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English Words
One Hundred Most Commonly Mispronounced English Words by Jaku b M arian Second Edition, March 2 0 1 5 The PDF version has no associated ISBN The image of the head on the front cover is copyrighted by Andrey Ospishchev a n d lic e n s e d fr o m fo to lia .c o m . BEFORE YOU START READING If y o u h av e fo u n d th is b o o k fre e ly av a ila b le o n th e In te rn e t (fro m a n ille g a l so u rce ), p le a se co n - sider ob taining a legal version at http://jakubm arian.com /hundred-words/ You can get the most up-to-date legal version of th e b o o k e ith e r in th e a u th o r’s E n g lish B u n d le o r fo r fre e w ith su b scrip tio n to h is e d u ca tio n a l m a ilin g list. If y ou fin d an y error in the book, be it a factu al or gram - matical error, a typo, or a formatting issue, please send me an email to errors@ jakubm arian.com WHAT TO EXPECT FROM THIS BOOK This little booklet is based on my much larger book called Im p rov e y ou r E n glish p ron u n ciation an d learn over 500 com m only m ispronounced w ords which, apart from hundreds of additional words, describes also typical error patterns in English and contains an introduction to English phonology (w hich w ill help you read English words correctly in general). -
Deciphering L33tspeak
Ghent University Faculty of Arts and Philosophy Thesis Deciphering L33t5p34k Internet Slang on Message Boards Supervisor: Master Paper submitted in partial fulfilment of Prof. Anne-Marie Simon-Vandenbergen the requirements for the degree of ―Master in de Taal- en Letterkunde – Afstudeerrichting: Engels‖ By Eveline Flamand 2007-2008 i Acknowledgements I would like to thank my promoter, professor Anne-Marie Vandenbergen, for agreeing on supervising this perhaps unconventional thesis. Secondly I would like to mention my brother, who recently graduated as a computer engineer and who has helped me out when my knowledge on electronic technology did not suffice. Niels Cuelenaere also helped me out by providing me with some material and helping me with a Swedish translation. The people who came up to me and told me they would like to read my thesis, have encouraged me massively. In moments of doubt, they made me realize that there is an audience for this kind of research, which made me even more determined to finish this thesis successfully. Finally, I would also like to mention the members of the Filologica forum, who have been an inspiration for me. ii Index 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 1 2. Methodology ......................................................................................................................... 1 2.1 4chan ............................................................................................................................... -
Writing Arabizi: Orthographic Variation in Romanized
WRITING ARABIZI: ORTHOGRAPHIC VARIATION IN ROMANIZED LEBANESE ARABIC ON TWITTER ! ! ! ! Natalie!Sullivan! ! ! ! TC!660H!! Plan!II!Honors!Program! The!University!of!Texas!at!Austin! ! ! ! ! May!4,!2017! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! _______________________________________________________! Barbara!Bullock,!Ph.D.! Department!of!French!&!Italian! Supervising!Professor! ! ! ! ! _______________________________________________________! John!Huehnergard,!Ph.D.! Department!of!Middle!Eastern!Studies! Second!Reader!! ii ABSTRACT Author: Natalie Sullivan Title: Writing Arabizi: Orthographic Variation in Romanized Lebanese Arabic on Twitter Supervising Professors: Dr. Barbara Bullock, Dr. John Huehnergard How does technology influence the script in which a language is written? Over the past few decades, a new form of writing has emerged across the Arab world. Known as Arabizi, it is a type of Romanized Arabic that uses Latin characters instead of Arabic script. It is mainly used by youth in technology-related contexts such as social media and texting, and has made many older Arabic speakers fear that more standard forms of Arabic may be in danger because of its use. Prior work on Arabizi suggests that although it is used frequently on social media, its orthography is not yet standardized (Palfreyman and Khalil, 2003; Abdel-Ghaffar et al., 2011). Therefore, this thesis aimed to examine orthographic variation in Romanized Lebanese Arabic, which has rarely been studied as a Romanized dialect. It was interested in how often Arabizi is used on Twitter in Lebanon and the extent of its orthographic variation. Using Twitter data collected from Beirut, tweets were analyzed to discover the most common orthographic variants in Arabizi for each Arabic letter, as well as the overall rate of Arabizi use. Results show that Arabizi was not used as frequently as hypothesized on Twitter, probably because of its low prestige and increased globalization. -
Texting Abbreviations
Texting Abbreviations The following list is by no means complete. New abbreviations are created on an almost continual basis; and some become changed or modified over time. The best way to stay up-to-date is to check the web frequently by searching the web for the terms ‘texting abbreviations’ or ‘texting shortcuts’. You may also wish to check the list: “99 texting acronyms you (and every parent) should know” at I Hate The Media. @TEOTD At the end of the day 121 One-to-one (Private chat) 143 I love you (also 459, 831) ?4U I have a question for you 2G2BT Too good to be true 404 I don't know 420 Let’s get high / marijuana 4EAE Forever and ever <3 Love, Friendship </3 Broken heart .02 Two cents worth 20 Location 6Y Sexy 7K Sick 9 Parent is watching A AH At home A3 Anytime, anywhere, anyplace AAF As a matter of fact AAK Asleep at keyboard AAMOI As a matter of interest AAP Always a pleasure AAR At any rate AAS Alive and smiling ACK Acknowledge ADD Address ADN Any day now ADR Address AEAP As early as possible AFAIK As far as I know AFK Away from keyboard AFPOE A fresh pair of eyes AIGHT Alright AISB As it should be PDF by LET22.org Page 1 of 11 AKA Also known as ALCON All concerned AML All my love AOC Available on cell AOTA All of the above ASAP As soon as possible A/S/L Age/sex/location ASL Age/sex/location AT At your terminal ATM At the moment AWOL Away without leaving AYEC At your earliest convenience AYOR At your own risk AYSOS Are you stupid or something AYTMTB And you're telling me this because B B/F Boyfriend B4 Before B4N Bye for now -
Text Messaging and Its Impact on Written Standard English El
Text Messaging and its Impact on Written Standard English El Mensaje de Texto y su Impacto en el Inglés Estándar Escrito María Arantzazu Sarasola Ormazábal UNED [email protected] Recibido 21 noviembre 2016 Aceptado 2 febrero 2017 Resumen El envío de mensajes de texto ha hecho posible nuevas formas de interacción. Mi objetivo ha sido analizar el impacto que las nuevas tecnologías, utilizando acrónimos, emoticonos y otros, han tenido en el inglés estándar escrito. El lenguaje electrónico es un texto escrito que ha absorbido y se ha transformado, en nuevas formas semióticas. Estos nuevos códigos, utilizados para interconectar e interactuar entre los usuarios, han cambiado la manera en que la gente se expresa, así como el lenguaje escrito lo que ha llevado a dar menos importancia a la ortografía. La Lingüística ha tenido una considerable influencia en la práctica de los mensajes de texto. Vamos a examinar tres campos principales de la lingüística: la semántica, la fonética y la sociolingüística. A través de un cuestionario auto-diseñado (15 preguntas, 90 respuestas) se ha sabido que los participantes eran conscientes de que preferían escribir los mensajes en un inglés más estándar. Palabras clave: mensajes de texto, acrónimos, whatsapp, emoticonos, lingüística. Abstract Texting has produced new forms of interaction possible. My aim has been to analyze the impact new technologies employing acronyms, emoticons and the like have had on Standard written English. Electronic language is a written text that has absorbed and become transformed through novel semiotic forms. These new codes, used to interconnect and interact among users, have started to change the way people express themselves and at the same time, the written language which has led to placing less importance on spelling. -
Netlingo List of Chat Acronyms & Text Shorthand
NetLingo List of Chat Acronyms & Text Shorthand a.k.a. Internet acronyms, text message jargon, abbreviations, initialisms, cyberslang, leetspeak, SMS code, textese With hundreds of millions of people texting regularly, it's no wonder you've seen this cryptic looking code! Commonly used wherever people get online -- including IMing, SMSing, cell phones, Blackberries, PDAs, Web sites, games, newsgroup postings, in chat rooms, on blogs, or on social media -- these abbreviations are used by people around the world to communicate with each other. NetLingo is also tracking a global list of worldwide text terms and international online jargon! • !I have a comment • *$Starbucks • **//it means wink wink, nudge nudge • ,!!!!Talk to the hand • 02Your (or my) two cents worth, also seen as m.02 • 10QThank you • 1174Nude club • 121One to one • 1337Elite -or- leet -or- L337 • 14it refers to the fourteen words • 143I love you • 1432I Love You Too • 14AA41One for All and All for One • 182I hate you • 187it means murder/ homicide • 190 hand • 1dafulit means wonderful • 2it means to, too, two • 20Location • 24/7Twenty Four Seven, as in all the time • 2bTo be • 2B or not 2BTo Be Or Not To Be • 2b@To Be At • 2BZ4UQTToo Busy For You Cutey • 2B~not2BTo be or not to be • 2d4To die for • 2dayToday • 2DLooToodle oo • 2G2B4GToo Good To Be Forgotten • 2G2BTToo Good To Be True • 2moroTomorrow • 2niteTonight • 2QTToo Cute • 2U2To You Too • 303Mom • 4For, Four • 404I haven't a clue • 411Information • 420Marijuana • 459I love you • 4COLFor Crying Out Loud • 4eForever -
CYBER SAFETY School Guidance Pack
CYBER SAFETY School Guidance Pack CONTENTS FOR SCHOOLS SAMPLE POLICY 3 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMPLEMENTATION AT SCHOOL LEVEL 8 STUDENT SESSIONS 15 GUIDED DISCOVERY FAMILY LEARNING SESSIONS 28 POLICE ADVICE TO SCHOOLS 34 LEAFLETS FOR THE SCHOOL COMMUNITY PARENT/CARERS • CYBER SAFETY – A GUIDE TO KEEPING YOUR CHILD SAFE ONLINE 48 • POLICE ADVICE TO PARENTS & CARERS 66 STUDENTS • BOOKLET/PLANNER INSERT 71 This Guidance Pack was compiled by Hollie Parrish (St. Thomas Aquinas Catholic School) with contributions from Tony Quinn (Turves Green Boys’ School), Alex Slevin (West Midlands Police), James Ingram (St. Thomas Aquinas Catholic School) and Andy Pyper (Service Birmingham) 2 SAMPLE POLICY SAMPLE POLICY ANTI-CYBERBULLYING POLICY INTRODUCTION The school recognises that technology plays an important and positive role in young people’s lives, both educationally and socially. It is committed to helping all members of the school community to understand both the benefits and the risks, and to equip young people with the knowledge and skills to be able to use technology safely and responsibly. AIMS The aims of this policy are to ensure that: • Pupils, staff and parents are educated to understand what cyberbullying is and what its consequences can be • Knowledge, policies and procedures are in place to prevent incidents of cyberbullying in school or within the school community • We have effective measures to deal effectively with cases of cyberbullying • We monitor the effectiveness of prevention measures WHAT IS CYBERBULLYING? • Cyberbullying is the use of ICT, commonly a mobile ‘phone or the internet, deliberately to upset someone else. • It can be used to carry out all the different types of bullying; an extension of face-to-face bullying. -
Online Safety Training GAMING
Welcome to … Online Safety Content / Contact / Conduct Content: Training Being exposed to illegal, inappropriate or Education Child Protection Ltd. Contact: harmful material Being subjected to harmful online interaction with other users Conduct: Personal online behaviour that Stay in touch increases the Handouts likelihood of harm will be sent Tweet us to school @ECP_LTD 1 2 Biggest computer game in the world right now is…. GAMING 250 million+ downloads 3 4 So what is it…? National Crime Agency… Fortnite is an online shooter …has warned Fortnite is putting that starts with 100 players and children at risk from online leaves one winner standing. paedophiles due to the chat facility. Battle Royale sees 100 players parachute onto an island, and Although the game itself seems pretty the last player alive wins. Each harmless, players can talk and type game lasts about 20 minutes whatever they want to each other, and bad language is rampant. It has a PEGI rating of 12, for March 2018, a mother from Merseyside ‘frequent scenes told how she intervened when her of mild violence’ 12-year-old son was offered £50 to The game is violent — it is a battle to the death, perform “sex acts” while playing the after all — but the violence is rather cartoon-like game by a man grooming him online. – it isn't bloody or particularly gory 5 6 All rights reserved - Education Child Protection LTD 2019 1 Advice for parents on Fortnite… Children hooked on addictive video games like Be aware that Monitor who your Fortnite will be able to child is talking to – seek treatment on the there is mild NHS, after video gaming is check the violence – PEGI classified as a medical rating of 12 communication disorder by the World settings Health Organisation (WHO). -
The Masked Avengers: How Anonymous Incited Online
A REPORTER AT LARGE | SEPTEMBER 8, 2014 ISSUE The Masked Avengers How Anonymous incited online vigilantism from Tunisia to Ferguson. BY DAVID KUSHNER Anyone can join Anonymous simply by claiming affiliation. An anthropologist says that participants “remain subordinate to a focus on the epic win—and, especially, the lulz.” n the mid-nineteen-seventies, when Christopher Doyon was a child in rural Maine, he spent Ihours chatting with strangers on CB radio. His handle was Big Red, for his hair. Transmitters lined the walls of his bedroom, and he persuaded his father to attach two directional antennas to the roof of their house. CB radio was associated primarily with truck drivers, but Doyon and others used it to form the sort of virtual community that later appeared on the Internet, with self- selected nicknames, inside jokes, and an earnest desire to effect change. Doyon’s mother died when he was a child, and he and his younger sister were reared by their father, who they both say was physically abusive. Doyon found solace, and a sense of purpose, in the CB-radio community. He and his friends took turns monitoring the local emergency channel. One friend’s father bought a bubble light and affixed it to the roof of his car; when the boys heard a distress call from a stranded motorist, he’d drive them to the side of the highway. There wasn’t much they could do beyond offering to call 911, but the adventure made them feel heroic. Small and wiry, with a thick New England accent, Doyon was fascinated by “Star Trek” and Isaac Asimov novels. -
Using Numbers As Letters in Visual Communication and the Effects of This Use on Legibility
USING NUMBERS AS LETTERS IN VISUAL COMMUNICATION AND THE EFFECTS OF THIS USE ON LEGIBILITY Assoc. Prof. Çağlar OKUR * ABSTRACT In the 21st century, typography has developed as a means to enrich and broaden the borders of visual communication providing a wide range of new approaches. Tese new approaches provide a challenging and unexpected perspective for visual communication, such as using numbers instead of letters to enable designers to create new ways of exp- ressions. We are indeed familiar with numbers being used to represent letters, syllables or phonemes. Today we experience two basic approaches in using numbers instead of letters. Te aim of the first approach is to use numbers as phonetic symbols, and make the viewer to perceive them in this manner. Second approach uses the shape resemblance of numbers to the letters. It aims to make the viewer to perceive the numbers as they are and also as letters. Tese new ways of graphic approaches have opened a new window in visual communication and enabled designers to express two or more concepts at the same time. Terefore, the essence of syntax has evolved. Te purpose of this article is to repre- sent the existing design approaches in using numbers as letters and discuss which ones are favorable to express, introduce or promote a message. Moreover, it aims to evaluate some examples to investigate how legibility is afected. Tis article is based on a descriptive analysis to define and sample the existing design approaches of using numbers as letters as well as how the viewer perceives them and how they should be designed in order to deliver the message more eficient. -
A Novel Machine Learning-Based Sentiment Analysis Method for Chinese Social Media Considering Chinese Slang Lexicon and Emoticons
A Novel Machine Learning-based Sentiment Analysis Method for Chinese Social Media Considering Chinese Slang Lexicon and Emoticons Da Li1, Rafal Rzepka1, Michal Ptaszynski2, and Kenji Araki1 1 Graduate School of Information Science and Technology Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan 2 Department of Computer Science, Kitami Institute of Technilogy, Kitami, Japan Abstract. Internet slang is an informal language used in everyday online com- munication which quickly becomes adopted or discarded by new generations. Similarly, pictograms (emoticons/emojis) have been widely used in social media as a mean for graphical expression of emotions. People can convey delicate nuances through textual information when supported with emoticons. Furthermore, we also noticed that when people use new words and pictograms, they tend to express a kind of humorous emotion which is difficult to clearly classify as positive or negative. Therefore, it is important to fully understand the influence of Inter- net slang and emoticons on social media. In this paper, we propose a machine learning method considering Internet slang and emoticons for sentiment analysis of Weibo, the most popular Chinese social media platform. In the first step, we collected 448 frequent Internet slang expressions as a slang lexicon, then we con- verted the 109 Weibo emoticons into textual features creating Chinese emoticon lexicon. To test the capability of recognizing humorous posts, we utilized both lexicons with several machine learning approaches, k-Nearest Neighbors, Deci- sion Tree, Random Forest, Logistic Regression, Na¨ıve Bayes and Support Vector Machine for detecting humorous expressions on Chinese social media. Our exper- imental results show that the proposed method can significantly improve the per- formance for detecting expressions which are difficult to polarize into positive- negative categories. -
Guricova Internet Slang in Rel
Masaryk University Faculty of Arts Department of English and American Studies Teaching English Language and Literature for Secondary Schools Bc. Kristýna Guricová Internet Slang in Relation to ELT Master‘s Diploma Thesis Supervisor: James Edward Thomas, M.A. 2013 I declare that I have worked on this thesis independently, using only the primary and secondary sources listed in the bibliography. …………………………………………….. Author‘s signature Acknowledgement First and foremost, I would like to like to express my gratitude to my supervisor, James Edward Thomas, M. A., for his guidance, kind help and valuable advice throughout the process of writing this thesis. I would also like to thank all the teachers and students of English who took part in my research and in my e-learning course. Finally, I would like to thank Petra Erbanová for her invaluable support and help. Table of Contents 1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 6 2 Internet slang - the linguistic perspective ............................................................................................. 8 2.1 Defining slang ............................................................................................................................... 10 2.2 Internet language as a variety of language ................................................................................ 17 2.2.1 Speech or writing? ..............................................................................................................