The PARI Journal Vol. XXI, No. 2

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The PARI Journal Vol. XXI, No. 2 ThePARIJournal A quarterly publication of the Ancient Cultures Institute Volume XXI, No. 2, 2020 TheLitanyof RunawayKings: Another Look at Stela 12 of Naranjo, Guatemala In This Issue: CHRISTOPHE HELMKE University of Copenhagen DMITRI BELIAEV The Litany of Russian State University for the Humanities, Moscow Runaway Kings: Another Look at SERGEI VEPRETSKII Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Moscow Stela 12 of Naranjo, Guatemala According to the hieroglyphic sources, Naranjo has allowed more in-depth by the eighteen months separating February comparisons to be made and has greatly Christophe Helmke AD 799 from August of the following year elucidated details of heretofore faint sec- Dmitri Beliaev and Sergei Vepretskii were particularly eventful, especially in tions of the text of Stela 12 (see Helmke et the greater Naranjo region of the eastern al. 2017:236-237, 2018:82-86). Spurred on PAGES 1-28 central lowlands. Until recently the by these promising leads, coupled with events that transpired were only known new photography of the extant fragments, Marc Zender from the lengthy text on the back of we have produced a new drawing of the Editor Stela 12 at Naranjo. Despite its relative glyphic text of Stela 12. Here we provide [email protected] length the text has suffered a fair degree background information on this monu- of erosion and in recent decades has suc- ment and describe the process by which Joel Skidmore cumbed to the depredations of looters. As we were able to produce a new draw- Associate Editor a result, much of the text is only partially ing, before turning to a more detailed [email protected] discernible, making many of the details clause-by-clause presentation of the text, difficult to grasp. With the discovery of providing a thorough exploration of the The PARI Journal the Komkom Vase at the site of Baking historical narrative. 202 Edgewood Avenue San Francisco, CA 94117 Pot in western Belize (some 25 km east of Naranjo), we are able to appreciate an- 415-664-8889 The Monument [email protected] other account of many of the same events, as related by the court of the Komkom, Stela 12 was first reported by Teobert Electronic version available at: allies of Naranjo (see Helmke et al. 2018). Maler in 1908 (Tozzer 1908:80-122), follow- www.precolumbia.org/ These events embroiled Naranjo against ing his exploration of Naranjo just three pari/journal/2102 bordering polities, particularly its larger years earlier (Figure 1). When found, Stela neighbor Yaxha (located some 19 km to 12 stood about 2 m tall and about 88 cm ISSN 1531-5398 the southwest). The hand of Tikal in its wide. It was located at the southern base allegiance with Yaxha is also perceptible of Structure B19, which defines the north- and resulted in reprisals by Naranjo. The ern side of the central plaza (Graham and martial repercussions greatly affected the von Euw 1975:7; Quintana and Wurster smaller settlements of the region, given 2001:Figs. 10 and 11, 158-161). This stela the many places that are said to have forms part of a set of three monuments, fallen under the axe or burned, perhaps designated Stelae 12 through 14 (from as plundering efforts that followed more west to east). Not surprisingly, the earliest formal military engagements. of the three is the central Stela 13, raised The remarkable duplication of along the primary axis of the structure. dates and places between the text of This monument was dedicated in AD 780 the Komkom Vase and monuments at on the occasion of the 9.17.10.0.0 lahuntun The PARI Journal 21(2):1-28 © 2020 Ancient Cultures Institute 1 Helmke, Beliaev, and Vepretskii The Litany of Runaway Kings Period Ending, by king K’ahk’ Kalom Chan Chaahk (r. AD 755–780+),1 providing the last known mention of this Coordinates Calendar Round Long Count / DN Gregorian monarch. Thereafter, Stela 14 was raised in AD 790 as part Clause 2 B1-C1: 13 Eb 5 Sip 9.17.0.2.12 17 Mar. 771 of the 9.18.0.0.0 PE, recording the accession of his son, C4-B6: + 1.8.8.0 “Itzamnaaj” K’awil2 in 784 and marking that king’s inau- gural monument. This was followed a decade later by the Clause 3 B7: 8 Eb 5 Woh 9.18.8.8.12 18 Feb. 799 dedication of Stela 12 itself, on the 9.18.10.0.0 lahuntun C8b: + 4 PE. This stela was dedicated concurrently with Stela 35, Clause 4 B9: 12 Kib 9 Woh 9.18.8.8.16 22 Feb. 799 which we will also touch upon below since some seg- C14a: + 2 ments provide parallels with the text of Stela 12. The triad Clause 5 C14b-B15a: 1 Etz’nab 11 Woh 9.18.8.8.18 24 Feb. 799 of monuments at the base of Str. B19 thus forms a neat D4b-E4: + 2.13 sequence, each separated by a decade (or half-katun), Clause 6 D5: 2 Chuwen 4 Sek 9.18.8.11.11 18 Apr. 799 with the stela of the father respectfully flanked by two stelae of his spirited son. D7b-E7: + 4.11 The calendrics of the relatively long text on the back Clause 7 D8: 2 Ik’ 15 Ch’en 9.18.8.16.2 18 Jul. 799 of the same stela were worked out early on by Sylvanus E10b-D11: + 2.11 Morley (1909:546-547). Morley did an impeccable job in Clause 8 E11: 1 Ben 6 Kej 9.18.9.0.13 07 Sep. 799 this regard and we have no amendments to make to his E14-D15a: + 8.15 chronological overview, reproducing it here in its entirety Clause 9 D15b-E15a: 7 Lamat 16 Woh 9.18.9.9.8 29 Feb. 800 (Table 1). Despite such a promising start, with Maler’s F3-G3a: + 4.7 flawless photographs and the calendrical resolution of the text, this stela, as so many more, had to wait until Clause 10 G3b-F4a: 3 Men 3 Yaxk’in 9.18.9.13.15 26 May 800 the decipherment of Maya hieroglyphic writing before it F11b-G11: + 4.5 would gain the renewed attention of researchers. Clause 11: F12: 10 Ajaw 8 Sak 9.18.10.0.0 19 Aug. 800 Yet, while the monument lay dormant the site of Naranjo greatly suffered from the depredations of looters, resulting in the illicit excavation of all the major structures Table 1. Chronological overview of the historical narrative recorded on Stela 12. Note that Clause 1 and the indiscriminate splintering of monuments for sale refers to the caption describing the portrait of the king on the front of the stela, whereas the basal text on the illicit antiquities market. In response to the loot- (H1–M1) is designated as Clause 12. ing, the Instituto de Antropología e Historia undertook a salvage operation between 1972 and 1973, resorting to the 2009:30-45).3 The looting of monuments started in ear- from the back. The front was then sawn, more or less removal of 19 stelae from the site to safe locations (Fialko nest in 1964 and lasted for about a decade (Graham and neatly, into sections and exported, only to reappear on 2008:4). As such, some of the monuments are now housed von Euw 1975:8). This was followed by looting in search exhibit in Geneva, when it was said to be owned by a in the storerooms of the Parque Nacional Tikal and in of polychrome ceramics from tombs, which continued Belgian art collector (Mayer 1993:6). During the curation the Departamento de Monumentos Prehispánicos in unabated until 2001 when the Guatemalan authorities of the monument, the fragments were joined and the Melchor de Mencos, whereas Stela 24 was repatriated to gradually regained control of the site, building a camp lowest portion of the base, which probably splintered Guatemala and is now on exhibit in the Museo Nacional and initiating a large-scale research operation (Fialko during the looting, was rather crudely restored. de Arqueología y Etnología (see Mayer 2003; Barrios 2008:5-6). The front of the stela represents the king in splen- In the words of Ian Graham (Graham and von dor amidst a swirl of feathers and billowing smoke, Euw 1975:8), who has conducted the most intensive grasping a large bicephalic ceremonial bar from which 1 The name of this king is traditionally read as K’ahk’ Ukalaw epigraphic documentation of monuments from the site: deities emerge through open serpentine maws at either Chan Chaahk (Martin and Grube 2008:80) as its usual form represents end (Figure 1). The king stands triumphantly above a A tragic amount of sculpture was destroyed forever by loot- the head variant of the KALOMTE’ sign, which was considered to ers completely devoid of expertise trying to “thin” stelae for naked and crouching captive, the mark of a ruler’s mili- be a shortened version of the spelling K’AK’-u-{BROKEN.FLINT}-wa easy removal. tary prowess. Surprisingly, the captive appears to be a that appears on a scepter from Naranjo. However, after the discovery woman, her arms tied behind her back and her copious of Naranjo Stela 46 it is now clear that K’AK’-u-BROKEN.FLINT- Whereas many sections of monuments have disap- wa CHAN-na CHAK was the name of the seventh century king of bosom awkwardly forced onto the ground, a pose that Naranjo who was the father of K’ahk’ Tiliw Chan Chaahk (Martin peared in this manner, some have reappeared on the “may allude to a sensuality verging on sublimated eroti- et al.
Recommended publications
  • The Significance of Copper Bells in the Maya Lowlands from Their
    The significance of Copper bells in the Maya Lowlands On the cover: 12 bells unearthed at Lamanai, including complete, flattened and miscast specimens. From Simmons and Shugar 2013: 141 The significance of Copper bells in the Maya Lowlands - from their appearance in the Late Terminal Classic period to the current day - Arthur Heimann Master Thesis S2468077 Prof. Dr. P.A.I.H. Degryse Archaeology of the Americas Leiden University, Faculty of Archaeology (1084TCTY-F-1920ARCH) Leiden, 16/12/2019 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................... 5 1.1. Subject of The Thesis ................................................................................................................... 6 1.2. Research Question........................................................................................................................ 7 2. MAYA SOCIETY ........................................................................................................................... 10 2.1. Maya Geography.......................................................................................................................... 10 2.2. Maya Chronology ........................................................................................................................ 13 2.2.1. Preclassic ............................................................................................................................................................. 13 2.2.2.
    [Show full text]
  • Baking Pot Codex Restoration Project, Belize
    FAMSI © 2005: Carolyn M. Audet Baking Pot Codex Restoration Project, Belize Research Year: 2003 Culture: Maya Chronology: Late Classic Location: Belize Site: Baking Pot Table of Contents Abstract Resumen Section I Discovery of Tomb 2, Baking Pot, Belize Tomb 2 Section II - Harriet Beaubien Excavation of the Artifacts Goals of Conservation and Technical Analysis Description of the Artifacts Goals of the Project Artifact Conservation Stabilization for Transport List of Components Conservation of Artifact R at SCMRE Technical Study of Paint Flakes Paint Layer Composition Ground Layer Composition Painting Technique and Decorative Scheme Indicators of the Original Substrate(s) Preliminary Interpretation of the Artifacts Object Types Contributions to Technical Studies of Maya Painting Traditions List of Figures Sources Cited Abstract During the 2002 field season a decayed stuccoed artifact was uncovered in a tomb at the site of Baking Pot. Initially, we believed that the painted stucco could be the remains of an ancient Maya codex. After funds were secured, Harriet Beaubien traveled to Belize to recover the material and bring it to the Smithsonian Institute for conservation and analysis. After more than a year of painstaking study Beaubien determined that the artifact was not a codex, but rather a number of smaller artifacts, similar in style and composition to gourds found at Cerén, El Salvador. Resumen Durante la temporada 2002, se encontró un artefacto de estuco en mal estado de preservación en una tumba de Baking Pot. En un principio, pensamos que el estuco pintado podrían ser los restos de un códice maya. Una vez asegurados los fondos necesarios, Harriet Beaubien viajó a Belice para recuperar el material y llevarlo al Instituto de Conservación de la Smithsonian para su conservación y análisis.
    [Show full text]
  • 16 La Cuenca Del Río Mopan-Belice
    Laporte, Juan Pedro 1996 La cuenca del río Mopan-Belice: Una sub-región cultural de las Tierras Bajas Mayas centrales. En IX Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, 1995 (editado por J.P. Laporte y H. Escobedo), pp.223-251. Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología, Guatemala (versión digital). 16 LA CUENCA DEL RÍO MOPAN-BELICE: UNA SUB-REGIÓN CULTURAL DE LAS TIERRAS BAJAS MAYAS CENTRALES Juan Pedro Laporte Recientemente, el proceso de investigación arqueológica en Guatemala ha llegado a zonas no tradicionales. Son ahora más usuales los trabajos efectuados en las áridas tierras del oriente, en la región de Izabal y la costa del Atlántico. Otro territorio que ha entrado ahora en juego es la sección del sur de Petén, en especial el límite con Belice. A partir de 1987, el Atlas Arqueológico de Guatemala viene desarrollando un programa de reconocimiento en el sureste de Petén, relacionado a los actuales municipios de San Luis, Poptun y Dolores (Figura 1). Este amplio territorio, de más de 5000 km² (se aproxima a 140 km norte-sur y 40 km este-oeste), presenta varios factores de interés para la investigación del asentamiento arqueológico, principalmente la diversidad ambiental y fisiográfica, así como la prácticamente nula exploración de la cual había sido objeto. El trazo de una ruta parcialmente nueva desde Izabal hacia el centro de Petén y los nuevos asentamientos humanos que ha traído consigo el programa de colonización promovido en las últimas décadas, hizo viable el desarrollo de un proyecto arqueológico en un área en donde las ruinas, de tamaño modesto, no son rivales de los inmensos centros del norte de Petén, como Tikal o Uaxactun, en donde, como todos sabemos, se había definido el carácter de la actividad arqueológica Maya, especialmente en Guatemala.
    [Show full text]
  • Social Reorganization and Household Adaptation in the Aftermath of Collapse at Baking Pot, Belize
    SOCIAL REORGANIZATION AND HOUSEHOLD ADAPTATION IN THE AFTERMATH OF COLLAPSE AT BAKING POT, BELIZE by Julie A. Hoggarth B.A. in Anthropology (Archaeology), University of California, San Diego, 2004 B.A. in Latin American Studies, University of California, San Diego, 2004 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Kenneth P. Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Pittsburgh 2012 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH KENNETH P. DIETRICH SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES This dissertation was presented by Julie A. Hoggarth It was defended on November 14, 2012 and approved by: Dr. Olivier de Montmollin (Chair), Associate Professor, Anthropology Department Dr. Marc P. Bermann, Associate Professor, Anthropology Department Dr. Robert D. Drennan, Distinguished Professor, Anthropology Department Dr. Lara Putnam, Associate Professor, History Department ii Copyright © by Julie A. Hoggarth 2012 iii SOCIAL REORGANIZATION AND HOUSEHOLD ADAPTATION IN THE AFTERMATH OF COLLAPSE AT BAKING POT, BELIZE Julie A. Hoggarth, PhD University of Pittsburgh, 2012 This dissertation focuses on the adaptations of ancient Maya households to the processes of social reorganization in the aftermath of collapse of Classic Maya rulership at Baking Pot, a small kingdom in the upper Belize River Valley of western Belize. With the depopulation of the central and southern Maya lowlands at the end of the Late Classic period, residents in Settlement Cluster C at Baking Pot persisted following the abandonment of the palace complex in the Terminal Classic period (A.D. 800-900). Results from this study indicate that noble and commoner households in Settlement Cluster C continued to live at Baking Pot, developing strategies of adaptation including expanding interregional mercantile exchange and hosting community feasts in the Terminal Classic and Early Postclassic periods.
    [Show full text]
  • A Dissertation Submitted to The
    A Landscape Archaeology Approach to Understanding Household Water Management Practices of the Ancient Lowland Maya A dissertation submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Cincinnati in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Geography of the College of Arts and Sciences by Jeffrey L Brewer M.A. University of Cincinnati B.A. University of Cincinnati March 2017 Committee Chair: Nicholas P. Dunning, Ph.D. Abstract For the ancient Maya, the collection and storage of rainfall were necessary requirements for sustainable occupation in the interior portions of the lowlands in Mexico, Guatemala, and Belize. The importance of managing water resources at the household level, in the form of small natural or culturally modified tanks, has recently been recognized as a spatially and temporally widespread complement to a reliance on the larger, centralized reservoirs that occupied most urban centers. Emerging evidence indicates that these residential tanks functioned to satisfy a variety of domestic water needs beginning in the Middle Preclassic (1000 – 400 BC) period. The research presented in this dissertation aims to clarify the role of small topographical depressions in ancient Maya domestic water management utilizing a combination of satellite remote sensing and archaeological excavation to identify, survey, and evaluate small household tanks. The three research articles included here focus on the lidar identification and subsequent archaeological investigation of these features at the central lowland sites of Yaxnohcah in southern Campeche, Mexico and Medicinal Trail in northwestern Belize. In addition to clarifying the origin and functions of these reservoirs, their role within the broader mosaic of ancient Maya water management infrastructure and practices, particularly within the Elevated Interior Region (EIR) of the Yucatán Peninsula is also explored.
    [Show full text]
  • Early to Terminal Classic Maya Diet in the Northern Lowlands of the Yucatán (Mexico)
    Ch013-P369364.qxd 20/2/2006 4:55 PM Page 173 CHAPTER 13 Early to Terminal Classic Maya Diet in the Northern Lowlands of the Yucatán (Mexico) EUGENIA BROWN MANSELL*, ROBERT H. TYKOT†, DAVID A. FREIDEL‡, BRUCE H. DAHLIN§, AND TRACI ARDREN¶ *Department of Anthropology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida †Department of Anthropology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida ‡Department of Anthropology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Tyxas §Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Howard University, Washington, D.C. ¶Department of Anthropology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida Introduction 173 lands and southern lowlands in Belize, Honduras, and Methods 174 Guatemala have been the subject of isotopic studies, recently Isotopic Studies of the Maya 174 the northern lowlands, in particular the Yucatán peninsula Discussion and Conclusion 180 of Mexico, have been the subject of such research. Twenty- two individuals from Yaxuná, in the interior, and five from Chunchucmil, on the coastal plain, were specifically Glossary selected to provide some data for the Yucatán. Bone and Bone apatite The mineral component of bone that reflects tooth samples were prepared using well-established proce- the overall diet. dures to ensure integrity and reliability, especially consider- Bone collagen The fibrous protein component of bone that ing the poor preservation of many skeletal remains from this reflects the protein in the diet. region. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios were then Chunchucmil Maya site located in the western part of the measured for bone collagen, and carbon isotope ratios were Yucatán peninsula. measured for bone apatite and tooth enamel. The results Classic Maya Cultural period ca.
    [Show full text]
  • A Brief History of the Belize Valley Archaeological Reconnaissance (BVAR) Project’S Engagement with the Public
    heritage Article Thirty-Two Years of Integrating Archaeology and Heritage Management in Belize: A Brief History of the Belize Valley Archaeological Reconnaissance (BVAR) Project’s Engagement with the Public 1, , 2,3, , 4 3,5 Julie A. Hoggarth * y , Jaime J. Awe * y, Claire E. Ebert , Rafael A. Guerra , Antonio Beardall 2,3, Tia B. Watkins 6 and John P. Walden 4 1 Department of Anthropology and Institute of Archaeology, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA 2 Department of Anthropology, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA; [email protected] 3 Institute of Archaeology, National Institute of Culture and History, Belmopan, Belize; [email protected] 4 Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; [email protected] (C.E.E.); [email protected] (J.P.W.) 5 Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA 6 Institute of Archaeology, University of London, Bloomsbury, London WC1H 0PY, UK; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (J.A.H.); [email protected] (J.J.A.); Tel.: +1-254-710-6226 (J.A.H.) These authors contributed equally to this work. y Received: 31 May 2020; Accepted: 30 June 2020; Published: 5 July 2020 Abstract: Since its inception in 1988, the Belize Valley Archaeological Reconnaissance (BVAR) Project has had two major foci, that of cultural heritage management and archaeological research. While research has concentrated on excavation and survey, the heritage management focus of the project has included the preservation of ancient monuments, the integration of archaeology and tourism development, and cultural heritage education.
    [Show full text]
  • Themayanist22.Pdf
    Volume 2, Number 2 April 2021 a biannual journal published by American Foreign Academic Research (AFAR) edited by Maxime Lamoureux-St-Hilaire (Editor-in-Chief) C. Mathew Saunders (Executive Editor) and Jocelyne M. Ponce (Guest Editor) American Foreign Academic Research, Inc. AFAR is based in Davidson, North Carolina and operates as a 501(c)3 organization 20718 Waters Edge Court Cornelius, NC, 28031 The Mayanist vol. 2 no. 2 Table of Contents The Editorial. p.i-iv by Maxime Lamoureux-St-Hilaire, C. Mathew Saunders, and Jocelyne M. Ponce Articles 1. Voices and Narratives beyond Texts: The Life-History of a Classic p. 1–24 Maya Building. by Jocelyne M. Ponce, Caroline A. Parris, Marcello A. Canuto, and Tomás Barrientos Q. 2. Zombie Words: Kaqchikel Revitalizationists’ Use of Colonial Texts to Repurpose Vocabulary. p. 25–40 by Judith M. Maxwell 3. Los mayas de hoy: reavivando el sistema de escritura antigua. p. 41–60 by Walter Amilcar Paz Joj Book Review 2. The Real Business of Ancient Maya Economies: From Farmers’ Fields to p. 61–62 Rulers’ Realms. Edited by MARILYN A. MASSON, DAVID A. FREIDEL, and ARTHUR A. DEMAREST. 2020. University Press of Florida. by Jillian M. Jordan Our Authors p. 63–64 The Mayanist Team p. 65 The Mayanist vol. 2 no. 2 The Mayanist vol. 2 no. 2 The Editorial Maxime Lamoureux-St-Hilaire Davidson College; AFAR C. Mathew Saunders Davidson Day School; AFAR Jocelyne M. Ponce Tulane University This past year has been a rocky one for basically anyone involved in academia, but it’s prob- ably been hardest on younger, emerging scholars – especially those with families.
    [Show full text]
  • Skeletal Evidence for Labor Distribution at Tipu, Belize Lara Noldner
    University of New Mexico UNM Digital Repository Anthropology ETDs Electronic Theses and Dissertations 5-1-2013 Spanish Missionization and Maya Social Structure: Skeletal Evidence for Labor Distribution at Tipu, Belize Lara Noldner Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/anth_etds Part of the Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Noldner, Lara. "Spanish Missionization and Maya Social Structure: Skeletal Evidence for Labor Distribution at Tipu, Belize." (2013). https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/anth_etds/48 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Electronic Theses and Dissertations at UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Anthropology ETDs by an authorized administrator of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Lara Kristen Noldner Candidate Anthropology Department This dissertation is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication: Approved by the Dissertation Committee: Heather Edgar, Chairperson Osbjorn Pearson Keith Prufer Gabriel Wrobel i SPANISH MISSIONIZATION AND MAYA SOCIAL STRUCTURE: SKELETAL EVIDENCE FOR LABOR DISTRIBUTION AT TIPU, BELIZE by LARA K. NOLDNER B.A., Anthropology, University of Wyoming, 2004 M.S., Anthropology, University of New Mexico, 2008 DISSERTATION Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Anthropology The University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico May, 2013 ii Dedication To Larry, Dani and Maria, for the love and support that are the foundation of my strengths, and the encouragement that surmounts my weaknesses. iii Acknowledgements This dissertation was made possible by the advisement and support of many anthropologists, who are both colleagues and friends.
    [Show full text]
  • Nakum and Yaxha During the Terminal Classic Period: External Relations and Strategies of Survival at the Time of the Collapse
    Contributions in New World Archaeology 4: 175–204 NAKUM AND YAXHA DURING THE TERMINAL CLASSIC PERIOD: EXTERNAL Relations AND Strategies OF SURVIVAL AT THE TIME OF THE COLLAPSE BERNARD HERMES1, Jarosław ŹrałKa2 1 The Nakum Archaeological Project, Guatemala 2 Jagiellonian University, Poland Abstract Recent investigations carried out at Nakum and Yaxha, two Maya sites located in north-eastern Guatemala, revealed important evidence of Terminal Classic occupation. Accessible archaeological and epigraphic data indicate that both cities established new economic and political alliances and contacts with other Lowland Maya centres and possibly also with more distant regions in Mesoamerica. As a result, new architectural modes and styles as well as new iconographic trends appeared in these centers. In Nakum, as in several other Terminal Classic sites, a combination of these new pan-Mesoamerican modes and the old, traditional symbols were used to legitimize the power of local elites and their rule over local population. The short term success of Nakum and possibly also of neighboring Yaxha was dependant upon a group of factors, the most important being their proximity to important resources (water sources, trade, and communication routes) and the considerable political and economic independence they gained after the collapse of the former hegemons of this area – Tikal and Naranjo. Resumen Trabajos de investigación arqueológica efectuados recientemente en los sitios mayas de Nakum y Yaxha ubicados en el NE de Guatemala (departamento El Peten) han proporcionado evidencia de distinto tipo referente a la ocupación durante el periodo Clásico Terminal. La información arqueológica y epigráfica conocida indica que en ambos sitios ocurren cambios políticos y económicos que resultaron en el establecimiento de nuevas alianzas y contactos con otros sitios de las Tierras Bajas Mayas Centrales y posiblemente también con regiones distantes del área Mesoamericana.
    [Show full text]
  • C:\Data\ACS Maya Isotopes Paper Pdf Format.Wpd
    Reserve this space Contribution of Stable Isotope Analysis to Understanding Dietary Variation among the Maya Robert H. Tykot Department of Anthropology, Univ. of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620 Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios in skeletal tissues are widely used as indicators of prehistoric human diets. This technique distinguishes between the consumption of C3 and C4 plants and assesses the contribution of aquatic resources to otherwise terrestrial diets. Isotopic ratios in bone collagen emphasize dietary protein; those in bone apatite and tooth enamel reflect the whole diet. Bone collagen and apatite represent average diet over the last several years of life, while tooth enamel represents diet during the age of crown formation. The isotopic analysis of all three tissues in individuals at Maya sites in Belize, Guatemala, Honduras and Mexico reveals variation in the importance of maize, a C4 plant, based on age, sex, status, and local ecological factors, as well as dramatic changes in subsis- tence patterns from the Preclassic to Postclassic periods. These results enable a tentative synthesis of the dynamic relationship between subsistence and sociopolitical developments in ancient Mesoamerica. Corn (maize) was the single most important New World crop at the time of European contact, and is widely considered to have been fundamentally important Reserve this space ACS Maya isotopes paper pdf format.wpd January 30, 2002 1 to the rise of indigenous civilizations including the Inca, Aztec, and Maya. Of the triumvirate of maize, beans and squash, there is evidence that at least squash (Cucurbita spp.) was domesticated by 10,000 years ago (1-2), although domesticated beans (Phaseolus spp.) appear a few thousand years ago at most (3), and maize was first domesticated somewhere in between.
    [Show full text]
  • 277 G. D. Wrobel (Ed.), the Bioarchaeology of Space and Place
    Index A Andrews, E.W., V, 238 Abscess, 206 Animal skins, 265, 268 Acapiztla, 56 Animating essences, 255, 256, 259, 261, 266, Access to collections, 3, 4 268, 269 Actuncan, 129 Anthony, D., 115 Actun Uayazba Kab, 231 Anthropogenic marks, 227, 238, 239, 245 Acuecuexco aqueduct, 56 Aramoni Calderón, D., 65 Adachi, N., 154 Arango, J., 115 Adams, B.J., 127, 128 Archaeothanatology, 247 Adams, E.B., 52, 53 Architectural rearrangements (as a cause of Adams, R.E.W., 20, 27, 100, 142, 231, 268 unintentional bone movement), 228 Adams, R.M., Jr., 146–148, 150, 152, 153 Architectural renovation, 22 Agarwal, S.C., 2, 5 Architecture Agave, 46 in caves, 100 Age cohorts, 242 Architecture alignment, 211 Age estimation, 5 Ardren, T., 59 Agricultural cycles, 256 Arellanos Melgarejo, R., 151 Agrinier, P., 28, 62 Armelagos, G.J., 6 Aguateca, 231, 238, 241 Arnold, P.P., 53, 54, 58 Aguilar, M., 62 Arroyo Mariano, 151 Aimers, J., 110 Ashmore, W., 108, 111, 198 Aimers, J.J., 142 Aubry, B.S., 142 Altun Ha, 24, 170, 173, 174, 176, 177, 182, Audet, C., 109, 112, 123, 124 183, 186–188, 268 Austin, D.M., 142, 160 Alveolar resorption, 206 Awe, J.J., 28, 84, 88, 108, 110, 126, 131 Amaranth, 54 Axe, 207, 214, 215, 218 Ambrosino, J., 122 Axis mundi, 213 Ambrosino, J.N., 255, 257 Ayauhcalli (House of Mist), 54 AMS, 84, 98 Aylesworth, G.R., 20 AMS dates, 43 Ayliffe, L.K., 174 Anales de Cuauhtitlan, 56 Azcapotzalco, 161 Anaya Hernandez, A., 194 Aztalan, 131 Ancestors, 16, 23, 30, 78, 265, 266 Aztec, 51–53, 63, 145, 261 Ancestor veneration, 194, 218, 226 Anderson, B., 217 B Andres, C.R., 84, 98 Baadsgaard, A., 5 Andrews, A.P., 149, 150, 257 Baby jaguar (unen balam), 50 Andrews, E.W., IV, 149, 150, 238 Bacabs, 53 G.
    [Show full text]