DOCSLIB.ORG

The Early Christian Attitude to War

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

FROM-THE- LIBRARY-OF TRINITYCOLLEGETORONTO THE EARLY CHRISTIAN ATTITUDE TO WAR THE EARLY CHRISTIAN ATTITUDE TO WAR A CONTRIBUTION TO THE HISTORY OF CHRISTIAN ETHICS BY C. JOHN CADOUX M.A., D.D. (Lond.), M.A. (Oxon) WITH A FOREWORD BY THE Rev. W. E. ORCHARD, D.D. LONDON HEADLEY BROS. PUBLISHERS, LTD. 72 OXFORD STREET, W. 1 1. 1919 FB 2 4 1940 TO MY WIFE O glorious Will of God, unfold The splendour of Thy Way, And all shall love as they behold And loving shall obey, Consumed each meaner care and claim In the new passion's holy flame. O speed the hours when o'er the world The vision's fire shall run ; Night from his ancient throne is hurled, the Uprisen is Christ Sun ; Through human wills by Thee controlled, Spreads o'er the earth the Age of Gold. REV. G. DARLASTON. FOREWORD THIS is a book which stands in need of no introduc tion it will make its own the demand for such ; way by a work, and by the exact and patient scholarship with which that demand has here been met. For we have no work in this country which effectively covers this Harnack's Militia has trans subject ; Christi not been lated, but it will probably be found that the present work fills its place. But it is not only the need for this work (of which scholars will be aware), but the serious importance of the subject, which will make the book welcome. Argument for and against the Christian sanction of war has had to be conducted in the past few years in an atmosphere in which the truth has had small chance of emerging. Dr. Cadoux has his own convictions on this subject, which he makes no to conceal he believes that is attempt ; he supported by the early uncorrupted instincts of Christ which here he sets out before us but his ianity, ; per sonal conviction has never been allowed to conceal facts or make them out to be other than they are. He not only gives all the evidence on the opposite side, but he everywhere allows for influences and motives which might weaken the force of the facts which seem to support his own position. The work is impartial in the only way such a work ever can be, not because the viii Foreword author is without convictions, but because he has a pro found reverence for truth and possesses a keen scholarly conscience. Here, then, is a survey of the early Christian attitude towards war which must be read and pondered. It takes us back to a time when life seems, at least to us, less it shows us faith complicated ; working largely through instinct, often reinforced by crude thinking and poor reasoning, and yet faith which was prepared to pay the price of life itself, and an instinct which is deeply planted in our humanity, namely the instinct against bloodshed, unsophisticated by argument. Few will be able to read the story "without feeling that here as on other subjects the Christian faith was acting more purely and powerfully than ever since. We need not hold that Christendom has been one long story of relapse and apostasy to be able to recognize the essentially super natural gift not only in Christ our Lord, but in the classical prime of Christianity, with its glorious apostles, saints, and martyrs. Those early days will ever speak to however farther to them us, much we may progress ; we must return again and again, not necessarily to dis cover a final and fixed standard, either for thought or practice, but certainly whenever we want to renew our faith and see again the vision of what Christianity was meant to be. Whether the evidence of the early Christian attitude can provide any guidance for Christians in the twentieth century is a question into which other considerations have to enter. Dr. Cadoux has effectually shown that the false apocalyptic hopes of those times did not deter mine the attitude taken he has not as I up ; shown, think he might, how a translation of that apocalyptic Foreword ix hope into the belief in the swift possibility of great moral change and spiritual advance, is one sanctioned by modern thought, and provides again that atmosphere of expectation and faith in which alone great adventures can be made he has to the whole ; preferred keep subject free from any such entanglement. But he has shown how an uncritical view of the Old Testament revelation tended to embarrass and corrupt the pure Christian instinct on the subject of war. This view, save for one or two recent examples of adoption for war emergencies, has almost and since a now totally disappeared ; humaner belief concerning God's methods of purgation in another world is demanded by the enlightened con science, we are left with that first Christian instinct about war only further supported by modern belief; and this, it should be noted, without reducing God's love to mere leniency and sentimentality. God has His ways of punishing, but they are as different from man's as the heavens are than the earth and where man's higher ; most conspicuously fail, there is ground for hope that God's will in the end succeed. The only real objection which can be urged against the revival of the early Christian attitude is that Christ ianity has accepted the State, and that this carries with it the necessity for coercive discipline within and the waging of war without; in which disagreeable duties Christians must as citizens take their part. To refuse this will expose civilization to disaster. It may perhaps serve to provoke reflection to notice in passing that this was the argument of Celsus and is the general attitude which determines German thought on this subject. The truth is that the way of war, if persisted in, is going to destroy civilization anyhow, and the continual demand x Foreword for war service will, sooner or later, bring the modern State to anarchy. It would be wise also for Christian leaders and thinkers not to imagine that the problem of war is going to be solved without this disagreeable question, of Christian condemnation, and of individual refusal to take part in it, having first to be settled. It is unlikely that we shall be relieved of this moral decision, or that the great menace will be removed without some advance of Christian opinion, which will have to be taken first by individuals and then by the Church, incurring in the process the hatred of the world and the hostility of the State. The real principle for which the early martyrs died has yet to be estab lished and we cannot be sure that it will be at less ; price. Here, then, is a subject on which we need clear light, and this excellent piece of research certainly brings illumination it is a that will not considerable ; subject cease to vex the Church until we have decided either to make as unequivocal a condemnation of war as we have of slavery, or to abandon altogether any profession of whole-hearted allegiance to the Christian faith. W. E. ORCHARD. TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE FOREWORD BY DR. ORCHARD vii CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE xvii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND EXPLANATIONS ... xxv INTRODUCTION ... 1-17 Christian ethics in general I Importance of the history of early Christian ethics ... ... 2 Present urgency of the ethical problem of war ... 3 Scope and method of the present work... ... ... ... 4 Previous treatment of the subject (since Grotius) ... ... 6 Need of a further work on the subject ... ... ... ... 13 Personal convictions in relation to the special task of an historian of Christian ethics 13 Relative justification of other moral standards than one's own ... ... ... ... ... ... 14 Use of the argumentum ad hominem ... ... ... ... 15 Conditions of military service in the Roman Empire 15 PART I. THE TEACHING OF JESUS 19-47 Range of Jesus' teaching on the subject of war... ... ... 19 Statements of Jesus inconsistent with the lawfulness of war for Christians : ' ' I. Thou shalt not kill 20 II. The non-resistance teaching ... ... 22 III. Refusal to advance his ideals by political or coercive means 26 IV. Disapproval of Gentile 'authority' because resting on coercion ... ... 28 xi xii Contents PAGE V. Three incidental utterances 29 * ' (a) Neither do I condemn thee 29 * ' (b) Flee to the mountains 29 ' ' (f) Put back thy sword into its place ... 30 Summary 31 Statements of Jesus and other considerations apparently legitimizing warfare for Christians : ' I. Whoever impresses thee (to go) one mile, go two ' with him ... 32 II. No explicit disapproval of the military calling ... 32 III. The expulsion of the traders from the Temple- courts 34 IV. The wars of the future ..." ... 35 V. Illustrative allusions to war... ... ... ... 38 VI. Recognition of civil government ... 40 VII. The obvious needs of society 42 ' ' VIII. The interim-ethic theory 44 Summary ... ... ... ... ... ... 46 Explanatory note on the arrangement of the remaining material 48 PART II. FORMS OF THE EARLY CHRISTIAN DISAPPROVAL OF WAR 49-160 <The Condemnation of War in the abstract ... ... ... 49 Early authors 49 Clemens of Alexandria, Tertullianus, Hippolutos, etc. ... 5 1 Cyprianus to Methodios ... ... ... ... ... 52 Arnobius, Lactantius, and Eusebios 54 Summary 57 The Essential Peacefulness of Christianity 58 General statements of early authors down to Justinus ... 58 * ' Christian appropriation of the ploughshare prophecy of Isaiah... ... 60 General statements of later authors (Athenagoras to Arnobius) ... ... ... ... 64 Concluding comments ... ... ... 66 The Christian Treatment of Enemies and Wrongdoers ... 67 Pertinence of the subject ... 67 ' Christian writers of the first century ... 67 The Apostle John and the Robber..
Recommended publications
  • Complete Stories by Franz Kafka

    Complete Stories by Franz Kafka

    The Complete Stories by Franz Kafka Back Cover: "An important book, valuable in itself and absolutely fascinating. The stories are dreamlike, allegorical, symbolic, parabolic, grotesque, ritualistic, nasty, lucent, extremely personal, ghoulishly detached, exquisitely comic. numinous and prophetic." -- New York Times "The Complete Stories is an encyclopedia of our insecurities and our brave attempts to oppose them." -- Anatole Broyard Franz Kafka wrote continuously and furiously throughout his short and intensely lived life, but only allowed a fraction of his work to be published during his lifetime. Shortly before his death at the age of forty, he instructed Max Brod, his friend and literary executor, to burn all his remaining works of fiction. Fortunately, Brod disobeyed. The Complete Stories brings together all of Kafka's stories, from the classic tales such as "The Metamorphosis," "In the Penal Colony" and "The Hunger Artist" to less-known, shorter pieces and fragments Brod released after Kafka's death; with the exception of his three novels, the whole of Kafka's narrative work is included in this volume. The remarkable depth and breadth of his brilliant and probing imagination become even more evident when these stories are seen as a whole. This edition also features a fascinating introduction by John Updike, a chronology of Kafka's life, and a selected bibliography of critical writings about Kafka. Copyright © 1971 by Schocken Books Inc. All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. Published in the United States by Schocken Books Inc., New York. Distributed by Pantheon Books, a division of Random House, Inc., New York. The foreword by John Updike was originally published in The New Yorker.
  • The Complete Stories

    The Complete Stories

    The Complete Stories by Franz Kafka a.b.e-book v3.0 / Notes at the end Back Cover : "An important book, valuable in itself and absolutely fascinating. The stories are dreamlike, allegorical, symbolic, parabolic, grotesque, ritualistic, nasty, lucent, extremely personal, ghoulishly detached, exquisitely comic. numinous and prophetic." -- New York Times "The Complete Stories is an encyclopedia of our insecurities and our brave attempts to oppose them." -- Anatole Broyard Franz Kafka wrote continuously and furiously throughout his short and intensely lived life, but only allowed a fraction of his work to be published during his lifetime. Shortly before his death at the age of forty, he instructed Max Brod, his friend and literary executor, to burn all his remaining works of fiction. Fortunately, Brod disobeyed. Page 1 The Complete Stories brings together all of Kafka's stories, from the classic tales such as "The Metamorphosis," "In the Penal Colony" and "The Hunger Artist" to less-known, shorter pieces and fragments Brod released after Kafka's death; with the exception of his three novels, the whole of Kafka's narrative work is included in this volume. The remarkable depth and breadth of his brilliant and probing imagination become even more evident when these stories are seen as a whole. This edition also features a fascinating introduction by John Updike, a chronology of Kafka's life, and a selected bibliography of critical writings about Kafka. Copyright © 1971 by Schocken Books Inc. All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. Published in the United States by Schocken Books Inc., New York. Distributed by Pantheon Books, a division of Random House, Inc., New York.
  • NUREMBERG) Judgment of 1 October 1946

    NUREMBERG) Judgment of 1 October 1946

    INTERNATIONAL MILITARY TRIBUNAL (NUREMBERG) Judgment of 1 October 1946 Page numbers in braces refer to IMT, judgment of 1 October 1946, in The Trial of German Major War Criminals. Proceedings of the International Military Tribunal sitting at Nuremberg, Germany , Part 22 (22nd August ,1946 to 1st October, 1946) 1 {iii} THE INTERNATIONAL MILITARY TRIBUNAL IN SESSOIN AT NUREMBERG, GERMANY Before: THE RT. HON. SIR GEOFFREY LAWRENCE (member for the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland) President THE HON. SIR WILLIAM NORMAN BIRKETT (alternate member for the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland) MR. FRANCIS BIDDLE (member for the United States of America) JUDGE JOHN J. PARKER (alternate member for the United States of America) M. LE PROFESSEUR DONNEDIEU DE VABRES (member for the French Republic) M. LE CONSEILER FLACO (alternate member for the French Republic) MAJOR-GENERAL I. T. NIKITCHENKO (member for the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) LT.-COLONEL A. F. VOLCHKOV (alternate member for the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) {iv} THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, THE FRENCH REPUBLIC, THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND, AND THE UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS Against: Hermann Wilhelm Göring, Rudolf Hess, Joachim von Ribbentrop, Robert Ley, Wilhelm Keitel, Ernst Kaltenbrunner, Alfred Rosenberg, Hans Frank, Wilhelm Frick, Julius Streicher, Walter Funk, Hjalmar Schacht, Gustav Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach, Karl Dönitz, Erich Raeder, Baldur von Schirach, Fritz Sauckel, Alfred Jodl, Martin
  • Historiography Early Church History

    Historiography Early Church History

    HISTORIOGRAPHY AND EARLY CHURCH HISTORY TABLE OF CONTENTS Historiography Or Preliminary Issues......................................................... 4 Texts ..................................................................................................................... 4 Introduction ................................................................................................. 5 Definition.............................................................................................................. 5 Necessity............................................................................................................... 5 What Is Church History?............................................................................. 6 What Is The Biblical Philosophy Of History? ............................................ 7 The Doctrine Of God............................................................................................ 7 The Doctrine Of Creation..................................................................................... 8 The Doctrine Of Predestination............................................................................ 8 Why Study Church History? ....................................................................... 9 The Faithfulness Of God .................................................................................... 10 Truth And Experience ........................................................................................ 10 Truth And Tradition ..........................................................................................
  • The Roman Martyrology

    The Roman Martyrology

    The Roman Martyrology By the Catholic Church Originally published 10/2018; Current version 5/2021 Mary’s Little Remnant 302 East Joffre St. Truth or Consequences, NM 87901-2878 Website: www.JohnTheBaptist.us (Send for a free catalog) 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS The Sixteenth Day of the Second Month ............. 23 LITURGICAL DIRECTIONS AND NOTES ......................... 7 The Seventeenth Day of the Second Month ........ 23 FIRST MONTH ............................................................ 9 The Eighteenth Day of the Second Month .......... 24 The Nineteenth Day of the Second Month ......... 24 The First Day of the First Month ........................... 9 The Twentieth Day of the Second Month ........... 24 The Second Day of the First Month ...................... 9 The Twenty-First Day of the Second Month ....... 24 The Third Day of the First Month ......................... 9 The Twenty-Second Day of the Second Month ... 25 The Fourth Day of the First Month..................... 10 The Twenty-Third Day of the Second Month ...... 25 The Fifth Day of the First Month ........................ 10 The Twenty-Fourth Day of the Second Month ... 25 The Sixth Day of the First Month ....................... 10 The Twenty-Fifth Day of the Second Month ....... 26 The Seventh Day of the First Month .................. 10 The Twenty-Sixth Day of the Second Month ...... 26 The Eighth Day of the First Month ..................... 10 The Twenty-Seventh Day of the Second Month . 26 The Ninth Day of the First Month ...................... 11 The Twenty-Eighth Day of the Second Month .... 27 The Tenth Day of the First Month ...................... 11 The Eleventh Day of the First Month ................. 11 THIRD MONTH ......................................................... 29 The Twelfth Day of the First Month ..................
  • The Persistence of Patriarchy in Franz Kafka's “Judgment”

    The Persistence of Patriarchy in Franz Kafka's “Judgment”

    UC Irvine UC Irvine Previously Published Works Title The Persistence of Patriarchy in Franz Kafka's “Judgment” Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/52s1g580 Journal Orbis Litterarum, 55(2) ISSN 0105-7510 Author Pan, David Publication Date 2000-04-01 DOI 10.1034/j.1600-0730.2000.d01-9.x License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ 4.0 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California The Persistence of Patriarchy in Franz Kafka’s ‘‘Judgment’’ David Pan, Washington University, St. Louis, U.S.A. Though commentators such as Gerhard Neumann have read Kafka’s ‘‘Judgment’’ as a critique of patriarchal authority and the tyranny of familial relations, the story’s powerful effect originates from the affirmation of patriarchal authority which motivates its plot. The story situates the protagonist in a conflict between the demands of a patriarchal family and a universalist culture outside the family based on friendship. The victory of the father and the resulting death of the son function as part of an attempt to recover traditional structures of authority which have been eroded by a modern notion of culture based on individual freedom and ‘elec- tive’ affinities rather than binding ones. The death of the son is not an example of senseless repression but of a self-sacrifice of modern and individualist desires in favor of the patriarchal auth- ority of the father. Kafka and His Critics In noting that Franz Kafka’s ‘‘‘Judgment’ is the only prose work of ten pages in world literature which, though not belonging to a sacred or classical canon, has inspired in the West alone nearly two hundred visible commentar- ies’’ (24), Stanley Corngold’s proviso concerning sacred or classical canons reveals the possibility that Kafka’s story might well be categorized as a narra- tive which is closer to sacred stories such as legend and myth than to secular forms such as short story or novella.
  • Franz Kafka's

    Franz Kafka's

    Kafka and the Universal Interdisciplinary German Cultural Studies Edited by Irene Kacandes Volume 21 Kafka and the Universal Edited by Arthur Cools and Vivian Liska An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libra- ries working with Knowledge Unlatched. KU is a collaborative initiative designed to make high quality books Open Access. More information about the initiative can be found at www.knowledgeunlatched.org This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 License. For details go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. ISBN 978-3-11-045532-8 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-045811-4 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-045743-8 ISSN 1861-8030 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A CIP catalog record for this book has been applied for at the Library of Congress. Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. © 2016 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston Cover image: Franz Kafka, 1917. © akg-images / Archiv K. Wagenbach Printing and binding: CPI books GmbH, Leck ♾ Printed on acid-free paper Printed in Germany www.degruyter.com Table of Contents Arthur Cools and Vivian Liska Kafka and the Universal: Introduction 1 Section 1: The Ambiguity of the Singular Stanley Corngold The Singular Accident in a Universe of Risk: An Approach to Kafka and the Paradox of the Universal 13 Brendan Moran Philosophy and Ambiguity in Benjamin’s Kafka 43 Søren Rosendal The Logic of the “Swamp World”: Hegel with Kafka on the Contradiction of Freedom 66 Arnaud Villani The Necessary Revision of the Concept of the Universal: Kafka’s “Singularity” 90 Section 2: Before the Law Eli Schonfeld Am-ha’aretz: The Law of the Singular.
  • The Judgment” and the Trial

    The Judgment” and the Trial

    ABSTRACT BARBEAU, ROBERT RUSSELL. The Compulsion to Repeat and the Death Instinct in Franz Kafka’s “The Judgment” and The Trial. (Under the direction of Hans Kellner.) Kafka’s well-known obsessions with both language and death need to be understood in light of their common factor—the psychoanalytic concept of the repetition compulsion. Since these obsessions act as motivating forces compelling Kafka’s writing, it is crucial to understand the constitutive nature of the repetition compulsion in Kafka’s texts by examining its presence in two of his prominent works, “The Judgment” and The Trial. I will begin this study by first establishing my theoretical framework, defining the compulsion to repeat and the death instinct as they function in Freud’s psychoanalytic theory. Next I will differentiate Lacan’s (re)formulation of the repetition compulsion and the death instinct and show the critical role the symbolic order qua language has in this conception. Following this, I will examine Kafka’s story, “The Judgment,” looking at a typical piece of psychoanalytic criticism focused on Kafka’s supposed Oedipus complex and then showing the pitfalls of such an approach. I will go on to show the possibilities for deeper readings offered by post- Freudian psychoanalytic concepts, focusing on the repetitive and constitutive role that the letter has for the subject, the function of the return of the repressed, and the significance of the space “between two deaths,” where the story ends. The next section will examine The Trial in a similar manner; the focus will be on the importance of language in the novel, including the court as an agency of language and also the role lying or deceit plays in signification.
  • The Gyrating Hierarchy in Franz Kafka's the Judgment, The

    The Gyrating Hierarchy in Franz Kafka's the Judgment, The

    NEW LITERARIA An International Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities Volume 1, No. 1, Aug-Sept 2020, PP 58-64 www.newliteraria.com The Gyrating Hierarchy in Franz Kafka’s The Judgment, The Metamorphosis and In the Penal Colony Bikiran Dhar Abstract Franz Kafka (1883-1924), could never finish his major works; most of them were edited and published posthumously by his friend Max Brod. We know that Kafka’s long sleepless nights were relieved by the aggressive Tuberculosis, perhaps a bit too soon in 1924. However, death could not take the manuscripts away and though unfinished, his works provided a wide arena for the vast multitude of critics who would later attempt to decipher the texts, through their very warp and weft. Bureaucracy, claustrophobia and an abrupt beginning without any explanation, these are the accepted prerequisites of Kafkaesque. A reader prepares himself/herself according to these attributes while going through a work of Kafka. Coley Taylor asserts that the problems faced by Kafka’s characters are identical to the hazards encountered by any ordinary person at the hands of bureaucracy. However, the specified positions of the bureaucratic hierarchy do not always remain the same. It is difficult to imagine a structure with its rapidly shifting constituents. In this paper, I have attempted to focus on the dynamic characteristics of the hierarchy presented in the three works of Franz Kafka, namely, The Judgment, The Metamorphosis and In the Penal Colony. My goal has not been to discover any hidden message of Kafka. I have attempted to provide a detailed picture of the shifting system of hierarchy presented in the three aforementioned works of Kafka to facilitate the imagination of the concerned readers.
  • Rescuing the Other. Literary Approaches Towards Animal's Studies

    Rescuing the Other. Literary Approaches Towards Animal's Studies

    ANTHROPOLOGICAL RESEARCHES AND STUDIES No 7, 2017 Rescuing the other. Literary approaches towards animal’s studies DOI: http://doi.org/10.26758/7.1.8 Urszula Idziak-Smoczynska Institute for the Study of Religions, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland Address correspondence to Urszula Idziak-Smoczynska, Jagiellonian University: Ul. Grodzka 52, 31-044 Kraków Poland. E-mail: [email protected] For love of those who are always ready to run into an endless and impossible rescue. For My mother Agata and my son Swiatopelek "He will reply, 'Truly I tell you, whatever you did not do for one of the least of these, you did not do for me.' Matthew 25,45 Abstract Objectives. This paper explores the anthropological difference through the analysis of bringing rescue. To bring rescue to the other should be founded on the recognition of his suffering. But in many cases, this recognition is faulty and is based on a misunderstanding of animal/insect world. Material and methods. Through a case study of two famous literary texts in which a human-beetle relationship appears (authored by F. Kafka and W. Gombrowicz), at the crossing of philosophy and poetry, the author of the article tries to approach as close as possible the experience of a trans- humanist rescue attempt. Results and Conclusions. The metamorphosis effectuates a true displacement in the relationship between man and animal but what Kafka describes is not the transfiguration of man into a beetle but rather the metamorphosis that affects the family. Keywords: animal philosophy; metamorphosis; anthropological difference; strangeness; rescue. The origin of my approach towards otherness under the figure of the animal proceeds from the interest for the fable and the parable as the margin of modern philosophy.
  • The Early' Christian Attitude to War

    The Early' Christian Attitude to War

    THE EARLY' CHRISTIAN ATTITUDE TO WAR A CONTRIBUTIONTO THE HISTORY OF CHRISTIANETHICS BY C.:"JOHN CADOUX M.A.. D.D. (Londd! M.A. (Oxon) WITH A FOREWORD BY THE Rev. W. E. ORCHARD, D.D. LONDON I HEADLEY BROS. PUBLISHERS, LTD,. 72 OXFORD STREET. W.4 1. 1919 137964 TO MY WIFE 0 glorious Will of God, unfold The splendour of Thy Way, And all shall love as they behold And loving shall obey, Consumed each meaner care and claim In the new passion’s holy flame. 0 speed the hours when o’er the world The vision’s fire shall run ; Night from his ancient throne is burled, Uprisen is Christ the Sun; Through human wills by Thee controlled, Spreads o’er the earth the Age of Gold. REV. G. DARLASTON. FOREWORD THISis a bookwhich stands inneed of no introduc- tion ; it will make its own way by the demand for such a work, and by the exact and patient scholarship with which that demand hashere been met. For we have no workin this country whicheffectively covers this subject ; Harnack's Militiu Chrish' has not been trans- lated, but it will probably be found 'that the present work fills its place. But it is not only the need for this work (of which scholars will be aware),but the serious importance of the subject, which will make the book welcome. Argument for and against the Christian sanction of war has had to be conducted in the past few years in an atmosphere in which the truth has had small chance of emerging.
  • Von Den Gleichnissen

    Von Den Gleichnissen

    Reading Kafka’s Mind: Categories, Schemas, Metaphors by Michael Eugene Huffmaster A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in German in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Claire Kramsch, Chair Professor Niklaus Largier Professor Anton Kaes Professor Eve Sweetser Fall 2010 Reading Kafka’s Mind: Categories, Schemas, Metaphors © 2010 by Michael Eugene Huffmaster Contents Dedication iii Acknowledgments iv 1 Kafka’s Art and the Fundamentals of Human Cognition 1 Generic versus Specific Conceptual Structure 2 Categories 4 Image Schemas 6 Metaphor 13 UNDERSTANDING IS HEARING 18 2 “Von den Gleichnissen” 22 A Generic Concept 23 A Generic Text 27 A Generic Proposition 31 Image Schemas and Their Transformations 35 Generic and Primary Metaphors 38 Gleichnisse in Literature and Life 43 3 Das Urteil 49 Speech as Action and Its Consequent Susceptibility to Failure 49 Austin’s Anxiety about Speech as Action 51 Failed Speech Acts in Reported Thought 54 Failed Speech Acts in Reported Speech 58 Failed Speech Acts in Direct Speech 62 The Father’s Judgment 71 The Father’s Sentence 74 The PATH of Speech Acts 80 4 The Zürau Aphorisms 83 Image Schemas in the Zürau Aphorisms 83 The PATH in the Zürau Aphorisms 88 Highlighting Generic Structure to Critique Conventional Thinking 103 The PATH of the Zürau Aphorisms 106 5 Ein Bericht für eine Akademie 109 The PATH of Rotpeter’s Transformation 109 The Beginning of Rotpeter’s PATH 111 The PATH