CENTER FOR IRANIAN STUDIES NEWSLETTER Vol. 17, No. 2 SIPA-Columbia University-New York Fall 2005 ENCYCLOPAEDIA IRANICA MAHMOUD KHAYAMI ELECTED HONORARY CHAIR ASCICLES OF OLUME F 1 & 2 V XIII OF THE EIR. BOARD PUBLISHED, FASCICLE 3 IN PRESS The first and second fascicles the West and Iranian Identity. A of Volume XIII of the Encyclopæ- review of these entries will be dia Iranica were published in the presented in the Spring 2006 issue Winter and Spring of 2005, and of the Newsletter. fascicle 3 is in press. The first two fascicles feature over 65 articles INDO-IRANIAN RELATIONS on various aspects of Persian culture and history, including four series of Indo-Iranian relations occupy most articles on specific subjects: 25 entries of the first fascicle of Volume XIII. It on Indo-Iranian relations, three entries would have taken much more space to on Investitures in pre-Islamic Iran, two fully cover, under this one heading, all entries on Inheritance in the Sasanian the areas in which Iranians and Indians and Islamic periods, and two entries have interacted in all periods of their on the Institute of Iranian Philology history. To begin with, there is the in Denmark. Fascicle 2 also features shared origin of the two language fami- Mahmoud Khayami, who has the beginning of a series of 12 major lies, the Iranian and the Indo-Aryan. supported the Encyclopaedia Iranica entries, under the general rubric of The earliest monuments of these fami- project since 1990 and served with IRAN, highlighting the overall aspects lies, the Avesta of northeast Iran and the great dedication as Chairman of the of Iranian history and culture. The Rig Veda of northwest India, illustrate Encyclopædia Iranica Foundationʼs series will continue in fascicles 3 and the languagesʼ relationship. They also Board of Trustees from 2002-2005, has 4. Entries on Iran will cover lands and contain many hints about shared culture been unanimously elected as Honorary peoples of Iran, Iranian history, Iranian and attitudes, even while they document Chairman of the Board. myths and legends, Iranian languages, the many differences. How and when non-Iranian languages of Iran, Persian the two peoples separated and went Mahmoud Khayami, the well- literature, Persian music, the history their separate ways remains unclear; known philanthropist, industrialist, and of science in Iran, and finally Iran and but they were destined to meet again. financier, was born in 1930 in Mashhad. Through political expansion, com- After moving to Tehran, he was in- mercial relations, religious and other volved for 11 years in developing Iranʼs Continued on page 2 Continued on page 5 GALA BENEFIT DINNER TORONTO, NOVEMBER 25, 2005 Annual gala benefit dinners organized by Friends of the Encyclopaedia Iranica are becoming a feature of their fundraising activities. On November 25, 2005, a Gala Benefit Dinner will take place for the first time in Canada at Torontoʼs elegant Liberty Grand En- tertainment Complex. The event is chaired by Ms. Tina Tehranchian with the participation of a number of so- cially active Iranian-Canadians. The Steering Committee consists of Reza Danaii, Ali Ehsassi, Manoo Missaghi, Maryam Mohajer, Minoo Mohajer, Leila Pazuki, Su- san Salek, Shahram Saremi, Pari Taheri, Ali Vakili, Naqsh-e Rostam, and Fereidoon Zahedi. Members of the Advisory Com- Ms. Tina INVESTITURE ii. SASANIAN PERIOD mittee include Fereshteh Bekhrad, Mohammad Fazel, Tehranchian Continued on page 5 CIS Newsletter 2 Continued from page 1 institutions of the Parsi community, descendants of Iranian émigrés who, cultural exchange, Iranians and Indians taking refuge in Gujerat at least by the rediscovered each other repeatedly. This 10th century, have maintained there the happened in ancient times, especially religion of ancient Iran in living form. during the Achaemenid conquests and the centuries of the expansion of Bud- Beginning with an INTRODUCTION dhism across Middle Asia. It occurred to the Indo-Iranian relations by C. J. again, with increasing intensity, during Brunner and an entry on HISTORICAL the eastward spread of Islam and with GEOGRAPHY, treating the ancient Indo- it Persian language and culture. Iranian frontier, by P. Callieri, the series continue to discuss history of Indo-Iranian relations is treated in Indo-Iranian political and cultural re- a series of survey articles on selected lations in various periods from ancient areas of interaction and mutual influ- to modern times. Pre-Islamic eras are ence between the two culture areas; covered in two articles by P. Callieri: these range from consideration of the ACHAEMENID; and SELEUCID, PARTHIAN, Ghiath-al-Din Khalji instructs the fragmentary information available for and SASANIAN PERIODS. Relations in the women of his household, the pre-Islamic period to an overview medieval Islamic periods are discussed INDIA XX. PERSIAN INFLUENCES of the enormous body of history, poetry, in two entries: from MEDIEVAL PERIOD TO ON INDIAN PAINTING and other literature produced in India in THE 13TH CENTURY by C. E. Bosworth; the Persian language. From these sur- and FROM THE 13TH TO THE 18TH CEN- by English “after having enormously veys the reader can turn to the numerous TURY, by R. M. Eaton. Beginning with contributed to the formation of Urdu biographical entries and detailed ac- sporadic relations in the early Islamic language and literature.” counts of places, rulers, dynastic lines, period, the Indo-Iranian political and writers, artists, saints, scholars, and cultural relations expanded during the Mutual influences in art and ar- other creators or expressions of Indian Ghaznavid and Ghurid dynasties (10th- chitecture is discussed in two entries culture which invoke the art or thought 12th centuries) and culminated during on art and references are made to a of Persia and the Persian language. the Delhi Sultanate (13th-15th centu- number of already published entries A few examples are: Agra, Babor, ries) and Mughal Empire (16th-18th on architecture: PERSIAN INFLUENCES ON Bahmanid Dynasty, Delhi Sultanate, centuries). In this period, multifaceted INDIAN PAINTING and INDIAN INFLUENCES and Hyderabad. A special category of relations between peoples of the Iranian ON PERSIAN PAINTING both contributed coverage relating to India is made up plateau and India became extensive and by B. Schmitz. The subject of Persian of the entries on the personalities and uninterrupted. Migration, commerce, influences on Indian architecture is politics, and increasing cultural con- referred to the following four entries: tacts all led to a range of cross-regional “DECCAN ii. MONUMENTS; DELHI SUL- influences, most of which flowed from TANATE ii. MONUMENTS; HYDERABAD ii. Iran to India. MONUMENTS; and GARDEN iii. GARDEN IN INDIA.” The first entry discusses a Mutual linguistic and literary sustained impact of the Persian painting influences are treated in four entries: styles on Indian art and Hindu painting PERSIAN ELEMENTS IN INDIAN LANGUAGES, styles at the courts of Delhi Sultan- by C. Shackle; PERSIAN LITERATURE ate and Mughal Empire. Beginning IN INDIA, by M. Casari; INDO-PERSIAN in the 14th century, Persian influence HISTORIOGRAPHY by S. F. Dale; Persian culminated in the latter half of the 16th correspondence literature in India, had century when a large number of Persian already been published in the entry artists, illuminators, and calligraphers “CORRESPONDENCE iv. PERSIAN COR- arrived due to changes in patronage at RESPONDENCE IN INDIA.” These entries the Persian courts and political insta- show how in the period of 15th-18th bility in Khorasan. This entry treats in centuries all genres of Indo-Persian some detail the documented painters writings burgeoned in the Indian sub- of this period, including artists from continent and became a tradition of Shah Tahmasbʼs court (Mir Sayyed Ali, scholarship, including poetical works Abd al-Samad, Mir Mosawwer, and and writings on ethics, rhetoric, mirrors Mowlana Dust); the Bukharan artists of princes, Sufi hagiography, gazetteers (Shaykhem and his father Molla Yusof and innumerable political histories. The Heravi); and the Khorasani artists (Far- Indian contribution in these areas “was rokh Beg and Aqa Reza). As the result most original and remarkable, both in of activities of these renowned figures, content and in form up to the creation Indo-Persian book-studios developed to Prince Dara Shokoh by Shaikh ʻAbbasi, of Indian Style.” Persian served as the the highest degree, bringing excellent INDIA XX. PERSIAN INFLUENCES official language of the empire until innovations in the arts of calligraphy, ON INDIAN PAINTING mid-19th century, when it was displaced illumination, miniature and binding, 3 CIS Newsletter of the Mughal empire and the eventual rise of British hegemony throughout the subcontinent, after Naderʼs invasion the Mughal empire faced further disarray. At the end of the 18th century, with the rapid consolidation of British leverage in the Indian subcontinent and the Per- sian Gulf, the emergence of a new Qajar dynasty in Persia, the shifting European balance of power, and Persiaʼs growing importance as a buffer state between British India and Russia, Indo-Persian relations underwent fundamental trans- formations. By the time of the founding of the Qajar dynasty in Persia in 1796, Indo-Persian diplomatic relations was increasingly passing into the control of The treacherous vizier repulsed by the Queen, from the Hasht behesht of Amir the East India Company and the Brit- Khosrow Dehlavi, INDIA XX. PERSIAN INFLUENCES ON INDIAN PAINTING ish government. Moreover, political developments in India contributed to and producing an immense amount of period in three entries: THE AFSHARID the evolution of the emergent nationalist manuscripts. AND ZAND PERIODS IN THE 18TH CENTURY; ideologies in Iran. Some of the earliest relations during the QAJAR PERIOD IN Persian-language accounts of encoun- The second entry shows how the THE 19TH CENTURY; and relations during ters with European and Western ideas flow of artistic influences between the Constitutional Revolution and its and cultures were composed by Iranians Persia and India reversed during the aftermath in THE EARLY 20TH CENTURY.