CENTER FOR IRANIAN STUDIES NEWSLETTER Vol. 17, No. 2 SIPA-Columbia University-New York Fall 2005

ENCYCLOPAEDIA IRANICA MAHMOUD KHAYAMI ELECTED HONORARY CHAIR ASCICLES OF OLUME F 1 & 2 V XIII OF THE EIR. BOARD PUBLISHED, FASCICLE 3 IN PRESS The first and second fascicles the West and Iranian Identity. A of Volume XIII of the Encyclopæ- review of these entries will be dia Iranica were published in the presented in the Spring 2006 issue Winter and Spring of 2005, and of the Newsletter. fascicle 3 is in press. The first two fascicles feature over 65 articles INDO-IRANIAN RELATIONS on various aspects of Persian culture and history, including four series of Indo-Iranian relations occupy most articles on specific subjects: 25 entries of the first fascicle of Volume XIII. It on Indo-Iranian relations, three entries would have taken much more space to on Investitures in pre-Islamic Iran, two fully cover, under this one heading, all entries on Inheritance in the Sasanian the areas in which Iranians and Indians and Islamic periods, and two entries have interacted in all periods of their on the Institute of Iranian Philology history. To begin with, there is the in Denmark. Fascicle 2 also features shared origin of the two language fami- Mahmoud Khayami, who has the beginning of a series of 12 major lies, the Iranian and the Indo-Aryan. supported the Encyclopaedia Iranica entries, under the general rubric of The earliest monuments of these fami- project since 1990 and served with IRAN, highlighting the overall aspects lies, the Avesta of northeast Iran and the great dedication as Chairman of the of Iranian history and culture. The Rig Veda of northwest India, illustrate Encyclopædia Iranica Foundationʼs series will continue in fascicles 3 and the languagesʼ relationship. They also Board of Trustees from 2002-2005, has 4. Entries on Iran will cover lands and contain many hints about shared culture been unanimously elected as Honorary peoples of Iran, Iranian history, Iranian and attitudes, even while they document Chairman of the Board. myths and legends, Iranian languages, the many differences. How and when non-Iranian languages of Iran, Persian the two peoples separated and went Mahmoud Khayami, the well- literature, Persian music, the history their separate ways remains unclear; known philanthropist, industrialist, and of science in Iran, and finally Iran and but they were destined to meet again. financier, was born in 1930 in Mashhad. Through political expansion, com- After moving to Tehran, he was in- mercial relations, religious and other volved for 11 years in developing Iranʼs Continued on page 2 Continued on page 5

GALA BENEFIT DINNER TORONTO, NOVEMBER 25, 2005 Annual gala benefit dinners organized by Friends of the Encyclopaedia Iranica are becoming a feature of their fundraising activities. On November 25, 2005, a Gala Benefit Dinner will take place for the first time in Canada at Torontoʼs elegant Liberty Grand En- tertainment Complex. The event is chaired by Ms. Tina Tehranchian with the participation of a number of so- cially active Iranian-Canadians. The Steering Committee consists of Reza Danaii, Ali Ehsassi, Manoo Missaghi, Maryam Mohajer, Minoo Mohajer, Leila Pazuki, Su- san Salek, Shahram Saremi, Pari Taheri, Ali Vakili, Naqsh-e Rostam, and Fereidoon Zahedi. Members of the Advisory Com- Ms. Tina INVESTITURE ii. SASANIAN PERIOD mittee include Fereshteh Bekhrad, Mohammad Fazel, Tehranchian Continued on page 5 CIS Newsletter 2

Continued from page 1 institutions of the Parsi community, descendants of Iranian émigrés who, cultural exchange, Iranians and Indians taking refuge in Gujerat at least by the rediscovered each other repeatedly. This 10th century, have maintained there the happened in ancient times, especially religion of ancient Iran in living form. during the Achaemenid conquests and the centuries of the expansion of Bud- Beginning with an INTRODUCTION dhism across Middle Asia. It occurred to the Indo-Iranian relations by C. J. again, with increasing intensity, during Brunner and an entry on HISTORICAL the eastward spread of Islam and with GEOGRAPHY, treating the ancient Indo- it Persian language and culture. Iranian frontier, by P. Callieri, the series continue to discuss history of Indo-Iranian relations is treated in Indo-Iranian political and cultural re- a series of survey articles on selected lations in various periods from ancient areas of interaction and mutual influ- to modern times. Pre-Islamic eras are ence between the two culture areas; covered in two articles by P. Callieri: these range from consideration of the ACHAEMENID; and SELEUCID, PARTHIAN, Ghiath-al-Din Khalji instructs the fragmentary information available for and SASANIAN PERIODS. Relations in the women of his household, the pre-Islamic period to an overview medieval Islamic periods are discussed INDIA XX. PERSIAN INFLUENCES of the enormous body of history, poetry, in two entries: from MEDIEVAL PERIOD TO ON INDIAN PAINTING and other literature produced in India in THE 13TH CENTURY by C. E. Bosworth; the Persian language. From these sur- and FROM THE 13TH TO THE 18TH CEN- by English “after having enormously veys the reader can turn to the numerous TURY, by R. M. Eaton. Beginning with contributed to the formation of Urdu biographical entries and detailed ac- sporadic relations in the early Islamic language and literature.” counts of places, rulers, dynastic lines, period, the Indo-Iranian political and writers, artists, saints, scholars, and cultural relations expanded during the Mutual influences in art and ar- other creators or expressions of Indian Ghaznavid and Ghurid dynasties (10th- chitecture is discussed in two entries culture which invoke the art or thought 12th centuries) and culminated during on art and references are made to a of Persia and the Persian language. the Delhi Sultanate (13th-15th centu- number of already published entries A few examples are: Agra, Babor, ries) and Mughal Empire (16th-18th on architecture: PERSIAN INFLUENCES ON Bahmanid Dynasty, Delhi Sultanate, centuries). In this period, multifaceted INDIAN PAINTING and INDIAN INFLUENCES and Hyderabad. A special category of relations between peoples of the Iranian ON PERSIAN PAINTING both contributed coverage relating to India is made up plateau and India became extensive and by B. Schmitz. The subject of Persian of the entries on the personalities and uninterrupted. Migration, commerce, influences on Indian architecture is politics, and increasing cultural con- referred to the following four entries: tacts all led to a range of cross-regional “DECCAN ii. MONUMENTS; DELHI SUL- influences, most of which flowed from TANATE ii. MONUMENTS; HYDERABAD ii. Iran to India. MONUMENTS; and GARDEN iii. GARDEN IN INDIA.” The first entry discusses a Mutual linguistic and literary sustained impact of the Persian painting influences are treated in four entries: styles on Indian art and Hindu painting PERSIAN ELEMENTS IN INDIAN LANGUAGES, styles at the courts of Delhi Sultan- by C. Shackle; PERSIAN LITERATURE ate and Mughal Empire. Beginning IN INDIA, by M. Casari; INDO-PERSIAN in the 14th century, Persian influence HISTORIOGRAPHY by S. F. Dale; Persian culminated in the latter half of the 16th correspondence literature in India, had century when a large number of Persian already been published in the entry artists, illuminators, and calligraphers “CORRESPONDENCE iv. PERSIAN COR- arrived due to changes in patronage at RESPONDENCE IN INDIA.” These entries the Persian courts and political insta- show how in the period of 15th-18th bility in Khorasan. This entry treats in centuries all genres of Indo-Persian some detail the documented painters writings burgeoned in the Indian sub- of this period, including artists from continent and became a tradition of Shah Tahmasbʼs court (Mir Sayyed Ali, scholarship, including poetical works Abd al-Samad, Mir Mosawwer, and and writings on ethics, rhetoric, mirrors Mowlana Dust); the Bukharan artists of princes, Sufi hagiography, gazetteers (Shaykhem and his father Molla Yusof and innumerable political histories. The Heravi); and the Khorasani artists (Far- Indian contribution in these areas “was rokh Beg and Aqa Reza). As the result most original and remarkable, both in of activities of these renowned figures, content and in form up to the creation Indo-Persian book-studios developed to Prince Dara Shokoh by Shaikh ʻAbbasi, of Indian Style.” Persian served as the the highest degree, bringing excellent INDIA XX. PERSIAN INFLUENCES official language of the empire until innovations in the arts of calligraphy, ON INDIAN PAINTING mid-19th century, when it was displaced illumination, miniature and binding, 3 CIS Newsletter

of the Mughal empire and the eventual rise of British hegemony throughout the subcontinent, after Naderʼs invasion the Mughal empire faced further disarray. At the end of the 18th century, with the rapid consolidation of British leverage in the Indian subcontinent and the Per- sian Gulf, the emergence of a new Qajar dynasty in Persia, the shifting European balance of power, and Persiaʼs growing importance as a buffer state between British India and Russia, Indo-Persian relations underwent fundamental trans- formations. By the time of the founding of the Qajar dynasty in Persia in 1796, Indo-Persian diplomatic relations was increasingly passing into the control of The treacherous vizier repulsed by the Queen, from the Hasht behesht of Amir the East India Company and the Brit- Khosrow Dehlavi, INDIA XX. PERSIAN INFLUENCES ON INDIAN PAINTING ish government. Moreover, political developments in India contributed to and producing an immense amount of period in three entries: THE AFSHARID the evolution of the emergent nationalist manuscripts. AND ZAND PERIODS IN THE 18TH CENTURY; ideologies in Iran. Some of the earliest relations during the QAJAR PERIOD IN Persian-language accounts of encoun- The second entry shows how the THE 19TH CENTURY; and relations during ters with European and Western ideas flow of artistic influences between the Constitutional Revolution and its and cultures were composed by Iranians Persia and India reversed during the aftermath in THE EARLY 20TH CENTURY. residing in India. 17th century. Paintings and drawings in The first article demonstrates that Nader the developed Mughal style of the first Shahʼs invasion of the Mughal empire Given the very slow development quarter of the century were imported in 1739 marked the most climactic of the printing press in Persia and to the courts and bazaars of Isfahan episode in modern Indo-Persian rela- the use of Persian by many educated where the “new Indian art” with its tions. Though by no means the leading Indians, the Persian-language printing appealing coloration and incorporating factor in hastening the gradual collapse press in India played a crucial part in European perspective, modeling, and the dissemination of texts composed figure characterization was copied by by Iranians and Indians as well as Eu- painters such as Shaikh Abbasi, Mo- ropean works translated into Persian. hammad-Zaman, and Aliqoli Jabbadar. Upwards of fourteen Persian-language As a result, “Persian painting of the 17th newspapers geared primarily towards century underwent a mammoth stylistic an Iranian readership were published change, a change less dependent on in India after the middle of the 19th direct exposure to European art than century with a much higher number heretofore imagined.” aimed at general readers of Persian in India itself. India was a major location of Ira- nian émigré communities. Merchants, The Persian Constitutional Revo- students, and scholars from Persia, as lution in 1906 coincided with an well as those fleeing religious or po- intensified phase of Indian nationalist litical persecution or those seeking new agitation against British colonial rule. economic opportunities, traveled to, or Indian individuals and groups of diverse settled in, India. Iranian communities ideological orientations and commit- in India and Indo-Iranian commercial ments expressed support for the Persian relations are treated in four entries: M. revolution, while groups of nationalists Haneda, discusses IRANIAN IMMIGRANTS in Persia voiced solidarity with the In- IN INDIA; S. C. Levi has contributed dian struggle for self-government. As a two entries, INDO-IRANIAN COMMERCIAL result, the mutual Indo-Iranian cultural RELATIONS; and INDIAN MERCHANTS and political influences in the previous IN CENTRAL ASIA AND IRAN; and S. H. centuries shifted to an incoming flow of Hanifi has treated INDIAN MERCHANTS influences from British India to Persia IN 19TH-CENTURY AFGHANISTAN. in the19th and 20th centuries.

Indo-Iranian relations underwent An old wrestler defeats an arrogant stu- PRE-ISLAMIC a drastic change from the fall of the dent, from Saʼdiʼs Golestan, HISTORY AND CULTURE Safavids to the rise of the Pahlavis. M. INDIA XX. PERSIAN INFLUENCES Bonakdarian has treated this critical ON INDIAN PAINTING Pre-Islamic history and culture is CIS Newsletter 4

M. Brosius; IN THE PARTHIAN PERIOD, by V. S. Curtis; and in the SASANIAN PERIOD, by J. Rose.

HISTORY: MEDIEVAL TO MODERN

Seven entries deal with various as- pects of Iranʼs history from medieval to modern times: INJU DYNASTY, one of the minor dynasties that controlled much Muhammad IQBAL of Persia following the collapse of the Il-Khanid state in mid-14th century, by J. Limbert; INANC KHATUN, wife of Ata- RESEARCH INSTITUTES beg Nosrat-al-Din Jahan-Pahlavan, the Ildegizid ruler in Arran, most of Azer- Research institutes are treated in baijan, and then Jebal in 12th century, four entries: INSTITUTE OF IRANIAN PHI- by C. E. Bosworth. INDO-EUROPEAN LOLOGY in Denmark is the subject of two TELEGRAPH DEPARTMENT, a branch of entries: i. FORERUNNERS OF THE INSTITUTE, the British Government of India, based by J. P. Asmussen; and ii. HISTORY OF in London, which managed a series of THE INSTITUTE, by C. V. Pedersen. The telegraph lines in Iran; and INDO-EURO- INSTITUTE OF ISMAILI STUDIES, founded PEAN TELEGRAPH COMPANY, a telegraph in 1977 in London, functioning as a Portrait of Abd-al-Momen Khan Uzbek, company that controlled telegraph gathering point for Ismaili history and attributed to Aqa Mohammad-Reza, wires between Tehran and the Russian its relationship with the larger world of INDIA XX. PERSIAN INFLUENCES border and onward through Russia and Islamic scholarship and contemporary ON INDIAN PAINTING Germany to London, both by M. Rubin. thought, is discussed by P. E. Walker. The foundation and development of modern industries in 20th century Iran the subject of ten entries of which five INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL STUDIES AND is the subject of three entries: i. THE articles deal with Indo-Iranian relations: RESEARCH, a multifunctional academic INDO-IRANIAN RELIGION, the study of a REZA SHAH PERIOD and its aftermath, body established in 1958 at the Univer- fund of religious concepts, beliefs, and 1925-53, by H. Hakimian; ii. THE MO- sity of Tehran, is treated by K. Izadi. HAMMAD REZA SHAH PERIOD, 1953-79, practices that are common to ancient INSTITUT PASTEUR, the institute for Iran and ancient India, by G. Gnoli; by H. Hakimian & M. Karshenas; and bacteriology and vaccination founded INDIAN OCEAN and its role in interna- iii. THE POST-REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD of by the Persian government in 1921 as tional trade in pre-Islamic periods, by 1979-2000s by P. Alizadeh. an institution affiliated with Institut D. T. Potts; INDO-PARTHIAN DYNASTY, Pasteur of Paris, is treated by A. A. rulers over a large part of northwestern Afkhami. India from Sistan to Sindh on the Indus PERSIAN LITERATURE river at the beginning of the 1st century Two poets and a mythical legend C. E., by C. Frohlich; and INDO-GREEK OTHER ENTRIES DYNASTY, Greco-Bactrian kings who are treated in this category: IRAJ MIRZA, ruled over the region south of the Hindu a major Persian poet and satirist of the Other entries include two articles early 20th century and the most popu- Kush in the second and first century on marriage and family: INHERITANCE IN lar poet of the late Qajar period, by B. B.C.E., by O. Bopearachchi. ISLAM AND SHIʼISM by A. Cilardo; and Mahmoudi Bakhtiari and EIr; Mu- INCEST AND INBREEDING, two different but Other entries include INDRA, the hammad IQBAL, the spiritual father of related aspects of marriage and human name of a major god in Vedic India, Pakistan and leading Persian and Urdu reproduction in Islamic Iran, by G. J. but ademon in the Avesta, by W. W. poet of India in van Gelder. An article on INDIGO and Malandra; IONIAN REVOLT, unsuccess- the first half of its use in crafts by C. Bier. INFLUENZA ful uprising of the Greek cities of Asia the 20th century, epidemic in Iran by A. A. Afkhami; Minor against Achaemenid control, by by A. Schim- and IQAʼ, an Arabic term used in texts E. Badian; IMMORTALS, name of a corps mel; IRAJ, the on music to denote rhythmic mode (or of 10,000 Persian élite infantry soldiers youngest son of cycle) or rhythmic pattern, by G. Tsuge. in Herodotus, by R. Schmitt; and Feridun and the Three entries by S. C. Anderson discuss INHERITANCE in the Sasanian period by eponymous hero fauna of Iran: INSECTIVORES, members of M. Macuch.INVESTITURE of kings, the of the Iranians in the mammalian order, small animals ceremonies and symbolic actions used their traditional with several conservative anatomical to assert the assumption of rulership history, by A. S. characteristics; INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS, and to elicit affirmation of it is covered IRAJ MIRZA Shahbazi. in Iran, Afghanistan and neighboring under the pre-Islamic dynasties in three Central Asia; and INSECTS, dealing with entries: IN THE ACHAEMENID PERIOD, by the insects of Persia and Afghanistan. 5 CIS Newsletter

recording and disseminating the facts the Encyclopaedia Iranicaʼs efforts by MAHMOUD KHAYAMI of Iranian history and civilization. His attending the concert. Continued from page 1 fine collection of Persian art testifies to his excellent taste and wide knowledge Dr. Khatameeʼs concluding re- auto industry and eventually founded of the field. marks highlighted the significance of the Iran National Company in partner- disseminating all aspects of Iranian ship with his brother, Ahmad Khayami His philanthropic work was re- cultural heritage to audiences near and (who later formed his own company). cently recognized when he was made far, and expressed his deep appreciation Iran National grew to become the larg- “Knight Commander of the Royal Or- to the eventʼs donors and supporters, est industrial complex in Iran. One of der of Francis I” by Pope John Paul II. who were each presented with a copy the leading champions of Iranʼs indus- of an anthology of the Encyclopaedia trialization in the 1960s-70s, Khayami LINCOLN CENTER Iranicaʼs articles on Persian health and began the production of the popular ENEFIT ONCERT medicine, an audio-cassette by Hosayn Peykan cars in 1967. By 1979, 136,000 B C Esfahani, and a symbolic rose. cars were being produced annually. He initiated the increasing export of Iranian TORONTO GALA cars, buses, and lorries to neighboring countries and Eastern Europe in the Continued from page 1 1970s. By 1979 Iran National em- Shan Fazeli, and Houra Yavari. ployed over 20,000 workers in Tehran, The theme of the Gala is the cele- Mashhad, Tabriz, and Shiraz. bration of Iranian Art and Architecture in Canada. Awards will be presented to Khayami also founded the Bank of a number of prominent Iranian archi- Iranian Industries, the largest of its kind tects, painters, sculptors, and musicians in Iran, which aimed at bolstering Ira- From right, Ms. Zehtab, Mr. Mortazavi, nian manufacturing. He also established Dr. Khatamee and Mrs. Khatamee living in Canada for their distinguished a technical school at Iran National for achievements. The program features training skilled industrial workers. The Alice Tully Hall at the Lincoln fabulous entertainment, exciting per- Center, New York, hosted a Concert to formances, a lottery, and silent auction. At the same time, Khayami was benefit the Encyclopaedia Iranica on For further information please involved in assisting cultural and edu- Thursday March 3, 2005. The event, visit www.iranica-toronto.com or cational endeavors, building a hospital which attracted an audience of well see Galas at iranica.com, or con- in Mashhad, and securing scholarships over a thousand, was organized by Prof. tact Ms. Hamideh Falsafi at for students at the University of Shiraz. Masoud Khatamee, President of the HFalsafi@iranica_toronto.com. In 1979, following the upheavals in Fertility Research Foundation, and an Iran, he settled in London, managing active supporter of Iranian causes. MAGICAL TALES FROM the distribution of Mercedes-Benz cars in parts of both England and the United The event began with an eloquent CLASSICAL PERSIA States, as well as continuing his philan- presentation about the Encyclopaedia thropic activities. Iranica by Ms. Mowloud Zehtab, the A TALK BY SHUSHA GUPPY well-known media personality. The Khayami has been a champion eveningʼs program featured a superb At the invitation of the Center for of many cultural causes, and a con- musical performance by the acclaimed Iranian Studies, Shusha Guppy, the siderable number of individuals and violinist and singer Bijan Mortazavi author of The Blindfold Horse, A Girl institutions in need of assistance have and his six-player band. in Paris, and Looking Back, gave a talk benefited from his charitable donations. on October 7, 2005 at Columbia Uni- Many scholars, artists, and people in The Mayor of New York, Michael versity about her recent book, The Se- dire circumstances have been sup- Bloomberg, conveyed in his message cret of Laughter: Magical Tales from ported by his generosity. Among his addressed to Dr. and Mrs. Khatamee Classical Persia. Describing herself recent educational charities is the and delivered by Ms. Azadeh Khalili, as a storyteller rather than a writer, she establishment of seven Mahmoudieh a Deputy Commissioner in the mayoral spoke of Persian folk and fairytales as High Schools with all the necessary office, his deep appreciation of Persian inseparable entities interlaced with the modern equipment in his hometown of cultural heritage, and the contribution of roots of Persian literature and culture. Mashhad. Five more are being built in the Encyclopaedia Iranica in spreading Just as generations of Naqqals, family other cities and he has plans also for a awareness of this remarkable culture to technical college in Mashhad. audiences worldwide. elders, and household caregivers have preserved the timeless stories of Neza- An avid reader and highly in- Next, Professor Yarshater took mi, Ferdowsi, and Rumi, Guppy had set formed financier with a marked interest the podium to express his gratitude to out, she said, to narrate the fables that in art and literature, particularly clas- Dr. and Mrs. Khatamee, the eveningʼs are embedded in the memory of the na- sical Persian poetry and mysticism, numerous organizers, and in particular tion. The simplicity, distinctive humor Khayamiʼs cultural interests coincide to members of the Iranian community and vivid imagery of the book enchant with the Encyclopaediaʼs mission of who showed their appreciation of the the reader with their ineffable charm. CIS Newsletter 6

are more often female, but can also COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY SEMINAR be male as is documented in one case from Jiroft. Another group identified ON IRANIAN STUDIES among the sealings is one that Pittman to demonstrate that the polemical use preliminarily referred to as the “linear style.” The images are constructed of MONUMENTAL EPIGRAPHY of architecture and inscriptions in the Ghurid heartlands provided a paradigm broad lines without any use of internal IN MEDIEVAL AFGHANISTAN modeling of the figures. This group is AND INDIA that was later extended to India. The extraordinary epigraphic programs of well represented at Jiroft, and is known otherwise only in one seal from Shah- On April 5, 2005, Dr. Barry Flood the mosques erected at Ajmir and Delhi after the Ghurid conquest, for example, dad. The iconography of this linear of Department of Fine Arts of NYU group concentrates on heroic figures led the discussion on “Heterodoxy, seem to follow an established tradition of deploying Qurʼanic citations to assert that appear from their wings to be Orthodoxy and Epigraphy in Medieval divine. The linear group also contains Afghanistan and India.” doctrinal positions or as commentaries on contemporary sectarian disputes. a confrontation scene that consists of a male and a female facing each other. Dr. Flood began his talk by say- The seminar concluded by highlighting ing that in the last decade of the 12th the implications of this trajectory for our understanding of early Sultanate A third group has similarities to century, the rapid the carved steatite vessels both in style eastward expan- architecture and monumental epigraphy in north India. of carving and in their iconography. sion of the Ghu- Pittman showed the steatite vase from rid Sultanate of Khafaja in comparison to one of the Afghanistan (ca. JIROFT EXCAVATIONS: seal impressions in order to show the 1150-1206) cre- GLYPTIC MATERIALS similarity of their composition. This ated unique condi- one seal also carried a fragment of tions for cultural On May 3, 2005, Dr. Holly Pitt- a celebration scene taking place on exchange between man, Professor of Archeology at the a raised platform. This scene is well eastern Iran and University of Pennsylvania, led the documented both through another ex- north India. In me- discussion on the results of the third sea- Dr. Flood ample from Konar Sandal South and dieval and modern son of excavations at the site of Konar among the several seals known from historiography, however, the period has Sandal south in the region of Jiroft that the antiquities market. usually been cast in terms of a confron- were held from December 22nd 2004 tation between ʻHinduʼ and ʻMuslimʼ to March 1st 2005. Finally there is a very important cultures, two monolithic and mutually group of seal impressions that carry antipathetic entities. After a brief update on the general images of seals that can be confidently results of the project, she presented assigned to Mesopotamia during the Seeking to explicate the complex a summary of the preliminary results Early Dynastic IIIa period, that is the notion of a unitary ʻMuslimʼ self, Dr. of her study of the glyptic materi- period of the Royal Cemetery. In ad- Flood examined the shifting pietistic als that have been dition, Pittman tentatively identified inclinations of the Ghurid Sultans in retrieved from a group that may be Iranian copies of the decade before and after their Indian Trenches III and V. Mesopotamian seals. campaigns. He particularly focused on There were more the complex and evolving relationship than three hundred In addition to the seal impres- between the Ghurids and the Karramiya, individual seal- sions, Pittman showed a photograph who constituted a de facto fifth school impressed mud and drawing of a fragment of a baked in medieval Khorasan and Ghur. On the sealings that were brick tile that was found in the citadel basis of recent research, he suggested found during the structure stratified directly above the that key monuments of the Ghurid sul- past season. From level in which the seal impressions them around 100 tanate, including the celebrated minaret Dr. Pittman were found. The inscription appears to of Jam, were created in the service of different seals can be related in form to the proto-Elamite the Karramiya. Analyzing the evolving be idenfitied. While the large majority or linear Elamite script that are known religious policies of the Ghurid sultans, are highly fragmentary, enough remains respectively from the early and the late which led to a break with the Karramiya to categorize them preliminarily. third millennium. around 1198, his presentation illustrated how consistent concerns with the pro- There are four or five categories The presentation ended with brief motion of orthodoxy and the extirpation that can be discerned. They consist of remarks on the importance of this ma- of heresy were reflected in contempo- a group that has been previously known terial for our understanding the Halil rary material culture. from seals found in excavations at the River Basin as an important meeting sites of Tepe Yahya and Shahdad. The point on the Iranian plateau for traders Based on an examination of ar- iconography of these seals consists of involved in the extraction, processing, chitectural, epigraphic and numis- deities who are usually winged and buying and selling, of stones and other matic evidence, the speaker sought sometimes wearing horns. The deities craft related materials. 7 CIS Newsletter

Then Dr. Mozaffari explained how, Dr. Mozaffari concluded her pre- FICTION WRITING IN IRAN as a body of work, this literature is often sentation by saying that Iranian fic- apocryphal, in the sense that under the tion today reflects the diversity and On September 15, 2005, Dr. Nahid weight of repression, censorship, war, hybridity of Iran and Iranian culture Mozaffari of New York University in and economic hardship, the stories and itself. Multiple cultures, languages, eth- Paris led a discussion on “The Current poems tend to be sad, often allegorical nicities, religions, and world views have State of Fiction Writing in Iran.” and allusive with different dimensions coexisted in this land for thousands of of meaning and interpretation. Most of years, and continue to do so despite the Dr. Mozaffari began her talk by the writers are middle class and secular, shocks of traumatic events or the pas- saying that her presentation is based nationalist and cosmopolitan, grappling sage of transient ideologies. on her experience as the general editor with their perceptions of the problems of Strange Times, My Dear: The PEN of contemporary Iran and the world. Anthology of Contemporary Iranian The body of literature is also, encour- MOHARRAM Literature (Arcade Publishing, 2005). agingly, introspective and self-critical, FROM IRAN TO THE CARIBBEAN Then she discussed the story of the nuanced, and at times nostalgic. Many conception of the work and various writers explore aspects of Iranian his- On October 13, 2005, Prof. Peter problems the editor and the publisher tory and culture to seek clues to explain Chelkowski of New York University went through on the way to publishing the persistence of backwardness, the led a discussion entitled “Moharram this work. resurgence of religion, the ease with From Iran via India to the Caribbean which those in power are able to ma- Basin.” Setting the stage for post-revolu- nipulate the masses, and of course, the tionary Iran, she noted that despite the savagery of war. Prof. Chelkowski began his discus- severe hardships sion by stating that Karbala for Shiʼite that followed the Then she noted that writers of Muslims is similar to what Calvary revolution, wide- fiction in Iran can be divided into the represents for Christians. It is the place spread destruc- following three categories: 1. The first where the passion and death of Hussein, tion and high cluster is made up of writers who were the beloved grandson of the Prophet casualties from already established and published before Muhammad and the Third Imam of eight years of war the revolution, and continued to write the Shiʼites, took place in the year 680. against Iraq, and afterwards. Most have experimented Since the beginning of the 16th century, the endurance of with different styles and subjects over when the Safavid shahs established a repressive reli- the decades, but their preferred genres Twelver Shiʼite Islam as the state re- and themes were short stories or novels gious state, a cul- Dr. Mozaffari ligion, Iran has been a treasure house tural renaissance addressing power, corruption, class dif- of Shiʼite mourning rituals. Many of has slowly taken shape in contempo- ferences and injustices, the effects of these rituals have been exported to other land reform, alienation, and the plight rary Iran. The most notable areas of lands. The proximity of Iran to Karbala and weaknesses of intellectuals. 2. The creativity and innovation have been in allowed Iranian Shiʼites to perform pil- second cluster is made up of writers literature, art, and cinema. ziyarat who began to write, publish and be grimages ( ) read after the revolution. This varied to the tomb of Hus- In fiction and poetry, we can at- group addressed new and taboo subjects sein. The Shiʼites test to the existence of a diverse and grounded in specific, less ideological of India were not dynamic literary environment that in- situations. Awareness of gender and so lucky. The terestingly cannot be characterized as writing from womenʼs points of view great distance of a unified movement with an overriding permeate these works, as do critiques India from Karbala set of aesthetic principles. The number of patriarchy, marriage traditions, and prevented Indian of writers and poets has multiplied, and poverty. The overwhelming presence Shiʼites from trav- literary magazines have flourished. Lit- of women writers such as Shahrnush eling to Iraq as erature has begun to emerge from the Parsipur, Moniru Ravanipur, and Goli pilgrims. It made private sphere and from the domain of it even more dif- Taraghi, in this group is remarkable. Prof. Chelkowski the upper and upper-middle class, to the 3. The third cluster is made up of the ficult to transport public sphere, where many writers and younger generation of writers who their dead to the cemetery in that holy readers from economically disadvan- have rejected customary narrative rules city. This is the reason why the Indian taged backgrounds are actively engag- and practices in their choices of genre, Shiʼites established local karbalas on ing in the literary enterprise. Written language, theme and style. They have the subcontinent, by bringing soil mainly but not exclusively by women, adopted what some critics have called from Karbala and sprinkling it on lots a large body of feminist literature— a confrontational stance in their writ- designated as future cemeteries. Once meaning literature that is consciously the karbalas were established on the engaging discussion about questions ing. They believe that the complexities and contradictions of the contemporary subcontinent, the next step was to of gender and gender inequality—has bring Husseinʼs tomb-shrine to India. also grown and flourished within this world can be best portrayed through ambivalence and through engaging the This was accomplished by building an literary landscape. reader with possibilities of multiple artistic representation of the mausoleum readings. of Hussein – called taʼziyeh – to be car- CIS Newsletter 8 ried in Moharram processions. In Iran, observances is the construction of the lectures, educational programs, films, taʼziyeh means the performance of the taʼziyeh, which in Trinidad and other and publications. passion play of Hussein. Caribbean countries is called tadjah. Hosay is still performed annually on Begun on 9th of September, the He continued by noting that the the island of Trinidad. main exhibition, entitled “Forgotten antecedent of the Indian taʼziyeh and Empire: The World of Ancient Persia,” artistic representation of the mausoleum CONFERENCE ON will continue until 8th of January. It of Hussein is to be found in the Iranian IRANIAN IDENTITY is the most important and elaborate nakhl, an artistic representation of the exhibition on Achaemenid Persia ever bier on which the body of Imam Hus- An international conference on organized. It includes substantial loans sein was carried from the battlefield “Iranian Identity” was organized by So- from the National Museum in Tehran, to his resting place. On the day of cietas Iranologica Europaea (SIE) from the Persepolis Museum, and the Louvre Ashura, the nakhl is carried as if it was September 21-24 in Rome, hosted by in Paris. These are supplemented by the coffin of Imam Hussein. It seems Instituto Italiano per lʼAfrica e lʼOriente the British Museumʼs own significant that the Shiʼites of India transformed the (IsIAO). Among the speakers at the holdings in this area. This will mark the processional bier that is nakhl into a rep- opening session were Prof. Gherardo first time that so many of the objects of resentation of Husseinʼs mausoleum. In Gnoli, the President of IsIAO, and Prof. the period from Iran have been outside India, the participation in the procession Maria Macuch, the President of SIE. Iran, and some of the more precious with the taʼziyeh is at once a pilgrimage gold and silver items have never been to Husseinʼs tomb and a re-enactment of In a series of learned papers, many shown in Tehran either. In addition to his funeral. Hindu rituals and festivals of them presented by contributors to the original material, spectacular casts of have had a great impact on Moharram Encyclopaedia Iranica, various aspects stone reliefs at Persepolis made in the observances. of Iranian identity during distinctive 19th century and preserved at the Brit- historical periods were discussed. One ish Museum, are displayed. Then he explained how the mode topic of particular interest was whether of production and British economic during the Achaemenid period the The major conference, entitled interests facilitated the migration of concept of “Iran”, under which were “The World of Achaemenid Persia,” Moharram from India to the Caribbean subsumed different Iranian satrapies, took place from September 29 to Octo- basin. In the Caribbean, sugar cane existed or whether peopleʼs affiliations ber 1, 2005. A number of contributors to plantations were the economic lifelines were limited to their satrapies, based the Encyclopaedia Iranica participated of the region in the 19th century. In mainly on the language they spoke, such in organizing the conference, chair- 1834, the British emancipated their as Persian, Median, Parthian, Sogdian, ing the panels, and presenting papers. slaves in the Caribbean islands and etc. A novel topic of research concerned Panels included “Achaemenid History the Caribbean Rim. The freed slaves the claim of Iranian identity by a group and Historiography,” chaired by John were offered work on the plantations of Eastern Europeans from the 16th Curtis; “Centre and Periphery – Views for pay, but the ex-slaves equated this to the 20th centuries, when a dispute on the Persian Empire,” chaired by A. work with their former slavery and about Slavization was going on. They D. H. Bivar; “The Oxus Treasure and abandoned the countryside for towns. considered themselves descendents of Other Achaemenid Sumptuary Arts,” In order to amend this situation, the Sarmatians, a Saka tribe. Dr. Yarshater chaired by Andrew Meadows; “Baby- British brought Indians to the Caribbean attended both this conference and the lonia in the Persian Period,” chaired by basin as indentured laborers. During the conference on the Achaemenids in Christopher Wallace; “Achaemenid years 1845-1917, Indians came to the London. Sumptuary Arts (continued),” chaired Caribbean in the thousands. By the time by Sir John Boardman; “New Sources the Indians arrived in the Caribbean, ACHAEMENID PERSIA: and Insights,” chaired by Irving Finkel; black Africans and black Creoles had LEGACY AND “Iran and Arabia,” chaired by Robert taken over the famous observances of Knox; “Persepolis Reconstruction the Carnival. In order to counterbalance MAGNIFICENCE Discussion Group,” chaired by Farhad the spectacular parades of the Carnival, AT THE BRITISH MUSEUM Hakimzadeh; “Political Continuity and the Indians introduced the Moharram Change,” chaired by Nicholas Sims- processions. This multifaceted program of Williams; “Persepolis Reconstruction events, organized by the British Mu- Discussion Group,” chaired by Nigel Prof. Chelkowski concluded his seum and the Iran Heritage Foundation, Tallis; “Dress, Gender, and Appear- discussion by noting that it is remark- celebrates the magnificence and legacy ance,” chaired by Sir John Simpson; able to realize that a Shiʼite Muslim of the Achaemenid Period. It is intended “Interpreting Iconography,” chaired by mourning ritual became the annual to “help correct a Western and ethnocen- Dominique Collon; “Persepolis – Ar- demonstration of pan-Indian national tric view which suggests that the ancient chitecture and Function,” chaired by unity. While it was true that already Persians were a despotic and ruthless Georgina Herrmann; “Achaemenid in India, the Hindus and the Sunnis people. It aims at raising the awareness Religion,” chaired by Vesta Sarkhosh participated in the Moharram rituals, about the sophistication of their mate- Curtis; “Achaemenid Origins and making Hosay a symbol of Indian unity rial culture, their advanced concepts of Legacy,” chaired by Sam Moorhead; is a phenomenal development. The Mo- government and administration, as well and “Architecture of the Medes and harram rites in the Caribbean are called as their religious tolerance.” It includes Achaemenids,” chaired by Andrew Hosay. The main preparation of Hosay exhibitions, conferences, study days, Burnett. 9 CIS Newsletter

SUPPORT FOR Dr. Ali Kani Canadian/Montreal Friends ENCYCLOPÆDIA Mr. and Mrs. Jamshid Ansari of the Encyclopaedia IRANICA Laya and Hamid Biglari Montreal Friends of the Nazgol and Kambiz Shahbazi Encyclopaedia The Encyclopædia Iranica is a project of Ms. Fereshteh Bekhrad Mr. Ali Vakili Columbia University carried out by its Ms. Neda Ladjevardian Mr. Mohammad Haerian Center for Iranian Studies. Partially sup- Homa and Nedjat Sarshar Dr. Andre Haerian ported by the National Endowment for the Mr. Farhad Azima Dr. Majid Boozary Humanities, the execution of the project Mr. Hassan Nemazee is being made possible by donations from Dr. Joseph Salek (J. S. Salek Rahimian Family Foundation institutions and individuals who value a Pharmacy) comprehensive, meticulous and reliable Dr. Layla S. Diba record of Persian culture and history. Caspian Capital Management (Mssrs. Heidari and Motamedi) 2000 and 1000 Club We appeal to all such institutions and Prof. and Mrs. Vahid Noshirvani Drs Ali and Mina Salartash individuals to assist the project by their donations. We acknowledge with thanks the Ms. Shahnaz Batmanghelidj Dr. and Mrs. Shahrokh Ahkami donations by the following for the period Mr. David Bole (Randall and Dewey Iranian American Society, NY of: October 15, 2004–October 15, 2005. Partners, LP) Dr. Jalal Mahdavian (O’Mead Houston Community College Fndtn) Masoud and Sima Ladjevardian Dr. Khosrow Matini Patrons Maclaren USA (F. Rastegar) Dr. M. A. Mirzai (O’Mead Fndtn) Mr. Mahmoud Khayami Mr. Ali Massumi Dr. and Mrs. Shahram Razmzan Mr. Khosrow B. Semnani Mr. and Mrs. Hamid Moghadam Dr. Kambiz Pahlavan Dr. Akbar Ghahary Mr. and Mrs. Behrooz Ramesh Dr. and Mrs. Hooshang Mirlohi Ali and Guity Saberioon Mr. Rahim Soltani Dr. Farrokh Shafai Faranak and Mahyar Amirsaleh Mrs. Nahid Taghinia-Milani Mr. Mouhebat Sobhani (Hossein Amirsaleh Foundation) Mr. A. Tajvari (Americo Energy Dr. Mehdi Vaseghi Resources, llc) Mr. Kazem Bagheri Mr. and Mrs. Hushang Ansary Mr. and Mrs. Bijan Paksima Dr. Nasrollah Khosrowshahi Cyrus and Mahshid Assadi Dr. and Mrs. Morteza Nadjafi Benefactors Mr. and Mrs. Mohammad Farivar Nazem Family Foundation Momeni, Inc. (Mssrs. Aria, Reza Supporters Mr. Vahid Alaghband and Ali) Mr. Massoud Taghdisi Ms. Shahrzad Khayami Parvizian and Sons Oriental Rug Roya and Massoud Heidari Magic of Persia (Shirley Elghanian) Mr. and Mrs. Siavosh Arjomand Mr. and Mrs. Morid Kamshad Dr. Masoud Khatamee (Fertility Mr. Hossein Mokhtari Mr. Akbar A. Lari Research Foundation) H. E. Amb. Ardeshir Zahedi Mr. and Mrs. Saeed Sabzevari Mrs. Sadigheh Rastegar Mr. and Mrs. Rana Sahni Mr. Akbar Ladjevardian Mr. and Mrs. Majid Tavakolian Saman and Annette Adamiyatt Paris Friends of the Maryam and Frank Tavakoli Mr. Mehdi Metghalchi Encyclopaedia Dr. and Mrs. Ali Zarbalian Iran Heritage Foundation Mr. Ali Pichvai (Net2S, Inc.) Mr. Farhad Vahidi Levant Foundation (Mr. Jamal Mr. Amir Nosrat Monaghah Mrs. Azita Mujica Daniel) Dr. Parviz Mina Ms. Nazanin Bekhradi Soudavar Memorial Foundation Mme. Ghodsi Zanganeh Mr. Yadollah Herati Lily and Vahid Kooros Dr. Ray S. Naghavi Dubai Friends of the Drs. Nassrin and Tooraj Zahedi Sponsors Encyclopaedia Alpine Auto Plaza, Inc. Nezhat and Hassan Khosrowshahi Dubai Friends of the Encyclopaedia Ms. Monir Arjomand Mr. Mort Baharloo (Timegate Mr. Manouchehr M. Houshmand Mr. Ahmad Ashraf (AKMI Corp.) Studios) Dr. and Mrs. Ali Alemi Dr. S. Bazargan Atai Razavi Family Mr. H. Dan Danesh Dr. and Mrs. Ali Azimpoor Mr. Tofigh S. Shirazi Dr. Hooshang Hooshmand Mr. Ali Honarvar Mr. Ali Ebrahimi Mr. Morteza Masoumzadeh Mr. Roy M. Huffington CIS Newsletter 10

Mrs. Ensieh Gheisari Kooros Abraham Sebbag and Rosa Seleimani Ms. Ketty Pucci Sisti Maisonrouge Ms. Jullie Cummings Seff GALA AUCTION Amirkhan and Mahintoos Mr. and Mrs. Ali Sharifemami DONORS Malekyazdani Ms. Sima Sharifian Dr. Nahid Mozaffari and Mr. Ramine Hossein Sheybani and Shadi Donors to Houston Rouhani Mirfendereski Galaʼs Live Auction Prof. Guity Becker Nashat Mr. Ramin and Shiva Sirousian Hossein Amirsaleh Foundation Nour Foundation Mr. Benjamin Soleimani Caliber Motors (Los Angeles) Dr. Farah Feri Sadeghian Mr. Afshin Taghechian Parvizian and Sons Oriental Rug Mr. Jaafar Samimi and Mr. Abdi Mr. Morad Tahbaz Mr. David Orgell, Los Angeles Ghazinouri Sahba S. and Ali Reza Vaziri Matt Cameron Rug and Tapestries Prof. Nasser D. Khalili, KOO Mr. Ali R. Ms. Shifteh Shirvani Veyssi KCFO Dr. and Mrs. Ahmad Tehrani Jack and Patricia Youdeem (Youdeem Mr. Khosrow B. Semnani Mr. Majid Toumadj Family Fndtn) Louis Tenenbaum Estate Jeweler Mr. and Mrs. Parviz Yeganegi Mr. and Mrs. Mehrdad Youssefiani Mr. Alireza Rastegar = Mr. Rostam Zartoshty Ms. Sonbol Aliabadi Mr. Vahid Kooros Mr. Sohrab Vossoughi (Ziba Design) Mr. Farzin Eftekhari American Foundation of Contem- Dr. and Mrs. Zia Ghavami Mr. Shan Fazeli porary Iranian Art Piaget on behalf of Mr. Rahim Marjan and Cyrus Dr. Mansur R. Yaraghi Sanjar Soltani and Family Mrs. Shirley Elghanian-Krayem Ms. Ezat Soleimani Prof. Ehsan Yarshater Ms. Tamilla Ghodsi Hossein Zafaranian and Masoumeh Mr. Ali Kouros Dr. Elahe Nazemoff Jalali Mr. Hamid Kooros Ms. Hayedeh Z. Davoudi Mr. Salar Kamangar Mr. Jafar Farnam Mr. and Mrs. Iraj Rejaie Donors to Long Island Ms. Sherry Hamedanian Mr. and Mrs. Kaveh Alizadeh Galaʼs Live Auction Mr. and Mrs. Amir Parvizian Mr. Hassan Fateh Dr. Akbar Ghahary Mr. and Mrs. Jennar Safavieh, Inc. Gross Mr. Nasser Ovissi Dr. and Mrs. Zafarnia Dr. Latifeh Kormi Prof. Ehsan Yarshater Mr. M. Mehrnia Mr. and Mrs. Yousef Panahpour Momeni Inc. Ms. Lila Sharifian Ms. Firouzeh Akhavan Dana Ms. Fereshteh Bekhrad Dr. Roshanak Bakhtiar-Cummins Safavieh Home and Carpets Mr. and Mrs. Fereydoun Hakimi Prof. Ahmad and Nasrin Karimi- Friends Hakkak Mr. and Mrs. B. Alizadeh Mr. and Mrs. Ali Izad Mr. and Mrs. Mozafar Amiralai Taraneh Naini and Stefano Ukmar Ms. Sylvie S. Akhavan Donors to NYC Gala Mahmood and Mehdi Banijamali for Prizes (Arcot Mfctng) Mr. Morteza Mortezai Mr. Massoud Bral Dr. Sadegh Azimi Bahari, Yalda Khatame and Zahra Jack Chitayat and Nikoochehr Mr. and Mrs. Seif Mozayeni Momeni, Inc. Dr. and Mrs. Mohamad Pourfar Mr. Morris Moinian Mahboubian Dr. Layla S. Diba Mr. and Mrs. Khosrow Foroughi Ms. Shirin Neshat Drs Farhad and Nasrin Hakimi Contributions in honor of Dr. Ms. Maryam Salour Mr. and Mrs. Timothy Haskin Shahinfar’s retirement by: LTMH Gallery Amir Kashani and Guity Taghdisi Mr. Farhad Daneshgar and Mina Michael Soheil Design Marjan and Cyrus Yaraghi (Safavieh Mr. Hamid Khamneipur and Mehrabipour Kermani Nastaran Akhavan Home and Carpet) Mr. Bizhan and Dr. Simin Micaily Shahnaz Bagherzadeh and Pari Drs. Sabeh and Azita Naghavi- Deborah and Thomas Bradstreet Gorji Khan Dr. and Mrs. F. Adibi Mr. S. Sakhaie (Hadassa Antiques Mr. and Mrs Manuchehr Mahamedi Gallery) Mr. and Mrs. Bahman Mossavar- Darya Lin Memorial Fund (Ann Mr. Iraj Moeini Rahmani Arbor Area Community Foundation) Mr. and Mrs. Javad Rahimian Mr. and Mrs. Majid Rahimian Dr. Ata Egrari - proceeds from the Drs. Rudy and Niki Rezazadeh sale of his book Mr. and Mrs. Hormoz Sabet 11 CIS Newsletter

FRIENDS OF IRANICA and Fereydoon Tonekaboni, well went an innate generosity and altruistic known Persian satirist and writer, was eagerness to share his gathered harvest IN PARIS ORGANIZE held on 23rd of October. A round table with other scholars. Generations of THREE LECTURES discussion on Iranian tribes “Ashayer” researchers, from young postgraduates is scheduled on 27th of November. The to established academics, can testify Association is also in the process of to his willingness to impart with approaching academic institutions to his considerable knowledge in his seek their support and invite scholars to correspondence, and some will give presentations at its functions. also recall visits to their home at Haddenham where he and Iona, his wife and life long companion–a writer, traveler and painter herself–would OBITUARIES entertain them with their warm and informal hospitality while allowing From left, Prof. Ganjbakhsh, them free access to the vast collection Mr. Eshragh, and Prof. Yarshater SIR DENIS WRIGHT of papers and documents preserved The Association des Amis de 1911-2005 in the study, the result of decades of lʼEncyclopédia Iranica in Paris or- intense devotion to the study of the tortuously complicated historical and ganized a series of three lectures in Sir Denis Wright, G.C.M.G., cultural relationship between Britain two sessions on September 26 and diplomat and scholar, died at his home 27, 2005. In the first session Prof. in Haddenham, Buckinghamshire, in and Iran. Iraj Ganjbakhsh, President of the May 2005 at the age of 94. Amongst Association, gave a talk on the “Fu- his many achievements in a varied and KARIM EMAMI ture of Heart Surgery and Transplant” distinguished career, he was the longest 1930-2005 and concluded that since the 1960s, serving British Ambassador to Iran, an average of three months has been President of the British Institute of Karim Emami, one of Iranʼs lead- added to the life expectancy in the Persian Studies, ing men of letters and a contributor to West due to advancements in heart the Chairman and the Encyclopedia Iranica, died in his surgery. Prof. Yarshater followed with later President of home in Tehran on July 9, 2005. In a a talk on “The Origin and Develop- the Iran Society, career that spanned nearly half a cen- ment of the Persian Language from and the author tury, Emami achieved prominence in a the Sasanian Period to the Present.” of two well- wide range of fields, winning recogni- In the second session, which had been researched and tion as an exacting translator and editor organized by Prof. Philip Huyse, Di- lucid surveys, The and as an accomplished lexicographer rector of Le Monde Iranien at CNRS, English Amongst and critic. Prof. Yarshater gave a lecture on “The the Persians and Forgotten Achaemenid Empire.” The Persians Sir Denis Wright Among his many translations Amongst the English (London, 1977 from English into Persian were F. Scott and 1985). Fitzgeraldʼs The Great Gatsby and John FRIENDS OF IRANICA Osborneʼs ground-breaking play, Look IN AUSTRALIA Sir Denis was also a frequent Back in Anger. He also translated from contributor to the Encyclopaedia Persian into English the verse of lead- Since itʼs formation over a year ago, Iranica over the years. His entries ing contemporary Iranian poets and 72 the Association of Friends of Iranica in depicted a rich and varied gallery of the quatrains of Omar Khayyam, Australia has succeeded in introducing of British figures who had in one published under the title of The Wine and promote the Encyclopaedia Iranica way or another left their mark on the of Nishapur. As chief editor for Frank- in the country. history of Persia in the nineteenth and lin books and Soroush Press he was early twentieth century, as travelers, instrumental, along with colleagues, in Recently members of the soldiers, envoys, and statesmen. He the publication of quality books and in Association were officially invited to also contributed two wide-ranging training a younger generation of writers give presentations about Iranica at a overviews to the Encyclopaediaʼs and editors. Early in his career, he wrote local Radio station, a Persian school series of articles on Great Britain. art criticism for the and at the Persian Cultural Centre and The habitual thoroughness of the English-language the Library in Sydney. Persian Press scholarship was often enriched by his newspaper, Kay- and Media have also been supportive findings in the course of his perennial han International. and have generously publicised the drive to locate and study archives and He devoted several activities of the Association. private papers in different locations, of the last years of undetected or unexplored by other his life working on The inaugural public lectures of historians and researchers. With this a Persian-English the Association with presentations insatiable curiosity and determination dictionary that is to by Dr. Jalil Doostkhah, Director of to provide as rounded a picture of appear in the early Centre for Iranian Studies at Sydney historical personalities as possible, winter. Karim Emami CIS Newsletter 12

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