Mehmet Hđlmđ'ye Göre Bati Trakya Türklerđnđn 1930

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Mehmet Hđlmđ'ye Göre Bati Trakya Türklerđnđn 1930 MEHMET HİLMİ’YE GÖRE BATI TRAKYA TÜRKLERİNİN 1 2 Nilüfer ERDEM GĐRĐŞ MEHMET H ĐLM Đ’YE GÖRE BATI TRAKYA TÜRKLER ĐNĐN 24 Temmuz 1923 tarihli Lozan Barı ş Antla şması ile Yunanistan’a bırakılmı ş 1930 TÜRK-YUNAN DOSTLU ĞUNDAN BEKLENT ĐLER Đ olan günümüz Batı Trakya’sı; do ğudan Meriç (Evros) Nehri ile Türkiye’den, batıdan Mesta – Karasu (Nestos) Nehri ile Makedonya’dan, kuzeyden Rodop Da ğları ile Bulgaristan’dan ayrılmaktadır. Bölge güneyden Ege Denizi ile çevrilidir ve üç ilden olu şmaktadır. Bu iller en do ğuda Meriç ‘Evros’ (merkezi Dedea ğaç ‘Aleksandrupolis’), Nilüfer ERDEM * ortada Rodop (merkezi Gümülcine ‘Komotini’) ve batıda Đskeçe ‘Ksanthi’ (merkezi Özet Đskeçe ‘Ksanthi’)dirler. Bölgenin denize kadar inen düzlük bölümüne bölge Türkleri Batı Trakya Türkleri, Yunanistan’ın di ğer bölgelerindeki Müslüman Türk nüfusun aksine arasında Ova, burayla Rodop Da ğları arasında kalan kısma Yaka, oranın da kuzeyindeki 1 mübadele uygulamasının dı şında tutulmu şlardır. Yine de Lozan Antla şması sonrasında bir takım da ğlık bölgeye Cebel, ya da bugün daha yaygın olarak Balkan Kolu adı verilmektedir . problemlerle yüzle şmi şlerdir. Bu dönemde bölge Türklerinin en önemli sıkıntıları, mübadeleden sonra bölgeye yerle ştirilen Rum göçmenlerden kaynaklanmı ştır. Söz konusu geli şme sebebiyle Lozan’da, 30 Ocak 1923 günü Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi Hükümeti ile bölgedeki ekonomik, sosyal ve demografik dengeler bozulmu ştur. Di ğer taraftan Kurtulu ş Yunan Hükümeti arasında imzalanan “Türk ve Rum Nüfus Mübadelesine Đli şkin Sava şı’nın akabinde Türkiye’den gelen bir grup sı ğınmacı da bölgeyi mesken tutmu ştur. Bunlardan bir kısmı gazeteler çıkarmı ş, ö ğretmenlik yapmı ş, daha da önemlisi Batı Trakya Sözle şme ve Protokol”ü uyarınca Türkiye ile Yunanistan arasında Türk ve Rum nüfus Türklerine ait kimi kurumlarda roller üstlenmi şlerdir. Genç bir gazeteci olan Mehmet Hilmi, kar şılıklı olarak de ğiştirilmi ş, ancak 1912 yasası uyarınca belirlenen Đstanbul Belediyesi Türkiye ile Yunanistan’ın yeni bir dostluk antla şması için kollarını sıvadıkları bir dönemde, bölge Türklerinin problemlerini ve dostluktan beklentilerini yayınlamakta oldu ğu “Yeni Adım” sınırları içinde, 30 Ekim 1918 tarihinden önce yerle şmi ş bulunan Rumlarla, 1913 Gazetesi’nde i şlemi ştir. Öyle ki Yeni Adım, Batı Trakya Türklerinin sesi olmu ştur. Mehmet Bükre ş Antla şması’yla sınırları çizilen Batı Trakya’nın batı sınırının do ğusunda ya şayan Hilmi’nin konulara aydın, yenilikçi ve milliyetçi bir pencereden baktı ğı, bölge Türklerinin Müslümanlar mübadele dı şı bırakılmı şlardır 2. haklarını ate şli bir şekilde savundu ğu dikkat çekmektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Mehmet Hilmi, Yeni Adım Gazetesi, Batı Trakya, Lozan Antla şması, 1930 Mübadele Sözle şmesi’ne göre, bu sözle şmeyi uygulamak üzere Türk ve Yunanlı Türk-Yunan Dostluk Antla şması. temsilcilerin de dahil oldu ğu uluslararası bir karma komisyon kurulmu ş ve 1923 Ekim’inden itibaren çalı şmaya ba şlamı ştır. Ancak sözle şmenin komisyon tarafından ABSTRACT uygulanmaya ba şlanması ve mübadele i şlerinin ele alınmasıyla birlikte kimlerin “etabli Expectations of Western Thracian Turks from The Turco-Greek Friendship in 1930 according (yerle şmi ş)” sayılacakları konusunda Türk ve Yunan temsilciler arasında yorumlama to Mehmet Hilmi farklılıkları ortaya çıkmı ştır. 21 Haziran 1925’te imzalanan Ankara Antla şması, Turks of Western Thrace, unlike the Muslim Turkish population at other regions of Greece were mübadeleden kaynaklanan mali ve hukuksal sorunların giderilmesini hedeflemi ştir. Bu excluded from population exchange. Nevertheless, they faced various problems after the antla şmayla Türkiye 30 Ekim 1918’den önce ve sırada Đstanbul’da mevcut bulunan tüm Lausanne Treaty. At that time the main problems raised due to Greek immigrants which were settled to this region. Due to this development the economic, social and demographic balance had Rumlara (Ortodoks ve Türk vatanda şı olmasa bile), yerle şmek niyetine bakmaksızın deteriorated. On the other hand immediately after the War of Independence a group of refugees yerle şik sıfatını tanımı ştır. Ayrıca, yasal pasaportları olmaksızın ülkelerini terk edenler from Turkey resided in the region. Some of them published newspapers, others served as teacher hariç olmak üzere yerle şik sıfatı tanınan Batı Trakya Müslümanları ve Đstanbul Rumları and the most important they undertook important roles at some foundations of Western Thrace Turks. Mehmet Hilmi as a young journalist, investigated at his newspaper “Yeni Adım” the problems and expectations of the region Turks from friendship treaty which was under preparation between Greece and Turkey. So much so that “Yeni Adım” became the voice of Western Thrace Turks. It is significant that Mehmet Hilmi’s approach to subjects is intellectual, innovative and nationalist. Also, he defended the rights of the Western Thrace Turks with passion. Key Words: Mehmet Hilmi, “Yeni Adım” Newspaper, Western Thrace, The Lausanne Treaty, 1 Turkish-Greek Friendship Treaty of 1930. Nilüfer Erdem, “Lozan Antla şması’ndan Günümüze Batı Trakya Türklerinin E ğitim ve Öğretim Birli ği Sorunu”, (Basılmamı ş Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Đstanbul Üniversitesi, Atatürk Đlkeleri ve Đnkılap Tarihi Enstitüsü, 2003), s. 1-2. * Okutmanı. Dr., Đstanbul Üniversitesi, Atatürk Đlkeleri ve Đnkılap Tarihi, 2 Đsmail Soysal, Türkiye’nin Siyasal Antla şmaları (1920-1945), Cilt: 1, Ankara, Türk Tarih [email protected] Kurumu Basımevi, 2000, s. 185-191. MEHMET HİLMİ’YE GÖRE BATI TRAKYA TÜRKLERİNİN 3 4 Nilüfer ERDEM ülkelerine serbestçe dönebilecek, mallarına sahip olabileceklerdir. Söz konusu ki şilere çözülmesinden sonra bir Türk-Yunan dostluk ve saldırmazlık antla şmasının mallarını iade etmek olasılı ğı yoksa, adil bir tazminat ödenecektir 3. imzalanabilece ğine i şaret etmi ştir 7. 1 Aralık 1926’da imzalanan ve 23 Haziran 1927’de yürürlü ğe giren Atina Yunanistan’da göçmenlerin iskanı meselesiyle “Muhacir Komisyonu Te şkilatı” Antla şması, yerle şik sorunundan çok mali sorunları çözme amacını ta şımı ştır. Bu ilgilenmi ştir. Bu arada Yunanistan, belki de Türkiye sınırına yakın bir bölgede büyükçe antla şmaya göre Yunanistan’ın mübadeleye tabi bölgelerinde, yani Batı Trakya dı şında sayılabilecek bir Türk toplumunun ya şamasından rahatsızlık duydu ğundan, Batı yerle şik olup, Balkan Sava şı’nın ba şlama tarihi olan 18 Ekim 1912’de bu bölgeden Trakya’ya önemli sayıda göçmen yerle ştirmek suretiyle bölgeyi “Helenle ştirme” yoluna ayrılmı ş veya öteden beri Yunanistan dı şında oturmu ş olan Müslümanlarla tüm Türk gitmi ştir. 1928 nüfus sayımı Batı Trakya’nın 303.171 olan nüfusunun 107.607’sinin uyruklarına ait ta şınmazlar Yunan Hükümeti’nin mülkiyetine geçecektir. Benzer şekilde göçmen oldu ğunu ortaya koymu ştur 8. Ayrıca bölgede 280 yeni göçmen yerle şim birimi Türkiye’nin mübadeleye tabi bölgelerinde oturmakta olup 18 Ekim 1912’den önce ortaya çıkmı ştır 9. Batı Trakya bölgesine Kurtulu ş Sava şı’nın akabinde kimi Türkiye’den ayrılmı ş veya öteden beri Türkiye dı şında oturmu ş olan Rumlarla tüm Yüzellilikler 10 ve firarilerin de yerle şti ğinin gözden kaçırılmaması gerekir. Venizelos’un Yunan uyruklarına ait ta şınmaz mallar Türk hükümetinin mülkiyetine geçecektir. Her iktidara gelmesinin akabinde Türk ve Yunan Hükümetleri’nin Batı Trakya Türklerinin iki tarafın eline geçecek ta şınmazların de ğerlerinin saptanmasından sonra, alacak ve de kaderini etkileyecek yeni bir antla şma için müzakereler ba şlattıkları bir dönemde borçlar konusunda hesaplar çıkartılarak öde şilecektir. Bunun dı şında Đstanbul ve Batı Mehmet Hilmi, bölgede ya şanan sorunları ve çözüm bekleyen problemleri kendi Trakya gibi mübadele dı şı bırakılmı ş bölgelerdeki Rum ve Müslüman halkın görü şleriyle birlikte i şleyerek Yeni Adım sütunlarına ta şımı ştır. ta şınmazları, anla şmanın yürürlü ğe girmesinden itibaren en geç bir ay içinde ve vergiden muaf tutularak sahiplerine geri verilecektir. Atina Antla şması’nın uygulanması sırasında yeni teknik sorunlar ortaya çıkmı ş, iki tarafta ta şınmaz malların kıymetleri 1. Mehmet Hilmi ve Yeni Adım Gazetesi 4 konusunda farklı de ğerlendirmeler yapılmı ştır . Sorunların çözümü için Venizelos’un Mehmet Hilmi 1902 yılında Sofulu’nun 11 Babalar köyünde do ğmu ş ve ilk seçim zaferini beklemek gerekmi ştir. Nitekim Venizelos 19 A ğustos 1928 seçimlerinde eğitimini Sofulu’da tamamlamı ştır. Balkan Sava şı nedeniyle Uzunköprü’ye göç etmi ş 5 oyların % 61’ini alarak güçlü bir şekilde iktidara gelmi ştir . olan Mehmet Hilmi e ğitimine Edirne Lisesi ve Ö ğretmen Okulu ile devam etmi ş, Sorunlar olmasına ra ğmen Kemalist Türkiye ile yakın i şbirli ğine gitmek, Dimetoka ve Gümülcine’de ö ğretmenlik yapmı ştır. Ancak onu asıl ölümsüz kılan, Venizelos’un dı ş siyasetinin ku şkusuz en önemli hedefini te şkil etmi ştir. Seçim Lozan Antla şması’ndan sonra Batı Trakya’da yayınladı ğı “Yeni Ziya”, “Yeni Yol” ve zaferinden sadece on bir gün sonra, yani 30 A ğustos 1928’de Venizelos, Türk Dı şişleri “Yeni Adım” gazeteleridir. Öyle ki Yeni Ziya, Lozan Antla şması’ndan sonra bölgede 12 Bakanı Tevfik Rü ştü (Aras) Bey’e ve Ba şbakan Đsmet ( Đnönü) Pa şa’ya mektup yayınlanan ilk Türkçe gazetedir . 6 göndermi ştir . Venizelos mektubunda Türkiye’nin Yunanistan’dan herhangi bir toprak iste ğinin bulunmadı ğına inandıklarını, kendilerinin de Türkiye’den herhangi bir toprak 7 Aleksis Aleksandris, “To Đstoriko Plesio Ton Ellinoturkikon Sheseon [Türk – Yunan iste ği olmadı ğını belirtmi ş, mübadeleden kaynaklanan ekonomik ve teknik sorunların Đli şkilerinin Tarihi Çerçevesi]”, Đ Ellinoturkikes
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