common name: Taylors Coral Snake, Acapulco Coral Snake Micrurus catamayensis Common name: Catamayo Coral Snake Subspecies: none

Micrurus ccircinalis Common name: Circled Coral Snake, Small Coral Snake, Trinidad Northern Coral Snake

Subspecies: none

Micrurus clarki Common name: Clark's Coral Snake

Subspecies: none Micrurus collaris Common name: Guyana Blackback Coral Snake (these may be placed in Leptomicurus, however the phylogenetic evidence to date suggests that they should be in Micrurus)

Subspecies:

Leptomicrurus collaris collaris Leptomicrurus collaris breviventris Common name: Painted Coral Snake

Subspecies: none Micrurus decoratus Common name: Brazilian Coral Snake, Decorated Coral snake

Subspecies: none Micrurus diana- Common name: Diana’s Coral Snake Subspecies: none Micrurus diastema Common name: Variable Coral Snake, Atlantic Coral snake, Diastema Coral Snake

Subspecies:

Micrurus diastema diastema Common name: Coral Snake Micrurus diastema aglaeope Common name: Slpendid Coral Snake Micrurus diastema alienus Common name: Yucatan Coral Snake Micrurus diastema affinis Common name: Speckeled Coral Snake, Yucatecan Coral Snake Micrurus diastema apiatus Common name: Spotted Nose Coral Snake, Ringed Coral Snake Micrurus diastema macdougalli Common name: MacDougall’s Coral Snake Micrurus diastema sapperi Common name: Sapper’s Variable Coral Snake, Irregular Coral Snake Micrurus dissoleucus Common name: Pigmy Coral Snake, Candelilla

Subspecies:

Micrurus dissoleucus Dissoleucus Common name: Venezuelan Pigmy Coral Snake

Micrurus dissoleucus dunni Common name: Pigmy Coral Snake, Dunn’s Pigmy Coral Snake Micrurus dissoleucus melanogenys Common name: Santa Marta Pigmy Coral Snake Micrurus dissoleucus meridensis Common name: Pigmy Coral Snake Micrurus dissoleucus nigrirostris Common name: Barranquilla Pigmy Coral Snake Micrurus distans Common name: West Mexican Coral Snake, Broad Banded Coral Snake, Clear Banded Coral Snake

Subspecies: 25 Micrurus distans distans Common name: West Mexican Coral Snake, Common Clear Banded Coral Snake

Micrurus distans michoacanensis Common name: Michoacan Coral Snake, Michoacan Clear Banded Coral Snake

Micrurus distans oliveri Common name: Oliver’s Coral Snake, Colima Clear Banded Coral Snake

Micrurus distans zweifeli Common name: Zweifeli’s Coral Snake,

Micrurus dumerilii Common name: Dumeri’s Coral Snake, Capuchin Coral Snake

Subspecies:

Micrurus dumerili antioquiensis Common name: Antioquain Coral Snake Micrurus dumerili carinicaudus Micrurus carinicauda Common name: Common name: Rough tailed, Intermediate Capuchin Coral Snake Micrurus dumerili colombianus Common name: Santa Marta Rough tailed Coral Snake , Santa Marta Capuchin Coral Snake Micrurus dumerili dumerili Common name: Common Capuchin Coral Snake

Micrurus dumerili transandinus Common name: Transandian Coral Snake , Transandean Capuchin Coral Snake Coral Snake Micrurus dumerili venezuelensis Common name: Micrurus elegans Common name: Elegant Coral Snake

Subspecies:

Micrurus elegans elegans Common name: Western Elegant Coral Snake Micrurus elegans veraepacis Common name: Guatemalan Elegant Coral Snake, Verapaz Elegant Coral Snake Micrurus ephippifer Common name: Oaxacan Coral Snake, Double black coral snake

Subspecies:

Micrurus ephippifer zapotecus Common name: Zapotec Coral Snake Micrurus ephippifer ephippifer Common name: Tehuantepec Coral Snake Micrurus filiformis Common name: Slender Coral Snake , Thread form Coral Snake

Subspecies:

Micrurus filiformis filiformis Common name: Micrurus filiformis subtilis Common name: Micrurus frontalis Common name: Southern Coral Snake, Brazialian Giant Coral snake, Short tailed coral snake

Subspecies:

Micrurus frontalis frontalis Common name: Micrurus frontalis brasiliensis Common name: Micrurus frontalis mesopotamicus Common name: Micrurus frontifasciatus Common name: Bolivian Coral Snake, Bolivian Triad Coral snake Subspecies: none

Micrurus fulvius Common name: Eastern Coral Snake, Harlequin Coralsnake, North American coral snake Subspecies: none

Micrurus hemprichii Common name: Hemprich's Coral Snake, Worm eating coral snake, Coral Lomricera

Subspecies:

26 Micrurus hemprichii hemprichii Common name: Eastern Worm eating coral snake, Lombricera Oriental Micrurus hemprichii ortoni Common name: Orton's Coral Snake, Western Worm eating coral snake, Coral Lombricera Occidental Micrurus hemprichii rondonianus Common name: Rondonian Coral Snake, Worm eating coral snake Micrurus hippocrepis Common name: Mayan Coral Snake, Belize coral snake Subspecies: none

Micrurus ibiboboca Common name: Caatinga Coral Snake, Ibiboboca Subspecies: none

Micrurus isozonus Common name: Venezuelan Coral Snake, Equal banded Coral snake, Coral De Franjas Iguales Subspecies: none

Micrurus langsdorffi Common name: Langsdorff's Coral Snake

Subspecies:

Micrurus langsdorffi langsdorffi Common name: Langsdorff's Coral Snake, Confused Coral snake Micrurus langsdorffi ornatissimus Common name: Ornated Coral Snake Micrurus laticollaris Common name: Balsan Coral Snake, Double Collar coral snake

Subspecies:

Micrurus laticollaris laticollaris Common name: Eastern Double Collar coral snake Micrurus laticollaris maculirostris Common name: Western Double Collar coral snake, Colima Coral snake

Micrurus latifasciatus Common name: Broad-ringed Coral Snake, Long banded coral snake Subspecies: none Micrurus lemniscatus Common name: South American Coral Snake, Ribbon coral snake, Coral Acintada, Cobra Coral de Faixas

Subspecies:

Micrurus lemniscatus lemniscatus Common name: Guiana’s ribbon Coral Snake

Micrurus lemniscatus carvalhoi Common name: Carvalho’s Coral Snake,Brazilian ribon Coral Snake Micrurus lemniscatus diutius Common name: Large Coral Snake,Trinidad ribbon Coral Snake Micrurus lemniscatus frontifasciatus Common name: Micrurus lemniscatus helleri Common name: Heller’s Coral Snake, Western ribbon Coral Snake Micrurus limbatus Common name: Tuxtlan Coral Snake

Subspecies:

Micrurus limbatus limbatus Common name: Tuxtlan BandedCoral Snake Micrurus limbatus spilosomus Common name: Tuxtlan Spotted Coral Snake Micrurus margaritiferus Common name: Speckled Coral Snake, Coral Salpicada Subspecies: none Micrurus medemi-Common name: Subspecies: none

Micrurus meridensis-Common name: Merida Pygmy coral snake, Candelilla Meridena Subspecies: none Micrurus mertensi Common name: Mertens' Coral Snake, , Peruvian Desert coral snake, Villavicencio coral snake Subspecies: none

Micrurus mipartitus Common name: Redtail Coral Snake, Black-ringed coral snake, Rabo de Candela

Subspecies:

Micrurus mipartitus mipartitus Common name: Pacific Redtail Coral Snake Micrurus mipartitus anomalus Common name: Santa marta Redtail Coral Snake Micrurus mipartitus decussatus Common name: Andean Redtail Coral Snake

27 Micrurus mipartitus poayanensiss Common name: Popayan Redtail Coral Snake Micrurus mipartitus semipartitus Common name: Venezuelan Redtail Coral Snake

Micrurus multifasciatus Common name: Many-banded Coral Snake, Garantilla Bicolor Coral snake

Subspecies:

Micrurus multifasciatus multifasciatus Common name: Panama Garantilla, Panamanian Garantilla Micrurus multifasciatus hertwigi Common name: Hertwig’s Coral Snake, Costa Rican Gargantilla

Micrurus multiscutatus Common name: Cauca Coral Snake Subspecies: none Micrurus narducciiCommon name: Andean Blackback Coral Snake

Subspecies:

Leptomicrurus narduccii narduccii Leptomicrurus narduccii melanotus

Micrurus nebularis Common name: Cloud Forest Coral Snake, Nebina coral snake Subspecies: none

Micrurus nigrocinctus Common name: Central American Coral Snake, Black banded coral snake

Subspecies:

Micrurus nigrocinctus babaspul Common name: Babaspul Coral Snake, Babasul Micrurus nigrocinctus coibensis Common name: Coiban Coral Snake Micrurus nigrocinctus divaricatus Common name: Coral Snake Micrurus nigrocinctus mosquitensis Common name: Misquito Coral Snake Micrurus nigrocinctus nigrocinctus Common name: Common Central American Coral Snake

Micrurus nigrocinctus melanocephalus Common name: Black headed coral snake Micrurus nigrocinctus ovandoensis Common name: Micrurus nigrocinctus ruatanus Common name: Micrurus nigrocinctus wagneri Common name: Micrurus nigrocinctus yatesi Common name: Micrurus nigrocinctus zunilensis Common name: Zunil Coral Snake Micrurus pacaraimae-Common name: Subspecies: none Micrurus pachecogili -Common name: Subspecies: none Micrurus paraensis-Common name: Para coral snake Subspecies: none Micrurus peruvianus Common name: Peruvian Coral Snake Subspecies: none Micrurus petersi Common name: Peters' Coral Snake, Mountain coral snake Subspecies: none Micrurus proximans Common name: Coral Snake Subspecies: none Micrurus psyches Common name: Carib Coral Snake, Northern coral snake, Coral Nortena, Cobra Coral Septrional

Subspecies:

Micrurus psyches circinalis Common name: Micrurus psyches donosoi Common name: Micrurus psyches psyches Common name: Micrurus putumayensis Common name: Putumayo Coral Snake Subspecies: none Micrurus pyrrhocryptus-Common name: Southern Coral Snake, Coral Surena, Cobra Coral Meridional, Argentinean Coral Snake Subspecies: none

28 Micrurus remotus-Common name: Remote Coral Snake Subspecies: none Micrurus ruatanus Common name: Roatan Coral Snake Subspecies: none Micrurus sangilensis Common name: Santander Coral Snake, San Gil Coral Snake, Coral Sangilense Subspecies: none Micrurus scutiventris-Common name: Subspecies: none Micrurus spixii Common name: Amazon Coral Snake, Spix’s Coral Snake

Subspecies:

Micrurus spixii spixii Common name: Central Amazon Coral Snake Micrurus spixiii martiusi Common name: Black headed Amazonian Coral Snake, Martius’s Coral Snake Micrurus spixii obscurus Common name: Black neck Amazonian Coral Snake, Micrurus spixii princeps Common name: Bolivian Amazonian Coral Snake Micrurus spurelli -Common name: Colombian coral snake, Spurrell’s coral snake, Butterfly headed Coral Sanke, Coral Cabeza Mariposa Subspecies: none Micrurus steindachneri Common name: Steindachner's Coral Snake, Piedmont Coral snake, Coral de Laderas

Micrurus steindachneri steindachneri Common name: Santiago Piedmont coral snake, Coral Santiaguena Montuna

Micrurus steindachneri orcesi Common name: Pastaza Piedmont Coral Snake, Coral Montuna de Pastaza Micrurus stewarti Common name: Panamenian Coral Snake Subspecies: none Micrurus stuarti Common name: Stuart's Coral Snake, Volcano coral snake Subspecies: none Micrurus surinamensis Common name: Aquatic Coral Snake

Subspecies:

Micrurus surinamensis surinamensis Common name: Suriname coral snake, Amazonian Aquatic Coral Snake Micrurus surinamensis nattereri Common name: Natterer’s Coral Snake, Venezuelan Aquatic Coral Snake Micrurus tener Common name: Coral Snake, Harlequin Coral snake, North American Coral Snake

Subspecies:

Micrurus tener fitzingeri Common name: Fitzinger’s Coral Snake, Guanajuanto Coral snake Micrurus tener maculatus Common name: Tampico Coral Snake, Micrurus tener microgalbineus Common name: Potosi Coral Snake, Spotted Coral snake, Micrurus tener tener Common name: Texas Coral Snake Micrurus tricolor-Common name: Argentinean Coral Snake Subspecies: none Micrurus tschudii Common name: Desert Coral Snake

Subspecies: Micrurus tschudii olssoni Common name: Northern Desert Coral Snake, Olsson’s Coral Snake Micrurus tschudii tschudii Common name: Tschudi’s Coral Snake, Southern Desert Coral Snake

Naja-African and asian cobras Naja annulifera Common name: -Banded

Subspecies:

Naja annulifera annulifera

Naja atra - Common name: Subspecies: none

Naja haje Common name: Egyptian Cobra 29 Subspecies:

Naja haje haje Naja haje anchietae Naja haje arabica Naja haje legionis(questionable subspecies)

Naja kaouthia Common name: Subspecies: none

Naja katiensis - Common name: Cobra Subspecies: none Naja mandalayensis-Common name: Subspecies: none Naja melanoleuca - Common name: Black and White Forest Cobra Subspecies: none Naja Common name: Mozambique Spitting Cobra Subspecies: none Naja naja Common name: (Spectacled) Subspecies: none Naja nigricollis Common name:

Subspecies:

Naja nigricollis nigricollis Common name: Black Necked Spitting Cobra Naja nigricollis nigricincta Naja nigricollis woodi Naja nivea Common name: Subspecies: none Naja nubiae-Common name: Nubian Spitting Cobra Subspecies: none Naja oxiana Common name: Central Asian Cobra Subspecies: none Naja pallida Common name: Subspecies: none Naja philippinensis Common name: Subspecies: none

Naja sagittifera-Common name: Subspecies: none Naja samarensis- Common name: peters cobra, Samar Cobra, Visayan Cobra Subspecies: none Naja siamensis- Common name: Indochinese spitting Cobra Subspecies: none Naja sputatrix Common name: Indonesian Cobra Subspecies: none Naja sumatrana Common name: Equatorial Spitting Cobra Subspecies: none Ophiophagus Ophiophagus hannah-Common name-King Cobra, Hamadryad- Subspecies: none Paranaja Paranaja multifasciata Common name: Many-banded Snake, Burrowing Cobra Subspecies Paranaja multifasciata anomala Paranaja multifasciata duttoni Paranaja multifasciata multifasciata Pseudohaje Pseudohaje goldii Common name-Golds forest cobra- Subspecies: none

30 Pseudohaje nigra Common name-Hoodless cobra- Subspecies: none

Walterinnesia Common name-Desert cobra/ Desert Black Snake- Subspecies: none

Subfamily Hydrophiinae (Australasian and marine Elapids) Acalyptophis Acalyptophis peronii Common name: Spiny-headed seasnake Subspecies:none

Acanthophis The taxonomy of Acanthophis remains largely unresolved Acanthophis antarcticus Common name: Subspecies: none widely recognised

Acanthophis barnetti Common name: Subspecies: none Comment: Questionable species. Probably synonymous to Acanthophis praelongus

Acanthophis crotalusei Common name: Subspecies: none Comment: Questionable species. The taxonomy of Acanthophis remains largely unresolved Acanthophis cummingi Common name: Subspecies: none Questionable species. The taxonomy of Acanthophis remains largely unresolved Acanthophis hawkei Common name: Subspecies: none Questionable species. The taxonomy of Acanthophis remains largely unresolved

Acanthophis praelongus Common name: Northern death adder Subspecies: none

Acanthophis pyrrhus Common name: Subspecies: none Acanthophis wellsei Common name: Pilbara Death Adder Subspecies: none Acanthophis woolfi Common name: Subspecies: none Questionable species. The taxonomy of Acanthophis remains largely unresolved

Aipysurus Aipysurus apraefrontalis Common name: Short-nosed Seasnake Subspecies: none Aipysurus duboisii Common name: Reef shallows seasnake Subspecies: none Aipysurus eydouxii Common name: Spine-tailed seasnake Subspecies: none Aipysurus foliosquama Common name: Leaf-scaled Seasnake Subspecies: none Aipysurus fuscus Common name: Dusky Seasnake Subspecies: none Aipysurus laevis Common name: Olive-brown seasnake Subspecies: none Aipysurus pooleorum Common name: Shark Bay Seasnake Subspecies: none

31 Aipysurus tenuis Common name: Arafura Subspecies: none

Aspidomorphus lineaticollis Aspidomorphus lineaticollis Common name: Striped crown snake Subspecies: none Aspidomorphus muelleri Common name: Müller's crown snake

Subspecies:

Aspidomorphus muelleri interruptus Aspidomorphus muelleri lineaticollis Aspidomorphus muelleri lineatus Aspidomorphus muelleri muelleri Aspidomorphus schlegeli Common name: Schlegel's crown snake Subspecies: none

Astrotia Astrotia stokesii Common name: Stoke's seasnake Subspecies: none Austrelaps Austrelaps labialis Common name: Pygmy Copperhead Subspecies: none

Austrelaps ramsayi Common name: Highlands Copperhead Subspecies: none

Austrelaps superbus Common name: Lowlands Copperhead, Copperhead Snake Subspecies:none

Cacophis Cacophis churchilli Subspecies: none Common name: White-, White-naped Snake Subspecies: none Common name: Dwarf Crowned Snake, Krefft's Dwarf Snake Subspecies: none Cacophis squamulosus Common name: Golden Crowned Snake Subspecies: none Demansia Demansia atra Common name: Black whip snake Subspecies: none Demansia calodera Common name: Black-necked Whipsnake Subspecies: none Demansia olivacea Common name: Olive Whipsnake, Marble-headed Whip Snake Subspecies: none Demansia papuensis Common name: Papuan whip snake Subspecies: Demansia papuensis melaena Demansia papuensis papuensis Demansia Common name: Yellow-faced Whipsnake, Yellow-Faced Whip Snake Subspecies:

Demansia psammophis cupreiceps Demansia psammophis psammophis Demansia psammophis reticulata Demansia rufescens Common name: Rufous Whipsnake Subspecies: none 32 Demansia simplex Common name: Grey Whipsnake Subspecies: none Demansia torquata Common name: Collared Whipsnake, Collared Whip Snake Subspecies: none Demansia vestigiata Common name: Black Whipsnake Subspecies: none Denisonia Denisonia devisi Common name: De Vis's Banded Snake, De Vis Banded Snake Subspecies: none Denisonia maculata Common name: Subspecies: none Disteira Disteira kingii Common name: Spectacled or King's seasnake Subspecies: none Disteira major Common name: Olive-headed or greater seasnake Subspecies: none Disteira nigrocincta Subspecies: none Disteira walli Common name: Wall's Sea Snake Subspecies: none Drysdalia Drysdalia coronoides Common name: White-lipped Snake Subspecies: none

Drysdalia mastersii Common name: Masters' Snake Subspecies: none Drysdalia rhodogaster Common name: Mustard-bellied Snake Subspecies: none Echiopsis Echiopsis curta Common name: Bardick Subspecies: none Elapognathus Elapognathus coronata Common name: Crowned Snake Subspecies: none Elapognathus minor Common name: Short-nosed Snake, Little Brown Snake Subspecies: none Emydocephalus Emydocephalus annulatus Common name: Turtle-headed seasnake Subspecies: none Emydocephalus ijimae Common name: Turtlehead Sea Snake Subspecies: none Enhydrina Enhydrina schistosa Common name: Common or beaked seasnake Subspecies: none Enhydrina zweifeli Common name: Sepik or Zweifel's beaked seasnake Subspecies: none Ephalophis Ephalophis greyae Common name: North-western Mangrove Seasnake Subspecies: none Furina Furina barnardi Common name: Yellow-naped Snake Subspecies: none Furina diadema Common name: Red-naped Snake Subspecies: none Furina dunmalli Common name: Dunmall's Snake Subspecies: none Furina ornata Common name: Orange-naped Snake Subspecies: none Furina tristis Common name: Brown-headed or grey-naped snake Subspecies: none

33 Hemiaspis Common name: Grey Snake Subspecies: none Common name: Marsh Snake, Swamp Snake, Black-bellied Swamp Snake Subspecies: none

Hoplocephalus Common name: Australian Broad headed snakes Hoplocephalus bitorquatus Common name: Pale-headed Snake Subspecies: none Hoplocephalus bungaroides Common name: Broad-headed Snake Subspecies: none Hoplocephalus stephensii Common name: Stephens's Banded Snake Subspecies: none Hydrelaps Hydrelaps darwiniensis Common name: Port Darwin seasnake Subspecies: none

Hydrophis Hydrophis atriceps Common name: Black-headed seasnake Subspecies: none Common name: Faint-banded Seasnake Subspecies: none Hydrophis bituberculatus Common name: Peters' Sea Snake Subspecies: none Hydrophis brooki Subspecies none Hydrophis caerulescens Common name: Dwarf Seasnake Subspecies: none Hydrophis coggeri Common name: Slender-necked Seasnake Subspecies: none Hydrophis cyanocinctus Common name: Annulated Sea Snake Subspecies: none Hydrophis czeblukovi Common name: Fine-spined Seasnake Subspecies: none Hydrophis elegans Common name: Elegant or bar-bellied seasnake Subspecies: none Hydrophis fasciatus Common name: Striped Sea Snake Subspecies: none Hydrophis inornatus Common name: Plain Seasnake Subspecies: none Hydrophis klossi Common name: Kloss' Sea Snake Subspecies: none Hydrophis laboutei Subspecies: none Hydrophis lamberti Common name: Lambert's Sea Snake Subspecies: none Hydrophis lapemoides Common name: Persian Gulf Sea Snake Subspecies: none Hydrophis mamillaris Common name: Bombay Sea Snake Subspecies: none Hydrophis mcdowelli Common name: Small-headed or McDowell's seasnake Subspecies: none Hydrophis melanocephalus Common name: Slender-necked Seasnake Subspecies: none Hydrophis melanosoma Common name: Black-banded or robust seasnake Subspecies: none Hydrophis obscurus Common name: Russel's Sea Snake Subspecies: none Hydrophis ornatus Common name: Ornate Reef seasnake Subspecies:

Hydrophis ornatus godeffroyi Hydrophis ornatus maresianus Hydrophis ornatus ocellatus Hydrophis ornatus ornatus Hydrophis pacificus Common name: Pacific seasnake Subspecies: none 34 Hydrophis parviceps Subspecies: none Hydrophis semperi Common name: Lake Taal Snake Subspecies: none Hydrophis sibauensis Subspecies: none Hydrophis spiralis Common name: Yellow Sea Snake Subspecies: none

Hydrophis stricticollis Common name: Collared Sea Snake Subspecies: none Hydrophis torquatus Common name: West Coast Black-headed Sea Snake Subspecies:

Hydrophis torquatus aagaardi Hydrophis torquatus diadema Hydrophis torquatus torquatus Hydrophis vorisi Common name: Estuarine seasnake Subspecies: none Kerilia Kerilia jerdonii Common name: Jerdon's Sea Snake

Subspecies:

Kerilia jerdonii jerdonii Kerilia jerdonii siamensis

Kolpophis Kolpophis annandalei Common name: Bighead Sea Snake Subspecies: none Lapemis

Lapemis curtus Common name: Shaw's Sea Snake Subspecies: none Lapemis hardwickii Common name: Hardwicke's spine-bellied seasnake Subspecies: none Laticauda Laticauda colubrina Common name: Yellow-lipped sea krait Subspecies: none Laticauda crockeri Common name: Crocker's Sea Snake Subspecies: none Laticauda laticaudata Common name: Common or blue-lipped sea krait Subspecies:

Laticauda laticaudata affinis Laticauda laticaudata laticaudata Laticauda laticaudata wolffi

Laticauda schistorhynchus Common name: Flat-tail Sea Snake Subspecies: none Laticauda semifasciata Common name: Chinese Sea Snake Subspecies: none Loveridgelaps Loveridgelaps elapoides Common name: Solomon's small-eyed snake Subspecies: none Micropechis

35 Micropechis ikaheka Common name: New small-eyed or Ikaheka snake Subspecies: none Notechis Notechis ater Common name: Tiger snakes

Subspecies: Notechis ater ater Common name: Finders black tiger snake Notechis ater humphreysi Common name: King Island black tiger snake Notechis ater niger Common name: Reevsby black tiger snake Notechis ater serventy Common name: Chappell Island tiger snake Notechis scutatus

Subspecies: Notechis scutatus scutatus Common name: Eastern tiger snake Notechis scutatus occidentalis Common name:Western tiger snake Ogmodon Ogmodon vitianus Common name: Fiji Cobra Subspecies: none

Oxyuranus Oxyuranus microlepidotus Common name: Fierce Snake, Subspecies: none

Oxyuranus scutellatus Common name: Common Taipan Subspecies: Oxyuranus scutellatus scutellatus Common name:Eastern/Coastal Taipan Oxyuranus scutellatus canni Common name:Papuan/New Guinea Taipan

Parahydrophis Parahydrophis mertoni Common name: Arafura smooth or northern mangrove seasnake Subspecies: none Parapistocalamus Parapistocalamus hedigeri Common name: Bougainville or Hediger's coral snake Subspecies: none Paroplocephalus atriceps Common name: Lake Cronin Snake Supspecies: none Pelamis Pelamis platurus Common name: Yellowbelly Sea Snake Subspecies: none

36 Pseudechis Pseudechis australis Common name: King brown or mulga snake Subspecies: none(Pailsus pailsei may be a syn.)

Pseudechis butleri Common name: Spotted Mulga Snake, Butler's Snake Subspecies: none

Pseudechis colletti Common name: Collett's Snake Subspecies: none

Pseudechis guttatus Common name: Spotted Black Snake, Blue-bellied Black Snake Subspecies: none

Pseudechis papuanus Common name: Papuan blacksnake Subspecies: none Pseudechis porphyriacus Common name: Red-bellied Black Snake Subspecies: none

Pseudonaja Brown snakes

Pseudonaja affinis Common name: Dugite

Subspecies:

Pseudonaja affinis affinis Common name: Pseudonaja affinis exilis Common name: Pseudonaja affinis tanneri Common name:

Pseudonaja guttata Common name: Speckled Brown Snake Subspecies: none

Pseudonaja inframacula Common name: Peninsula Brown Snake Subspecies:none

Pseudonaja ingrami Common name: Ingram's Brown Snake Subspecies:none

Pseudonaja modesta Common name: Ringed Brown Snake Subspecies:none

Pseudonaja nuchalis Common name: Gwardar, Western Brown Snake Subspecies: none Pseudonaja textilis Common name: Subspecies:none Rhinoplocephalus Rhinoplocephalus bicolor Common name: Square-nosed Snake, Muller's Snake Subspecies: none Rhinoplocephalus boschmai Common name: Carpentaria whip snake Subspecies: none Rhinoplocephalus incredibilis Subspecies: none Rhinoplocephalus nigrescens Common name: Small-eyed Snake, Eastern Small-eyed Snake, Short- tailed Snake Subspecies: none Rhinoplocephalus nigrostriatus Common name: Black-striped snake Subspecies: none Rhinoplocephalus pallidiceps Common name: Western Carpentaria Snake, Northern Small-eyed Snake Subspecies: none Salomonelaps Salomonelaps par Common name: Solomons coral snake Subspecies: none 37 Simoselaps Simoselaps anomalus Common name: Northern Desert Banded Snake Subspecies: none Simoselaps approximans Common name: North-western Shovel-nosed Snake Subspecies: none Simoselaps australis Common name: Eastern Shovel-nosed Snake, Coral Snake, Australian Coral Snake Subspecies: none Simoselaps bertholdi Common name: Southern Desert Banded Snake, Desert Banded Snake Subspecies: none Simoselaps bimaculatus Common name: Black-naped Burrowing Snake, Western Black-naped Snake Subspecies: none

Simoselaps calonotus Common name: Black-striped Burrowing Snake, Western Black-striped Snake Subspecies: none Simoselaps fasciolatus Common name: Narrow-banded Shovel-nosed Snake, Narrow-banded Burrowing Snake Subspecies:

Simoselaps fasciolatus fasciolatus Simoselaps fasciolatus fasciatus

Simoselaps incinctus Common name: Unbanded Shovel-nosed Snake Subspecies: none Simoselaps littoralis Common name: West-Coast Banded Snake, Coastal Burrowing Snake Subspecies: none Simoselaps minimus Common name: Dampierland Burrowing Snake Subspecies: none Simoselaps morrisi Common name: Subspecies: none Simoselaps roperi Common name: Northern Shovel-nosed Snake Subspecies: none Simoselaps semifasciatus Subspecies:

Simoselaps semifasciatus campbelli Simoselaps semifasciatus semifasciatus Simoselaps semifasciatus woodjonesii Simoselaps warro Common name: North-eastern Plain-nosed, Burrowing Snake, Robust Burrowing Snake Subspecies: none Suta Suta dwyeri Common name: Variable Black-naped Snake Subspecies: none Suta fasciata Common name: Rosen's Snake Subspecies: none Suta flagellum Common name: Whip Hooded Snake Subspecies: none Suta gouldii Common name: Gould's Hooded Snake, Black-headed Snake Subspecies: none Suta monachus Common name: Monk Snake, Hooded Snake Subspecies: none Suta nigriceps Common name: Mallee Black-backed Snake Subspecies: none Suta ordensis Common name: Ord Curl Snake Subspecies: none Suta punctata Common name: Spotted Snake, Little Spotted Snake Subspecies: none Suta spectabilis Common name: Spectacled Hooded Snake Subspecies:

38 Suta spectabilis bushi Suta spectabilis nullarbor Suta spectabilis spectabilis

Suta suta Common name: Curl Snake, Myal Snake Subspecies: none Thalassophina Thalassophina viperina Subspecies: none Thalassophis Thalassophis anomalus Common name: Anomalous Sea Snake Subspecies: none

Toxicocalamus Toxicocalamus buergersi Common name: Buerger's forest snake Subspecies: none Toxicocalamus grandis Common name: Setekwa River forest snake Subspecies: none

Toxicocalamus holopelturus Common name: Mt Rossel forest snake Subspecies: none Toxicocalamus longissimus Common name: Woodlark or Fergusson Island forest snake Subspecies: none Toxicocalamus loriae Common name: Loria forest snake Subspecies: none Toxicocalamus misimae Common name: Misima Island forest snake Subspecies: none Toxicocalamus preussi Subspecies:

Toxicocalamus preussi angusticinctus Toxicocalamus preussi preussi Toxicocalamus spilolepidotus Common name: Spotted forest snake Subspecies: none

Toxicocalamus stanleyanus Common name: Owen Stanley Range forest snake Subspecies: none

Tropidechis Tropidechis carinatus Common name: Rough-scaled Snake, Clarence River Snake Subspecies:none Vermicella Vermicella annulata Common name: Eastern Bandy-bandy, Bandy Bandy Subspecies: none Vermicella intermedia Common name: Subspecies: none Vermicella multifasciata Common name: Northern Bandy Bandy Subspecies: none Vermicella snelli Common name: Subspecies: none Vermicella vermiformis Common name: Subspecies: none

39 Family: Colubridae (in this section various rear-fanged will be listed, however: NOTE: not exhaustive taking into consideration toxic salvia or oral secretions) (The arrangement of Colubridae is currently suited to common usage, however, changes in the entire Family and subfamilies are inevitable in the future, thus changing this arrangement)

Subfamily Boiga Boiga blandingii Common name: Blandings Tree Snake Subspecies:none Boiga ceylonesisCommon name: Sri Lanken Cat Snake Subspecies:none Boiga dendrophila-common name: Mangrove snake Subspecies:none Boga forsteni Common name: Forsten’s Cat Snake Subspecies:none Boiga irregularis common name: Brown tree snake/Brown Cat snake Subspecies:none

Dispholidus common name:Boomslang Dispholidus typus common name: Boomslang

Thelotornis common name:Vine snakes Thelotornis capensis

Subspecies:

Thelotornis capensis capensis

Thelotornis capensis oatesi Thelotornis capensis schilsi

Thelotornis kirtlandii Common name: Bird Snake, Twig Snake Subspecies: none

Thelotornis mossambicanus Common name: Subspecies: none Thelotornis usambaricus Common name: Subspecies: none

Subfamily Natricinae Rhabdophis Rhabdophis subminatus Common name: Red necked keelback Subspecies: none Rhabdophis tigrinus Common name: Yamakagashi Subspecies: none

Subfamily Psammophiinae

40 Malpolon Malpolon monspessulanus common name: Montpelier snake Malpolon moilensis common name: African hooded Malopon

Subfamily Xenodontinae Elapomorphus

Elapomorphus lepidus Common name: Minas Gerais Snake Subspecies: none Elapomorphus quinquelineatus Common name: Raddi's -eating Snake Subspecies: none Elapomorphus spegazzinii Common name: Spegazzini's Diadem Snake

Subspecies:

Elapomorphus spegazzinii spegazzinii

Elapomorphus spegazzinii suspectus Elapomorphus wuchereri Common name: Wucherer's Lizard-eating Snake Subspecies: none

Hydroynastes Hydrodynastes gigas common name: False water cobra Subspecies:none Hydrodynastes bicinctuscommon name: Subspecies:none

Phalotriss Common name: Dumeril's Diadem Snake

Subspecies: Phalotris lemniscatus lemniscatus Phalotris lemniscatus divittatus Phalotris lemniscatus iheringi Phalotris lemniscatus trilineatus Philodryas Philodryas aestivus Common name: Brazilian Green Racer, Common Green Racer

Subspecies:

Philodryas aestivus aestivus Philodryas aestivus subcarinatus

Philodryas arnaldoi Common name: Arnaldo's Green Racer Subspecies: none Philodryas baroni Common name: Baron's Green Racer Subspecies: none Philodryas bolivianus Common name: Subspecies: none Philodryas chamissonis Common name: Chilean Green Racer Subspecies: none Philodryas cordatus Common name: Subspecies: none Philodryas hoodensis Common name: Subspecies: none

41 Philodryas inca Common name: Tropical Green Racer Subspecies: none Philodryas laticeps Common name: Subspecies: none Philodryas livida Common name: Subspecies: none Philodryas mattogrossensis Common name: Miranda Green Racer Subspecies: none Philodryas nattereri Common name: Paraguay Green Racer Subspecies: none Philodryas olfersii Common name: Lichtenstein's Green Racer Subspecies:

Philodryas olfersii herbeus Philodryas olfersii latirostris

Philodryas oligolepis Common name: Gomes' Green Racer Subspecies: none Philodryas patagoniensis Common name: Patagonia Green Racer Subspecies: none Philodryas psammophideus Common name: Günther's Green Racer Subspecies: none Philodryas simonsii Common name: Subspecies: none Philodryas tachymenoides Common name: Schmidt's Green Racer Subspecies: none Philodryas trilineatus Common name: Subspecies: none

Philodryas varius Common name: Jan's Green Racer Subspecies: none Philodryas viridissimus Common name: Common Green Racer Subspecies: none Tachymenis

Tachymenis affinis Common name: Boulenger's Slender Snake Subspecies:none

Tachymenis attenuata Common name: Walker's Slender Snake Subspecies:

Tachymenis attenuata attenuata Tachymenis attenuata boliviana

Tachymenis chilensis Common name: Chilean Slender Snake Subspecies:

Tachymenis chilensis chilensis Tachymenis chilensis coronellina

Tachymenis elongata Common name: Depax's Slender Snake Subspecies:none

Tachymenis peruviana Common name: Peru Slender Snake Subspecies:none

Tachymenis surinamensis Common name: Subspecies:none

Tachymenis tarmensis Common name: Slender Snake Subspecies:none

42 In Addition:

Some other Colubrid snakes have toxic oral secretions, used during the biting process but fangs(front) are not used. Some of these species may be able to cause serious injury to humans. This list is not exhaustive and most Colubrids may have some chance of causing at least local envenoming by toxic oral secretions.

Various Colubrid snakes capable of causing some degree of envenoming (this list is not exhaustive).

Ahaetulla nasuta Common name:Asian green whipsnake

Amplorhinus multimaculatus Common name:African many spotted snake

Balanophis ceylonensis Common name:Sri Lankan keelback

Boiga spp. ( blandingii, ceylonensis, dendrophila, forsteni) Common name:Tree snakes from & Asia

Cerberus rhynchops Common name:Indian dog faced water snake

Coluber spp. ( ravergieri, rhodorachis) Common name:African racer

Crotaphopeltis hotamboeia Common name:African herald snake

Enhydris enhydris Common name:Asian rainbow water snake

Madagascarophis meridionalis Common name:Madagascan snake

Malpolon moilensis Common name:African hooded malpolon

Psammophis sibilans Common name:African sand snake

Psammophylax spp. Common name:African skaapstekers

Telescopus semiannulatus Common name: African tiger snake

FamilyAtractaspididae( Mole vipers/Stiletto snakes)

Subfamily Atractaspidinae

Atractaspis-African mole or side fanged vipers Atractaspis aterrimaCommon name: Mole Viper Subspecies: none Atractaspis battersbyiCommon name: Mole Viper Subspecies: none Atractaspis bibronii Common name: Southern Or Bibron's Burrowing Asp Subspecies:

43 Atractaspis bibroni bibroni Atractaspis bibroni rostrata

Atractaspis boulengeri Common name: Mole Viper

Subspecies:

Atractaspis boulengeri boulengeri Atractaspis boulengeri mixta Atractaspis boulengeri schmidti Atractaspis boulengeri schultzei Atractaspis boulengeri vanderborghti Atractaspis boulengeri matschiensis

Atractaspis coalescens Common name: Mole Viper Subspecies: none

Atractaspis congica Common name: orientalis: Eastern Congo Burrowing Asp

Subspecies:

Atractaspis congica congica Atractaspis congica leleupi Atractaspis congica orientalis

Atractaspis corpulenta Common name: Mole Viper

Subspecies:

Atractaspis corpulenta corpulenta Atractaspis corpulenta kivuensis Atractaspis corpulenta leucura

Atractaspis dahomeyensis Common name: Mole Viper Subspecies: none

Atractaspis duerdeni Common name: Duerden's Or Beaked Burrowing Asp Subspecies: none

Atractaspis engaddensis Common name: Mole Viper Subspecies: none

Atractaspis engdahli Common name: Mole Viper Subspecies: none

Atractaspis fallax Common name: Mole Viper Subspecies: none

Atractaspis irregularis Common name: Mole Viper 44 Subspecies:

Atractaspis irregularis angeli Atractaspis irregularis bipostocularis Atractaspis irregularis conradsi Atractaspis irregularis irregularis Atractaspis irregularis parkeri Atractaspis irregularis uelensis

Atractaspis leucomelas Common name: Mole Viper Subspecies: none

Atractaspis microlepidota Common name: Mole Viper

Subspecies:

Atractaspis microlepidota andersonii Atractaspis microlepidota magrettii Atractaspis microlepidota microlepidota

Atractaspis micropholis Common name: Mole Viper Subspecies: none

Atractaspis reticulata Common name: Mole Viper

Subspecies:

Atractaspis reticulata brieni Atractaspis reticulata heterochilus Atractaspis reticulata reticulata

Atractaspis scorteccii Common name: Mole Viper Subspecies: none

Subfamily Aparallactinae

Amblyodipsas Amblyodipsas concolor Common name: Natal Purple-glossed Snake Subspecies: none Amblyodipsas dimidiata Common name: Mpwapwa Purple-glossed Snake Subspecies: none Amblyodipsas katangensis Common name: Katanga Purple-glossed Snake Subspecies:

45 Amblyodipsas katangensis katangensis Amblyodipsas katangensis ionidesi

Amblyodipsas microphthalma Common name: Eastern Purple-glossed Snake Subspecies: none

Amblyodipsas polylepis Subspecies:

Amblyodipsas polylepis polylepis Amblyodipsas polylepis hildebrandtii

Amblyodipsas rodhaini Common name: Rodhain's Purple-glossed Snake Subspecies: none

Amblyodipsas teitana Common name: Teitana Purple-glossed Snake Subspecies: none

Amblyodipsas unicolor Common name: Dull Purple-glossed Snake Subspecies: none

Amblyodipsas ventrimaculata Common name: Kalahari Purple-glossed Snake Subspecies: none

Aparallactus Aparallactus capensis Common name: Cape Eater

Subspecies:

Aparallactus capensis bocagei Aparallactus capensis capensis Aparallactus capensis luebberti Aparallactus capensis punctatolineatus

Aparallactus guentheri Common name: Black Centipede Eater Subspecies: none

Aparallactus jacksonii Subspecies:

Aparallactus lineatus Common name: Lined Centipede-eater Subspecies: none

Aparallactus lunulatus Common name: Reticulated Centipede Eater Subspecies:

Aparallactus lunulatus lunulatus Aparallactus lunulatus nigrocollaris Aparallactus lunulatus scortecci

Aparallactus modestus Common name: Western Forest Centipede-eater Subspecies:

Aparallactus modestus modestus Aparallactus modestus ubangensis

46 Aparallactus moeruensis Common name: Zaire Centipede-eater. Subspecies: none

Aparallactus niger Common name: Subspecies: none

Aparallactus nigriceps Common name: Mozambique Centipede Eater Subspecies: none

Aparallactus turneri Common name: Malindi Centipede-eater Subspecies: none

Aparallactus werneri Common name: Usambara Centipede-eater Subspecies: none

Brachyophis Brachyophis revoili Common name: Revoil's Short Snake

Subspecies:

Brachyophis revoili revoili Brachyophis revoili cornii Brachyophis revoili krameri

Chilorhinophis Chilorhinophis butleri Common name: Butler's Two-headed Snake Subspecies: none Chilorhinophis carpenteri Common name: Liwale Two-headed Snake Subspecies:

Chilorhinophis carpenteri liwalensis Chilorhinophis carpenteri carpenteri

Chilorhinophis gerardi Common name: Gerard's Black And Yellow Burrowing Snake Subspecies:

Chilorhinophis gerardi tanganyikae Chilorhinophis gerardi gerardi

Hypoptophis Hypoptophis wilsoni Common name: African Bighead Snake Subspecies: none

Micrelaps Micrelaps bicoloratus Common name: Kenya Two-headed Snake

Subspecies:

Micrelaps bicoloratus bicoloratus Micrelaps bicoloratus moyeri

47 Micrelaps muelleri Subspecies:none

Macrelaps microlepidotus Common name: Natal Black Snake Subspecies: none

Micrelaps vaillanti Subspecies: none

Elapotinus Elapotinus picteti Common name: Jan's Snake Subspecies: none

Polemon Polemon acanthias Common name: Reinhardt's Snake-eater Subspecies: none

Polemon barthii Common name: Guinea Snake-eater Subspecies: none

Polemon bocourti Common name: Bocourt's Snake-eater Subspecies: none

Polemon christyi Common name: Eastern Snake-eater Subspecies: none

Polemon collaris Common name: Collared Snake-eater Subspecies:

Polemon collaris brevior Polemon collaris collaris Polemon collaris longior

Polemon fulvicollis Common name: African Snake-eater

Subspecies:

Polemon fulvicollis fulvicollis Polemon fulvicollis gracilis Polemon fulvicollis graueri Polemon fulvicollis laurenti

Polemon gabonensis Common name: Gaboon Snake-eater Subspecies:

Polemon gabonensis gabonensis Polemon gabonensis schmidti

Polemon gracilis Common name: Graceful Snake-eater Subspecies: none

Polemon griseiceps Common name: Cameroon Snake-eater Subspecies: none

Polemon leopoldi Subspecies: none

48 Polemon neuwiedi Common name: Snake-eater Subspecies: none Polemon notatum Subspecies:

Polemon notatum notatum Polemon notatum aemulans

Polemon robustus Common name: Zaire Snake-eater Subspecies: none

Xenocalamus Xenocalamus bicolor

Subspecies:

Xenocalamus bicolor australis Xenocalamus bicolor bicolor Xenocalamus bicolor concavorostralis Xenocalamus bicolor lineatus Xenocalamus bicolor machadoi Xenocalamus bicolor maculatus Xenocalamus bicolor pernasutus

Xenocalamus mechowii Common name: Elongate Quill-snouted Snake Subspecies:

Xenocalamus mechowi inornatus Xenocalamus mechowi mechowi

Xenocalamus michellii Common name: Michell's Quill-snouted Snake Subspecies: none Xenocalamus sabiensis Common name: Sabi Quill-snouted Snake Subspecies: none Xenocalamus transvaalensis Common name: Transvaal Quill-snouted Snake Subspecies: none

Family Helodermatidae (Venomous )

Heloderma Heloderma horridum Common name: Beaded Lizard

Subspecies:

Heloderma horridum horridum Heloderma horridum alvarezi

49 Heloderma horridum exasperatum Heloderma horridum charlesbogerti

Heloderma suspectum Common name: Gila Monster Subspecies: Heloderma suspectum cinctum Heloderma suspectum suspectum

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