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AI at the Edge White Paper AIAI ATAT THE EDGEEDGE 2021 – WHITE2021 PAPER – WHITE PAPER 1 POTENTIAL OF AI AT THE EDGE FOR SMART SYSTEMS 3 Content 1 Introduction to “AI at the Edge” for Smart Systems ...........................................5 1.1 How to read this document ..............................................................................................5 1.2 Artificial intelligence at the Edge: introduction to the topic ........................................6 1.2.1 Definition of “AI at the Edge” .............................................................................................6 1.3 Impact for the European Smart Systems industry and market .....................................7 1.4 Technical advantages and opportunities of AI at the Edge ...........................................7 1.5 Cost effectiveness .............................................................................................................8 2 Applications for “AI at the Edge” ................................................................................9 2.1 Automotive and multi-modal mobility ............................................................................9 2.1.1 Vehicle intelligence and V2X communication .........................................................................9 2.1.2 Occupant activity “understanding” ......................................................................................9 2.1.3 Air path control and diagnostics ....................................................................................... 10 2.1.4 Battery lifecycle management .......................................................................................... 10 2.1.5 Thermal management of the powertrain ............................................................................ 10 2.1.6 Autonomous (Inland) ships by Project A-Swarm ................................................................... 11 2.1.7 Massive sensor technology and networks ........................................................................... 11 2.2 Energy ............................................................................................................................... 12 2.2.1 Smart Grid .................................................................................................................... 12 2.2.2 Smart buildings ............................................................................................................. 13 2.3 Digital Industry ................................................................................................................ 14 2.3.1 Predictive maintenance ................................................................................................... 14 2.3.2 Reliable prevention of early failures .................................................................................. 14 2.3.3 Robot co-working .......................................................................................................... 14 2.4 Health and wellbeing ...................................................................................................... 15 2.4.1 Vital sensing with radar ................................................................................................... 15 2.4.2 Personalised medicine .................................................................................................... 15 2.4.3 Affective computing (“AI of emotions”) .............................................................................. 16 2.4.4 Sport analytics .............................................................................................................. 16 2.4.5 Physiological monitoring ................................................................................................. 17 2.5 Agriculture, Farming and Natural Resources ................................................................ 17 2.5.1 Automated weeding ....................................................................................................... 17 2.5.2 Drones for precision agriculture ....................................................................................... 18 2.5.3 Soil control ................................................................................................................... 18 2.6 Smart Cities ...................................................................................................................... 19 2.6.1 Smart streetlights .......................................................................................................... 19 2.6.2 Air quality .................................................................................................................... 19 2.6.3 Alarm Systems ............................................................................................................... 19 4 EPoSS – WHITE PAPER AI at the Edge 3 State-of-the-art of “AI at the Edge” ......................................................................... 21 3.1 Edge AI for smarter systems .......................................................................................... 21 3.2 Hardware for edge AI ...................................................................................................... 22 3.3 Machine learning models for edge AI ............................................................................ 24 3.4 Distributed learning at the Edge ................................................................................... 25 3.5 Frameworks and platforms for AI at the Edge .............................................................. 26 3.6 Orchestration of AI between cloud and edge resources ............................................. 27 3.7 Hardware-software co-design for AI at Edge ............................................................... 30 4 Future Challenges and Trends ..................................................................................... 31 4.1 Trust and explainability .................................................................................................. 31 4.2 Re-learning ...................................................................................................................... 31 4.3 Security and adversarial attacks .................................................................................... 31 4.4 Learning at the Edge ....................................................................................................... 33 4.5 Integrating AI into the smallest devices ....................................................................... 33 4.6 Data as a basis for AI ....................................................................................................... 33 4.7 Neuromorphic technologies ........................................................................................... 34 4.8 Meta-learning .................................................................................................................. 34 4.9 Hybrid modelling ............................................................................................................. 35 4.10 Energy efficiency .............................................................................................................. 36 5 Milestones for AI at the Edge in Smart Systems ............................................... 37 6 Policy Recommendations .............................................................................................. 38 6.1 Sustainable business model innovation ........................................................................ 38 6.2 Our vision – cross domain technology stack ................................................................. 39 6.3 Common standards .......................................................................................................... 40 6.4 Heterogeneous approaches, multiple vendors ............................................................ 41 6.5 Education and network building .................................................................................... 41 6.6 Data collection, testing and experimentation facilities for AI at the Edge ............... 42 7 Summary ............................................................................................................................... 43 References ........................................................................................................................... 45 Authors .............................................................................................................................. 50 1 POTENTIAL OF AI AT THE EDGE FOR SMART SYSTEMS 5 1 Introduction to “AI at the Edge” for Smart Systems In this paper members of the European Platform on Smart Systems Integration (EPoSS) have collected their views on the benefits of incorporating Artificial Intelligence in future Smart devices and defined the actions required to achieve this to implement “AI at the Edge”. 1.1 How to read this document To address individual needs of our audience, we divided the structure of this document into two parts: the first part focuses on status quo: Chapter 1 includes the market potential of AI at the edge, Chapter 2 describes the pos- sible application domains and challenges and presents the state-of-the-art technologies that are available now. The second part addresses the future. Chapters 4 and 5 include the novel technologies, trends, and technological milestones that will drive the future research activities in the next ten years. Chapter 6 outlines the recommen- dations of the experts to the political
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