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The Early' Christian Attitude to War

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The Early' Christian Attitude to War THE EARLY' CHRISTIAN ATTITUDE TO WAR A CONTRIBUTIONTO THE HISTORY OF CHRISTIANETHICS BY C.:"JOHN CADOUX M.A.. D.D. (Londd! M.A. (Oxon) WITH A FOREWORD BY THE Rev. W. E. ORCHARD, D.D. LONDON I HEADLEY BROS. PUBLISHERS, LTD,. 72 OXFORD STREET. W.4 1. 1919 137964 TO MY WIFE 0 glorious Will of God, unfold The splendour of Thy Way, And all shall love as they behold And loving shall obey, Consumed each meaner care and claim In the new passion’s holy flame. 0 speed the hours when o’er the world The vision’s fire shall run ; Night from his ancient throne is burled, Uprisen is Christ the Sun; Through human wills by Thee controlled, Spreads o’er the earth the Age of Gold. REV. G. DARLASTON. FOREWORD THISis a bookwhich stands inneed of no introduc- tion ; it will make its own way by the demand for such a work, and by the exact and patient scholarship with which that demand hashere been met. For we have no workin this country whicheffectively covers this subject ; Harnack's Militiu Chrish' has not been trans- lated, but it will probably be found 'that the present work fills its place. But it is not only the need for this work (of which scholars will be aware),but the serious importance of the subject, which will make the book welcome. Argument for and against the Christian sanction of war has had to be conducted in the past few years in an atmosphere in which the truth has had small chance of emerging. Dr. Cadoux has his own convictions on this subject, which he makes no attempt to conceal ; he believes that he is supported by the early uncorrupted instincts of Christ- ianity, which here he sets out before us ; but his per- sonal conviction has never been allowed to conceal facts or make them out to be other than they are. He not only gives dl the evidence on the opposite side, but he everywhereallows for influences and motiveswhich might weaken the force of the facts which seem to support his own position. The work is impartial in the only way such a workever can be, not because the vii ... VI11 Foreword author is without convictions, but because he has a pro- found reverence for truth and possesses a keen scholarly conscience. Here, then, is a survey of the early Christian attitude towardswar which must be read and pondered. It takes us back to a time when life seems, at least to us, lesscomplicated ; it shows us faith working largely through instinct, often reinforced by crude thinking and poor reasoning,and yet faith which was prepared to pay the price of life itself, and an instinct which is deeply planted in our humanity, namely the instinct against bloodshed,unsophisticated by argument Few will be able to read the story:without feeling that here as on other subjects the Christian faith was acting more purely and powerfully than ever since. We need not hold that Christendom has beenone long story of relapse and apostasy to be able to recognize the essentially super- natural gift not only in Christ our Lord, but in the classical prime of Christianity, with its glorious apostles, saints, and martyrs. Those early days will ever speak to us, however much farther we may progress ; to them we must return again and again, not necessarily to dis- cover a final and fixed standard, either for thought or practice, but certainly whenever we want to renew our f& and see again the vision of what Christianity was meant to be. Whether the evidence of the early Christian attitude can provide any guidance for Christians in the twentieth century is a question into which other considerations have to enter. Dr. Cadoux has effectually shown that the false apocalyptic hopes of those times did not deter- i minethe attitude taken up; he has not show& as I think he might, how a translation of that apocalyptic 1 Foreword ix hope into the beliefin the swiftpossibility of great moral change and spiritual advance, is one sanctioned by modern thought, and provides again that atmosphere of expectation and faith in which alone great adventures can be made ; he has preferred to keep the whole subject freefrom any such entanglement. Buthe hasshown how an uncritical view of the Old Testament reve1.ation tended to embarrass and corrupt the pure Christian instinct on the subject of war. This view, save for one or two recent examples of adoption for war emergencies, has now almost totally disappeared ; and since a humaner belief concerning God’s methods of purgation in another world is demanded by the enlightened con- science, we are leftwith that first Christian instinct about war only further supported by modern belief; and this, it should be noted, without reducing God’s love to mere leniency and sentimentality. God has His ways of punishing, but they are asdifferent from man’s as the heavens are higher than the earth ; and whereman’s most conspicuously fail, there is ground ,for hope that God’s will in the end succeed. The only real objection which can be urged against the revival of the early Christian attitude is that Christ- ianity has accepted the State, and that this carries with it the necessity forcoercive discipline within and the waging of war without; in which disagreeable duties Christians must as citizens take their part To refuse this will expose civilization to disaster. It may perhaps Serve to provoke reflection to notice in passing that this was the argument of Celsus and is the general attitude which determines German thought on this subject. The truth is that the way of war, if persisted in, is going to destroy civilization anyhow,and thecontinual demand X Formord for war service will,sooner or later, bring the modern State to anarchy. It wouldbe wise also for Christian leaders and thinkers not to imagine that the problem of war is going to be solved without this disagreeable question of Christiancondemnation, and of individual refusal to take part in it, having first to be settled. It is unlikely that we shallbe relieved of this moral decision,or thatthe great menace willbe removed without some advance of Christian opinion, which will have to be taken first by individuals and then by the Church, incurring in the process the hatred of the world and the hostility of the State. The real principle forwhich the early martyrs died has yet to be estab- iished ; and we cannot be sure that it willbe at less price. Here, then, is a subject on which we need clear light, and this excellent piece of research certainly brings considerable illumination ; it,is a subject that will not . cease to vex the Church until we have decided either to make as unequivocal a condemnation of war as we have of slavery, or to abandon altogether any profession of whole-hearted allegiance to the Christian faith. W. E. ORCHARD. TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE FOREWORD BY DR. ORCHARD ............ vi i CHRONOLOGICALTABLE ............... xvii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONSAND EXPLANATIONS ... xxv INTRODUCTION .................. ... 1-17 Christianethics in general ............ ... i Importance of the history of early Christian ethics ... ... ,I Present urgency of the elhical problem of war ...... ... 3 Scope and method of the present work ......... ... 4 Previous treatment of thesubject (since Grotius) ... ... 6 Need of a further work on the subject ......... ... ‘3 Personal convictions in relation tothe special task of an historian of Christian ethics ......... ... ‘3 Relative justification of other moral standardsthan one’s own ..................... ... 14 Use of the srgumentum ad hominem ......... ... 15 Conditions of military service in the Roman Empire ... ... 15 PART I . THETEACHING OF JESUS ...... 19-47 Range of Jesus’ teaching on the subject of war ......... 19 Statements of Jesus inconsistent with the lawfulness of war for Christians :- I . ‘ Thou shalt not kill ’ ............... 20 I1 . The non-resistance teaching ............ 22 111 . Refusal to advance his ideals by political or coercive means .................. 26 IV. Disapproval of Gentile ‘authority’ because resting on coeraon ............... 28 ri xii Contents V . Three incidental utterances ............ (u) .Neither do I condemn thee ....... (6) ' Flee to the mountains .......... (c) ' Put back thy sword intoits place ' ... Summary .................. Statements of Jesus andother considerations apparently legitimizing warfare for Christians :- I . ' Whoever impresses thee (to go) one mile. go two with him ' ............... I1 . No explicit disapproval of the military calling ... I11. The expulsion of the traders from the Temple- courts .................. IV. The wars of the future ............ V . Illustrative allusions to war ............ VI . Recognition of civil government ......... VI1 . The obvious needs of society ......... VI11. The ' interim-ethic ' theory ......... Summary .................. Explanatory noteon the arrangement of the remaining material PART I1 . FORMS OF THE EARLYCHRISTIAN DISAPPROVAL OF WAR ............49-160 The Condemnation of War in the abstract ......... Early authors..................... Clemens of Alexandria. Tertullianus. Hippolutos. etc.... Cyprianus to Methodios ............... Amobius. Lactantius. and Eusebios ......... Summary ..................... TheEssential Peacefulness of Christianity ......... General statements of early authors down to Justinus ... Christian appropriation of the ' ploughshare ' prophecy of Isaiah ..................... Generalstatements of laterauthors (Athenagom to Amobius) .................. Concluding comments ............... The Christian Treatment of Enemiesand Wrongdoers ... Pertinence' of the subject ............... Christian writers of the first century ........
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