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Buku Pengantar Teknologi Informasi.Pdf PENGANTAR TEKNOLOGI P E INFORMASI N G A Teknologi Informasi adalah islah umum untuk teknologi apa pun yang N membantu manusia dalam membuat, mengubah, menyimpan, T mengomunikasikan dan/atau menyebarkan informasi yang menyatukan A R komputasi dan komunikasi berkecepatan nggi untuk data, suara, dan T PENGANTAR video yang berupa berupa komputer pribadi, telepon, TV, peralatan rumah tangga elektronik, dan peran genggam modern. E K Buku ini menyajikan pengetahuan dasar tentang teknologi informasi yang N dibuat dengan lebih detail, jelas, dan praks sesuai dengan kehidupan O TEKNOLOGI sehari-hari, terdiri dari ga belas bab bahasan yaitu: Pengenalan Teknologi Informasi; Perangkat Keras dan perangkat lunak Komputer; Data, Informasi, L dan Pengetahuan; Sistem Telekomunikasi dan Jaringan; Internet, Intranet, O dan Ekstranet; Sistem Fungsional, Perusahaan dan Interorganisasi; G INFORMASI E-Commerce; Supply Chain Management; Data, Pengetahuan dan Penunjang I Keputusan; Intelligent Systems; Strategic Systems And Reorganizaon; I Pembangunan Sistem Informasi (Informaon System Development); dan Hak N Atas Kekayaan Intelektual dengan pembahasan. Sesuai dengan ngkat F kebutuhan praks, buku ini sangat cocok sebagai bahan referensi awal bagi O mereka yang ingin mempelajari dasar-dasar teknologi informasi. R M A S I J B A U A . H A H R K A I R R Y DIVISI BUKU PERGURUAN TINGGI I A U M JUHRIYANSYAH DALLE N D PT RAJAGRAFINDO PERSADA S D Jl. Raya Leuwinanggung No. 112 Y I N A. AKRIM Kel. Leuwinanggung, Kec. Tapos, Kota Depok 16956 A Telp 021-84311162 Fax 021-84311163 H Email: rajapers@rajagraf indo.co.id www.rajagraf indo.co.id D BAHARUDDIN A L L E RAJAWALI PERS Divisi Buku Perguruan Tinggi PT RajaGrafindo Persada D E P O K Perpustakaan Nasional: Katalog Dalam Terbitan (KDT) Juhriyansyah Dalle, A.A Karim, Baharuddin Pengantar Teknologi Informasi/Juhriyansyah Dalle, A.A Karim, Baharuddin. —Ed. 1, Cet. 1.—Depok: Rajawali Pers, 2020. xxii, 462 hlm., 23 cm. Bibliografi: hlm. 443 ISBN 978-623-231-424-5 1. Keputusan Hakim I. Judul II. Yayat Sri Hayati. 347.014 026 43 Hak cipta 2020, pada penulis Dilarang mengutip sebagian atau seluruh isi buku ini dengan cara apa pun, termasuk dengan cara penggunaan mesin fotokopi, tanpa izin sah dari penerbit 2020.2643 RAJ Juhriyansyah Dalle A. Akrim Baharuddin PENGANTAR TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI Cetakan ke-1, Mei 2020 Hak penerbitan pada PT RajaGrafindo Persada, Depok Editor : Tim Editor RGP Setter : Raziv Gandhi Desain Cover : Tim Kreatif RGP Dicetak di Rajawali Printing PT RAJAGRAFINDO PERSADA Anggota IKAPI Kantor Pusat: Jl. Raya Leuwinanggung, No.112, Kel. Leuwinanggung, Kec. Tapos, Kota Depok 16956 Telpon : (021) 84311162 E-mail : [email protected] http: //www.rajagrafindo.co.id Perwakilan: Jakarta-16956 Jl. Raya Leuwinanggung No. 112, Kel. Leuwinanggung, Kec. Tapos, Depok, Telp. (021) 84311162. Bandung-40243, Jl. H. Kurdi Timur No. 8 Komplek Kurdi, Telp. 022-5206202. Yogyakarta-Perum. Pondok Soragan Indah Blok A1, Jl. Soragan, Ngestiharjo, Kasihan, Bantul, Telp. 0274-625093. Surabaya-60118, Jl. Rungkut Harapan Blok A No. 09, Telp. 031-8700819. Palembang-30137, Jl. Macan Kumbang III No. 10/4459 RT 78 Kel. Demang Lebar Daun, Telp. 0711-445062. Pekanbaru-28294, Perum De' Diandra Land Blok C 1 No. 1, Jl. Kartama Marpoyan Damai, Telp. 0761-65807. Medan-20144, Jl. Eka Rasmi Gg. Eka Rossa No. 3A Blok A Komplek Johor Residence Kec. Medan Johor, Telp. 061-7871546. Makassar-90221, Jl. Sultan Alauddin Komp. Bumi Permata Hijau Bumi 14 Blok A14 No. 3, Telp. 0411-861618. Banjarmasin-70114, Jl. Bali No. 31 Rt 05, Telp. 0511-3352060. Bali, Jl. Imam Bonjol Gg 100/V No. 2, Denpasar Telp. (0361) 8607995. Bandar Lampung-35115, Perum. Bilabong Jaya Block B8 No. 3 Susunan Baru, Langkapura, Hp. 081299047094. KATA PENGANTAR Keberhasilan Pembelajaran diperguruan tinggi sangat ditentukan oleh niat dan keuletan mahasiswa dalam belajar, dalam kondisi Pendidikan yang serba digital di jaman sekarang ini, pembelajaran pada perguruan tinggi dituntut memliki output yang bermanfaat yang merupakan hasil pengalaman mahasiswa dalam mengikuti pembelajaran di perguruan tinggi. Sebuah pengajaran mata kuliah di perguruan tinggi seyogianya dapat menghasil output minimal, seperti adanya laporan mini riset, paper publikasi, dan bab-bab buku. Buku referensi “Pengantar Teknologi Informasi” yang ada di tangan pembaca, merupakan buku yang kami tulis bersama dengan draft awal berasal dari penugasan “bab buku” pada mata kuliah pengantar teknologi informasi di Universitas Lambung Mangkurat, karenanya terimakasih dan penghargaan yang setinggi-tinggi kami sampaikan kepada “Hambali, Mochamad Fajar Al-Amin, Daffa Cae Fawwaz Aryanta, Mochamad Tri Ridho Permono, Dahliana, Jodi Lee Saputro, Muhammad Rifky Ferdian, Sherly Damaiyanti, Muhammad Anshari, Muhammad Khairul Rahman, Nurul Hikmah, Muhammad Rifqi Hanif Fiskia Nur, Muhammad Fadhillah, Zulva Farabi, Muhammad Rizky Maulana, Muhammad Arif Billah Ibnu Fadillah, Muhammad Nur Abdi, Razidannor, Rif’at Maulana, Resya Cahaya Maharani, Aida Raima, Ivano Gerhart Hadiyudha, Muhammad Gatra Enggar Wicaksono, Muhammad Yusuf Hasbullah, Muhammad Jatmika Aryaputra, Fasak Alam, v Muhammad Faidhorrahman, Muhammad Rizky Maulana, Muhammad Ardhy Satrio Jati, Ahmad Maulana, Muhammad Afrizal Miqdad, Yuvekta Raka Yudishtira, Muhammad Ariyadi, Rozi, Ahmad Rusyadi, Ma’ruf Anshari, Sean Richard Sindunata, Gerin Rahardi, Maxillianus Putra Huya Sugan, Nina Hafizah, Vania Laili Rahmah, Eugynia Jessica Virgynia Rahman, Anisa Luthfia Khairini, Digdo Aji Asrowi, Muhammad Miftachul Falah, Muhammad Fachrurrazi, Irvan Aulia Luthfi, Restu Untung Berkatni, Aldo Savero, Muhammad Arras, Gusti Muhammad Ridho Arrizki, Muhammad Razaq Lazuardi, Jeremy Antonio, Aryo Pratama Ginantaka, Muhammad Ilham Rasyid Ridha, Bayuda Saputra, Hadi Sofyan, Charvia Cipta Wijaya, Gerhard Christopher Hadisutjipta, Ahmad Rifqi Ramadhan, Mita Yani Nurma Pratiwi, Rahmadani, Nur Izzatul Fitri Binti Mas’ud, Dicky Setia Kurniawan, M Yusrizal Fahreza, dan Miftahul Huda” para peserta mata kuliah pada semester ganjil tahun akademik 2019-2020. Buku referensi ini memiliki bab sebanyak tiga belas dengan pembahasan tiap-tiap bab secara mendalam dengan memberikan contoh-contoh yang bersesuain. Buku ini sangat cocok dibaca mahasiswa, dosen, dan masyarakat umum yang ingin meningkatkan pengetahuan dasar tentang teknologi informasi. Buku ini tidak akan terwujud tanpa adanya bantuan dan uluran tangan dari banyak pihak karenanya terimakasih yang terhingga kami sampaikan kepada kawan-kawan dosen Program Studi Teknologi Informasi Universitas Lambung Mangkurat, Wakil Rektor II Universitas Muhammadiyah Sumatera Utara, dan Ketua LPPM Universitas Negeri Medan. Akhirnya, tidak ada gading yang tak retak, segala sumbang saran yang sifatanya untuk membangun bagi penyempurnaan buku ini untuk edisi mendatang, sangat kami harapkan. Banjarmasin & Medan, Maret 2020 TIM Penulis, vi Pengantar Teknologi Informasi DAFTAR ISI KATA PENGANTAR v DAFTAR ISI vii BAB 1 PENGENALAN TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI 1 1.1 Pengertian Teknologi Informasi 1 1.2 Perlunya Teknologi Informasi 3 1.2.1 Tekanan Akibat dari Persaingan Bisnis 4 1.2.2 Meningkatnya Kompleksitas dari Tugas Manajemen 4 1.2.3 Perlunya Waktu Tanggap yang Lebih Cepat 5 1.2.4 Pengaruh Globalisasi 6 1.3 Sistem Informasi (SI) 6 1.3.1 Sistem 6 1.3.2 Data dan informasi 8 1.3.3 Tujuan SI (sistem informasi) 9 1.4 Sistem informasi berbasis komputer Computer base information system (CBIS) 9 1.4.1 Perbedaan CBIS (Cumputer Based Information System) dengan Manual System 11 vii 1.4.1.1 CBIS (Cumputer Based Information System) 11 1.4.1.2 Sistem Manual 11 1.5 Infrastruktur Informasi 11 1.5.1 Perangkat Keras (Hardware) 11 1.5.1.1 Pengertian Perangkat Keras (Hardware) 11 1.5.1.2 Kategori Perangkat Keras (Hardware) Komputer 12 1.5.2 Perangkat Lunak (Software) 13 1.5.2.1 Pengertian Perangkat Lunak (Software) 13 1.5.2.2 Memahami Peran Perangkat Lunak 13 1.5.2.3 Fungsi atau Peranan Perangkat Lunak (software) 13 1.5.2.4 Macam-macam Perangkat Lunak (software) 14 1.5.3 Jaringan 17 1.5.4 Basis Data (Database) 18 1.6 Arsitektur Informasi 21 1.6.1 Pengertian Arsitektur Informasi 21 1.6.2 Arsitektur Sistem Informasi dalam Jaringan 21 1.6.2.1 Arsitektur Client-Server 21 1.6.2.2 Arsitektur Terdistribusi/Desentralsisasi 21 1.6.2.3 Arsitektur Tersentralisasi 22 1.7 Kemampuan Sistem Informasi 22 1.8 Tujuan Teknologi Informasi 23 1.9 Prinsip Teknologi Informasi 24 1.10 Fungsi Teknologi Informasi 26 1.11 Keuntungan Teknologi Informasi 28 1.12 Teknologi Informasi dalam Berbagai Bidang 29 1.12.1 Arah Pengembangan Teknologi Informasi 33 viii Pengantar Teknologi Informasi BAB 2 PERANGKAT KERAS KOMPUTER (HARDWARE) DAN PERANGKAT LUNAK KOMPUTER (SOFTWARE) 37 2.1 Perangkat Keras Komputer 37 2.1.1 Komponen Hardware 37 2.1.2 Central Processing Unit 38 2.1.3 Machine Cycle 40 2.1.4 Faktor penentu kemampuan Processor 41 2.1.5 Jenis Proses 43 2.1.6 Tahapan Proses 45 2.1.7 Media Penyimpanan 46 2.1.8 Karakteristik Media Penyimpanan 49 2.1.9 Perbandingan Primary Storage dan Secondary Storage 51 2.1.10 Peralatan Input 52 2.1.11 Peralatan Output 56 2.1.12 Peralatan Komunikasi 59 2.2 Perangkat Lunak Komputer 60 2.2.1 Sistem Perangkat Lunak 60 2.2.2 Jenis Aplikasi Perangkat Lunak 61 2.2.3 Permasalahan Software 62 2.2.4 Bahasa Pemrograman 63 BAB 3 DATA, INFORMASI, DAN PENGETAHUAN 67 3.1. Pengertian Data, Informasi, dan Pengetahuan 67 3.1.1 Data 67 3.1.2 Penyimpanan Data 67 3.1.3 Ukuran Data 68 3.1.4 Informasi 68 3.1.4.1 Kebutuhan Informasi 69 3.1.4.2 Perbedaan Data dan Informasi 69 3.1.5 Pengetahuan 70 Daftar Isi ix 3.2. Pengorganisasian Data dan Informasi 73 3.2.1. Hierarki Data (Data Hierarchy) 73 3.2.2. Metode Akses Record File 75 3.2.2.1. Metode Akses Berurutan (Sequential Access) 76 3.2.2.2. Metode Akses Langsung (Direct Access) 77 3.2.2.3. Metode Akses Berindeks 78 3.2.2.4. Metode Akses Berindeks Berurutan (Indexed Sequential Access) 78 3.2.2.5. Metode File 79 3.2.2.6.
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