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The Early Christian Attitude to War

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The Early Christian Attitude to War FROM-THE- LIBRARY-OF TRINITYCOLLEGETORONTO THE EARLY CHRISTIAN ATTITUDE TO WAR THE EARLY CHRISTIAN ATTITUDE TO WAR A CONTRIBUTION TO THE HISTORY OF CHRISTIAN ETHICS BY C. JOHN CADOUX M.A., D.D. (Lond.), M.A. (Oxon) WITH A FOREWORD BY THE Rev. W. E. ORCHARD, D.D. LONDON HEADLEY BROS. PUBLISHERS, LTD. 72 OXFORD STREET, W. 1 1. 1919 FB 2 4 1940 TO MY WIFE O glorious Will of God, unfold The splendour of Thy Way, And all shall love as they behold And loving shall obey, Consumed each meaner care and claim In the new passion's holy flame. O speed the hours when o'er the world The vision's fire shall run ; Night from his ancient throne is hurled, the Uprisen is Christ Sun ; Through human wills by Thee controlled, Spreads o'er the earth the Age of Gold. REV. G. DARLASTON. FOREWORD THIS is a book which stands in need of no introduc tion it will make its own the demand for such ; way by a work, and by the exact and patient scholarship with which that demand has here been met. For we have no work in this country which effectively covers this Harnack's Militia has trans subject ; Christi not been lated, but it will probably be found that the present work fills its place. But it is not only the need for this work (of which scholars will be aware), but the serious importance of the subject, which will make the book welcome. Argument for and against the Christian sanction of war has had to be conducted in the past few years in an atmosphere in which the truth has had small chance of emerging. Dr. Cadoux has his own convictions on this subject, which he makes no to conceal he believes that is attempt ; he supported by the early uncorrupted instincts of Christ which here he sets out before us but his ianity, ; per sonal conviction has never been allowed to conceal facts or make them out to be other than they are. He not only gives all the evidence on the opposite side, but he everywhere allows for influences and motives which might weaken the force of the facts which seem to support his own position. The work is impartial in the only way such a work ever can be, not because the viii Foreword author is without convictions, but because he has a pro found reverence for truth and possesses a keen scholarly conscience. Here, then, is a survey of the early Christian attitude towards war which must be read and pondered. It takes us back to a time when life seems, at least to us, less it shows us faith complicated ; working largely through instinct, often reinforced by crude thinking and poor reasoning, and yet faith which was prepared to pay the price of life itself, and an instinct which is deeply planted in our humanity, namely the instinct against bloodshed, unsophisticated by argument. Few will be able to read the story "without feeling that here as on other subjects the Christian faith was acting more purely and powerfully than ever since. We need not hold that Christendom has been one long story of relapse and apostasy to be able to recognize the essentially super natural gift not only in Christ our Lord, but in the classical prime of Christianity, with its glorious apostles, saints, and martyrs. Those early days will ever speak to however farther to them us, much we may progress ; we must return again and again, not necessarily to dis cover a final and fixed standard, either for thought or practice, but certainly whenever we want to renew our faith and see again the vision of what Christianity was meant to be. Whether the evidence of the early Christian attitude can provide any guidance for Christians in the twentieth century is a question into which other considerations have to enter. Dr. Cadoux has effectually shown that the false apocalyptic hopes of those times did not deter mine the attitude taken he has not as I up ; shown, think he might, how a translation of that apocalyptic Foreword ix hope into the belief in the swift possibility of great moral change and spiritual advance, is one sanctioned by modern thought, and provides again that atmosphere of expectation and faith in which alone great adventures can be made he has to the whole ; preferred keep subject free from any such entanglement. But he has shown how an uncritical view of the Old Testament revelation tended to embarrass and corrupt the pure Christian instinct on the subject of war. This view, save for one or two recent examples of adoption for war emergencies, has almost and since a now totally disappeared ; humaner belief concerning God's methods of purgation in another world is demanded by the enlightened con science, we are left with that first Christian instinct about war only further supported by modern belief; and this, it should be noted, without reducing God's love to mere leniency and sentimentality. God has His ways of punishing, but they are as different from man's as the heavens are than the earth and where man's higher ; most conspicuously fail, there is ground for hope that God's will in the end succeed. The only real objection which can be urged against the revival of the early Christian attitude is that Christ ianity has accepted the State, and that this carries with it the necessity for coercive discipline within and the waging of war without; in which disagreeable duties Christians must as citizens take their part. To refuse this will expose civilization to disaster. It may perhaps serve to provoke reflection to notice in passing that this was the argument of Celsus and is the general attitude which determines German thought on this subject. The truth is that the way of war, if persisted in, is going to destroy civilization anyhow, and the continual demand x Foreword for war service will, sooner or later, bring the modern State to anarchy. It would be wise also for Christian leaders and thinkers not to imagine that the problem of war is going to be solved without this disagreeable question, of Christian condemnation, and of individual refusal to take part in it, having first to be settled. It is unlikely that we shall be relieved of this moral decision, or that the great menace will be removed without some advance of Christian opinion, which will have to be taken first by individuals and then by the Church, incurring in the process the hatred of the world and the hostility of the State. The real principle for which the early martyrs died has yet to be estab lished and we cannot be sure that it will be at less ; price. Here, then, is a subject on which we need clear light, and this excellent piece of research certainly brings illumination it is a that will not considerable ; subject cease to vex the Church until we have decided either to make as unequivocal a condemnation of war as we have of slavery, or to abandon altogether any profession of whole-hearted allegiance to the Christian faith. W. E. ORCHARD. TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE FOREWORD BY DR. ORCHARD vii CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE xvii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND EXPLANATIONS ... xxv INTRODUCTION ... 1-17 Christian ethics in general I Importance of the history of early Christian ethics ... ... 2 Present urgency of the ethical problem of war ... 3 Scope and method of the present work... ... ... ... 4 Previous treatment of the subject (since Grotius) ... ... 6 Need of a further work on the subject ... ... ... ... 13 Personal convictions in relation to the special task of an historian of Christian ethics 13 Relative justification of other moral standards than one's own ... ... ... ... ... ... 14 Use of the argumentum ad hominem ... ... ... ... 15 Conditions of military service in the Roman Empire 15 PART I. THE TEACHING OF JESUS 19-47 Range of Jesus' teaching on the subject of war... ... ... 19 Statements of Jesus inconsistent with the lawfulness of war for Christians : ' ' I. Thou shalt not kill 20 II. The non-resistance teaching ... ... 22 III. Refusal to advance his ideals by political or coercive means 26 IV. Disapproval of Gentile 'authority' because resting on coercion ... ... 28 xi xii Contents PAGE V. Three incidental utterances 29 * ' (a) Neither do I condemn thee 29 * ' (b) Flee to the mountains 29 ' ' (f) Put back thy sword into its place ... 30 Summary 31 Statements of Jesus and other considerations apparently legitimizing warfare for Christians : ' I. Whoever impresses thee (to go) one mile, go two ' with him ... 32 II. No explicit disapproval of the military calling ... 32 III. The expulsion of the traders from the Temple- courts 34 IV. The wars of the future ..." ... 35 V. Illustrative allusions to war... ... ... ... 38 VI. Recognition of civil government ... 40 VII. The obvious needs of society 42 ' ' VIII. The interim-ethic theory 44 Summary ... ... ... ... ... ... 46 Explanatory note on the arrangement of the remaining material 48 PART II. FORMS OF THE EARLY CHRISTIAN DISAPPROVAL OF WAR 49-160 <The Condemnation of War in the abstract ... ... ... 49 Early authors 49 Clemens of Alexandria, Tertullianus, Hippolutos, etc. ... 5 1 Cyprianus to Methodios ... ... ... ... ... 52 Arnobius, Lactantius, and Eusebios 54 Summary 57 The Essential Peacefulness of Christianity 58 General statements of early authors down to Justinus ... 58 * ' Christian appropriation of the ploughshare prophecy of Isaiah... ... 60 General statements of later authors (Athenagoras to Arnobius) ... ... ... ... 64 Concluding comments ... ... ... 66 The Christian Treatment of Enemies and Wrongdoers ... 67 Pertinence of the subject ... 67 ' Christian writers of the first century ... 67 The Apostle John and the Robber..
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