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The Death Penalty in Belarus
Part 1. Histor ical Overview The Death Penalty in Belarus Vilnius 2016 1 The Death Penalty in Belarus The documentary book, “The Death Penalty in Belarus”, was prepared in the framework of the campaign, “Human Rights Defenders against the Death Penalty in Belarus”. The book contains information on the death penalty in Belarus from 1998 to 2016, as it was in 1998 when the mother of Ivan Famin, a man who was executed for someone else’s crimes, appealed to the Human Rights Center “Viasna”. Among the exclusive materials presented in this publication there is the historical review, “A History of The Death Penalty in Belarus”, prepared by Dzianis Martsinovich, and a large interview with a former head of remand prison No. 1 in Minsk, Aleh Alkayeu, under whose leadership about 150 executions were performed. This book is designed not only for human rights activists, but also for students and teachers of jurisprudence, and wide public. 2 Part 1. Histor ical Overview Life and Death The Death penalty. These words evoke different feelings and ideas in different people, including fair punishment, cruelty and callousness of the state, the cold steel of the headsman’s axe, civilized barbarism, pistol shots, horror and despair, revolutionary expediency, the guillotine with a basket where the severed heads roll, and many other things. Man has invented thousands of ways to kill his fellows, and his bizarre fantasy with the methods of execution is boundless. People even seem to show more humanness and rationalism in killing animals. After all, animals often kill one another. A well-known Belarusian artist Lionik Tarasevich grows hundreds of thoroughbred hens and roosters on his farm in the village of Validy in the Białystok district. -
The Yaroslavsky Copy of the Pravda Russkaya
Glossary (Helena V. Gushchina) Note 1. Exact information about the money of Kievan Rus² is absent. Researchers have different opinions³ about this problem. The most de- tailed study of this issue is persented in the work by E. Kamentseva and N. Ustyugov.⁴ The most popular version of the ratio of monetary units: 1) SP: 1 grivna=20 nogatas=25 kunas=50 rezanas=150 veveritsas. 2) VP: 1 grivna kun=20 nogatas=50 kunas=150 vekshas. Note 2. The social structure of the population of Kievan Rus is not quite clear. There are different opinions about it.⁵ The whole population can be divided into three categories: free, dependent and half-dependent people. Free people were the prince, his armed force, boyars, priests, lyudi, and social outcasts. The most numerous category of free people was the so-called lyudi. This category was not homogeneous either: there were such subcategories as narochitiye lyudi, gorodskiye lyudi and do- briye lyudi. A person could become dependent on his own free will as well. Half-dependent were smerds, zakups. The most numerous category of dependent people was kholops.A kholop could pay off his freedom or be given freedom by his owner. The exception were full kholops (obels) who lost their freedom forever. Boyar — member of an old order of Russian nobility, ranking immedi- ately below the princes. ²Or Kyivan Rus. ³Библиотека литературы Древней Руси. / под ред. Д. С. Лихачева, Л. А. Дмит- риева, А. А. Алексеева [и др.]. СПб.: Наука, 1997. Т. 4: XII век. С. 679.; Зва- рич, В. В. Нумизматический словарь. Львов: Вища шк., Изд-во при Львов. -
TSARIST-CHURCH RELATIONS in the MOSCOW STATE and in the RUSSIAN EMPIRE: ‘SYMPHONY of AUTHORITIES’ AS a LEGAL FORMULA Georii Shairian1
V. 01 - Nº 01 - Ano 2020 – Special Edition 614 TSARIST-CHURCH RELATIONS IN THE MOSCOW STATE AND IN THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE: ‘SYMPHONY OF AUTHORITIES’ AS A LEGAL FORMULA Georii Shairian1 Abstract: The topic of interaction church life with the help of the Holy between the Church and is still relevant Synod for this. The acquired experience since the influence of religion on public- of interaction between the reigning power relations throughout the Christian monarch and the Church can be mastered world remains a tangible factor in public for developing the model of state life. The present research aims to structure existing in modern Russia. uncover the legal meaning of the sixth novella of Emperor Justinian (known in Keywords: church, government, tsarist historiography as the ‘symphony of Russia, ‘symphony of authorities’, authorities’) in tsarist-church legal tsarist-church relations relations that were characteristic of Muscovy and the Russian Empire. The 1. Introduction civilizational-cultural approach in The problem of interaction jurisprudence used by the author allowed between the supreme power of the concluding that there is not only a sovereign and the Church in Russia, functional difference between the reflected in the works of numerous tsardom and the priesthood (the two scholars, is always in the spotlight due to subjects of law that are part of the its obvious relevance. This also applies novella) but also the legal inequality to modern Russia, where, contrary to the characteristic of public law relations. thousand-year-old tradition of Russian From this angle, the novella was adopted statehood, the Church has been separated in medieval Russia and legalized in the from the state for more than a last Russian Empire where the sovereign was hundred years of its history. -
17 Infidel Turks and Schismatic Russians in Late Medieval Livonia
Madis Maasing 17 Infidel Turks and Schismatic Russians in Late Medieval Livonia 17.1 Introduction At the beginning of the sixteenth century, political rhetoric in Livonia was shaped by the threat posed by an alien power: Following a significant deterio- ration in the relations between the Catholic Livonian territories and their mighty Eastern Orthodox neighbour – the Grand Duchy of Moscow – war broke out, lasting from 1501 to 1503, with renewed armed conflict remaining an immi- nent threat until 1509. During this period of confrontation, and afterwards, the Livonians (i.e., the political elite of Livonia) fulminated in their political writ- ings about the gruesome, schismatic, and even infidel Russians, who posed a threat not only to Livonia, but to Western Christendom in general. In the Holy Roman Empire and at the Roman Curia, these allegations were quite favoura- bly received. Arguably, the Livonians’ greatest success took the form of a papal provision for two financially profitable anti-Russian indulgence campaigns (1503–1510). For various political reasons, the motif of a permanent and general ‘Russian threat’ had ongoing currency in Livonia up until the Livonian War (1558–1583). Even after the collapse of the Livonian territories, the Russian threat motif continued to be quite effectively used by other adversaries of Mos- cow – e.g., Poland-Lithuania and Sweden. I will focus here first and foremost on what was behind the initial success of the Russian threat motif in Livonia, but I will also address why it persisted for as long as it did. A large part of its success was the fact that it drew upon a similar phenomenon – the ‘Turkish threat’,1 which played a significant role in the political rhetoric of Early Modern Europe, especially in south-eastern 1 This research was supported by the Estonian Research Council’s PUT 107 programme, “Me- dieval Livonia: European Periphery and its Centres (Twelfth–Sixteenth Centuries)”, and by the European Social Fund’s Doctoral Studies and Internationalization Programme DoRa, which is carried out by Foundation Archimedes. -
February 14Th 10.00 Sedov Vladimir Valentinovich (Moscow IA RAS
February 14th 10.00 Sedov Vladimir Valentinovich (Moscow IA RAS) Principal outcomes of the excavation of the church of the Annunciation at Gorodishche near Novgorod in 2016-2017: archeology and architecture The paper presents the main results of the extensive architectural and archaeological excavation of the stone church of the Annunciation at Gorodishche, built in 1103 by Prince Mstislav the Great and rebuilt in 1342-1343. This latter church, having survived in part, was conserved, and the current plans for the museumification of the 1103 church allowed for its complete excavation, which provided an opportunity to assess the architecture of this second oldest stone church building of Novgorod (the Sophia of Novgorod being the earliest). We now see this monument as a transitive point in local architectural history. Its large size, common type and architectural details firmly link it to the south Russian tradition of Kiev. At the same time, it stands at the very beginning of the Novgorod architectural tradition. The paper also covers some of the most vivid details of the monument and the traces of its rebuilding, as well as information on the pre- church layers unearthed during the excavation. Gippius Alexey Alexeevich (Moscow, HSE, ISS RAS), Mikheev Savva Mikhailovich (Moscow, ISS RAS) Complex of the Glagolitic graffiti of the church of the Annunciation at Gorodishche The paper discusses ten 12th- century Glagolitic graffiti, one of them being the longest old Russian Glagolitic text. The inscriptions are of interest both in terms of their content and of their paleography, which has allowed us to presume the existence of a specific Novgorod school of Glagolitic writing in the 11th and 12th centuries. -
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Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 498 Proceedings of the XIV European-Asian Law Congress "The Value of Law" (EAC-LAW 2020) Legal Customs as a Form of Environmental Law and Natural Resource Law Nadezhda Alekseeva1, Valerii Vlasenko1, Vladislav Panchenko2,3,4,5, Ivan Makarchuk2,3,*, Sergey Shimansky3 1Russian State University of Justice, 117418 Moscow, Russia 2Siberian Federal University, 660041 Krasnoyarsk, Russia 3Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University, 660049 Krasnoyarsk, Russia 4Federal Siberian Research and Clinical Center FMBA, 660037 Krasnoyarsk, Russia 5Research Institute of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia, 125130 Moscow, Russia *Corresponding author. Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT This article researches the development of a custom from a tradition and a stable rule of conduct as a result of its systematic prolonged multiple repetition for a long time, authorized by the state in a legal norm, thereby formed to a custom it becomes a legal provision. A custom becomes a full-fledged form of law only by sanctioning. There are three ways of its formalization by the state: direct, judicial, and silent authorization. The focus of the research is whether a custom can regulate social relations and be a source of law especially of an environmental and a natural resource law. A custom has played a role as the regulative measure and management of natural resources. It becomes legal when it is fixed or not fixed in the rule of law, but been applied as a legal one, when the rule of law indicates that. The main conclusion is that the custom is a rule of conduct that is widely used in any area of activities, regardless of whether it is fixed as a rule of law or not, it can be applied in the field of environmental and natural resource law, not only by the analogy of the law, as the courts have done before, but also directly. -
Russia and Siberia: the Beginning of the Penetration of Russian People Into Siberia, the Campaign of Ataman Yermak and It’S Consequences
The Aoyama Journal of International Politics, Economics and Communication, No. 106, May 2021 CCCCCCCCC Article CCCCCCCCC Russia and Siberia: The Beginning of the Penetration of Russian People into Siberia, the Campaign of Ataman Yermak and it’s Consequences Aleksandr A. Brodnikov* Petr E. Podalko** The penetration of the Russian people into Siberia probably began more than a thousand years ago. Old Russian chronicles mention that already in the 11th century, the northwestern part of Siberia, then known as Yugra1), was a “volost”2) of the Novgorod Land3). The Novgorod ush- * Associate Professor, Novosibirsk State University ** Professor, Aoyama Gakuin University 1) Initially, Yugra was the name of the territory between the mouth of the river Pechora and the Ural Mountains, where the Finno-Ugric tribes historically lived. Gradually, with the advancement of the Russian people to the East, this territorial name spread across the north of Western Siberia to the river Taz. Since 2003, Yugra has been part of the offi cial name of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug: Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug—Yugra. 2) Volost—from the Old Russian “power, country, district”—means here the territo- rial-administrative unit of the aboriginal population with the most authoritative leader, the chief, from whom a certain amount of furs was collected. 3) Novgorod Land (literally “New City”) refers to a land, also known as “Gospodin (Lord) Veliky (Great) Novgorod”, or “Novgorod Republic”, with its administrative center in Veliky Novgorod, which had from the 10th century a tendency towards autonomy from Kiev, the capital of Ancient Kievan Rus. From the end of the 11th century, Novgorod de-facto became an independent city-state that subdued the entire north of Eastern Europe. -
A Short History of Russia (To About 1970)
A Short History of Russia (to about 1970) Foreword. ...............................................................................3 Chapter 1. Early History of the Slavs, 2,000 BC - AD 800. ..........4 Chapter 2. The Vikings in Russia.............................................6 Chapter 3. The Adoption of Greek Christianity: The Era of Kievan Civilisation. ..........................................................7 Chapter 4. The Tatars: The Golden Horde: The Rise of Moscow: Ivan the Great. .....................................................9 Chapter 5. The Cossacks: The Ukraine: Siberia. ...................... 11 Chapter 6. The 16th and 17th Centuries: Ivan the Terrible: The Romanoffs: Wars with Poland. .............................. 13 Chapter 7. Westernisation: Peter the Great: Elizabeth.............. 15 Chapter 8. Catherine the Great............................................. 17 Chapter 9. Foreign Affairs in the 18th Century: The Partition of Poland. .............................................................. 18 Chapter 10. The Napoleonic Wars. .......................................... 20 Chapter 11. The First Part of the 19th Century: Serfdom and Autocracy: Turkey and Britain: The Crimean War: The Polish Rebellion................................................... 22 Chapter 12. The Reforms of Alexander II: Political Movements: Marxism. ........................................................... 25 Chapter 13. Asia and the Far East (the 19th Century) ................ 28 Chapter 14. Pan-Slavism....................................................... -
Russian Viking and Royal Ancestry
GRANHOLM GENEALOGY RUSSIAN/VIKING ANCESTRY Direct Lineage from: Rurik Ruler of Kievan Rus to: Lars Erik Granholm 1 Rurik Ruler of Kievan Rus b. 830 d. 879 m. Efenda (Edvina) Novgorod m. ABT 876 b. ABT 850 2 Igor Grand Prince of Kiev b. ABT 835 Kiev,Ukraine,Russia d. 945 Kiev,Ukraine,Russia m. Olga Prekrasa of Kiev b. ABT 890 d. 11 Jul 969 Kiev 3 Sviatoslav I Grand Prince of Kiev b. ABT 942 d. MAR 972 m. Malusha of Lybeck b. ABT 944 4 Vladimir I the Great Grand Prince of Kiev b. 960 Kiev, Ukraine d. 15 Jul 1015 Berestovo, Kiev m. Rogneda Princess of Polotsk b. 962 Polotsk, Byelorussia d. 1002 [daughter of Ragnvald Olafsson Count of Polatsk] m. Kunosdotter Countess of Oehningen [Child of Vladimir I the Great Grand Prince of Kiev and Rogneda Princess of Polotsk] 5 Yaroslav I the Wise Grand Duke of Kiew b. 978 Kiev d. 20 Feb 1054 Kiev m. Ingegerd Olofsdotter Princess of Sweden m. 1019 Russia b. 1001 Sigtuna, Sweden d. 10 Feb 1050 [daughter of Olof Skötkonung King of Sweden and Estrid (Ingerid) Princess of Sweden] 6 Vsevolod I Yaroslavich Grand Prince of Kiev b. 1030 d. 13 Apr 1093 m. Irene Maria Princess of Byzantium b. ABT 1032 Konstantinopel, Turkey d. NOV 1067 [daughter of Constantine IX Emperor of Byzantium and Sclerina Empress of Byzantium] 7 Vladimir II "Monomach" Grand Duke of Kiev b. 1053 d. 19 May 1125 m. Gytha Haraldsdotter Princess of England m. 1074 b. ABT 1053 d. 1 May 1107 [daughter of Harold II Godwinson King of England and Ealdgyth Swan-neck] m. -
Vladimir G. Volkov Andrey N. Seslavin Introduction Results And
Genetic study of the Rurik Dynasty Vladimir G. Volkov Andrey N. Seslavin The genetic lineage of N-Y10931 is derived from Introduction Results and Discussion the subclade N-Y4339, and distrubition of this subclade is primarily found in Sweden (52%) The House of Rurik (Rurikids) is one of the oldest Within the haplogroup N-Y4339 there is a common followed by Finland (14%) Russia (10%), Britain dynasties of Europe. Rurik the founder of the SNP shared by the entire Rurikid group, that SNP (10%) with a smaller frequency in Norway (5%) dynasty lived at the end of the IX century. The being Y10931 and whiles the presences of other and Ukraine (5%). House of Rurik ruled Kievan Rus' and its successor certain SNP’s convincingly shows that the Rurikid states, including the Grand Duchy of Moscow and group N-Y10931 is divided into three branches. France: 2% Unknown; 2% the Tsardom of Russia, until the 17th century. One branch determined by SNPs VL15, VL16, VL17 Ukraine; 5% Presently the descendants of Rurik live in various and VL18 (princes Massalsky and Puzyna), the Norway; 5% locations across the globe. second by VL11 (princes Lobanov-Rostovsky, United Kingdom; 10% Gagarin and Putyatin) and the third by VL12 (princes Kropotkin and Shakhovski, Rzhevsky and nn.l viruri rum i II. .... ..I ... ... ------ .... e. 0.11,0.1.1 m.irsiil liic^rrai l/UMl /НМ Кип 1ГАРМ Sweden; 52% Tatishchev). Russia: 10% YF05587 Rzhevsky Finland; 14% YF05025 Tatishchev YF07822 9 Kb 50 y.a Kudryavtsev Figure 3. Frequency of genetic lineage N-Y4339 in YF05251 DYS534 = 19 prince Kropotkin Europe. -
CREATING SOCIAL CAPITAL in RUSSIA: the Novgorod Model
CREATING SOCIAL CAPITAL IN RUSSIA: The Novgorod Model Nicolai N . Petro University of Rhode Island The National Council for Eurasian and East European Researc h 910 17th Street, N .W. Suite 300 Washington, D .C. 2000 6 TITLE VIII PROGRAM Project Information* Contractor: University of Rhode Island Principal Investigator : Nicolai N . Petro Council Contract Number : 814-10g Date : October 18, 199 9 Copyright Informatio n Individual researchers retain the copyright on their work products derived from research funde d through a contract or grant from the National Council for Eurasian and East European Researc h (NCEEER). However, the NCEEER and the United States Government have the right to duplicat e and disseminate, in written and electronic form, reports submitted to NCEEER to fulfill Contract or Grant Agreements either (a) for NCEEER's own internal use, or (b) for use by the United States Government, and as follows: (1) for further dissemination to domestic, international, and foreign governments, entities and/or individuals to serve official United States Government purposes or (2) for dissemination in accordance with the Freedom of Information Act or other law or policy of the United States Government granting the public access to documents held by the United State s Government. Neither NCEEER nor the United States Government nor any recipient of thi s Report may use it for commercial sale . The work leading to this report was supported in part by contract or grant funds provided by th e National Council for Eurasian and East European Research, funds which were made available b y the U.S. -
History of Russia
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Irkutsk State Medical University” of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation Department of Social Psychology and Humanities A. V. Zavialov, О. V. Antipina HISTORY OF RUSSIA Study guide Irkutsk ISMU 2019 1 УДК 94(470)(075.8)=111 ББК 63.3(2)я73 Z 39 Recommended by the CCMС of FSBEI HE ISMU MOH Russia as a study guide for foreign students, mastering educational programs of higher education by the educational program of the specialty of General Medicine for mastering the discipline “History” (Protocol № 4 of 11.06.2019) Authors: A. V. Zavialov – Candidate of Sociological Sciences, Senior teacher, Department of Social Psychology and Humanities, FSBEI HE ISMU MOH Russia O. V. Antipina – Candidate of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Foreign Languages with Latin and “Russian for Foreigners” Programs, FSBEI HE ISMU MOH Russia Reviewers: P. A. Novikov – Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department of History and Philosophy, FSBEI HE INRTU R. V. Ivanov – Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of State and Municipal Administration, FSBEI HE ISU Zavialov, A. V. Z 39 History of Russia : study guide / A. V. Zavialov, О. V. Antipina ; FSBEI HE ISMU MOH Russia, Department of Social Psychology and Humanities. – Irkutsk : ISMU, 2019. – 148 p. The study guide covers the key concepts and events of Russian history, beginning from the times of Rus’ up to the present days, and helps a student develop his/her reading and presentation skills. The educational material is presented as texts of four main sections of the course, where the term in English is accompanied with its Russian equivalent, while the explanation is given in English.