Enhancing the Use of the Mobile Infrastructure in Cameroon the Case of Bayam Sellam

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Enhancing the Use of the Mobile Infrastructure in Cameroon the Case of Bayam Sellam Enhancing the Use of the Mobile Infrastructure in Cameroon The Case of Bayam Sellam PhD Thesis Dipl.-Inf. Paul Dayang 18.11.2013 Fachbereich Mathematik / Informatik Studiengang Informatik 1. Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Karl-Heinz R¨odiger 2. Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Frieder Nake Acknowledgements While completing this PhD Thesis, I have benefited from the love and support of many people in different ways, through advice, both technical and personal, encouragement and patience. Now, I would like to express my deep-felt gratitude to my parents and the following persons: Dan´e Djouwa Dayang, Gaywa Dague Dayang, H´el`ene-Laure Dayang, Andr´e Djonga, Christelle Dimegni Ndjouwa, Sidoine Ghomsi, Berthold Hoffmann, Kolyang, Mbere Kou´e, Victor Kou´e, Frieder Nake, Mich`ele-Laure Watat ´epse Nouga, Rose Ma¨ıtchie, Justin Man-Igri, Oscar Mourbare, Karl-Heinz R¨odiger, Rebecca Siafaka. i Abstract The expansion and the reliability of mobile technology in Sub-Sahara Africa - as well as elsewhere - opened up diverse opportunities. For instance, the access to learn- ing material, conduction of commercial activities, promotion of agricultural activities, enhancement of governmental transparency, support of healthcare practices, etc. To harness the existing mobile infrastructure, diverse users are looking for effective and efficient ways, for instance, the Bayam Sellam in Cameroon. Bayam Sellam refers to people engaged in trade between rural and urban markets. This work analyses the usage and development of information and communication tech- nology in Sub-Sahara Africa in general, and the mobile technology and its constraints in particular. An efficient use of the mobile technology depends on appropriate mobile services and applications. These should produce and use local digital content, so as to enhance the use of the existing mobile infrastructure and contribute to satisfy the user’s needs. As a case study, we deal with a tailored mobile commerce solution for Bayam Sellam and other related stakeholders such as the governmental department for price regulation. The arising question is how Bayam Sellam can use the mobile devices to improve their business activities and, thereby, use the mobile infrastructure more efficiently. With a questionnaire, we investigate the wishes of 250 Bayam Sellam in Ngaound´er´e. The aim was to develop a tailored mobile commerce solution called Bayasella for Bayam Sellam. The solution is a hybrid application based on the approach of local data storage, web technologies and frameworks (HTML5, PhoneGap, etc.). Bayasella stores product details offline, and synchronises them with the online database whenever the user wants. The online activities (up/downloading offers) shall be very short so as to minimise charges. Another key issue is: if the provided architecture can be applied to other domains. We put our attention on a combined mobile weather application that impacts the mobile technology and the Bayam Sellam business activities. For this purpose, we combine endogenous qualitative weather data - from ethnic group Tpuri - with existing quantifiable data from established weather forecasting systems, such as World Weather Online. ii Zusammenfassung Die zunehmende Ausbreitung und Zuverl¨assigkeit mobiler Technologien er¨offnet in Afrika s¨udlich der Sahara - wie auch anderswo - vielf¨altige M¨oglichkeiten: den Zu- gang zu Lernmaterialien, die Durchf¨uhrung gesch¨aftlicher T¨atigkeiten, die F¨orderung landwirtschaftlicher T¨atigkeiten, die Erh¨ohung der Transparenz in deroffentlichen ¨ Ver- waltung, die Unterst¨utzung im Gesundheitswesen usw. Um die bestehende Mobilfunk- Infrastruktur zu nutzen, suchen diverse Benutzer nach effektiven und effizienten Wegen, zum Beispiel die Bayam Sellam in Kamerun. Bayam Sellam bezeichnet Personen, die Handel zwischen l¨andlichen und st¨adtischen M¨arkten aus¨uben. Diese Arbeit analysiert die Nutzung und die Entwicklung der Informations- und Kom- munikationstechnologie in Sub-Sahara Afrika im Allgemeinen, und mobile Technolo- gien und ihre Einschr¨ankungen im Besonderen. Eine effiziente Nutzung der zugrunde liegenden Infrastruktur setzt geeignete mobile Dienste und Anwendungen voraus. Diese sollten lokale digitale Inhalte produzieren und nutzen k¨onnen, um so die Nutzung der vorhandenen mobilen Infrastruktur zu verbessern und den Anspr¨uchen lokaler NutzerInnen gerecht zu werden. Als Fallstudie besch¨aftigen wir uns mit einer maßgeschneiderten L¨osung von mobile commerce f¨ur Bayam Sellam und andere beteiligte Akteure wie die Regierungsabteilung f¨ur Preisregulierung. Hier stellt sich die Frage, wie Bayam Sellam die mobile Ger¨ate einsetzen k¨onnen, um ihre gesch¨aftlichen T¨atigkeiten zu verbessern und dadurch die mobile Infrastruktur effizienter zu nutzen. Mit einem Fragebogen ermittelten wir die W¨unsche von 250 Bayam Sellam in Ngaound´er´e. Das Ziel war, eine bedarfsgerechte mobile Anwendung namens Bayasella f¨ur Bayam Sellam zu entwickeln. Als L¨osung wurde eine Hybridapplikation entwickelt, basierend auf der Technik der lokalen Daten- speicherung (local data storage), auf Web-Technologien und -Frameworks (HTML5, Phone-Gap, etc.). Bayasella speichert Produktdetails offline, und synchronisiert sie mit der Online-Datenbank, wenn die BenutzerIn es w¨unscht. Dabei sollen die Online- Aktivit¨aten (Herunter- und Hochladen von Angeboten) m¨oglichst kurz sein, um die Geb¨uhren zu minimieren. Ein weiteres Thema ist, ob die bereitgestellte Architektur auf andere Anwendungsf¨alle ubertragbar¨ ist. Wir befassen uns mit einer kombinierten mobilen Anwendung f¨ur Wet- ter, die die Mobilfunknutzung und Gesch¨aftst¨atigkeiten der Bayam Sellam beeinflusst. Daf¨ur kombinieren wir endogene und qualitative Wetterdaten - der ethnischen Gruppe Tpuri - mit bestehenden quantifizierbaren Daten von etablierten Wettervorhersage- Systemen, am Beispiel von World Weather Online. iii Contents List of Figures ix List of Tables x 1 Introduction 1 1.1HypothesisStatement........................... 4 1.2Motivation.................................. 4 1.3 Limitation of this Work .......................... 6 1.4 Thesis Outline ................................ 6 2 Usage and Development of Information and Communications Tech- nologies 9 2.1 ICT Facts according to ITU ........................ 9 2.2 Findings of the Research ICT Africa ................... 12 2.3 Resulting Facts: Communication and Information Devices ....... 14 2.4 Mobile Telecommunication in Cameroon ................. 15 2.4.1 Socio-EconomicandculturalEnvironment............ 15 2.4.2 Actors in the Mobile Ecosystem .................. 18 2.4.3 MarketShareandStructure.................... 18 2.4.4 Computers as Communication Medium .............. 23 2.4.5 RegulatoryandInstitutionalFrameworks............. 23 2.4.6 Ambivalent Estimates of Mobile Services vs. Economic Growth 26 2.5 ICTs in Rural and Suburb Communities ................. 27 2.6 Constraints as Bottlenecks of Mobile Telecommunications Penetration . 28 2.6.1 Technical Constraints ........................ 29 2.6.2 InfrastructuralConstraints..................... 29 2.6.3 SocialConstraints.......................... 29 2.6.4 CulturalConstraints........................ 30 2.6.5 SkillConstraints.......................... 30 3 Mobile Commerce in Perspective 31 iv Contents 3.1 Defining Mobile Commerce ......................... 31 3.2 Trends and Type of Mobile Applications ................. 31 3.2.1 NativeApps............................. 33 3.2.2 WebApps.............................. 35 3.2.3 HybridApps............................ 35 3.2.4 Other Mobile Applications ..................... 36 3.3 Mobile Commerce in Sub-Saharan African Region ............ 36 3.4TypesofM-Commerce........................... 37 3.5 Financial Web Sites and Applications ................... 38 3.5.1 WebSites.............................. 38 3.5.2 Banking............................... 39 3.5.3 MarketingandAdvertising..................... 40 3.5.4 Manufacturing........................... 42 3.6 Advantages of Mobile Commerce ..................... 42 3.6.1 ReducingCosts........................... 42 3.6.2 Speeding the Flow of Goods and Information ........... 42 3.6.3 IncreasingAccuracy........................ 43 3.6.4 ImprovingCustomerService.................... 43 3.7 General Issues of M-Commerce ...................... 43 3.7.1 Security............................... 43 3.7.2 TheftofIntellectualProperty................... 43 3.7.3 Fraudulent Practices ........................ 44 3.7.4 Online Profiling ........................... 44 3.7.5 CollectingSalesTaxes....................... 45 3.7.6 LegalJurisdictioninCameroon.................. 45 3.8RequiredInfrastructure........................... 46 4 Stakeholders and Requirements Engineering 47 4.1Stakeholders................................. 47 4.1.1 BuyersandSellers(BayamSellam)................ 48 4.1.2 GovernmentalDepartmentforPriceRegulation......... 50 4.1.3 Mobile Operators .......................... 50 4.1.4 InternetServiceProviders..................... 50 v Contents 4.2RequirementsElicitation.......................... 50 4.3DataAnalysisandInterpretation..................... 52 4.4 Vision of a M-Commerce Application ................... 55 4.4.1 MotivationsforBayasellaasaHybridApp............ 57 4.4.2 InfluenceFactors.......................... 57 4.5BayasellaRequirements........................... 58 4.5.1 UseCases.............................. 58 4.5.2 Functionalandnon-functionalRequirements........... 62 4.6DataModelofBayasella.......................... 64 5 Architecture, Technical Approach and Portability 66 5.1BayasellaArchitecture..........................
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