DOCSLIB.ORG

Masaryk University Faculty of Social Studies

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Masaryk University Faculty of Social Studies MASARYK UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF SOCIAL STUDIES Department of International Relations and European Studies Chinese Energy Policy in LNG Producing Countries and Its Consequences for the European Union Energy Security Master's Thesis Xiao Xiao Supervisor: Mgr. Hedivika Kodouskova UČO: 380529 Study Field: European Politics Year of Enrollment: 2010 Brno, 2012 I hereby declare that this thesis I submit for assessment is entirely my own work and has not been taken from the work of others save to the extent that such work has been cited and acknowledged within the text of my work. Date: Signature 2 Acknowledgements Here I want to sincerely thank my family first for their love. When deciding if I should come to Brno to continue my study, they gave me the biggest support. Then I really appreciate all the teachers and colleagues in Masaryk University who gave me great help during my study. I cannot image if I could study without your unselfish support. I really enjoy the time in Brno. It's one of the best memories in my life. In short, just THANK YOU! Xiao Xiao 3 Content Abstract .......................................................................................................................... 6 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................ 7 1.1. Research Area: Energy Security and Natural Gas .......................................... 7 1.2. Research Objective and Research Questions .................................................. 8 1.3. Methodology ................................................................................................... 9 2. World Natural Gas Scenario .................................................................................... 11 3. The Review of China ............................................................................................... 15 3.1. Chinese Dimension of Energy Security and Its Energy Strategy ................. 17 3.2. The Chinese Energy Policy (Strategy) Abroad ............................................. 20 3.2.1. Going-Out Policy ............................................................................... 20 3.2.2. China’s International Oil and Gas Strategy (Policy) .......................... 21 3.3. The Main Actors of Chinese Energy Policy .................................................. 23 3.3.1. Government........................................................................................ 23 3.3.2. National Oil Companies ..................................................................... 24 3.4. The Practice .................................................................................................. 27 3.4.1. The Government Factor and Price Reform ........................................ 27 3.4.2. The Insecurity and The Efforts .......................................................... 29 4.The Review of European Union ............................................................................... 30 4.1 The European Definition of Energy Security and Its Energy Policy ............. 31 4.2. The Gas Supply of EU .................................................................................. 32 5. Middle East and Africa for Both Actors .................................................................. 36 6. The State of Qatar .................................................................................................... 37 6.1. Gas Sector ..................................................................................................... 39 6.2. Gas Market .................................................................................................... 41 6.3. Important Gas Fields ..................................................................................... 43 6.3.1. Offshore Operations ........................................................................... 43 6.3.2 Onshore Operations ............................................................................ 44 6.4. Gas-To-Liquid Project .................................................................................. 45 6.5. The Relationship between China and Qatar .................................................. 45 6.5.1 The Official Visit between China and Qatar ....................................... 45 6.5.2. Chinese NOCs in Qatar ...................................................................... 48 6.5.2.1. CNOOC................................................................................... 49 6.5.2.2. CNPC ...................................................................................... 50 6.5.2.3. Sinopec .................................................................................... 52 6.5.3. What is the Character of Bilateral Relations? .................................... 53 6.6. The Share of EU in LNG Export of Qatar .................................................... 55 6.7. The Possible Effect on EU ............................................................................ 61 7. The Islamic Republic of Iran ................................................................................... 63 7.1. Gas Sector ..................................................................................................... 64 7.2. Gas Market .................................................................................................... 65 4 7.3 Important Gas Field ....................................................................................... 66 7.3.1. South Pars .......................................................................................... 67 7.3.2. North Pars .......................................................................................... 70 7.4. Important Projects ......................................................................................... 71 7.4.1. Liquefied Natural Gas ........................................................................ 71 7.4.2. Pipelines ............................................................................................. 72 7.5. The Relationship between China and Iran .................................................... 73 7.5.1. The Official Visits between Iran and China ....................................... 73 7.5.2. Importing Energy From Iran .............................................................. 75 7.5.3. Bottleneck of Iranian LNG sector ...................................................... 75 7.5.4. The Chinese NOCs in Iran ................................................................. 77 7.5.4.1. Sinopec .................................................................................... 77 7.5.4.2. CNPC ...................................................................................... 79 7.5.4.3 CNOOC.................................................................................... 81 7.5.4.4. The Unflat Road to Iran .......................................................... 81 7.6. The Disparity between China and Western Countries .................................. 83 7.7. What is the Character of the Bilateral Relations? ......................................... 85 7.8. The Possible Effect on EU ............................................................................ 87 8. The Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria ................................................... 90 8.1. Gas Sector ..................................................................................................... 91 8.2. Gas Market .................................................................................................... 92 8.3. Important Fields ............................................................................................ 93 8.4. Important Projects ......................................................................................... 95 8.4.1. Pipeline Project .................................................................................. 95 8.4.2. LNG Plants......................................................................................... 96 8.5. The Relationship between China and Algeria ............................................... 97 8.5.1. The Official Visits between China and Algeria .................................. 97 8.5.2. The Chinese NOCs in Algeria ............................................................ 99 8.5.2.1. CNOOC................................................................................... 99 8.5.2.2. Sinopec .................................................................................... 99 8.5.2.2. CNPC .................................................................................... 100 8.5.3. What is the Character of Bilateral Relations? .................................. 102 8.6. The Share of EU in Exported LNG of Algeria............................................ 104 8.7. The Possible Effect on EU .......................................................................... 108 9. Conclusion and Suggestion .................................................................................... 110 Bibliography .............................................................................................................. 114 Appendix .................................................................................................................... 129 5 Abstract The aim of the master thesis is to map and deeply comprehend the Chinese energy policy in LNG producing countries and analyze its consequences for the European Union energy security. The master thesis will follow this structure: a) it will
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Iran's Latest Export/Import Options
    Iran’s latest export/import options Relations between Iran and its neighbours are strengthening despite increased efforts by the US to isolate Tehran; both Turkmenistan and Azerbaijan have recently agreed to boost gas exports to the Islamic Republic. Iran cannot be ignored – its export potential for Europe is significant, both as the holder of the second largest gas reserves in the world and geographically as a strategic link between gas-rich Turkmenistan and Turkey. But development has been severely hindered as US companies have been banned from working in the country and international sanctions over nuclear proliferation concerns The oil and gas are becoming a weightier deterrent for European companies. Even so the Iranians do bureaucracy in manage to keep things going. Iran has a very deep-set mistrust Now, with the threat of harsher sanctions looming, Gas Matters looks at prospects for of the foreign the development of the Iranian gas industry and how progress, though faltering, may majors, established not be as bad as people think. following the painful experience The oil and gas bureaucracy in Iran has a very deep-set mistrust of the foreign majors, established of the 1951 coup, following the painful experience of the 1951 coup, the nationalisation of the industry and the the nationalisation of the industry and subsequent fight against the western oil companies in the pre-1979 period. There may now the subsequent fight potentially be a shift in attitudes as the people who worked during the 1970s are retired or against the western retiring. “But, as we’ve seen in Iraq, countries fall back to deeply-rooted attitudes towards the oil companies in the oil and gas sector so I wouldn’t expect any radical change whatever happens politically,” says pre-1979 period Pierre Noel, an energy policy specialist at Cambridge University’s Judge Business School.
    [Show full text]
  • Q3 2010 Iran Oil & Gas Report INCLUDES 10-YEAR FORECASTS to 2019
    Q3 2010 www.businessmonitor.com IRAN OIL & GAS REPORT INCLUDES 10-YEAR FORECASTS TO 2019 ISSN 1748-4022 Published by Business Monitor International Ltd. IRAN OIL & GAS REPORT Q3 2010 INCLUDES 10-YEAR FORECASTS TO 2019 Part of BMI’s Industry Survey & Forecasts Series Published by: Business Monitor International Copy deadline: May 2010 Business Monitor International © 2010 Business Monitor International. Mermaid House, All rights reserved. 2 Puddle Dock, London, EC4V 3DS, All information contained in this publication is UK copyrighted in the name of Business Monitor Tel: +44 (0) 20 7248 0468 International, and as such no part of this publication Fax: +44 (0) 20 7248 0467 may be reproduced, repackaged, redistributed, resold in email: [email protected] whole or in any part, or used in any form or by any web: http://www.businessmonitor.com means graphic, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, or by information storage or retrieval, or by any other means, without the express written consent of the publisher. DISCLAIMER All information contained in this publication has been researched and compiled from sources believed to be accurate and reliable at the time of publishing. However, in view of the natural scope for human and/or mechanical error, either at source or during production, Business Monitor International accepts no liability whatsoever for any loss or damage resulting from errors, inaccuracies or omissions affecting any part of the publication. All information is provided without warranty, and Business Monitor International makes no representation of warranty of any kind as to the accuracy or completeness of any information hereto contained.
    [Show full text]
  • Iran Sanctions
    Iran Sanctions Kenneth Katzman Specialist in Middle Eastern Affairs February 10, 2012 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov RS20871 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Iran Sanctions Summary The international coalition that is imposing progressively strict economic sanctions on Iran is broadening and deepening, with increasingly significant effect on Iran’s economy. The objective, not achieved to date, remains to try to compel Iran to verifiably confine its nuclear program to purely peaceful uses. As 2012 begins, Iran sees newly-imposed multilateral sanctions against its oil exports as a severe threat - to the point where Iran is threatening to risk armed conflict. Iran also has indicated receptivity to new nuclear talks in the hopes of reversing or slowing the implementation of the oil export-related sanctions. The energy sector provides nearly 70% of Iran’s government revenues. Iran’s alarm stems from the potential loss of oil sales as a result of: • A decision by the European Union on January 23, 2012, to wind down purchases of Iranian crude oil by July 1, 2012. EU countries buy about 20% of Iran’s oil exports. This action took into consideration an International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) report on Iran’s possible efforts to design a nuclear explosive device, and diplomatic and financial rifts with Britain, which caused the storming of the British Embassy in Tehran on November 30, 2011. • Decisions by other Iranian oil purchasers, particularly Japan and South Korea, to reduce purchases of Iranian oil. Those decisions are intended to comply with a provision of the FY2012 National Defense Authorization Act (P.L.
    [Show full text]
  • In the Name of God Development of Yadavaran Oilfield Moving On/ 26 China's Colorful Presence in Iran's Petroleum Industry
    Oct . 2009 - 119 In The Name of God INDEX OCT. 2009 / No.119 Articles on Oil & Gas in the English section, in cooperation with IranOilGas.com Published by: IRANIAN ASSO - CIATION FOR ENERGY ECO-NOMICS (IRAEE) ISSN 1563-1133 Rivalries in the Area of Natural Gas; An Director and Editor-in - Chief: Engin Propelling Political Developments / 2 Seyed Gholamhossein Hassantash Editorial Manager: Homayoun Mobaraki Challenges Facing Iran’s Petroleum Industry / 6 Editorial Board: Majid Abbaspour, Reza Farmand, Ali Moshtaghian, Mohammad-reza Omidkhah, Ebrahim Bagherzadeh, Fereidoun Barkeshly, Hassan Khosravizadeh, China’s Oil Needs Affect its Iran Ties / 7 Mohammad-ali Movahhed, Behroz Beik Alizadeh, Ali Emami Meibodi, Seyed Mohammad-ali Tabatabaei, Afshin Javan, Hamid Abrishami, Mohammad-bagher Heshmatzadeh, Mehdi Nematollahi, Mozafar Jarrahi, Ali / 8 Shams Ardakani, Mohammad Mazreati Layout : Adamiyat Advertising Agency Iran Ranks First in the Middle East in Terms Advertisement Dept : of Transport of Gas / 11 Adamiyat Advertising Agency Tel: 021 - 88 96 12 15 - 16 Energy Intensity Reduction Potentials in OPEC and Its Advantages / 11 Translators: Mahyar Emami, Hamid Barimani Subscription: Hamideh Noori Development of Yadavaran Oilfield Moving on / 26 IRANIAN ASSOCIATION FOR ENERGY ECONOMICS China’s Colorful Presence in Iran’s Petroleum Unit 13, Fourth flour, No.177, Vahid Dastgerdi (Zafar) Ave., Tehran, Iran Tel: (9821) 22262061-3 Industry / 27 Fax: (9821) 22262064 Web: www.IRAEE.org E-mail: [email protected] 1 Oct . 2009 - 119 Rivalries in the
    [Show full text]
  • Iran Sanctions
    Iran Sanctions (name redacted) Specialist in Middle Eastern Affairs August 7, 2018 Congressional Research Service 7-.... www.crs.gov RS20871 Iran Sanctions Summary The multilateral nuclear accord (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, or JCPOA) provided Iran broad relief from U.N. and multilateral sanctions, as well as U.S. secondary sanctions (sanctions on foreign firms that do business with Iran) on Iran’s civilian economic sectors. Upon the January 16, 2016, implementation of the JCPOA, U.S. Administration waivers of relevant sanctions laws took effect, relevant executive orders (E.O.s) were revoked, and corresponding U.N. and EU sanctions were lifted. Remaining in place were a general ban on U.S. trade with Iran and U.S. secondary sanctions imposed on Iran’s support for regional governments and armed factions, its human rights abuses, its efforts to acquire missile and advanced conventional weapons capabilities, and the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC). Some additional sanctions on these entities and activities were made mandatory by the Countering America’s Adversaries through Sanctions Act (CAATSA, P.L. 115-44), which also increases sanctions on Russia and North Korea. Under U.N. Security Council Resolution 2231, nonbinding U.N. restrictions on Iran’s development of nuclear-capable ballistic missiles and a binding ban on its importation or exportation of arms remain in place for several years. However, Iran has continued to support regional armed factions and to develop ballistic missiles despite the U.N. restrictions, and did so even when strict international economic sanctions were in place during 2010-2015. On May 8, 2018, President Trump announced that the United States would no longer participate in the JCPOA and that all U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Iran Sanctions
    Iran Sanctions Updated February 4, 2019 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RS20871 Iran Sanctions Summary U.S. sanctions have been used extensively by successive Administrations to try to change Iran’s behavior. Sanctions had a substantial effect on Iran’s economy and on some major strategic decisions, but little or no effect on Iran’s regional malign activities. During 2012-2015, when the global community was relatively united in pressuring Iran, Iran’s economy shrank as its crude oil exports fell by more than 50%, and Iran had limited ability to utilize its $120 billion in assets held abroad. The 2015 multilateral nuclear accord (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, or JCPOA) provided Iran broad relief from the international and U.S. secondary sanctions as the Obama Administration waived relevant sanctions, revoked relevant executive orders (E.O.s), and corresponding U.N. and EU sanctions were lifted. Remaining in place were a general ban on U.S. trade with Iran and sanctions imposed on Iran’s support for regional governments and armed factions, its human rights abuses, its efforts to acquire missile and advanced conventional weapons capabilities, and the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC). Under U.N. Security Council Resolution 2231, nonbinding U.N. restrictions on Iran’s development of nuclear-capable ballistic missiles and a binding ban on its importation or exportation of arms remain in place for several years. Iran has defied the Resolution by continuing long-standing support for regional armed factions and development of ballistic missiles. Iran was able to pursue these policies even when strict international economic sanctions imposed significant harm to its economy during 2010-2015.
    [Show full text]
  • Mena Energy Investment Outlook 2021-2025
    MENA ENERGY INVESTMENT OUTLOOK 2021-2025 Overcoming the Pandemic May 2021 MENA ENERGY INVESTMENT OUTLOOK 2021-2025 Overcoming the Pandemic May 2021 Authored by: Dr. Leila R. Benali Former Chief Economist (2019-2021) Ramy Al-Ashmawy Senior Energy Specialist Suhail Z. Shatila Senior Energy Specialist Disclaimer The views expressed in this publication are the views of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of APICORP itself or its shareholders. The views expressed reflect the current views of the authors as of the date of publication, and neither the authors nor APICORP undertake to advise of any changes in the views expressed. The contents of this work are intended for general informational purposes only and are not intended to constitute legal, securities, or investment advice, an opinion regarding the appropriateness of any investment, or a solicitation of any type. About APICORP The Arab Petroleum Investments Corporation (APICORP) is a multilateral development financial institution established in 1975 by an international treaty between the ten Arab oil exporting countries. It aims to support and foster the development of the Arab world’s energy sector and petroleum industries. APICORP makes equity investments and provides project finance, trade finance, advisory and research, and its headquarters is in Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. APICORP is rated ‘Aa2’ with stable outlook by Moody’s and ‘AA’ with a stable outlook by Fitch. Contents I. Executive Summary 4 II. Path to Economic Recovery: 9 1. How will the Global and MENA Economies Fare? 9 i. Global Economy: Common Trends and Diverging Recovery Paths 9 ii. Developments of Global Oil Prices 10 iii.
    [Show full text]
  • Natural Gas Market Review 2009
    NAturAL GAS MARKet REVieW 2009 Please note that this PDF is subject to specific restrictions that limit its use and distribution. The terms and conditions are available at www.iea.org/about/ copyright.asp INTERNATIONAL ENE R G Y A GENCY 2009 NAturAL GAS MARKet REVieW The global economic crisis has not spared the gas sector. Over the past year, we have moved from a tight supply and demand balance with extremely high gas prices to an easing one with plummeting gas prices. Since the last quarter of 2008, demand has been declining dramatically, essentially because of the global recession. Yet significant new volumes of liquefied natural gas will come on stream within the next few years, and the United States’ unconventional gas production has risen rapidly, with global consequences. It remains to be seen how these demand and supply pressures will play out, particularly in the pivotal power sector, in both OECD and non-OECD countries. Meanwhile, the security of gas supplies has once again become a critical issue, in particular in Europe after it experienced its worst supply disruption during the Russian- Ukraine crisis in January 2009. Moreover, the current market climate of weakening demand, lower prices and regulatory uncertainties added to the tough financial environment are likely to jeopardise investments, in particular in capital-intensive projects, further undermining long-term energy security in the most fundamental way when economies recover. The Natural Gas Market Review 2009 looks at these and other major developments and challenges in the different parts of the gas value chain in a selection of IEA countries – the United States, Canada, Spain, Norway, the Netherlands, and Turkey – as well as in non-IEA member countries in the Middle East, North Africa, Southeast Asia, and China.
    [Show full text]
  • Irans Relations with China and the West Cooperation And
    Iran’s Relations with China and the West Cooperation and Confrontation in Asia Willem van Kemenade November 2009 NETHERLANDS INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS ‘CLINGENDAEL’ CIP-Data Koninklijke Bibliotheek, The Hague Van Kemenade, Willem: Cooperation and Confrontation in Asia: Iran’s Relations with China and the West The Hague, Netherlands Institute of International Relations ‘Clingendael’ Clingendael Diplomacy Papers No. 24 ISBN: 978-90-5031-1472 Desktop publishing by Ragnhild Drange Netherlands Institute of International Relations ‘Clingendael’ Clingendael Diplomatic Studies Programme Clingendael 7 2597 VH The Hague Telephone +31(0)70 - 3746628 Telefax +31(0)70 - 3746666 P.O. Box 93080 2509 AB The Hague Email: [email protected] Website: http://www.clingendael.nl The Netherlands Institute of International Relations ‘Clingendael’ is an independent institute for research, training and public information on international affairs. It publishes the results of its own research projects and the monthly Internationale Spectator and offers a broad range of courses and conferences covering a wide variety of international issues. It also maintains a library and documentation centre. © Netherlands Institute of International Relations ‘Clingendael’. All rights reserved. No part of this paper may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright-holders. Clingendael Institute, P.O. Box
    [Show full text]
  • Iran's Re-Emergence on Global Energy Markets
    N Department of e V e War Studies strategy paper s paper strategy Iran’s re-emergence on global energy markets: opportunities, challenges & implications Kalina K Damianova KAS Energy Security Fellow at EUCERS 2014-15 EUCERS advisory board Professor Dr Theo Farrell Chairman of the Board, Head Frederick Kempe President and CEO, Atlantic Council, of War Studies Department and Professor of War in Washington, D.C., USA the Modern World, King’s College London Ilya Kochevrin Executive Director of Gazprom Export Ltd Marco Arcelli Executive Vice President, Upstream Gas, Janusz Luks CEO Central Europe Energy Partners (CEEP), Enel, Rom Brussels/Warsaw Professor Dr Hüseyin Bagci Department Chair of Thierry de Montbrial Founder and President of the Institute International Relations, Middle East Technical Français des Relations Internationales (IFRI), Paris University Inonu Bulvari, Ankara Chris Mottershead Vice-Principal (Research and Andrew Bartlett Managing Director, Bartlett Development), King’s College London Energy Advisers Hildegard Müller Chair of the Executive Board of the German Volker Beckers Chairman, Spenceram Limited Association of Energy and Water Industry (BDEW) and member of the Executive Committee Professor Dr Albert Bressand Professor in International Strategic Management in Energy, University Dr Pierre Noël Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah Senior Fellow for of Groningen Economic and Energy Security, IISS Asia Professor Dr Iulian Chifu Advisor to the Romanian Dr Ligia Noronha Director Resources, Regulation and Global President for Strategic
    [Show full text]
  • Outlook for Global Energy Markets After the Great Recession: with Perspective on China and Iran
    Outlook for Global Energy Markets after the Great Recession: With Perspective on China and Iran Presented to The Center for Strategic & International Studies by Dr. Fereidun Fesharaki Senior Associate, Energy and National Security Program, CSIS Senior Fellow, East‐West Center Chairman, FACTS Global Energy September 16, 2009 Washington, D.C. World Oil Markets 2 World Oil Demand 2007‐2010 ¾ Negative demand growth of the world for 2009 is unprecedented! World Oil Demand 2007‐2010 (mmb/d) 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total Demand 87.7 87.7 85.6 86.3 Incremental Growth 1.3 0 ‐2.1 0.7 Percentage Growth 1.5% 0% ‐2.4% .08% Source: EMC/FGE September 2009 Quarterly World Oil Balance and Forecast. 3 Asian Demand Growth ¾ A “dent” is emerging in 2009, the first time since 1998. Petroleum Product Demand in the Asia‐Pacific Region 1980‐2020 35 LPG 30 Naphtha 25 Gasoline Kero/jet 20 Gasoil FO/Others mmb/d 15 10 5 0 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Note: 2009‐2020 data are projections. 4 Sudden, Sharp Impact on Asian Demand Change in Total Asian Oil Product Demand (Year‐on‐Year Change) 1,500 'Missing' demand 1,000 500 0 kb/d Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 ‐500 ‐1,000 ‐1,500 5 Longer Term: Oil Market Demand Will be Led by 3 Demand Centers Strong “baseload” demand Structural demand shift once global economy recovers Annual Growth 2007-15 (kb/d) China 380 India 115 Other Asia 10 Middle East 340 Total 0.8-0.9 mmb/d 6 Longer Term: Oil Market Tightness to Return ¾ Over the long term, China and India will lead not only regional, but also global oil demand growth.
    [Show full text]
  • Hassanzadeh Phd 2013
    University of Dundee DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Exports of Iranian natural gas to regional and international markets a study of political, legal and economic barriers Hassanzadeh, Elham Award date: 2013 Link to publication General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 29. Sep. 2021 DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Exports of Iranian Natural Gas to Regional and International Markets Elham Hassanzadeh 2013 University of Dundee Conditions for Use and Duplication Copyright of this work belongs to the author unless otherwise identified in the body of the thesis. It is permitted to use and duplicate this work only for personal and non-commercial research, study or criticism/review. You must obtain prior written consent from the author for any other use. Any quotation from this thesis must be acknowledged using the normal academic conventions. It is not permitted to supply the whole or part of this thesis to any other person or to post the same on any website or other online location without the prior written consent of the author.
    [Show full text]