Index

A Andrews, E.W., V, 238 Abscess, 206 Animal skins, 265, 268 Acapiztla, 56 Animating essences, 255, 256, 259, 261, 266, Access to collections, 3, 4 268, 269 Actuncan, 129 Anthony, D., 115 Actun Uayazba Kab, 231 Anthropogenic marks, 227, 238, 239, 245 Acuecuexco aqueduct, 56 Aramoni Calderón, D., 65 Adachi, N., 154 Arango, J., 115 Adams, B.J., 127, 128 Archaeothanatology, 247 Adams, E.B., 52, 53 Architectural rearrangements (as a cause of Adams, R.E.W., 20, 27, 100, 142, 231, 268 unintentional bone movement), 228 Adams, R.M., Jr., 146–148, 150, 152, 153 Architectural renovation, 22 Agarwal, S.C., 2, 5 Architecture Agave, 46 in , 100 Age cohorts, 242 Architecture alignment, 211 Age estimation, 5 Ardren, T., 59 Agricultural cycles, 256 Arellanos Melgarejo, R., 151 Agrinier, P., 28, 62 Armelagos, G.J., 6 , 231, 238, 241 Arnold, P.P., 53, 54, 58 Aguilar, M., 62 Arroyo Mariano, 151 Aimers, J., 110 Ashmore, W., 108, 111, 198 Aimers, J.J., 142 Aubry, B.S., 142 , 24, 170, 173, 174, 176, 177, 182, Audet, C., 109, 112, 123, 124 183, 186–188, 268 Austin, D.M., 142, 160 Alveolar resorption, 206 Awe, J.J., 28, 84, 88, 108, 110, 126, 131 Amaranth, 54 Axe, 207, 214, 215, 218 Ambrosino, J., 122 Axis mundi, 213 Ambrosino, J.N., 255, 257 Ayauhcalli (House of Mist), 54 AMS, 84, 98 Aylesworth, G.R., 20 AMS dates, 43 Ayliffe, L.K., 174 Anales de Cuauhtitlan, 56 Azcapotzalco, 161 Anaya Hernandez, A., 194 Aztalan, 131 Ancestors, 16, 23, 30, 78, 265, 266 Aztec, 51–53, 63, 145, 261 Ancestor veneration, 194, 218, 226 Anderson, B., 217 B Andres, C.R., 84, 98 Baadsgaard, A., 5 Andrews, A.P., 149, 150, 257 Baby jaguar (unen balam), 50 Andrews, E.W., IV, 149, 150, 238 Bacabs, 53

G. D. Wrobel (ed.), The Bioarchaeology of Space and Place, 277 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4939-0479-2, © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014 278 Index

Bachand, B., 131 bundled/wrapped, 89 Bachand, B.R., 48 disorderly, 82 Bailey, D.W., 18 flexed, 89 Baker, G., 177 orderly, 82 , 108, 121 prone, 82 Ball, J.W., 108, 142 seated, 90 Barnhart, E.L., 194 Body location Barrera, A., 246 association with architecture, 82 Barrett, J., 28, 126 in wet, muddy, or high-traffic areas, 82 Barrett, J.W., 100 Body manipulation, 244 Barrick, S., 24 Body position Barton Creek , 50 atypical, 111, 126 Barton Ramie, 173 flexed, 111, 121, 127, 129 Bar-Yosef, O., 179 head to the south, 111 Bassie-Sweet, K., 225, 226, 228 prone, extended, 111, 129 Batres, L., 49 supine, 111 Becker, M.J., 21, 28, 65, 122, 170, 255–257, Boldsen, J.L., 246 269 , 81, 114, 196, 212, 215, 260 Beck, L.A., 79, 230 Bone Beehr, D., 131 degradation of, 229 Beekman, C.S., 142, 161 secondary movement of, 177 , 144, 150, 159, 160 Bone awl, 43, 44, 63 Belize Institute of Archaeology, 84 Bone (carved), 28 , 93, 95, 97 Bone needle, 207 Belize Tourism Development Project (TDP), Bone remodeling, 182 111 Bones Belize Valley, 110–113, 119, 121–123, 125, and connection with maize, 215 126, 128, 129, 131, 132 secondary manipulation of, 150 Belize Valley Archaeological Reconnaissance Bonor, J.L., 226, 228, 238 project, 84 Bonor Villarejo, J.L., 64 Bell, C., 218 Boone, E.H., 259, 260 Bell, E.E., 194 Bourget, S., 59 Benson, E.P., 258, 260 Brady, J., 78, 82, 100, 226, 228 Benson, P.E., 59 Brady, J.E., 49, 57, 63, 78–82, 92, 98, 100, Bentley, R.A., 112 150, 226–229, 231, 247, 270 Berryman, C.A., 4, 28 Braswell, J., 128, 129 Besom, T., 59 Breast feeding Bey III, G.J., 143, 148 effect on trophic level, 185 Bierhorst, J., 56 Breastfeeding age, 53, 55 Biface (chert), 87 Bricker, V.R., 213 Biodistance, 143, 152, 161 Brinton, D., 24 Bioturbation, 99 Brittain, M., 120 Bird-bone tubular beads, 43 Broda, J., 51, 53, 56, 59 Bird Jaguar IV, 196–198 Brooks, S., 239 Blangero, J., 155, 158, 160 Brown, C.T., 78 Blitz, J., 115 Brown, L.A., 173 Blom, D.E., 173 Brown, M.K., 111, 121, 255, 257, 266 Blom, F., 81, 150, 229, 231, 238 Bryant, J.D., 114, 179 Bloodletting, 43, 63, 198, 199 Buenavista del Cayo, 108 Blows to the head, 59 Buikstra, J., 131 Blue (associated with sacrifice), 63 Buikstra, J.E., 6, 17, 92, 194, 200, 238, 239 Blue pigment, 52, 58, 61 Bullington, J., 177 Boca Andrea, 151 Bundle, 258–260, 262, 269 Body arrangement, 228 Bundled/wrapped body, 44 Index 279

Burial, 16, 22–24, 27, 32 Central Belize, 78, 84, 95, 98 grave, 24 Central Belize Archaeological Survey, 84 Burial/funerary treatment, 108 Central , 48, 51, 144, 145, 160 Burial of war dead, 264, 265 Central Petén, 97, 112, 114, 119, 122, 123, Burning 125–127 of bones after deposition, 228 Ceramics, 127, 174, 257, 269 Burning on a censer (as a form of sacrifice), associated with burials, 212 50 Fine Orange ware (Tuma orange), 42 Burnt stones in circular formations, 176 from excavations, 200 Busby, C., 16 Mechung pottery, 42 Butler, M., 231 Ceramic vessel, 20, 25, 80 Byland, B.E., 259, 261 Cerro Cercado, 151 Cerro El Manatí, Veracuz, 47 C Cerro Mariano, 151 C14, 244, 248 , 258, 263 Cache, 263 Cerro Tres Picos, 151 Caches, 170, 174, 177, 268, 270 Ch’a Cháak, 53 Cadwallader, M., 115 Chacon, R.J., 5 , 108, 121, 126 Chaîne opératoire, 247, 249 Cahokia, 131 Chalcatzingo, 48, 66 Cakchiquel Maya, 24 Chalchiuhtlicue, 55, 56 , 27, 97, 231, 266, 268, 269 Chalchuapa, 268 Cameron, C.M., 115 Champoton, 144 Cannibalism, 47, 49, 52 Chang, M.E.T., 155 Canul, 143 Chapman, J., 16, 120 Canuto, M.A., 257 Charcoal achiote, 46 , 24, 27, 30, 108, 110 Chase, A., 228 Caries, 206 Chase, A.F., 24, 27, 29, 30, 99, 115, 170, 171, Carlsen, R., 17 194, 255, 257, 267 Carlsen, R.S., 214, 256 Chase, D., 228 Carnegie Institution, 154 Chase, D.Z., 24, 27, 29, 30, 99, 115, 154, 170, Carnivore tooth, 210 171, 194, 255, 257, 267 Carot, P., 228 Chau Hiix, 3, 24 Carrasco, D., 53, 58 Chávez Balderas, X., 52, 59, 65 Carrasco, M.D., 256 Chen Mul, 144 Carrasco, R., 100, 231 Chen Mul Cenote, 144 Carrasco, V., 266, 268 Chert, 24, 30 Carved human bone, 174 Chert blades, 174 Carved monuments, 258 Chert knife, 41 Castillo Chávez, O. del., 238 Chiapanecan Highlands, 229, 231 Cave, 8, 10, 26, 39, 41, 48, 49, 52, 54, 56–60, Chiapanec Highlands, 122 62–66, 225–232–240, 242–246, 270 Chiapas, 150 Cave Branch Rockshelter, 231 Chiarulli, B., 24 Caves Branch valley, 93, 100 Chichén Itzá, 50, 51, 144, 238, 239, 243, 247 Cecil, L., 269 sacred cenote of, 241 Celts, 48, 61 Chi Keb, J., 43, 61 Cempoala, 151 Chilam Balam of Chumayel, 262 Cenote, 52, 58, 226, 229, 230, 231, 238–240, Child, 44, 46–48, 50, 54, 62, 126, 128 242, 243, 245 Child, M.B., 257 Cenote de la Calaveras, 238 Children/subadults, 92 Cenotes, 10, 79, 92 Chinikihá, 214 Cenote X-Coton, 51 Chivas, A.R., 174 Censors, 50, 65, 123 Chloride (used to increase visibility in Center-making, 213 cenotes), 229 280 Index

Chocolate, 258 Copper, 151 Cholula, 51, 61 Copper tinklers, 52 Chowning, A., 148 Coprolites, 41, 43, 44, 63 Christensen, A.F., 142, 161 Coral, 151 Christensen, A.J., 226 Cordry, D.B., 58, 59, 65 Christenson, A.J., 212, 214, 215, 258 Cordry, D.M., 58, 59, 65 Chultun, 51, 128, 270 Cormie, A., 114 Cigar, 41, 43, 64 Cornec, J.H., 112 Cihuateteo, 145 Corporate groups, 3 Cimchich, 53 Corruccini, R.S., 157 Cinnabar, 25, 26, 30, 265, 268 Cosío, D.J., 198 Ciochon, R.L., 177 Cotton, 43, 44, 46 Cists, 147, 151–153 Coyolxauhqui, 52 Civic-ceremonial architecture, 231 Cozumel, 144, 150 Civic structures, 170 Cradleboarding, 239 Clancy, E., 127 Craig, G.T., 177 Clark, E.J., 40, 48 Cranial modification, 46, 61, 227, 238–240 Clark, J.E., 256 Cremation, 81, 145, 228, 244 Classic period, 78, 79, 84, 94, 98, 152, 154, Cremation urn, 231 158, 159, 161, 170 Crevice, 10, 225, 226, 228, 231, 238, 240, Clayton, R.N., 180 242, 244, 245 Cocom, 143, 153 Cribra orbitalia, 44, 45, 57 Codex Borbonicus, 54, 55 Crook, J., 173 Codex Florentinus, 60 Crowson, R.A., 180 Codex Magliabechiano, 54–56 Crypt, 198, 201, 202, 204, 206, 208, 209, 211 Codex Tudela, 54, 57 Crystallinity Index (CI), 179 Codex Vaticanus A, 55 Cucina, A., 4, 6, 7, 16, 28, 42–47, 57, 61, 88, Coe, M.D., 21, 27, 100 94, 142, 155, 160, 161, 210, 228, 231, Coe, W.R., 216, 255, 267, 268 244 Cohen, M.N., 6 , 173 Colas, P.R., 247 Cueva del Lazo, 238, 242 Colas, R.P., 81 Cueva del Rayo, 238 Colha, 28, 49, 126 Culbert, P., 229 Collapse, 6, 142, 160 Culbert, T.P., 27 Colman, A., 256 Cultural modifications (of crania and teeth), 6 Colonial, 41, 52, 60, 61 Cut marks, 48, 52, 153, 264 Colonial documents, 143 Cyclical occasions, 57 Colonialism, 6 Cyclical time, 255–257 Colonial period, 79, 243 Cyphers, A., 48 Columns/colonnades, 144 Comales, 52 D Commingling, 229, 239 Dancing, 197, 216 Commoners, 7 Danforth, M.E., 5, 6, 7 Commoner status, 7 Davies, D., 113, 119, 125, 129 Conch, 49 de Anda Alanís, G., 79 Conchopata (), 130 de Anda, G., 51–53, 245, 247 Congenital absence of teeth, 94 Death-course, 5 Contel, J., 55, 60 Death God, 50 Contextualization, 5 Death history, 15 Cook, D.C., 5 Debitage, 23, 24, 30 Coombs, G., 115 Decapitation, 49, 153 Copal, 52, 56, 65 de Cervantes Salazar, F., 54, 55 Copan, 3, 30, 49, 150, 231, 238, 258, 265, de Cook Leonard, C., 49 268, 270 Dedication, 255–257, 267 Index 281

Dedicatory burial, 48, 170, 173, 174, 177, 179, E 182, 183, 187 Early Classic, 27 Dedicatory contexts, 9 Early Classic period, 267 Deep Valley, 100 Early Preclassic, 150 Deer antler, a partially burnt tobacco cigar, 43 Early urban centers (development of), 7 Defensive features, 196 Ear spool, 25 Defleshing, 51, 52, 264 Earspools, 25, 95 Defrise-Gussenhoven, E., 157 Eberl, M., 194, 256, 261, 267, 270 Dehouve, D., 58 Ecatotonti (Little Winds), 55 Deity impersonation, 197, 198 Effigy censers, 144 De La Cruz Laina, I., 52 Ehecatl, 145 de Ladrón Guevara, S., 47 Ek Chuah, 147 Delgado Kú, P., 144, 146, 147, 150, 152, 153 Ek Xux rockshelter, 231 Demarest, A.A., 80 El Bernalillo, 151 de Márquez González, L., 238 El Cayo (Yaxniil), 79 Dembo, A., 239 El Chayal, 144 De Mendieta, G., 56 El Chicozapote, 196 de Motolinía, B.T., 53, 54, 56 Elderfield, H., 112 Dempsey, P.J., 154 Elites, 9, 143, 145, 152, 160 Dental genetic traits, 4 El Kinel, 9, 194, 199, 200, 204, 207, 210–218 Dental metrics, 143, 155, 160 El Meco, 144 Dental modification, 32 El Peru-Waka’, 126 Dental morphology, 142 El Peten, , 270 de Pomar, J.B., 53, 54 , 113 de Sahagún, B., 53–56 El Rey, 144 Desecration, 17, 228, 247, 258 El-Zaatari, S., 177, 181, 186 Desecratory, 112, 121, 122 ’, 27 Desecratory contexts, 8 Embalming, 267 de Torquemada, J., 53–55 Enamel hypoplasias, 52 Devlin, J.B., 230 Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDS), 46 de Zurita, A., 53, 54 Epiclassic, 161 Diagenesis, 112 Epidural hematoma, 43 Diego de Landa, 52, 153, 268 Epigraphic record, 8 Dismemberment, 51, 264 Epstein, S., 184 Domenici, D., 39, 40, 62, 65, 238 Ericson, J., 112 Dos Caobas, 196 Escamilla Ojeda, B., 144 Dos Hombres, 8, 16, 19, 20, 21, 24, 27, 32 Escobedo, H.L., 199, 214, 216 , 80, 238, 246, 260, 270 Estebaranz, F., 177 Drought, 52, 56 Etheridge, B., 127 Drowning, 56, 57, 59 Ethnicity, 243 Duday, H., 5, 16, 18, 91, 125, 230, 247 Ethnographic, 8, 9, 10, 78, 79, 81 Duncan, W., 122, 127, 129 Ethnography, 58, 194 Duncan, W.M., 100 Ethnohistoric, 8, 9, 10 Duncan, W.N., 7, 17, 28, 31, 51, 255, Ethnohistoric accounts, 143 263–265, 269 Ethnohistory, 194 Dunham, P.S., 81, 98 Etzalcualiztli, 57, 63 Durán, D., 54–57 Excavation strategies, 2 Durkheim, É., 218 Extrafunerary, 154, 157, 158 Durst, J., 20 Ezzo, J., 115 Duverger, C., 53 Dwarves, 58 F Dye, D.H., 5 Farriss, N.M., 115 Dzewa phase, 48 Fash, W., 268 Dzibilchaltún, 238 Fash, W., Jr., 48 282 Index

Fash, W.L., 79 García Moll, R., 194, 198, 214, 215, 216 Faunal activity, 239 Garza, S., 81, 82, 98 Faunal remains, 229 Gat, J.R., 174 Faunal samples, 112, 116 Gaydarska, B., 16 Faure, G., 112 Geary, P.J., 16 Feinman, G.M., 266 Geisen, T., 115 Fernández Souza, L., 50 Geller, P., 49, 50, 63 Fernando Tesucún, F., 261 Geller, P.L., 7, 15–18, 21, 23–25, 28, 31, 32 Fertility (as a theme related to sacrifice), 62 Gender, 228, 243 Fertility cults, 53 Genetic diversity, 9 Fiber cords, 41, 43 Gerry, J., 128 bracelet, 43 Gestation, 256 Figurine, 207 Gibbs, S., 82 Fine, D., 177 Gibbs, S.A., 82, 92, 238 Finnegan, G., 115 Gifford, J.C., 27 Fire exposure, 48, 51 Gillespie, S., 21, 23 Firsching, F.H., 180 Gillespie, S.D., 194, 256, 257 Fistulous lesion, 43 Gingivitis, 52 Fitzsimmons, J., 25, 26, 31 Glassman, D.M., 64, 238 Fitzsimmons, J.L., 79, 126, 194, 212, 215, Glencross, B.A., 2, 5 227, 228, 256, 261, 267–269 Gold, 151 Flaying, 51, 126 Golden, C., 194, 196, 198–200, 217 Folan, W.J., 229, 268 Golden, G.W., 257 Food consumption patterns, 177 Goldstein, L., 227 Foreigners, 142, 143, 152 González González, A.H., 229 Foundation deposits, 173 González-José, R., 161 Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) González-Oliver, A., 142, 155 spectroscopy, 179 González Torres, Y., 53 Fowler, C., 16 Goodfellow, S., 178 Fowler, W.R., 268 Goodman, A.H., 4 Fractionation rates, 114 Gordon, G.B., 238 Free head splints, 239 Gordon, K.D., 182, 186 Freidel, D., 26, 31, 122 Gordon’s Cave # 3, 49 Freidel, D.A., 257, 258, 263 Gossen, G.H., 212, 255, 256 Freiwald, C., 5, 7, 93, 95, 97, 100, 111, 112, Graham, E., 6, 111, 142, 155, 160 114–116, 119, 122, 125, 126, 128, 129, Grass, 42, 43, 45, 50, 63 131, 132 Graulich, M., 52, 53, 56, 58, 65 Friedli, H., 184 Grave construction, 177, 187 Froelich, P., 114 Grave goods, 176, 177, 187, 263–265, 267 Froelich, P.N., 179 Grave goods/furnishings, 95 Frontera Corozal, 214 Green (as a theme related to sacrifice), 56 FST, 158, 159, 161 Greenstone, 22 Fuentes y Guzmán, F.A., 52, 79 Greenstone celt, 47, 48, 58 Funerary behavior, 78, 81, 100 Grine, F.E., 174, 178 Funerary context, 226 Grove, D.C., 48 Funerary practices, 9 Grube, N., 80, 115, 194, 196–198, 215 Funerary taxonomies, 228 Guagliardo, M.F., 156 Guernsey, J., 216, 258, 261 G Gügel, I.L., 177, 178 Galbany, J., 178 Guilliem, S., 52 Gallaga Murrieta, E., 48 Guillon, M., 18, 125 Garber, J.F., 121, 126, 255–258, 266, 269 Gulf coast, 142–144, 151, 161 García Capistrán, H., 50 Gulf Coast, 130 Index 283

H Huemac (Toltec king), 56 Hageman, J.B., 20 Huitzilopochtli, 52, 260 Hales, D., 50 Hull, K., 256, 261 Hall, G., 24 Human adaptability, 6 Halperin, C.T., 64, 82 Hurtado Cen, A., 51 Hammond, N., 27 Hutson, S.R., 161 Hanks, W.F., 270 Huxjal, 150 Hansen, R.D., 48, 126, 257 Hanson, C.A., 149, 150 I Harmon, A.M., 177 Iannone, G., 257 Harris, O., 120 Ibarra-Rivera, L., 142, 161 Harrison-Buck, E., 17, 28, 30, 88, 122 Iconographic, 79 Harrison, P., 126 Iconography, 10, 50, 64, 194, 197, 212, 213, Hats’ Chaak phase, 108, 109, 111, 116, 216 119–121, 127 Identity, 108, 115, 130, 132, 143, 145, 154, Headrick, A., 213, 258 243 Health indicators (or Paleopathology), 61 Imbelloni, J., 239 Healy, P.F., 82, 99 Indigo, 46 Heart extraction (cardiectomy), 50 Infant, 43, 47–49, 51, 52, 61, 62 Hedges, R.E.M., 127, 174 Infants/perinatals, 92 Hedman, K., 131 Infierno Negro pottery, 207 Helmke, C., 80, 81, 84, 197 Inka, 59 Helmke, C.G.B., 78, 81, 84, 86, 91, 95, 98, Innocences (as a theme related to sacrifice), 59 108, 110, 111, 126 Interobserver error, 2, 4 Hematite, 25, 26, 32 Intra- and interobserver error, 178 Hematite balls, 47 Intraobserver error, 2, 155 Heritability, 158 Isotopes, 5, 9, 142 Hernández, C., 79, 256 carbon, 111, 174, 184–186 Hero Twins, 30, 126, 226 nitrogen, 174, 184–186 Hero twins (Hunahpu and Xbalenque), 214 oxygen, 95, 111, 174, 178, 179, 181, 182 Herrmann, N.H., 230 strontium, 95, 111 Herrmann, N.P., 5 Itza, 270 Hershey, 122 Itzmal Chen Cenote, 144, 145, 154 Highland Guatemala, 144, 161 Iximiché, 28 Highlands, 79 Ixiptla, 58 Hillson, S., 155 Ixtepeque, 144 Historical individuals Izquierdo, A.L., 151 identification and osteobiographical descriptions of, 7 J Hodell, D.A., 97, 112, 113, 122 Jacobi, K., 94 Hoerder, D., 115 Jacobi, K.P., 6, 155 Hofling, A.C., 261, 270 Jade, 258, 267 Hofling, C.A., 7, 31 Jade beads, 174 Hogue, S.H., 174 Jadeite, 95, 151 , 143, 150 Jaén, T., 6 Hopewell, 130, 132 Jaguar imagery, 65 Hoppa, R.D., 246 James, A., 59 Houk, B., 19, 20 Jamison, T., 109 Houk, B.A., 194 Janaab’ Pakal, 28 House forms, 144 Janusek, J.W., 173 House-sepulcher, 20, 24, 25 Jenks, C., 59 Houston, S., 28, 31, 258, 266 Je’reftheel, 8, 78, 84, 86, 87 Houston, S.D., 49, 50, 59, 60, 196, 199, 213, Jewelry, 87, 99 214, 216, 257 284 Index

Jiménez Moreno, W., 53 child death, 17 Joint rule see Mul tepal, 142 decapitation, 17 Jones, G.D., 162 finger amputation, 17 Joyce, R.A., 47, 59 taphonomic, 16 Jute, 41, 64 La Pasadita, 196 Laporte, J.P., 238 K Larsen, C.S., 2, 4, 6 K’altuun (stone binding) rituals, 258 Las Casas, B., 53, 54, 56 , 268 Late Classic, 21, 27, 40, 61, 62, 66 K’atun, 258 Late Classic period, 3, 111, 196, 198, 200, Katzenberg, M.A., 2 202, 206, 207, 217, 266 k’awiil (God K), 197 La Técnica, 199 K’axob, 213 Late Postclassic, 9, 39, 51 Keeling, C.D., 184 Late Postclassic period, 142–144, 150, 160, Kepecs, S., 143, 161 264 K’iche’, 212, 214, 215 Late Preclassic, 20, 39, 48 K’iche’ Maya, 173 Late Preclassic period, 199, 213, 216 Kidder, A.V., 268 Leatherman, T.L., 4 Kieffer, C.L., 82, 98 Leaves, 46, 47 Kin, 108 LeCount, L.J., 108, 110, 111, 120, 121 K’inich Janaab Pakal, 212 Lee, T.A., 39 Kiyoshi, H., 115 Lee Whiting, T.A., 46, 64 Klaus, H.D., 155 Le Fort, G., 212, 215 Klein, C., 258, 259 Lesbre, P., 51 Knotted bands, 258 Leventhal, R., 108, 111 Knudson, K.J., 5, 7, 130, 143 Leventhal, R.C., 108, 109, 111, 120, 121, 127 Kohn, M.J., 114, 179 Leyenda de Los Soles, 56 Koji, M., 115 Life-course, 5 Kolmogorov-Smirnoff Test, 156 Life history, 15, 17, 18, 21, 31 Kolodny, Y., 114 Lightning, 24 , 264, 265, 267, 269 Lind, M., 46 Krejci, E., 229 Linear time, 255 Krueger, H., 128 Lintel, 197, 198 Kunen, J.L., 170, 171 Lip-to-lip pottery caches, 64 Lithic (chert), 215 L Local, 9, 110, 111, 114, 115, 119, 125, 127, La Caldera, 49 128–131 Lacandon Maya, 10, 79, 247 Lohse, J., 20 Lacanha, 81 Longinelli, A., 114, 178, 179 Lachniet, M.S., 97, 112, 114, 119, 122, 125 Looper, M., 196–198, 215, 216 Lady K’abal Xook, 198, 214–216 Looper, M.G., 27, 63, 258, 263 La Farge, O., 81 Looting, 81, 227–229, 240, 247 Lago Lacandón, 150, 238 Looting disturbance, 204 Laguna de Coapilla, 59 Lope, C.P., 143–145, 147, 162 Laguna de On, 160 López Alonso, S., 51, 52 Lagunas, Z., 51 López Austin, A., 52, 59, 60, 227 Lalueza, C., 177, 178, 186 López Luján, L., 52 Lalueza Fox, C., 177 Lorenzen, K.J., 150 , 4, 24, 144, 265 Lovejoy, C.O., 239 Lambityeco (Oaxaca), 266 Lowe, G.W., 40, 48, 61 , 19, 24, 49 Lowe, L.S., 48 l’anthropologie de terrain Low social status, 176 archaeothanatology, 16 Lucero, L., 82 Lucero, L.J., 171, 173, 212 Index 285

Luz, B., 114 Maya, 40, 41, 49, 51, 52, 60, 64 Lymann, L.R., 230 Maya Mountains, 5, 84, 93, 95, 112, 114, 119, Lytle, J.D., 178, 186 125, 128 , 9, 142, 143, 146, 148, 150–152, M 155, 158, 231, 238, 242, 264, 269 Macal river, 95 cosmopolitanism at, 143–145 Macal Valley, 98 Mayapán, 51 Macayal phase, 47 Mayeda, T.K., 180 MacKie, E.W., 111, 120, 126 Mays, S., 3 MacLeod, B., 49, 82 McAnany, P., 65, 228 Macrobotanical remains McAnany, P.A., 3, 21, 122, 126, 129, 193, anona (Annona sp.), 42 194, 218, 257, 261, 267, 269 avocado (Persea americana), 43 McCafferty, G.G., 61 beans (Phaseolus sp.), 43 McCafferty, S.D., 61 corncobs (Zea mays), 42 McElroy, M.B., 184 coyol (Acrocomia mexicana), 42 McGee, R.J., 257 gourd (Cucurbita sp.), 43 Medellin Zeñil, A., 151 jocote (Spondias purpurea), 42 Medina Martin, C., 122 mamey (Mammea americana), 43 Megged, A., 258, 259, 260, 262 squash (Cucurbita sp.), 42 Meindl, R.S., 239 tempisque (Mastichendron capiri), 42 Melsheimer, R., 174 totoposte (Licania arborea), 42 Meningitis, 61 Madrid Codex, 79 Mennonites, 84, 91 Magnoni, A., 255–257 Mensabak, 230, 231, 238, 240, 242, 244, Mahalanobis’s generalized distance (D2), 155 246–248 Maize, 178, 181, 184, 186, 256 Mensabak Archaeological Project, 238 Maize God, 30, 31, 126, 212–216 Merriwether, D.A., 142, 155 Maler, T., 216 Metric data, 5 Malnutrition, 51 Mexica, 56, 260 Malvido, E., 227 Mica, 23 Mama Red cajete tripod, 153 Michelet, D., 228 Manner of death, 244 Microwear, 9, 173, 174, 177–179, 182, 186, Mano/metate, 23, 214 188 Mansilla, J., 48, 52 Mictlantecuhtli, 145 Manzanilla, L., 49, 61, 227 Middle Formative, 48, 58 Marfia, A., 112, 114 Migrant, 114, 115, 119, 132 Marfia, A.M., 97 Migrants/foreigners, 178, 182, 187 Margarita Tomb (Copan), 30 Migration, 142, 155 Marino, B.D., 184 Milbrath, S., 144, 145 Márquez, L., 50 Miller, A.G., 258 Marquéz Morfín, L., 7, 150 Miller, K., 5, 132 Martin, D.L., 5 Miller, M.E., 216 Martin, S., 50, 80, 115, 194, 196, 212, 215 Miller, V., 51, 266 Massey, V.K., 7, 28, 49, 266 Miller, V.E., 196, 216 Mass grave, 145, 263, 264, 265 Milner, G.R., 243, 246 Massler, M., 179 Milpa, 212 Masson, M.A., 143–145, 147, 153, 160, 162 Minimum number of elements (MNE), 230 Mat fragment, 43 Minimum number of individuals (MNI), 230, Mathews, P., 80, 81, 196, 215 263 Mat icon, 258 Minjares, A., 238 Matillas Fine Orange Gulf Coast pottery, 144 Miramar, 28 Matlacueye, 56 Missing bones (from burials), 215 Matthews, J.P., 256–258, 269 Missing data, 2 Maudslay, A.P., 270 Mississippian, 130–132 286 Index

Mitochondrial DNA, 142 Núñez Enríquez, L., 214 Mixe-Zoque, 40, 48, 50, 61 Nystrom, K.C., 155 Mixtec, 259, 261 Mmissing data, 156 O Mock, S., 126 Oaxaca, 53, 56, 130, 143 Mock, S.B., 17, 28, 31, 255, 256, 266 Obsidian, 24, 30, 49, 63, 144, 147, 151, 215 Modifications Ocarina, 207 of cranium, 122, 200 Oceloapan, 151 of teeth, 93, 130, 210 Ojo de Agua, 80 of the cranium, 93 O’Leary, M.H., 184 Moholy-Nagy, H., 24 Olivella shells, 89, 95 Molleson, T., 177, 178 Olivier, G., 63, 258–260 Mollusk shell, 214 Olmec, 40, 47, 48, 51, 60 Monaghan, J., 58, 65 Olsen, K.C., 181, 182 Mongelluzzo, R.W., 24 Oratory burials, 150 Mopan river, 95 Organ, J.M., 177, 181, 186 Morales, P., 199, 207 Origin, 108, 111, 115, 119, 122, 123, 125–132 Morehart, C.T., 64 Ortíz, P., 47 Morro, 151 Ortiz Villarreal, V.M., 199 Mortuary pathway, 5, 10, 226, 229, 230, 249 Osborne, J., 173 Mosaic discs, 52 Osborne, R., 173 Moser, C.L., 266 Ossuary, 148, 150, 152, 153, 155, 157, 247, Mountain/Earth monsters, 48 264, 270 Mountains, 26, 53–55, 57, 58, 60, 64, 66 Osteobiography, 17 Moxviquil, 150 Osteological Paradox, 4 Moyes, H., 78, 98 Owen, V., 82 Mul tepal, 142, 143, 161 Owen, V.A., 50, 62, 82, 99, 229, 238 Multiple burials (or mass grave), 51 Ower, L., 112 Multivariate statistics, 5 Ower, L.H., 84 Mural, 258, 264 Oxkutzkab, 150 Oztoyahualco, 49, 61 N Nahua, 53, 59 P Náhuatl, 54, 60, 143 Pachuca, Hidalgo, 144 Nájera, I.M., 52 Pagliaro, J.B., 122, 255, 257 , 49, 81 Paine, R.R., 246 , 27 Pakal, 231 Nanoglou, S., 18 Pakal Na, 30 , 80, 108–110, 113, 120–122, 125 Palace, 109, 111, 121, 127 Nasca (Peru), 130 Paladino, A.P., 178 Nash, L.M., 99 , 28, 114, 125, 196, 206, 212, 214, Navarro Farr, C., 256 260, 269 Navarro Farr, O., 122, 132 Palka, J., 81 Necklace, 46, 52, 54 Palka, J.W., 238, 244, 247 Newsome, E.A., 259 Palkovich, A.M., 5 Nextlahualli (Náhuatl debt payment), 58 Palm, 46 Nixtun–Ch’ich’, 265 Palmer, M., 112 Non-cyclical occasions, 57, 59 Palmul Incised pottery, 144 Nonfunerary, 264 Palombo, M.R., 174 Non-local, 9, 111, 112, 114, 119, 122, 123, Palomo, J.M., 238 126–131 Pantitlan whirlpool, 54, 55 Non-residential burial, 173 Paper, 41, 55, 56, 58, 66 NORM program, 157 Parasitosis, 51 Novotny, A., 99, 108 Parker Pearson, M., 108 Index 287

Partibility, 8, 15–17, 28 Political interactions and migration, 7 Pastor, R.F., 178 Polo-Cerdá, M., 177 Pathologies Polychrome pottery, 202, 204, 206, 209 caries, 94 Pomona, 196 Linear enamel hypoplasias, 94 Pompa y Podilla, J.A., 142 osteitis (periostitis), 94 Pook’s Hill, 97 porotic hyperostosis, 94 Popol nah, 263 Patterson, W.P., 97, 112, 114, 119, 122, 125 Popol Vuh, 30, 212, 214, 226, 260 Pavón, M.V., 5 Population affiliation, 7 Paz Bautista, C., 45, 46 Populational data, 2 Pearson’s correlation coefficient, 156 Porotic hyperostosis, 44, 51, 52, 57, 201, 204, Pendergast, D., 111 210 Pendergast, D.H., 82 Positioning of limbs, 217 Pendergast, D.M., 24, 170, 172–174, 176, 177, Postclassic, 51, 52 187, 265, 268 Postclassic period, 111, 244 Peraza Lope, C., 146–148, 150, 152–154 Postclassic political and economic Pereira, G., 228 organization, 6 Pérez-Pérez, A., 174, 177, 178, 186 Post-funerary rituals, 267 Perforated inverted ceramic dishes, 217 Postmortem, 57 Performance, 196–198 Postmortem manipulation of bodies, 8 Perimortem, 57 Post-processual archaeology, 6 Perimortem manipulation of bodies, 8 Pottery, 144, 151 Perimortem trauma Powell, J.L., 112 lack of evidence, 47 Prechtel, M., 17, 214, 256 Perinatal, 242, 243 Preclassic period, 172, 174, 187, 225 Periostitis, 201, 202, 206, 208, 210 Price, T.D., 5, 97, 112, 114, 119, 122, 125, Peten Guatemala, 143 130, 131 Peten Lakes (Guatemala), 144 Primary burial, 176, 177, 187 Peten lakes region, 264 Primary burial/deposition, 99 Peterson, P.A., 82 Problematic contexts, 4 Petroglyph Cave, 50 Processing of maize Petryshyn, J.T., 248 and effect on isotope signature, 186 Phillips, D.A., 150 Processual ecology, 6 Phytoliths, 177, 181 Proskouriakoff, T., 144, 146–148, 150, 152 Piacenza, L., 42, 43 Prout, A., 59 Pico de Orizaba, 144 Proyecto Económico de Mayapan, 144 Piedras Negras, 80, 196, 214, 216, 267 Prufer, K.M., 64, 81, 98, 226, 228 Piehl, J., 126 Pugh, T.W., 51, 144, 150 Piehl, J.C., 28, 88, 131 Puleston, D.E., 82 Pigment, 268, 269 Pumice, 207 Pigmentation Pumps (to recover artifacts from cenotes), 229 of bodies, 228 Punto de Chimino, 131 Piña Chan, R., 229, 238 Puuc, 150 Pinewood, 52 Pye, M., 40 Piojan, C., 48, 51, 52 Pyramid of the Sun, 49 Pit (intrusive), 119, 123 Pyrite, 49 Plant bundles, 47 Plaster bench, 23 Q Playa del Carmen, 150 Q-mode correction, 157 Plaza floors, 145, 148, 153 Quadripartite division of space, 212, 213 Plunket, P., 61 Quenon, M., 212, 215 Pohl, J.M.D., 258, 259, 261, 269 Quetzalcoatl cult, 142 Pohl, M., 63 Quetzal feathers, 54, 61 Polished river stones, 207, 210 Quiahuiztlan, 151 Political economy, 6 288 Index

R Rock paintings, 41 Radcliffe-Brown, A.R., 218 Rockshelter, 10, 79, 93, 95, 99, 100, 225, 226, Rain ceremonies, 79 228–231, 238, 240, 241, 244, 245, 247, Rain God, 50, 51, 58, 60, 231 248 Ramonal, 27 Rodríguez, A.M., 51 Ramos, C.E., 199, 207 Rodríguez, M., 47 Rancho del Niño, 151 Rodríguez, M.C., 52 Rathje, W.L., 143, 150 Rojas, C., 229, 238 Ravenstein, E.G., 115 Rojas Sandoval, C., 79 Rebirth, 255, 256, 261, 267, 269, 270 Román Berrelleza, J.A., 52, 53, 59 Rebirth (as a theme related to sacrifice), 63 Romano, A., 239 Reburial, 264, 267 Root disturbance, 210 Redfield, R., 212 Root etching, 239 Red (ideological concepts associated with), Rose, J.C., 177 269 Rost, R., 145 Red Queen, 28 Royal, 79, 80 Reed, 47, 55, 61 Royal Ontario Museum, 170 Reed, D.M., 210 Roys, R.L., 52, 79, 143, 262 Reentry of grave/tomb, 30 Rubber, 53–56, 58, 61 Reents–Budet, D., 27, 49, 63, 258–260 Rudolph, K.Z., 131 Reese–Taylor, K., 63, 268, 269 Ruppert, K., 146, 148, 154 Reference standards, 2 Ruz, A., 226, 230, 231, 245 Reilly, F.K., 216 Ruz Lhuillier, A., 81, 145, 150, 214, 269 Reilly III, F.K., 258, 261 Relethford, J.H., 155, 158, 160 S Reptile teeth, 43 Sabloff, J.A., 143, 198 Residences, 144–146, 150, 153, 154 Sacred Cenote of Chichén Itzá, 50, 51, 241 Residential architecture, 170, 231 Sacred object, 258, 259 Residential history, 188 Sacrifice, 7, 8, 9, 32, 79, 82, 89, 92, 98, 99, Residential living spaces (used for interment 126, 170, 264, 265 of the dead), 227 general, 54, 57 Residential zone, 109, 111, 119 of children, 46, 47, 49, 51, 53, 54, 56–61, Restall, M., 115 63 Retainer sacrifice, 28 Safronov, A., 196 Reverential, 255, 257 Sagebiel, K., 20, 27 Reverential contexts, 10 Sak Tz’i’, 196 Rhoads, M.L., 155 Samal phase, 108 Rice, P., 115 Sample bias, 3 Rice, P.M., 142, 256–258, 262, 265 , 113, 119, 125, 216 Ricketson, O., 227, 231 Sánchez, G.M., 46 Ringle, W.M., 143, 148 Sánchez Vargas, M., 122 Río Azul, 24, 231, 268 Sandal, 43 Río La Venta, 41 San Felipe, 150 Río la Venta Project, 238 San Isidro, 48, 57, 151 Rissolo, D., 78, 226, 238 San Lorenzo, 48 Ritual contexts, 154 San Martin Jilotepeque, 144 Ritual specialists, 81 Santillán, S.P., 150 R matrix analysis, 155, 157, 158, 160 Saturday Creek, 173 RMET 5.0 computer program, 158 Saturno, W.A., 256 Roach, J., 51 Saul, F.P., 6, 7, 17, 18, 64, 210 Roaring Creek Valley, 84, 93, 100 Saul, F.R., 4, 6 Robb, J., 18 Saul, J.M., 6, 7, 17, 18, 64, 238 Roberts, C., 3 Saunders, N.J., 269 Robicsek, F., 50 Saunders, S.R., 2 Index 289

Saxe, A.A., 227 Skull racks, 266 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), 46 Slaves, 53, 55 Scarification, 43 Smith, A.L., 146, 148, 149, 154, 270 Schafer, J.L., 157 Smith, B.N., 184 Schele, L., 26, 80, 257, 258, 263 Smith, R.E., 27 Scherer, A., 28, 49, 50, 59, 126 Social identity, 7, 16, 28 Scherer, A.K., 4, 5, 7, 94, 100, 142, 152, 155, Social status, 2, 3, 7 156, 158, 159, 194, 196, 198–200, 206, Soldier/war dead, 265 214, 217 Song, R., 176, 187 Schmidt, C.W., 177 Sosa, J.R., 212 Schmidt, P.J., 50 Soul, 256, 261, 266, 268 Scholes, F.V., 52, 53, 79 Spaniards, 260, 265 Schour, I., 179 Spanish Lookout ceramic complex, 95 Schwake, S., 111, 129 Speleothems, 231 Schwarcz, H.P., 179, 180, 182 Spence, M., 266 Schwarz, K.R., 263, 264 Spence, M.W., 6, 7, 130 Scott, A.M., 49, 57, 78, 79, 81, 82, 92, 98, Spencer, M.A., 186 227, 229, 231, 270 Speolethem, 207 Scott, R.E., 17 Spondylus shell, 25, 27 Scurvy, 61 Spores, R., 53 Sealing, 256–258, 260, 263 Stanton, T.W., 121, 255–257 Seated body position, 44 Statistical testing, 2 Secondary burial, 125, 131, 176, 187, 230 Steele, D.G., 7, 28 Secondary burial/deposition, 99 Steele, G., 49 Secondary deposit, 263 Stelae, 196, 212, 258 Secondary manipulation of bone, 5 Stenzel, W., 258–260 Secondary movement of bones, 128 Stiner, M.C., 179 Secondary (subordinate) centers, 196 Stodder, A.L., 5 Sedge, 265, 268 Stojanowski, C.M., 5, 7, 143, 155 , 160 Stone, A., 82, 92, 212, 213 Selva El Ocote, 39 Stone, A.J., 78, 226, 228 Sequenced posthumous body treatments, 230 Stone beads, 43 Serafin, S., 5, 6, 145, 150, 153, 154 Stone monuments, 199 Serrano, C., 51, 227 Stone plaque, 43 Sex estimation, 5 Stone tools, 177 Sex ratio, 246 Storey, R., 4, 7, 210 Sharer, R., 30, 228 Storm God, 49, 53 Shell, 25, 41, 48, 51, 52, 58, 61, 63, 64, 174 Strangulation, 59 Pinctada mazatlanica, 45 Strathern, M., 16 Spondylus princeps, 46 Striations (on tooth surfaces), 177, 178 Shemesh, A., 179 Stross, B., 256, 257 Shield Jaguar III, 196, 198, 214, 215 Stuart, D., 79, 80, 100, 245, 258, 263 Shield Jaguar IV, 196, 197, 199 Stuart-Williams, H.L.Q., 179, 180 Shimada, I., 227 Stucco sculpture, 151 Shook, E.M., 268 Subadult, 48, 50–52, 57, 65 Shrine ossuaries, 9 Suchey, J., 239 Shrines, 144, 146, 147, 148, 150–152 Suffocation, 59 Shrouds, 268 Sugiyama, S., 49, 130 Sibun Valley, 98 Suhler, C., 121, 122 Sievert, A., 79 Suhler, C.K., 142 Sievert, A.K., 230 Sullivan, L., 20, 27 Sillen, A., 179 Sullivan, L.A., 257, 265 Simpson, S.W., 156 Surovell, T.A., 179 Skull Suzuki, S., 43, 61 buried separate from body, 126 290 Index

T 122, 126, 210, 227–231, 238, 239, 243, Tabasco, 143 244, 246, 247, 255, 264, 269 Tacahuite, 151 Tiger Run ceramic complex, 95 Talgua, 150 , 3, 24, 49, 80, 108, 122, 125, 126, 131, Tamal, 50 170, 173 Tancah, 3 Tikal Dancer, 27 Taphonomy, 5, 78, 194, 230, 239, 247 Tinaja Red pottery, 202 human damage, 82 Tipu, 3 mineral deposits, 89 Titmus, G., 24 rodent gnawing, 88 Tiwanaku, 173 root etching, 94 Tlacateteuh (“human paper streamers”), 53 vascular impressions, 88 Tlacaxipehualiztli, 54 water damage, 89 Tlaloc, 49, 51, 52, 54, 56, 57, 60, 63 Taschek, J.T., 108, 142 Tlaloques, 53, 54, 56, 58, 60 Tate, C.E., 212 Tlaltecuhtli, 145 Taube, K., 50, 60 Tlatelcomila, 48 Taube, K.A., 145, 212, 213, 215, 216, 256, Tlatilco, 49 261 Tlazolteotl, 144 Teaford, M.F., 177, 178, 181, 182, 186 Tokovinine, A., 196, 197 Tecolote, 196, 211 Toltec, 56 Tedlock, D., 30, 260 Tomb, 18, 22, 25, 27, 30, 79, 80, 99, 100, 198, Temple of Ehécatl, 52 211, 214, 215 Templo Mayor, 52, 57 Tomb re-entry, 266, 269 Tenejapa, 256, 257 Tombs, 3 Tenenpanco, 51 tonacacuauhuitl, “the Tree of Our Tenochtitlan, 52, 259 Sustenance”, 60 Teotenango, 51 Tonacatecuhtli (“Lord of Our Sustenance”, a Teotihuacan, 49, 61, 129, 132 reference to Tlaloc), 60 Tepictoton, 56 Tonina, 196 Terminal Classic, 49 Tooth wear, 156 Terminal Classic period, 6, 9, 127, 132, 176, Topoxté, 51, 264 187, 199, 217, 243, 266 Totonac, 150 Termination, 88, 255–257, 263, 266, 267 Tovalín Ahumada, A., 199 Termination events, 10 Townsend, G.C., 154 Termination rituals, 228 Tozcuecuex (Mexica chief), 56 Tetimpa, Puebla, 61 Tozzer, A., 268 Textiles, 41, 43, 46, 63 Tozzer, A.M., 52, 53, 79, 81, 143, 153, 154 Tezcatlipoca, 56 Trachman, C., 20 Tezcoco, 51 Trachman, R., 24 Tezozomoc, H.A., 57 Trade networks, 142 Than, K., 59 Trauma Theory, 11 perimortem, 88, 99 Thomas, N.D., 59 postmortem, 100 Thompson, D.E., 150 Traxler, L.P., 228 Thompson, E.H., 81, 226, 229, 245 Trepanation, 51 Thompson, J.E., 78, 81 Trik, A.S., 24, 269 Thompson, J.E.S., 150, 263 Tringham, R.E., 18 Thornton, E.K., 112 Trophies, 266 Three Rivers region, 17, 19, 27 Trophy-head, 28 Three-stone hearth, 213 Tsak’ phase, 123 Throat slitting, 49, 51, 52, 54, 56, 57, 59 T-tests, 155, 157 Tiesler Blos, V., 142, 155 , 144, 150, 258 Tiesler, V., 3–7, 16, 18, 28, 30, 42–47, 51, 57, Tung, T., 130 58, 61, 62, 65, 79, 82, 88, 92–94, 99, Tung, T.A., 5 Index 291

Tuross, N., 179 Weiner, S., 179 Turquoise, 52, 60 Weiss-Krejci, E., 4, 17, 28, 99, 108, 111, 115, Twisted cords, 258 194, 228, 255, 267–269 Typologies, 6 Welsh, W.B., 227–229, 231 Tzeltal Maya, 78, 248, 256 Welsh, W.B.M., 21, 23, 25, 111, 170, 269 Tzoalli (amaranth dough), 55 Western Belize Regional Cave Project, 84 Tzutujil Maya, 258 Western Chiapas, 8, 39, 40, 61 Western Honduras, 5 U Western Mexico, 143 , 269, 270 White, C.D., 3, 6, 7, 95, 129, 130, 155, 179, Uaxactún, 27 182, 184, 186, 188, 210 Ubelaker, D.H., 92, 145, 200, 238, 239 White (ideological concepts associated with), Ulua Valley, 143 261 Ungar, P.S., 177, 178, 181, 186 White marl, 256–258, 263, 265, 267, 269 Unmodified cranium, 44 used to cover, 121 Urcid, J., 46, 53 Whittington, S.L., 7, 28, 210 Urn burial, 61, 62, 66 Wilkinson, R.G., 266 Uruñuela, G., 61 Willey, G.R., 95, 111, 129 Usumacinta Basin (Chiapas), 238 Wonderly, W.L., 58, 59 Usumacinta River, 198, 199, 217 Woodbury, R.B., 269 Wooden objects, 58 V anthropomorphic busts, 47 Vaca Plateau, 95 knives, 47 Vail, G., 79, 256 scepters, 47 Valdez, F., Jr., 27 staffs, 47 Valencia Rivera, R., 50 Wooden zoomorphic sculpture, 43 Valley of Mexico, 130 Wood, J.W., 2, 4 van der Merwe, N.J., 184 World tree, 213 Vargas Pacheco, E., 150 Wrapping, 256– 258, 260, 263, 265–269 Varien, M.D., 115 of bodies, 228 Vasquez, M.A., 5 Wrapping/bundling of body, 216 Vásquez, R., 199 Wright, A.C.S., 112 Veneration, 16, 29, 32 Wright, L., 229, 231 Veneration of saints Wright, L.E., 2, 4–7, 113, 125, 131, 155, 179, in Europe, 173 182, 210 Veracruz, 144, 150, 151, 264 Wrobel, G., 5–7, 84, 93, 95 Villa Rojas, A., 78, 212 Wrobel, G.D., 94, 142, 155, 160, 227–230, Violation, 264 240 Violence, 150, 154 Vogel, J.C., 184 X Vogt, E.Z., 80, 100, 212, 214, 245, 256 Xcambo, 161 Xcan, 238 W Xibalba, 24, 27 Wagner, E., 256–258, 261, 263, 265, 267, 270 Xibalbá, 226, 245 Walker, W.H., 249 Xipe, 54 Warfare, 196 Xipe Totec, 144 Warinner, C., 179 Xiu, 143, 148, 161 Wari (Peru), 130 Xochipilli, 145 War prisoners, 53 Xuenkal, 30 Wauchope, R., 81 , 9, 80, 111, 116, 119, 120–122, Waupel, J.W., 246 125–127, 129, 132 Weaving, 258 Xunantunich Archaeological Project (XAP), Webster, D., 2, 7, 21 111 Xunantunich Palace Excavations (XPE), 111 292 Index

Y Z Yaeger, J., 108–112, 120, 121 , 51, 144, 263, 265, 267, 269 Yahuales, 41 , 269 Yahualli (Grass circles), 55 Zapotal, 264 , 9, 114, 194, 196–200, 211–218, Zender, M., 63, 79, 212, 213 260 Zopilote Smudged Black pottery, 202, 209, Yaxuna, 122, 258, 263, 267 214 Yetiuh, 54 Zoque, 40, 58, 65 Yoder, C.J., 2, 4 Zrałka, J., 27 Yucatan, 79, 94 Źrałka, J., 212 Yucatan Peninsula, 125 Zuckerman, M.K., 6 Yucatec Maya, 263, 270 Yuknoom Yich’aak K’ahk’ (Jaguar Paw Smoke), 266 Yurtsever, Y., 174