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Gegen-Stimmen/Gegen-Blicke: Zeitgenössische Literarische (De-)Konstruktionen Deutsch-Afrikanischer Identitäten

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Gegen-Stimmen/Gegen-Blicke: Zeitgenössische Literarische (De-)Konstruktionen Deutsch-Afrikanischer Identitäten Gegen-Stimmen/Gegen-Blicke: Zeitgenössische literarische (De-)Konstruktionen deutsch-afrikanischer Identitäten Stefanie Maria Schneider Thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts (German) in the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences at Stellenbosch University and for the degree of Master of Arts (Deutsch als Fremdsprache in einem deutsch-afrikanischen Kontext) in the Faculty of Philology at Leipzig University in terms of a double degree agreement. Supervisor: Dr. Michael Dobstadt (Leipzig University) Co-supervisor: Prof. Dr. Carlotta von Maltzan (Stellenbosch University) April 2014 Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za DECLARATION By submitting this thesis electronically, I declare that the entirety of the work contained therein is my own, original work, that I am the sole author thereof (save to the extent explicitly otherwise stated), that reproduction and publication thereof by Stellenbosch University will not infringe any third party rights and that I have not previously in its entirety or in part submitted it for obtaining any qualification. This thesis is also presented at Leipzig University in terms of a double degree agreement. Date: 13.02.2014 Copyright © 2014 Stellenbosch University All rights reserved Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis investigates counter-voices, counter-gazes and (de-)constructions of German-African identities in contemporary German literature. In extended application of postcolonial concepts it examines the way in which post-colonial views and counter-views on Germany and Africaare produced and how in the process alternative identities are created and negotiated. Analyzing poetry, short stories and novels by Black German authors (May Ayim, Ika Hügel-Marshall, ManuEla Ritz and Olumide Popoola) as well as by African literary voices writing in German (El Loko, Daniel Mepin, Philomène Atyame and Luc Degla), the thesis looks at and evaluates strategies of literary hybridization, responses to and deconstructions of the colonial imaginary, transcultural positioning and world literary perspectives. AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis ondersoek enkele teenstemme, teenblikke en (de-)konstruksies van Duits-Afrika identiteite spruitend uit Duitsland en dié uit Afrika in hedendaagse Duitse literatuur. Deurʼn uitgebreide toepassing van postkoloniale konsepte,ondersoek die tesis die wysewaarop die post-koloniale sienings en teenstandpunte oor Duitsland en Afrika geproduseer word en hoe in die proses alternatiewe identiteite geskep en onderhandel word. Deur die ontleding van gedigte, kortverhale en romans deur swart Duitse skrywers (May Ayim, Ika Hügel-Marshall, ManuEla Ritz en Olumide Popoola) sowel as Duitse werke deur literêre stemme uit Afrika (El Loko, Daniel Mepin, Philomène Atyame en Luc Degla), bekyk en evalueer die tesis strategieë van literêre verbastering, antwoorde op en dekonstruksies van die koloniale denkbeeldige, transkulturele plasing en wêreld literêre perspektiewe. Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Gegen-Stimmen und Gegen-Blicke. Zeitgenössische literarische (De-)Konstruktionen deutsch-afrikanischer Identitäten I. EINLEITUNG 5 II. FORSCHUNGSÜBERBLICK UND THEORETISCHE GRUNDLAGEN 9 2.1. Forschungsüberblick 9 2.2. Hauptanliegen der Arbeit und methodische Aspekte 13 2. 3. Zu den Begriffen 16 2.4. Theoretische Grundlagen 19 III. TEXTANALYSEN 23 3.1. DIE AFRODEUTSCHE/SCHWARZE DEUTSCHE LITERATUR 23 3.1.1. Die Lyrik der May Ayim (1984- 1995) 23 Entfernte Verbindungen zwischen Avenui, Afroamerika und Kreuzberg 24 In der deutschen Sprache daheim unterwegs 31 Für eine transnationale Community 36 Wertung 39 3.1.2. Autobiographisches Schreiben 41 3.1.2.1.Ika Hügel-Marshall: Daheim unterwegs- Ein deutsches Leben (1998) 41 Eine andere deutsche Kindheit: (De-)Platzierungen in einer weißen Mehrheitsgesellschaft 42 Schwarze Haut, weiße Masken 47 Decolonising the Mind: Afrodeutsches Bewusstsein und grenzenlose Heimat 48 Wertung 50 3.1.2.2. ManuEla Ritz- Die Farbe meiner Haut (2009) 51 Eine autobiographische Stimme zwischen Individualität und Repräsentativität, Erinnerung und (Selbst-)Entwurf 51 Von Masken und Doppelblicken 56 Zwiespältige Identitätskonstruktionen 58 Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za Wertung 63 3.1.3. Neue Artikulationsräume: Olumide Popoolas zweisprachiges Schreiben 64 3.1.4. Zusammenfassende Wertung 71 3.2. DIE AFRIKANISCHE LITERATUR DEUTSCHER SPRACHE 73 3.2.1. El Lokos Der Blues in mir - Eine autobiographische Erzählung (1986) 73 Postkoloniale Erinnerung und exilische Künstler-Autobiographie 73 Idyllische Ursprünge 74 Eine Reise in die Selbst-Entfremdung 78 Eine afrikanische Ästhetik in Deutschland oder k/eine künstlerische Heimat 79 Die Fremdkehr 84 Wertung 88 3.2.2. Daniel Mepins Die Weissagung der Ahnen. Roman. (1997). Kamerun. 89 Ein magisch-realistischer Roman zwischen postkolonialem Kamerun und Deutschland 90 Roots: Eine westkamerunische Dorfgemeinschaft 91 Tarzan: Postkoloniale Erinnerung an einen kamerunischen Freiheitskämpfer 92 Routes: Deutschland 94 Eine interkulturelle Liebe 96 Vom Versuch, die eigene kulturelle Identität in Deutschland zu bewahren oder: Kein Kamerun, kein Deutschland 100 Literarische Wiedergeburt in Kamerun 103 Wertung 103 3.2.3. Philomène Atyames Abengs Entscheidung. Eine schwarz-weiße Liebe in Kamerun. Roman. (2002) 105 Symbolträchtig: Der „schwarz-weiße Kontinent“ und Quidproquos 105 Manfred als der ‚andere‘ Deutsche und „positives“ Othering 107 Schwarz-weiße Kunst und Liebe. Die (Reste der) Nord-Süd-Mauer. 110 Interkulturelle Entdeckungsreisen 115 Wertung 122 Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za 3.2.4. Luc Deglas Kurzprosa in Das afrikanische Auge (2007) 123 Zur Erzählperspektive im afrikanischen Auge 124 Dekonstruktive Blicke auf (dominante Diskurse von) Heimat, (deutscher und/oder afrikanischer) Identität und kulturelle/r Zugehörigkeit 125 Wertung 129 3.2.5. Zusammenfassende Wertung 130 IV. SCHLUSS 132 V. BIBLIOGRAPHIE 136 VI. ANHÄNGE 147 Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za I. EINLEITUNG In literarischen, gesellschaftspolitischen und philosophischen Diskursen figuriert Afrika seit Jahrhunderten als “Projektionsfolie europäischer Wünsche und Ängste“ (Diallo/Göttsche 2003: 7). Das rassifizierte Subjekt wurde dabei in verschiedenen geschichtlichen Modellen europäischer Dominierung, sowie in vor allem im kolonialen Kontext funktionalisierten Fremdrepräsentationen im Sinne eines Sprechens über, als Teil einer ambivalenten Struktur der Furcht, der Dämonisierung und des Begehrens hervorgebracht. Im deutschen Kontext bedeutet/e dies auch ein grundlegendes Othering des als Afrikaner/In wahrgenommenen Individuums sowie ein Überhören Schwarzer Stimmen, deren historische Präsenz in Deutschland, wie die Herausgeberinnen des bahnbrechenden Werks Farbe bekennen. Afro- Deutsche Frauen auf den Spuren ihrer Geschichte (1986)1gezeigt haben, zumindest teilweise nicht erst ein Produkt ‚multikultureller‘ Gesellschaftstransformationen der vergangenen zwei oder drei Jahrzehnte ist. Zugleich ist das in den vergangenen Jahrzehnten zu beobachtende (wieder-)2erwachende Interesse an Afrika in Literatur, Kultur und Medien vor dem Hintergrund eines in der deutschen Gesellschaft nur gering ausgebildeten Bewusstseins für die deutsche Verstrickung in das System des europäischen Kolonialismus, sowie für „die exotisierende Wahrnehmung Afrikas als paradigmatischer Raum kultureller Alterität“ (Diallo/Göttsche 2003: 7) zu verstehen. Letztere manifestiert sich oft nach wie vor unter den Vorzeichen von „tradierten europäischen Bildern eines ursprünglicheren, fremden und magischen Kulturraums“ (Diallo/Göttsche 2003: 7), innerhalb dessen Afrika imaginiert wird „als Raum exotischer Abenteuer und überwältigender Natur, als Kontinent der ‚Wilden‘ und der Katastrophen […], als Ort unbändiger Naturgewalt, unsäglichen menschlichen Elends und geradezu apokalyptischer Kriegsgewalt“ (Diallo/Göttsche 2003: 8). 1Oguntoye, Katharina, Opitz, May, Schultz, Dagmar (Hg.) (1991 [1986]): Farbe bekennen. Afro‐Deutsche Frauen auf den Spuren ihrer Geschichte. Berlin: Orlanda. 2János Riesz (2006) argumentiert in seinem Aufsatz „Die ‚unterbrochene Lektion‘. Deutsche Schwierigkeiten im Umgang mit afrikanischer Literatur“, dass der Erste Weltkrieg eine Zäsur im Umgang mit Afrika‐Literatur darstelle. Riesz zufolge gab es zuvor, neben dominanten kolonialistischen/rassistischen Diskursen, durchaus positive Ansätze. Die Zäsur habe im Zusammenhang mit dem Verlust der Kolonien und der national(sozial)istischen Vereinnahmung Afrikas „zu neurotischen Fixierungen, zu Denkblockaden und Diskurs‐Verboten“ (Riesz 2006: 165) und damit zur Verhinderung einer Rezeption afrikanischer Literatur in Deutschland geführt. Er argumentiert ferner, dass das deutsche Leserverhalten nachhaltig von den ‐ deutscher Selbstvergewisserung dienlichen ‐ philanthropischen, doch primitivistischen Diskursen des „Urwalddoktors“ und „guten Samariters“ Albert Schweitzer geprägt wurde. 5 Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za Neben der Kontinuität kolonialer Repräsentationsmuster ist auf der anderen Seite ein wachsendes interkulturelles Bewusstsein und Interesse an Repräsentationen jenseits althergebrachter Stereotype zu beobachten, was die Etablierung neuer binationaler Studiengänge mit afrikanischen Partneruniversitäten3, die Organisation von kulturellen, literarischen und politischen Veranstaltungen und Tagungen mit Afrikabezug, sowie eine neue Vielfalt von autobiographischen
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