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Excavations by York Archaeological Trust Within the Walled Area to the South-West of the River Ouse, York

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Excavations by York Archaeological Trust Within the Walled Area to the South-West of the River Ouse, York YORK ARCHAEOLOGICAL TRUST EXCAVATIONS BY YORK ARCHAEOLOGICAL TRUST WITHIN THE WALLED AREA TO THE SOUTH-WEST OF THE RIVER OUSE, YORK By J.M. McComish WEB BASED REPORT Report Number 2015/48 September 2015 YORK ARCHAEOLOGICAL TRUST York Archaeological Trust undertakes a wide range of urban and rural archaeological consultancies, surveys, evaluations, assessments and excavations for commercial, academic and charitable clients. We manage projects, provide professional advice and fieldwork to ensure a high quality, cost effective archaeological and heritage service. Our staff have a considerable depth and variety of professional experience and an international reputation for research, development and maximising the public, educational and commercial benefits of archaeology. Based in York, Sheffield, Nottingham and Glasgow the Trust’s services are available throughout Britain and beyond. York Archaeological Trust, Cuthbert Morrell House, 47 Aldwark, York YO1 7BX Phone: +44 (0)1904 663000 Fax: +44 (0)1904 663024 Email: [email protected] Website: http://www.yorkarchaeology.co.uk © 2015 York Archaeological Trust for Excavation and Research Limited Registered Office: 47 Aldwark, York YO1 7BX A Company Limited by Guarantee. Registered in England No. 1430801 A registered Charity in England & Wales (No. 509060) and Scotland (No. SCO42846) York Archaeological Trust 3 CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 4 2 METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................ 4 3 HISTORICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND .......................................................... 5 3.1 The history of York in the Roman and Anglian periods ...................................................... 5 3.2 Roman and Anglian remains observed/found from the 18 th to mid-20 th century ............... 7 4 THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE FOR THE CIVILIAN SETTLEMENT ...................................... 8 4.1 The founding of the fortress to c. AD 120 ......................................................................... 9 4.2 c. AD 120 to the third quarter of the 2 nd century ............................................................. 10 4.3 The late 2 nd to mid-3rd centuries ..................................................................................... 14 4.4 The mid-3rd century to the mid-4th century ..................................................................... 17 4.5 The late 4 th to early 5 th centuries .................................................................................... 18 4.6 Roman features that could not be closely dated ............................................................. 19 4.6 The Anglian period ......................................................................................................... 20 4.7 The eventual disappearance of the Roman buildings ...................................................... 21 5 CONCLUDING REMARKS ............................................................................................... 21 5.1 The case for further excavation ...................................................................................... 22 REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................... 24 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................ 25 APPENDIX 1 YAT GAZETTEEER ENTRIES FOR SITES WITHIN THE WALLED AREA TO THE SOUTH-WEST OF THE OUSE WITH ROMAN AND ANGLIAN REMAINS ................................................................. 26 APPENDIX 2 YAT EXCAVATIONS SINCE 1997 WITHIN THE WALLED AREA TO THE SOUTH-WEST OF THE OUSE WITH ROMAN AND ANGLIAN REMAINS ........................................................................ 36 Plates Cover: Roman timber buildings at the General Accident site, Tanner Row, York Plate 1 The surface of the Roman road to Tadcaster, and detail of the lead water pipe. ...........11 Plate 2 Excavation in the Roman stone building at Wellington Row, York. ..................................11 Plate 3 The Roman timber buildings at the General Accident Tanner Row site, York .................12 Plate 4 Evidence of timber flooring within the major stone building at Wellington Row, York. 15 Plate 5 Roman walling including a tile lined arch at the Queen’s Hotel site, York .......................18 Figures Pages 39-46 YAT excavations south-west of the Ouse York Archaeological Trust Web Based Report Report No 2015/48 York Archaeological Trust 4 1 INTRODUCTION This report gives an overview of the walled area to the south-west of the river Ouse during the Roman and Anglian periods ( c. AD 71-875). This area was the site of the Roman civilian settlement in York, which was sufficiently important by the early third century to have been made the capital of the province of Britannia Inferior , and to have attained the rank of colonia (the highest rank of Roman town). Quite what happened to the colonia in the immediate post- Roman period is uncertain, many sites were covered by an accumulation of soil, known as dark-earth, but the presence of a small number of Anglian structures, and of stray finds of artefacts suggests that there was some activity, though this may have been on a limited scale. The report draws together the results of York Archaeological Trust’s investigations in this area, in particular the major excavations at 5 Rougier Street, the General Accident site at Tanner Row, Queen’s Hotel on Micklegate and Wellington Row. The report was prepared with a grant from The Museum Resilience Fund, and it aims to highlight the importance of these excavations and their potential for further research. For brevity ‘the walled area south-west of the Ouse’ is referred to as either the study area, or the colonia , as appropriate from here on. 2 METHODOLOGY The first task was to determine which archaeological investigations in the study area had yielded Roman and Anglian remains. This was done using a combination of the York Archaeological Trust Gazetteer, project code lists and associated archives. The gazetteer entries for the relevant sites are listed in Appendix 1, while summaries of the sites excavated since 2000 are given in Appendix 2. Either a detailed archive report or a grey-literature report is available for all of the sites listed in the appendices. In addition, the stratigraphic sequences of two excavations in Bishophill are fully published (Carver et al., 1978), while remains uncovered at several of the sites in the study area are summarised in Ottaway’s (1993) publication on Roman York. There are also a number of publications relating to the artefacts and ecofacts recovered from these excavations, or summaries of the evidence for various periods (Holdsworth 1978, MacGregor 1978, Hall et al. 1980, Moulden and Tweddle 1986, Hall and Kenward 1990, O’Connor 1984, O’Connor 1988, Perrin 1981, Perrin 1990 and Monaghan 1997, and Tweddle et al. 1999). The text of section 4 is based on a combination of the York Archaeological Trust gazetteer entries and archive reports, together with information from published material. Thirty-five sites investigated by York Archaeological Trust in the study area have yielded Roman and Anglian remains (Figures 1-2). Fourteen of these comprised the observation of bore-holes, or were archaeological watching briefs. It is difficult to interpret the results from such sites, as the remains are usually observed in limited areas, and often lack clear dating evidence. The remaining 21 sites were excavations or evaluations, but many of these comprised small trenches, again hampering interpretation of the results. For example, at the site of the former Presto’s Supermarket, on George Hudson Street, the Roman deposits were observed in a trench that was only 3.2m x 3.25m in size. The few larger scale excavations in the study area were: YAT excavations south-west of the Ouse York Archaeological Trust Web Based Report Report No 2015/48 York Archaeological Trust 5 Bishophill I, 58-59 Skeldergate, site code 1973-75.14 Bishophill II, 37 Bishophill senior, site code 1973.15 5 Rougier Street, YAT site code.12 General Accident, Tanner Row, site code 1983-84.32 Queen’s Hotel, site code 1988-89.17 Stakis, Leedhams Garage, Wellington Row, York, site codes 1988-89.24 and 1990.24 3 HISTORICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND The following summary of the history of York in the Roman and Anglian periods (3.1) and of previously observed archaeological remains (3.2) is given to provide the context for the various excavations by York Archaeological Trust undertaken in the study area. 3.1 The history of York in the Roman and Anglian periods The Legio IX Hispana built a fortress in York, the generally accepted foundation date being AD 71 (RCHM 1962, xxix). The fortress would originally have comprised a temporary encampment, but this was gradually replaced with timber, then stone buildings (McComish 2012, 39-40). Despite this rebuilding, timber structures were still present within the fortress in the early second century (Ottaway 1996, 291). The area between the fortress and the rivers Ouse and Foss was used for activities relating to military provisioning, including a grain warehouse, and the legionary kilns (McComish 2012, 41-2). Relatively little evidence of civilian activity relating to the period of Legio IX occupation has been recovered; though some timber structures
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