DOCSLIB.ORG

The Tiara in the Tiber

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Tiara in the Tiber View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Reti Medievali Open Archive The Tiara in the Tiber. An Essay on the damnatio in memoria of Clement III (1084-1100) and Rome’s River as a Place of Oblivion and Memory by Kai-Michael Sprenger Reti Medievali Rivista, 13, 1 (2012) <http://rivista.retimedievali.it> Framing Clement III, (Anti)Pope, 1080-1100 Umberto Longo, Lila Yawn (eds.) Firenze University Press 1 Reti Medievali Rivista, 13, 1 (2012) <http://rivista.retimedievali.it> ISSN 1593-2214 ©2012 Firenze University Press DOI 10.6092/1593-2214/342 Framing Clement III, (Anti)Pope, 1080-1100 Umberto Longo, Lila Yawn (eds.) The Tiara in the Tiber. An Essay on the damnatio in memoria of Clement III (1084-1100) and Rome’s River as a Place of Oblivion and Memory by Kai-Michael Sprenger 1. «DEAD ANTIPOPE KEEPING COMPANY WITH THE FISH!» That might have been the headline of the brief account of Clement III’s end in the records of the German monastery of Disibodenberg if their author had been a tabloid journalist rather than a twelfth-century annalist. As the author notes, when Pope Paschal II learned that Clement III’s followers were spreading rumors of miracles that Clement had purportedly performed, Paschal decided to put a prompt end to the circumstance. In a military demonstration of strength, he seized the city of Civita Castellana, had Clement’s cadaver disinterred, and 1 ordered it thrown into the Tiber . Paschal II’s approach to the corpse of his enemy and former rival for the cathedra Petri illustrates a particular variant of what is conventionally called damnatio or deletio memoriae, a form of intentional forgetting typically 2 applied to antipopes . Since official histories of the Holy Roman Church did 1 Annales S. Disibodi, ed. G. Waitz, in Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Scriptores, vol. 17, Hannover 1861, p. 4-30, esp. p. 17, ad annum 1099: «Wigbertus Romanae et apostolicae sedis invasor, moritur; (…). Quidam autem de fautoribus eius rumorem sparserunt in populum ad sepulcrum eius vidisse divina micuisse luminaria. Quapropter dominus apostolicus Paschalis zelo Dei inflammatus iussit ut effoderetur et in Tyberim iactaretur. Quod et factum est». For the historical context see also J. Ziese, Wibert von Ravenna, Der Gegenpapst Clemens III. (1084- 1100), Stuttgart 1982, (Päpste und Papsttum 20), p. 273; for an analysis of the miracles worked by Clement, M.G. Bertolini, Istituzioni, miracoli e promozione del culto dei santi: il caso di Clemente III antipapa (1080-1100), in Culto dei santi, istituzioni e classi sociali in età prein- dustriale, ed. S. Boesch Gajano and L. Sebastiani, Rome 1984 (Collana di studi storici 1), p. 69- 104; R. Rusconi, Santo Padre. La santità del papa da san Pietro a Giovanni Paolo II, Roma 2010, p. 40-43, and the article of U. Longo in the present volume. 2 A comprehensive study of damnatio memoriae and the various forms of the selective destruc- tion of memory in the Middle Ages is long overdue. Such a study, with a focus on the early Middle Ages, is currently underway by Gerald Schwedler (Zurich). Founded in Zurich in 2011, the inter- Reti Medievali Rivista, 13, 1 (2012) <http://rivista.retimedievali.it> 153 [2] Framing Clement III, (Anti)Pope, 1080-1100 not (and do not) number Clement III (Wibert of Ravenna) among the legiti- mate popes, there was no need to remember even the place, date, and cir- cumstances of his burial. This was true of dead antipopes in general, most of whom did not create any further problems after their respective demises. Who among us would guess, for example, that some antipopes, including Paschal III (1164-1168), the second antipope of the Alexandrine Schism (1159-1177), were buried at the very center of Roman Christianity, in St. 3 Peter’s Basilica ? The long inscription at the entrance to the Vatican grottoes, the area of pontifical graves under St. Peter’s, listing all of the popes laid to rest there does not, of course, mention any «antipopes», given the damning of their memory. Since for medieval, as for modern Christianity, the desecra- tion of a grave was a sacrilegious act, even former political opponents were normally allowed to rest in peace once they were defeated and dead. Symptomatic of the attitude underlying this practice is Emperor Henry IV’s well-known wish, «Would that all my enemies lay [buried] so honorably». Henry made this remark, Otto of Freising tells us in his Gesta Friderici, after his advisors had urged him to destroy the splendid tomb of the anti-king Rudolf of Rheinfelden because its epitaph described Rudolf as the legitimate 4 king . There were exceptions to this rule of non-violation, however. The tombs of some antipopes were deliberately destroyed because they had become national research group «Damnatio memoriae - Deformation und Gegenkonstruktion von Erinnerung in Geschichte, Kunst und Literatur» («Damnatio memoriae: Deformation and Counter-Construction of Memory in History, Art and Literature») <http://www.damnatio- memoriae.net> [last accessed 24 January 2012] aims to serve as a comprehensive, interdiscipli- nary forum for information and discussion on the topic. An initial survey of the phenomenon in the Middle Ages is provided in the following conference proceedings: Condannare all’oblio. Pratiche della damnatio memoriae nel Medioevo. Atti del convegno di studi svoltosi in occasione della XX Edizione del Premio Internazionale Ascoli Piceno (Ascoli Piceno, Palazzo dei Capitani, 27-29 novembre 2008), ed. A. Rigon and I. Lori Sanfilippo, Roma 2010. On uses of the concept of memoria damnata in Curial sources mentioning schismatic popes and other enemies of the Church since the mid-tweflth century and further methodological reflections on memoria damnata as a counterpart to the concept of bona or sancta memoria see Sprenger, Damnatio Memoriae. 3 Appendix of Ottonis et Rahewini Gesta Friderici I. Imperatoris, ed. G. Waitz and B. Simson, in Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Scriptores rer. Germ in us. scholarum, vol. 46, Hannover 1912, esp. p. 350: «Gwido, qui et Paschalis, moritur et in basilica beati Petri Romae sepelitur». See also the list of the papal burial places in M. Borgolte, Petrusnachfolge und Kaiserimitation. Die Grablegen der Päpste, ihre Genese und Traditionsbildung, Göttingen 1989 (Veröffentlichung des Max-Planck-Instituts für Geschichte, 95), p. 343-360; for individual antipopes of the so-called Investiture Contest see ibidem, p. 147 (note 143), 151 (note 5), 175. 4 Ottonis et Rahewini Gesta Friderici I. Imperatoris cit., p. 23: «Fertur de imperatore, quod, cum pacatis paulisper his seditionum motibus ad predictam aecclesiam Merseburch venisset ibique prefatum Rudolfum velut regem humatum vidisset, cuidam dicenti, cur eum, qui rex non fuerat, velut regali honore sepultum iacere permitteret, dixerit: ‘Utinam omnes inimici mei tam honorifice iacerent’». For a deeper analysis of this passage see the forthcoming article by G. Schwedler, Purifying Memory in the Middle Ages. Cleansing soul, deleting remembrances and the example of the attempted purge of Rudolf of Rheinfelden, in How Purity is made - Persistence and Dynamics of the Purity Mindframe, ed. P. Rösch and U. Simon, Wiesbaden 2012 [in press]. 154 Reti Medievali Rivista, 13, 1 (2012) <http://rivista.retimedievali.it> The Tiara in the Tiber [3] places of hagiographic veneration because of miracles that the occupants’ fol- 5 lowers believed had occurred there or in the vicinity . By working miracles, (anti)pope Clement III was still able, even after his death, to endanger the pontifical legitimacy of his opponent and rival, Pope Paschal II. In Paschal’s day, any honorable tomb of a pope named Clement III was destined to become a significant bone of contention, given that for Paschal and his sup- porters such a pope had never existed. Clement was a schismatic and a heretic in their view. Thus, the strict rules of canon law did not allow him to be buried 6 in the sacred ground of a churchyard and certainly not in any church . Needless to say, the idea of a sanctity attached to the heretical Pope Clement III was completely unacceptable. Any belief in miracles performed by him and celebrated by those who venerated him would have legitimized his pontificate posthumously while simultaneously dishonoring Pope Paschal II and casting Paschal in the role of the real schismatic, the real antipope. Clearly, radical measures were urgent. The complete and efficient destruction of Clement’s tomb and corpse was inevitable from Paschal’s perspective in order to ensure the intended and permanent effects of his opponent’s damnatio memoriae. Not a single material trace could be left that might serve in the future as a relic and thus as a vehicle of liturgical or hagiographic veneration. Since Clement III had died in a state of excommunication, Paschal II and his sup- porters considered Clement damned for all eternity. God himself had can- celed Clement’s name from the liber vitae, as we read in Paschal’s biography in the Liber pontificalis, which refers to the heretic Wibert, «cuius nomen 7 Deus in caelis de libro vitae delevit» . Clement’s corpse and the illusion of his legitimate pontificate were to be washed away once and for all with the waves of the Tiber. At least that was the plan pursued by Paschal II, whose legiti- macy in the apostolic succession and place in the ecclesia triumphans would thus shine even brighter, once he had crushed Clement’s usurpatory claims 8 and relegated them to oblivion . An interesting twelfth-century example, parallel to the case of Clement III, underlines this particular motivation for the destruction of an antipope’s tomb. Following the death in Lucca in April 1164 of Victor IV, Alexander III’s first rival in the Alexandrine Schism, several contemporary sources reported 5 This was obviously the case with Clement’s tomb, cf.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Biblical Trinity Doctrine and Christology Translation of L
    Ludwig Neidhart: Biblical Trinity Doctrine and Christology translation of L. Neidhart, Biblische Trinitätslehre und Christologie, published on http://catholic-church.org/ao/ps/Trinitaet.html, 2017, translated by the author, published online on http://catholic-church.org/ao/ps/downloads/TrinityChristology.pdf, 2017, © Dr. Ludwig Neidhart, Hannover 1990 (original German Version), © Dr. Ludwig Neidhart, Augsburg 2017 (extended German Version and English translation, both issued on September 15, 2017) Contents: 1. Unity in Essence and Personal Distinction between Father and Son.......................................................3 2. The Unity in Essence between the Father and the Son: Ten Biblical Arguments...................................8 3. The Holy Spirit or Holy Ghost...................................................................................................................18 4. The Triune God...........................................................................................................................................21 5. Trinity and Incarnation..............................................................................................................................29 6. Development of the Doctrine of Trinity and Incarnation.......................................................................31 7. Summary and Graphic Presentation of the Concepts of Trinity and Incarnation...............................48 8. Discussion: Is the Son subordinated to the Father?................................................................................50
    [Show full text]
  • One, Holy, Catholic, and Apostolic: a History of the Church in the Middle Ages
    ONE , H OLY , CATHOLIC , AND APOSTOLIC : A H ISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN THE MIDDLE AGES COURSE GUIDE Professor Thomas F. Madden SAINT LOUIS UNIVERSITY One, Holy, Catholic, and Apostolic: A History of the Church in the Middle Ages Professor Thomas F. Madden Saint Louis University Recorded Books ™ is a trademark of Recorded Books, LLC. All rights reserved. One, Holy, Catholic, and Apostolic: A History of the Church in the Middle Ages Professor Thomas F. Madden Executive Producer John J. Alexander Executive Editor Donna F. Carnahan RECORDING Producer - David Markowitz Director - Matthew Cavnar COURSE GUIDE Editor - James Gallagher Contributing Editor - Karen Sparrough Design - Edward White Lecture content ©2006 by Thomas F. Madden Course guide ©2006 by Recorded Books, LLC 72006 by Recorded Books, LLC Cover image: Basilica of Notre Dame Cathedral, Paris © Clipart.com #UT095 ISBN: 978-1-4281-3777-6 All beliefs and opinions expressed in this audio/video program and accompanying course guide are those of the author and not of Recorded Books, LLC, or its employees. Course Syllabus One, Holy, Catholic, and Apostolic: A History of the Church in the Middle Ages About Your Professor ................................................................................................... 4 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 5 Lecture 1 Birth of the Medieval Church ................................................................. 6 Lecture 2 The Church in an Age of
    [Show full text]
  • The Reception of Geoffrey of Monmouth's Work in Italy
    Chapter 24 The Reception of Geoffrey of Monmouth’s Work in Italy Fabrizio De Falco The reception of Geoffrey of Monmouth’s work in medieval Italy is an integral part of two fascinating veins of inquiry: the early appearance of the Matter of Britain in Italy and its evolution in various social, political, and cultural con- texts around the Peninsula.1 At the beginning of the 12th century, before the De gestis Britonum was written, an unedited Arthurian legend was carved on Modena Cathedral’s Portale della Pescheria, a stop for pilgrims headed to Rome along the Via Francigena.2 Remaining in the vicinity of Modena, the only con- tinental witness of the First Variant Version of the DGB (Paris, Bibliothèque de l’Arsenal, 982) can be connected to Nonantola Abbey.3 Moving to the kingdom of Sicily, in 1165 the archbishop of Otranto commissioned an enormous mosaic for the cathedral, and Arthur is depicted in one of the various scenes, astride a goat, fighting a large cat.4 To describe Geoffrey of Monmouth’s reception in 1 E.G. Gardener, The Arthurian Legend in Italian Literature, London and New York, 1930; D. Delcorno Branca, “Le storie arturiane in Italia”, in P. Boitani, M. Malatesta, and A. Vàrvaro (eds.), Lo spazio letterario del Medioevo, II. Il Medioevo volgare, III: La ricezione del testo, Rome, 2003, pp. 385–403; G. Allaire and G. Paski (eds.), The Arthur of the Italians: The Arthurian Legend in Medieval Italian Literature and Culture (Arthurian Literature in the Middle Ages, 7), Cardiff, 2014. 2 In this version, Gawain is the protagonist and Arthur is not yet king.
    [Show full text]
  • The First Eight General Councils and Papal Infallibility
    THE FIRST EIGHT GENERAL COUNCILS AND PAPAL INFALLIBITY BY DOM JOHN CHAPMAN, O.S.B. LONDON CATHOLIC TRUTH SOCIETY 69 SOUTIIWARK BRIDGE ROAD, S.E. 1906 PREFACE These pages are simply a lecture delivered on May 15, 1906 before the Society of St. Thomas of Canterbury, "Students of the West." In accordance with the title of this Society, its members inquire into the views of others. After the lectures which are given at their invitation, a discussion follows. It is not to be presumed that members of the Society agree with what they hear. The Catholic Truth Society has kindly under taken to publish my lecture at my own request, as I hope that the historical' data I have put together may be found useful in this compact form. I am conscious that the subject was far too large for a single lecture, and that some of the views put forward may seem crude without more elaborate justification than a few references and notes. The part which deals with Dr. Dollinger and the Old Catholic movement was added by special request, and it may perhaps be regarded as somewhat of an excrescence. JOHN CHAPMAN, O.S.B. Erdington Abbey, Birmingham. CONTENTS I'AGF. Introduction 7 I. Nic.ia 9 II. Constantinople 13 III. Ephesus 16 IV. Chalcedon 22 V. Constantinople (II) 44 VI. Constantinople (III) 60 VII. Nic^a (II) 68 VIII. Constantinople (IV) 77 , IX. The Vatican Council and History . .84 5 The First Eight General Councils and Papal Infallibility The councils which we accept to-day as oecumeni cal are divided by a broad line into two great groups : the first eight councils are Greek, the rest are Latin.
    [Show full text]
  • Forerunners to the Reformation
    { Lecture 19 } FORERUNNERS TO THE REFORMATION * * * * * Long before Luther nailed his 95 Theses to the Wittenberg Door, there were those who recognized the corruption within the Roman Catholic Church and the need for major reform. Generally speaking, these men attempted to stay within the Catholic system rather than attempting to leave the church (as the Protestant Reformers later would do). The Waldensians (1184–1500s) • Waldo (or Peter Waldo) lived from around 1140 to 1218. He was a merchant from Lyon. But after being influenced by the story of the fourth-century Alexius (a Christian who sold all of his belongings in devotion to Christ), Waldo sold his belongings and began a life of radical service to Christ. • By 1170, Waldo had surrounded himself with a group of followers known as the Poor Men of Lyon, though they would later become known as Waldensians. • The movement was denied official sanction by the Roman Catholic Church (and condemned at the Third Lateran Council in 1179). Waldo was excommunicated by Pope Lucius III in 1184, and the movement was again condemned at the Fourth Lateran Council in 1215. • Waldensians were, therefore, persecuted by the Roman Catholics as heretics. However, the movement survived (even down to the present) though the Waldensians were often forced into hiding in the Alps. • The Waldensian movement was characterized by (1) voluntary poverty (though Waldo taught that salvation was not restricted to those who gave up their wealth), (2) lay preaching, and (2) the authority of the Bible (translated in the language of the people) over any other authority.
    [Show full text]
  • Tables of Contemporary Chronology, from the Creation to A. D. 1825
    : TABLES OP CONTEMPORARY CHUONOLOGY. FROM THE CREATION, TO A. D. 1825. \> IN SEVEN PARTS. "Remember the days of old—consider the years of many generations." 3lorttatttt PUBLISHED BY SHIRLEY & HYDE. 1629. : : DISTRICT OF MAItfE, TO WIT DISTRICT CLERKS OFFICE. BE IT REMEMBERED, That on the first day of June, A. D. 1829, and in the fifty-third year of the Independence of the United States of America, Messrs. Shiraey tt Hyde, of said District, have deposited in this office, the title of a book, the right whereof they claim as proprietors, in the words following, to wit Tables of Contemporary Chronology, from the Creation, to A.D. 1825. In seven parts. "Remember the days of old—consider the years of many generations." In conformity to the act of the Congress of the United States, entitled " An Act for the encouragement of learning, by securing the copies of maps, charts, and books, to the authors and proprietors of such copies, during the times therein mentioned ;" and also to an act, entitled "An Act supplementary to an act, entitled An Act for the encouragement of learning, by securing the copies of maps, charts and books, to the authors and proprietors of such copies, during the times therein mentioned ; and for extending the benefits thereof to the arts of designing, engraving, and etching historical and other prints." J. MUSSEV, Clerk of the District of Maine. A true copy as of record, Attest. J MUSSEY. Clerk D. C. of Maine — TO THE PUBLIC. The compiler of these Tables has long considered a work of this sort a desideratum.
    [Show full text]
  • Events of the Reformation Part 1 – Church Becomes Powerful Institution
    May 20, 2018 Events of the Reformation Protestants and Roman Catholics agree on first 5 centuries. What changed? Why did some in the Church want reform by the 16th century? Outline Why the Reformation? 1. Church becomes powerful institution. 2. Additional teaching and practices were added. 3. People begin questioning the Church. 4. Martin Luther’s protest. Part 1 – Church Becomes Powerful Institution Evidence of Rome’s power grab • In 2nd century we see bishops over regions; people looked to them for guidance. • Around 195AD there was dispute over which day to celebrate Passover (14th Nissan vs. Sunday) • Polycarp said 14th Nissan, but now Victor (Bishop of Rome) liked Sunday. • A council was convened to decide, and they decided on Sunday. • But bishops of Asia continued the Passover on 14th Nissan. • Eusebius wrote what happened next: “Thereupon Victor, who presided over the church at Rome, immediately attempted to cut off from the common unity the parishes of all Asia, with the churches that agreed with them, as heterodox [heretics]; and he wrote letters and declared all the brethren there wholly excommunicate.” (Eus., Hist. eccl. 5.24.9) Everyone started looking to Rome to settle disputes • Rome was always ending up on the winning side in their handling of controversial topics. 1 • So through a combination of the fact that Rome was the most important city in the ancient world and its bishop was always right doctrinally then everyone started looking to Rome. • So Rome took that power and developed it into the Roman Catholic Church by the 600s. Church granted power to rule • Constantine gave the pope power to rule over Italy, Jerusalem, Constantinople and Alexandria.
    [Show full text]
  • Uses of the Past in Twelfth-Century Germany: the Case of the Middle High German Kaiserchronik Mark Chinca and Christopher Young
    Uses of the Past in Twelfth-Century Germany: The Case of the Middle High German Kaiserchronik Mark Chinca and Christopher Young Abstract: Despite its broad transmission and its influence on vernacular chronicle writing in the German Middle Ages, the Kaiserchronik has not received the attention from historians that it deserves. This article describes some of the ideological, historical, and literary contexts that shaped the original composition of the chronicle in the middle of the twelfth century: Christian salvation history, the revival of interest in the Roman past, the consolidation of a vernacular literature of knowledge, and the emergence of a practice of writing history as “serious entertainment” by authors such as Geoffrey of Monmouth and Godfrey of Viterbo. Placed in these multiple contexts, which have a European as well as a specifically German dimension, the Kaiserchronik emerges as an important document of the uses of the past in fostering a sense of German identity among secular and ecclesiastical elites in the high Middle Ages. The Kaiserchronik, completed probably in Regensburg ca.1150, is a seminal work.1 Monumental in scale, it comprises over seventeen thousand lines of Middle High German verse and is the first verse chronicle in any European language. Through a grand narrative of the reigns of thirty-six Roman and nineteen German emperors filling a timespan of twelve centuries, it throws the spotlight on ethnicity, religion and cultural identity, and on the relationship between church and empire, as these issues play out on the various stages of Rome, Germany and their territorial outposts in the Mediterranean basin.2 The Kaiserchronik has several claims to uniqueness.
    [Show full text]
  • Dositheos Notaras, the Patriarch of Jerusalem (1669-1707), Confronts the Challenges of Modernity
    IN SEARCH OF A CONFESSIONAL IDENTITY: DOSITHEOS NOTARAS, THE PATRIARCH OF JERUSALEM (1669-1707), CONFRONTS THE CHALLENGES OF MODERNITY A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA BY Christopher George Rene IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Adviser Theofanis G. Stavrou SEPTEMBER 2020 © Christopher G Rene, September 2020 i Acknowledgements Without the steadfast support of my teachers, family and friends this dissertation would not have been possible, and I am pleased to have the opportunity to express my deep debt of gratitude and thank them all. I would like to thank the members of my dissertation committee, who together guided me through to the completion of this dissertation. My adviser Professor Theofanis G. Stavrou provided a resourceful outlet by helping me navigate through administrative channels and stay on course academically. Moreover, he fostered an inviting space for parrhesia with vigorous dialogue and intellectual tenacity on the ideas of identity, modernity, and the role of Patriarch Dositheos. It was in fact Professor Stavrou who many years ago at a Slavic conference broached the idea of an Orthodox Commonwealth that inspired other academics and myself to pursue the topic. Professor Carla Phillips impressed upon me the significance of daily life among the people of Europe during the early modern period (1450-1800). As Professor Phillips’ teaching assistant for a number of years, I witnessed lectures that animated the historical narrative and inspired students to question their own unique sense of historical continuity and discontinuities. Thank you, Professor Phillips, for such a pedagogical example.
    [Show full text]
  • September 3-12, 2015
    Join Rev. Marcia Sutton and Dr. Mark Vierra on a journey to... Italy Including visits to: Rome•Assisi•Siena•Florence•Ravenna•Padua•Venice September 3-12, 2015 $4,419 per person from Los Angeles or Phoenix For more information please visit: www.pilgrimages.com/sutton Sample Day By Day Itinerary: of frescoes depicting his life. You may kneel before the crucifix from which Jesus spoke to St Francis, asking him to rebuild His church. It was in St Mary Day 1 | Thursday, September 3: Depart for Rome of the Angels Basilica where St Francis spent most of his life. Here we visit Depart US by overnight flights to Rome. Meals will be served on board. the Chapel, Portiuncola, the rose bush, and the cave where the saint retired for prayer. Stroll the medieval streets of the compact little town. After stopping Day 2 | Friday, September 4: Arrive Rome - Vatican Museums at night at an outdoor cafe with a view of an ancient Roman temple, we go to the Welcome to Rome, one of the most magnificent and interesting cities in the Church of St Clare to see the saint's incorrupt body. The foundress of the world, also known as the “Eternal City”! Upon arrival in Rome Airport you will Order of Poor Clares followed the teachings of St Francis by living a life of find your luggage and exit the baggage claim into the arrivals hall where you poverty and humility. We will visit these two saints' tombs before retiring for will be greeted by your tour escort and/or driver.
    [Show full text]
  • Fifteenth International Congress of Medieval Canon Law
    Fifteenth International Congress of Medieval Canon Law PROGRAM —— Sunday 17 July 5 : 00 pm Opening Mass Saint-Étienne-du-Mont Church, place du Panthéon, Paris Ve 6 : 00 pm Registration and Opening Reception Saint-Étienne-du-Mont Parish, 20, rue Clovis, Paris Ve Monday 18 July 9 : 00 Welcome Faculté de droit, 12, place du Panthéon, Paris Ve (Ampithéâtre 4, Ground Floor) Guillaume LEYTE, President of the university Paris II, Panthéon-Assas Jacques BITTOUN, Emeritus President of the university Paris-Sud Franck ROUMY, Professor at the university Paris II, Panthéon-Assas 9 : 30 Plenary Session I (Amphi. 4, Ground Floor) Chair : Peter LANDAU Anne LEFEBVRE-TEILLARD, La diffusion de la collection de Gilbert l’Anglais dans la France du Nord 10 : 30 Coffee Break Great Gallery (First Floor) 11 : 00 Plenary Session II (Amphi. 4, Ground Floor) Chair : Sophie DÉMARE-LAFONT Kathleen G. CUSHING, Readers and compilers ? Monks and canon law in eleventh- and early twelfth-century Italy 12 : 00 Free Lunch Concurrent Sessions 1–4 Session 1 : 1 : 30 pm – 3 : 30 pm (Amphi. 4, Ground Floor) S PECIAL S ESSION Chair : Anne LEFEBVRE-TEILLARD Peter LANDAU, Die Anfänge der französischen Dekretalensammlungen im 12. Jahr- hundert. Die Collectio Cantabrigensis in Rouen und die Collectio Pari- siensis I in Reims. Maria Gigliola DI RENZO VILLATA, Théologie morale et droit : l’homicidium dans les Summae confessorum italiennes du bas Moyen Âge Session 2 : 1 : 30 pm – 3 : 30 pm (Amphi. 1, Ground Floor) G ENERAL T HEORY OF L AW I Chair : Stephan DUSIL Cyrille DOUNOT, La prise en compte de l’urgence par le droit canonique médiéval Wouter DRUWÉ, Scandalum in the early decretistic (ca.
    [Show full text]
  • How Did the Romans Really Crucify Jesus? Richard Binder, September 27, 2020 (Edited March 14, 2021)
    How Did the Romans Really Crucify Jesus? Richard Binder, September 27, 2020 (edited March 14, 2021) This article is the conclusion of a secular exploration of an event that some people devoutly believe happened, while others deny the very existence of its central character. That event, or non-event, was the crucifixion of Jesus of Nazareth. You can find the complete series of articles at this Web address: http://www.richardspens.com/?crux= For nearly two millennia, the method by which Jesus of Nazareth was crucified has been a subject of speculation by Christians, archaeologists, historians, and others whose interest might be based on little or nothing more than curiosity. There exist countless religious paintings, sculptures, and corpora on crucifixes, and there exist also many ancient writings describing crucifixion as practiced by the Romans. This article is an attempt to pull together several applicable threads of information with the purpose of describing without religious bias just how Jesus’ crucifixion was carried out. One thing we can be sure of is that Jesus’ death on the cross did not appear as it is portrayed in depictions intended for veneration by the faithful, typified by the three images shown here—for it was horrifyingly unsuited to that purpose. In this article, I shall refer to works of this type as “traditional” depictions. The Ancona Crucifixion, by Crucifixion from an English A modern Roman Catholic crucifix Titian, 1558 psalter, c. 1225 All three of the above images show nails through Jesus’ palms, one nail holding both feet to the front of the cross, and Jesus wearing a loincloth and hung on a Latin cross.
    [Show full text]