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Home , Philip III of Macedon, Pope Stephen IX

OF

UNIVERSAL HISTORY

)

A SERIES OF CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES PRESENTING.

m PARALLEL COLUMNS, A RECORD OF THE MORE

NOTEWORTHY EVENTS IN THE HISTORY OF THE

WORLD FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES DOWN TO 1890.

COMPJLRD BY

G. P. PUTNAM. A.M.

AND CONTINUKD TO DATE BV

LYNDS E. JONES

Il^/T// CHART

G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS NEW YORK LONDON 37 WEST TWEKTV-THIRD ST. 1-J KIX« WILLIAM ST., STnATO

1891 •-^.•—Tr—- —'—•yf^rrw^""'"'"

vi EXl-l-ANATIOÄ Oi-' TUE CHAKT Üi' UISIOUV.

Tribes sepai-ntecl, 975 ; tlie^ are conquercd, 731, and Jndah, 588, by the Ässyrians ; restored by the Persians, 535 ; nnder tlie Macedonians,. i}30 ; restoE'ed to iudependence by the Maeea.bees, 150, conquered by tlits PREFACE. IJonians, 68 ; by tlie Saracons, A. D. 623 ; afterwards by tho cruaaders, Mameliikea, and Tiirlis, sueccssively.—England subducd bythc Komans in the first Century ; reliuqnished by them, A. D. 410 ; aubdued by tlie Tliis chronology of historical events, origiiially compiled by the late George Saxons, 500 ; by the Danes, 860; by the Normana (receiving French P. Putnarn and forming a part of his comprehensive cyclopedia on "The torritoties), lOOG; united with Irclatid, 1170 ; with Walea, 1280 ; with World's Progress," has been carefiilly reviscd and bronght down to the present Scotland, 1600.—Italy in antiquity possessed by several petty tribes ; by time, and it is now issned in a separate form in the trlist that every one who the Homans from 300—300 B. C. to 480 A. D., then by the Herulii, Oefcro- needs at his elbow a convenient manual of dates may find his requirements goths, Lombards, and It'ranks, successively ;—in modern times dividcd satisfied in this vohime. To teachers especially it is hoped that it may prove into several small republics and prlncipalities; joiaed to the Froncli an impprtant aid in imparting instruction. They more than all others ap- empire about 1800, and now divided ehiefly between Anstria, the Wrand preciate the difficulty of permanently fixiiig in the mind the exact time of Dukes of Tuscany, Modena, &c., the , and the King of Naples.* grcat occurrences, and they shoukl accordingly vahie any means of lessening that difficulty. Sucli a means, it is thouglit, is foiind in the arrangement here " They are rather melancboly reflections whicli the viow of such a adopted of placing in parallel columns on facing pages the events occurring chart of history is apt to excite in the minds of persons of feeling and throughoTit the world at about the same period of time. This calls in the liumanity. What a number of revolutione are marked upon it! "VVhat powerful asäistance of association in enabling the memory to grasp and retain a torrents of human blood has the restless ambition of mortals shed, and hold of important dates by showing at a glance simnltaneoiis occun-ences in in what eomplicated distress has the discontent of powerfal individuals •other countries. It also helps in teaching the lesson that the history of any involved a great part of their species ! "—Priestley one nation is only a part of the history of the world ; and that the proper way tü study trne history is to follow the progress of the people scattered over * Ihonrcficnt üditor liiis tliouglit best to eivc Dr. JMcßtlcy's Kiimmary in hin üwn words. It ia liardly nücessary to cxplaiu tliat Italy of to-day is mit so divided,—but tliat the face of the globe, and not of a fragmentary few gathered into one corner tlie unliro pouinsula iuis sliice IfiOü constltuted tlie Kingdom of Italy. of it.

The most distant events are naturally the ones it isi the most difficult to place with positive certainty. Egyptian history goes the furthest back of any knovra to US, and more light has been thrown upon its early days by recent research than upon that of any other country. Yet to-day authorities still differ as to the time of the foundation of its first dynasty by as wide a raargin as 1,500 years (Bunsen, 3,600 B.C. ; Mariette, 5,000 B.C.). In this condition of doirbt it has beeil deemcd Avise to talie a conservative estimate and the chronology of Brugsch and Dancker lias therefore been followed. Tlie chronology of Usher is now so universally discredited by Biblical scholars as well as by other students that it has been entirely discarded, and Hebraic history has been begun with the introduction of monarchy among the Jews, the earliest event in their career that can be fixed with any approxiraate degree o£ accuracy, Other occurrences in the twilight period of history, to whicli custom has assigned arbitrary dates, havc been omitted as of too mythical a character and o£ too ixncertain a time to be recorded in a sober book of facts. Perhaps future in- vestigation and new sources of Information jnay some day clear away the clouds and Ict us see which are facts and whicli are fahles, and the former will then iind their place in chronologies ; but for the present, at least, chronologies are the one place they should f-wi appear in. LYNDS E JONES EXPLAMTIOK OF THE CHART OF HISTORY.

Scprcscitting, in a GhToiiolorjicul Scvies, tM Eise, liewluUons, and Fall oj tlie. Principal Empires ofthe World.

ON TUE TLAW OP BK. .TOUN PlilESTLEY. •

It is noccsary to notice, that the space allotted to eacli country is rather accordiug to ita relative political importanco thau to ita geograpliical extent. The Spaces between the -oertical iines which cross the chart represent time, viz., each a Century, or 100 years ; those between the horizontal lines represent conntries, the names of which are cspressed ot the end of the chart, I5y examining the vertical columnH we aseertain tho contemporary State of different nations at t!ic perJod wofix upon. For iußtancc : about , : ANCIENT CHRONOLOGY 1500 years before Christ wo see states forming in Greeee ; the Israelites i'.i •' in Egypt (from whence they depart nina years after); the Egyptian, As,syrian, Persiau, Chine.se, and othor l^ingdoms had been foitndcd PROM THE EARLIEST RECORDS TO THE'CHRISTIAN ERA several centuries previous—bat their history uncertain and obscnre. At the time of Ohrist we find the Roman Empire spread over a greater part of the then known world, but the Parthiana, Britons, and Germans, as yet unsubdued by them. '/OO years after, this empire exists only in Turkey, and its former territories are under barbarians : the Heptarchy in England ; the Lombards in Italy; the Franks in Gaul; the African provjnces, and a largo part of Asia under tho Saraccns. In 1500 we find •fihe Eastei'n or Greek Empire fallen under the Türks ; the Tartars •gowerful in Asia : many of the modern states of Europe founded; America discovered by tho Eiiropeans, &c., &c. ) On the other band, the revolutions of each country may bo Seen in continuation by looking along the chart horizontally : the Persian empire is founded in remote antiquity ; united. with that of the Medes about

600 B. c. ; is extended by Cyrus into As., Asia Minor, and Egypt, 53S; falls in turn, under the Maeedouians, Parthians, Saraeens, Türks, and Tartars, successively.—"Vlie Israelitc,'; in Egypt from 1706 to 1491B. C; in Canaan 1451 ; under the Judges about 1300 ; under Kings, 1095 j Ten

2 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 4400 B.C.- 850 B.C. A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD.

li.C ASIA, I'KOGKKsa Ob- SocjKTv AN:j TUE AKTS. AFKICA. Eui:0['E.

4400 {abotii). Foundatio 1 of the first dynasty i Egypt. {ahoiit). ErecLion of the Grcat Pyramid at Gizeh. 350 {about). Riseof the kingdon of . Ä-)'- 2281: {about). Chaldea conqoerec hy Cudur-Nanhhnndi, th Klamite. Beginning of Clialdean astronomicai ob- sL'vvations, •^soc (about). Foundation of the 2300-1700 {about). Do Hia dynasly in China, minion of the in Egypt. (ßbmit). Use of cuneiform writing. (First dcciphered iSoz A.D.) 1700-1250 {abouf). Perioc of the gre.tte.'it power • and splendoi- of tho New Empire in Egypt. 1582 BeginniDs of clironology of Arundelean (Parian) marble. IJDO (jzboui). Üabylon united into 1500 {aOoiii). Dato of oldest p.^py^L e.'itan.t. a Single powerful monarchy, -1300 {about). l'eriod of the greatest power of the Plit- tite realm in Syria. 1300 [aboHt). Reign of Shelman- escr I, in A.ssyria. 1250 (about). Phcenicians entei* upon their career of colonlzation. (ßboui). Cylinder inscription of Ticjlath-Pilescr, King of AKsyn'a. iroo {about). Foundation of the itQD {about). Dorian niigra- Chow dynasty in China. lion into Peloponnesus. 1055 (flboui). Establishment of monarchy uy the jews: l;in£. 133 (alioilt). Saul overwliclraed Ly the Phil ist incs: at Gilboa : proelaimcd king, _,_J3 {aioid). Accession of , 953 {fl-iout). ilevolt of the ten tribes \'- • linder Jeroboam : Israel and Judah HCp- anitc l:nigdoms. 940 {about). Capture of Jerusalem hy Slies- honk, King of Egypt, 929 ifibniri). Acccssion of Asa in Judah, 900 900 {a,/ioKt). Erection of Nortiiwest Palace üf about). ^ Commencoinent of Niniroud. Assyrian (tcrminated 640 Ü.C.). 899 [aboui). Accession of Omri in Israel. - ) 873 (about). Accession of Jchoshaphat ;r,. Judah, S53 i^avout). Syrians defcat and kill Ahab, iCingof Israel at Ramoth-Güead. so {about). Colonization SO {^bout). Lcgislation of of Carthage by the Lycurgus in Sparta. I:: Tyrians. THE WORLD S PROGRESS. 843 ß.C- 4 586 B.C. A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD.

PROQKESS OF SOCIETV AND TIIH AUTS. Ti!K Jiiws. AsiA. AFIUCA. EUROIT:,

843 iaiaiU). Throne of Israel usurped by Jchii. 792 (aioiii). Acccssion of Uzniah in Judah 790 (aiffui). Accessian of Jeioboara II. in Israel.

776 Beginning of the Olympiads. 77Ö. Olympiad of Coroebus. the first anthcutic dale in Grecian history. 7S3- Foundation of Rorae, 750. Foundation of Syracusc by tlie Corinthiaiis, 748 (aioui). End of ihe dynasty of Jehu / \ Israel. ^ y )

743-73+' War of Sparta upon Mossenia: lattoi- reduced to subjection. (aboui). Syria subdued hy Tigioth-Pilcser II., King of As.syria. inboiit). Chaldea subdued by 72S. Acccssion of Hezekiah in Judah. Tiglath-Pileser II. 722. Samaria taken by Sargon, King of Assyria: overthrow of the kingdom of Israel: captivity of the ten tribo,?. 701, Invasion ofjud.ah by Scnnaclierib, 697, Acccssion of Manasseh in Judah.

.4, A t Ii e n i a n archonship mado annual. 659. Foundation of ByMntium. 650 ia&oitt). Egypt united under Psammetiohus,

045-028, UnsuccessfuI attemptg of Messenia to throw off Spartan yoke. 640 ifibotit). Media becomes in- dependent of Assyria. 025 {fthoiif), Scythians overrun Media, Assyria and Syria. 624. Lcgislation of Draco in 622. of Josiah in Judah, Athens. 609. Judah overpowered hy Necho, King of EgyP': Josiah slain. .

(. ) Nineveh taken by tho Medes and Babylonians ; Assyrian 605. Necho defeatod by Nebuchadnezzar at monarchy overwhelmed, Carchemish. 597. Jerusalem taken by Nebuchadnezzar.

594- Logislation of Solon in Commencement of the celebration of th. Athens. Pythian games (every five years). sSfi. Destruction of Jerusalem : üabylonish captivity. A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 6 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 5^5 ß-C-^ 5 IO B.c. 7

Gnb-GOB. ItOMB, BTC. 3.0 FKoaft£SS DP SoctBir. JBWS. ASIA.

585. DoachofPeriander,tyrant 033 of Corinth. 582. Nebtichailneziar invades ßS2. Corinth becomes arepub- Elam—takea . 581 Egypt invaded by Nebuchud' llc. nezzar. 578 Hlonei/coinedat Borne bySer- 578. Serviua Tülllnd, king o) »iua Tullius. Eome. 572. TyretakenbyNebuchad" 571 Apriea taken prisoner, and neEz'ar. siiangled m Ins palace. 569. Nebuchadnezzar losing m Atnasia, kiog—conneotion bO' hia reason ig deposed. tween Groece and Egypt. G67. Conquest of tho Etrurianc New Tyre founded. by Roms, 568 Depcenua and Scyllis open a 565. Firat census of . Bchonl oi siatnary at Athens, 84,700 Citizens. Naucralüa given to the Qreeka by Egypt as a factory. Egypt possesües 20,000 inha- GCO. Pisiatratus, tyrant ol Atli- bited eitles. eiis.

First comedy acicd at Athens 562. Gneana, king ol tydi&. on a cart, by Susaiioa and Solon and .£aop at his court. Dolon. 561. Evil-Merodach, king of Diiüs invented by Anaiiman- . det of Miletiis. 559. Handwnting on the wall 559, or Belshazzat Ana.^imenes, Cleobulua. at Bclatiazzar'e foast. killed in the night, Cyaiares II, (Daritis) 510. Teniple of Apollo at kiniT of Media. Delphi Lurnt by the Pisis- Cyfua the Peraian assists t ran dm. Mm. Asia Minor eubjected to Crce 547. Arayntas, king of Mace- aus, don.

546. Sardis taken oy Cyrus.— S39. Tho Phociana emigrate lo m The Üorinthian order of ar- Gaul and build Massilia CrtKsus made prisoner.— (now Matseillos). chiiecturo invented by Caü- THE I.YDIAN KINSDOM END. macliiis. ED, Zoroaster, the Paraian Philo- G3a, BABYLON TAKEN by aoplier. Cyrus. Simonides, Anacreon, poets. Pylhagoraa viaila Egypt, 536. Edict of Cyrus for the RB- 536. PERSIAN EMPIRE TüEN of the jBwa. founded by CYRUS, com- 534, Tarnuinius Superbus Joshua, Zerubbabel, posed of Assyria, Media and kmg of Rome, m Thetpia performs the first Persla, 530, CADIZ built bythe Car- trc^edjf at Atäeos. 535. Rcbullding of the lem- Ihagiiiians (near tue aocienl p)e beniis, Tarshishy. ZecTiariah, Haggoi. 539, CambjBee, Idog of Paf 527. FisisCraLUii dies. sia.

527 Leamitig etKOuraged ai Ath• Psammenitus, last kiog of ens,—First puötic liSrary Egypt.—Invasion of Cam-'. founded. byses, who defeats the E'sjptians at Peluslum, and takcs Memphis. 5S. PolycriKEs, tyrant of Sa- Confuciua the Cliinese Philo• 52a. Darius Hystaspea, kl 3 EOYPT BEC0ME8 A PEtiSlAN' soph er. of Persia. PilOVINOB, 514. IUppnTühns Idilod, The Dofie issued by Dariua. 516. DetUotion of the second lemplQ DIÜ, ThePislritraLidEBeipelled. —ücinocracy estnblished at AlhBiis —Statues erccied to llarmodiua and Avisiogiion, leadera ni ilic icviilution. 8 TIIE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 509 B.C.- 453 B.c. A CHRONOLOGICAL RECüRD. 9

ti. 0. PiioauEBS OP SooiETY. Tut: JEwa. AStA, Gnu OH, Piosin ANi> ITAJ.Y,

509, Tho Tarquina eipelled 509 Äbolidonof ihe Regal Govem- mont, aad ostabiishment 0/ 5(B. Darius conquers India iiom Eome, Rcptcbäa at Roma, BnUIUa AKD COLLATINUS flrat CoNSüLs oi' Romo, G07. Second census of Rome, em HeToclitus, Theano, ProtOr soras, Anaxagoras, philoso- 130,909 ciiiaens. phers.—Corinna, poeleas. The Capitol finiahed.—War 505, Lacedemonian War, against the Tarquins and GD4. lemnos taken by Milti- their ally Povaonna, äOO The Fhmnician letters caiTied adcs. to Ireland from Spain. Pythagoras teachea the doc- [i'ine of celasticd motiona. The temple of Minerva built.

GOO. Tho lontana revoll from 408, Titus Lartiüs first Dicta. Persia andburn Sardis. 497, Ist, king of tor, Maeedon, Tribunes of the people, Hippocrales, tyrant of 406. Poslhumius, Dictator, Gela,

490. Daviua aends an army of 490, Invasion of the Persians 491, Coriülanus baniahed. 500,000 --neninto Greeca, under Datis and Artapher- nes. Balde of MARATHON.

4SD, Miltiades imprisoned. 438, At the rcniieBi of his mother. Coriolantis wiih- 4S7, Ariabazes, king of Poo- 187 E^ypt rsvolts—IS subdued by (Iraws tne Volsci from Rome, tus. Xenea, I. llerodotus born. 486. Kbvxbb, king of Peraia. 48G, Gelon, tyrant ofSyraciise. 483. Aristides baniehed. 483. Clxtteatora appointed. 183 The EtTurians cxcel in music, 483, Joachim, mgh Priest. the drama and architecture. 481 The expedilion of Xerxen into Greeee, 4S0. Tho fainiiy of Archoan- iSf} Hamilcar killed in battle. 480. BattlB of ThormopylEe, 480. The Carthagfnians de- actea, from Mytileno, h'ettio Aliiens burnt by Xerxcs, fealcd by Gcion. in liosphurua (now Circa-j- Italtie of Siilamis, 479 jEschi/lus, Pindar, poote. aia.) 473, Mardonius a socond timo 479. Syracuec governed ?jy takes Athens, Iläero. Defeat of the Persians at Platca and Mycale on the 478, Death of Confucius.— same day. K7 Simonidea, of Co9, obtaina the China distractod by intern;;! wara. prizo ai Olympia, for teach• (F) 477. The 300 Fabii alain, ing a eyaiem atMneinonics^ 470. Themisiocles rebuiids which ho had invented. Athens.—The Pirtetis bullt. 473 .Empirics instituted by Äcron, of Agrigenlum. 470, Oimon Kon of Miltiades.— Themiaioclns banished,— 471 Thiioydides born. Tho Idiigdom of tho Odrysse extends over ihe moai of Thrace. m Sopfioclea, the tragic, and 467. Thrasybulus succeeds Plato, the Comic poet. 4Gli, The Persians twico de- Hiero, and is expelled for 4C13, Persians defeatod t»y soi), feated at the Eurymedon by hin cruelty. and land, Cimon. Democracy in Syracuse. 4fi5, Xeries assassinated. 465. 3d Mesainian War. iSi. Artaxersea I, (Longima nna,) king of Pezaia. 461. Ostraciam of Cimon.— 461, Earthquake at Rntne. PERICLES rises to great 46C Voyage of the Caitheglnians «0 Egj-pt, under InaruB, reyolts power. to Britain for tin 458, Esther, irom Persia, 450. Athens assumes to be the 457. Ezra goes to Jerusalem, head of Greeee, coOecta tlie Jewiah Scrip- 456, Cimon recalled. 456. Cincinnatus Dictator. tures: and *66 All Egypt reduced by Megaby- 463, •—wril«s Iho Chronlclo«. StlB. A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. II ro THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 454 B-C - 404 B.c.

AFAIOA. ROME, ETO. B. 0 PltOOBBSfl OP SOOIBTY, BTO THE .IBWS. AB Ii..

4i34, Poidiccas,II.,kingof IVIa- cedon, 451. Decemviri—the lawfl of 400 The Brilons inflict punlsli- tho 12 tables. mcni of death by dtowning 449. Poraiaiis defeated at Sa 449. Cimoti dlea. Virginia killed by her in a quagmire. laniis in Cyprua, faÜiQr. Peace with Greeee, 449. Firat Sacrod War. 447. AthenionsdofealedatChe- roncsa. 446. Syracu,?e reduccs Agxi- gentum. 445 Em,pf.d(iol

. •. PRoanBas OF SOOIHTV, BTO. THB JBW8. AaiA. GRBCOB. ROMS AND ITALV.

401. Cyius tha younger de• 401. Thrasybulus expels the feated.—Retreat ofthe 10,000 30 tyranta. under Xenophon. Death of Socrates, 400. The City ef Dahl foand 400. Siege of Veü bogun, ed. 399 Catapulta invented by Diony- 399. Amyntas II., kmg of Ma• eedon, 337. Lake Alba drain«']

396 Cynica, eect of philosopliora 39S. Ageailaus eata into Asia. founded by Anttsthenea. 395. Corinthian war begun.— Battie of Coronea. 391. CAIOILLTTS, Dictato)', takea Veii, after a eiegc of ten ycara 390- Rome lakcn andburni by the Gaula, under Erennua —The Capitol besieged,— Plato, the phdosopher. Camillus delivers hi% coun• Philozenea, ihe poet, try. 337. The Qreelr citioB of Aals XrG. Dämon and Pythiaa. tributary 10 Peraia, 331. M. Manllus Oiipilolinn« thrown from tho Tarpoi'in 333. BITHYNIA becomea » rock. kingdom. 383, Thebas taken by Phcebi- Mithridatea Ist, king *i PONTUS. 3S0 Trenlise on COMIO sections by BO, Thobos dolivorodbyPelo- 379, The Volsci dffeat tM Ärislmus. S79 Tha OanhagmiauB land pidcs and EPAMINONÜAS, lOOth Olympiad, Romans.

377 Diogenes, the cynic; Isoarates 377. Spartan fleot defeated at and latEua, orators. Naxos. 376, Lti-cius Sextua, firat ple- 372, Ellicc and Bula in üic Pe• beian comJuL loponnesus. swttllowed Up Camülus, the fifth tin.^e hy an carthquake. Dictator. 371. Baiilu of Leactra. 371, The ctirufe magiatratea AlexanderlL, king of Ma• • appointed. eedon, Predomüianceof Thebes. 370. Perdiocas III-, king of A celeatial globe brouglit into Maeedon. 368 360, Jeshua alain by Johan- 364. Pelopidas Itilled in-battle, Gi'eece from Egypt. nan in the inner court of iho 362 TachOB, king of Egypt, 302, Battle nf Mantinea, death 3G2: Curtiu.s leaps into a guH lomplo, for wliich a heavy 362, Ariohfirzanoa king of Pon- Asoailaus, the Spartan, of Epaminondas, in the Forum. fino is lald on the daily sacn- tiis.—Rovolt of tho Porslan aida the Egyptiona. fices. governor in Asia Minor. DECLIHS OF GRSOIAN 361. Darius Ochus. or Artai- REPUBLICS, erxes HI. king of Persia. Philippica of Demoslhenes. 300 3G0. a, king of Maee• 3G0. CAPPADOCIA beooraci don. deleala tlia Atlienians aldngdom under Ariaraihut Voyagi'esofth e Carthaginiana tindündee r Hanno. at Motlione. The Macedonian phalam. Commerct of Rkodea with Warof tiie «liies against Afrita BEd Byxasiiiim Athens,

358. Philip takes Amphipolia and loaes his rigbt eye by an arrow from Aaior. 357. Tho 2d Sacred War. 357. Dionysius, the yomtgai 350. Philip conciuora Thraee Bipelled from SyruuM. and lllyi'ia, Tha Temple of Diana at Ephesiia burnt. ALEXANDER" the Qreal" lioni. 14 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 354 B-C- 319 B.C. A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 15

PnooRKsa üp SociBTv, Jtva- THH JBW«. ABU. 0. AvaioA. GllGBOG—MACEDON. ROMB, BTO,

354. Üioi! put to death, an« 3Ö3. The Phociaos defeated by Syracuäe usurped by ty. Dariue Qchus conquers Egypt, Philip. rani» and pillagos its templea. 348. End ol the Sacred War, Philip lakea Olynthua, 346, Philip admiited to tho Amphictyonic Council. 3-lß, Duras buriedby an earth- MÜ. Twelve eitles ir Camr«- quako. nia buvied by an earih lunVe, M3 Aristotle. tho logicinn and phi' M3, Thrace tributary to Mace• 3'13. Samnian War, wljiih can- losophar, founder of the Pe- don. tinuea 53 years. ripatetica; Machines, ora^ Aristotle appointed tutor tor. to Alexander. Demoslhema ; laelas, of Syra^ cuüo, \ MS The Lyceum built ia Attica. ) ^1. Philip makea war upon Athens. 340 The Carthaginians defeated by 310. —layasiegeioByzaniium. 340. P, DcciuB oevotei him Timoleon, Timoleon recovers Syra• aelf for his country. cuse, ü.tpels Dionysius, the All Canipania Js subdued. tyrant, and defeais the Car- thaoiiiians at Agrigentum, 333. Philip defeats the Greoka at Choronea. 330 Alexander eparca the house of 336. Mitfaridatee IT., kug 7t 336. Philip is murdcred by Pin dar. Pausa 11 iaa. Pontus, The T&Doluliun of eclipses firat ALEXANDER III., aur- calcalated iay Calippua, the named the Great.—He rava- Athenian. ges Grooce, deatroys Thobos, spai'ing the liouse of Pindar. Caustic painting or the art 335! —is clioaen genoraliRsimo of burmng colors inlo wood of Groeco against Persia. or ivory, invented by Gau- sias a painter of gicyon. 331. Battle of the Granieus. 333. Battle of issus.—Parthla, 334. —invades Persia, and after several great battlea (see Bac t ri aj H y rcan Ia, Sogd iana, " Asia ") aubdues the Per• and Asia Minor, conquered sian ompive and Egypt, and by Alexander. marchcs into India, 332. Tyre subdned after seven laontha' siege, 322 lijypt conquered by Alexan• 332. The Caledonian mo• Damascus taken,—Gaza der. narchy (Scotland) fountW by Fergiia T. Alexander cntora Jemsa- aurrendci-s. Aloiondria builu lem.—On eeoing Jaddus, tho 331, Ballle of vlrficta,—Tlie High Prioai, clad in bis Persian army totahy defeat• robes, he doolarea he liad ed. 330. CONftUEST of the PER• Seen him in a Vision, Jnvit- 330. JEsohines, the orator, ing him to Asia, and pro- SIAN EMPIRE. mising him tho Persian em• 3d9, Thalestris, quccn of (IK baniälicd. pire, IIö goea to Ihe Tem• Amazons, viaiis Alexander, ple, oflers Eacrificee to Jeho- Willi a tcain of 300 women. vah, and departa. 3^, Alexander e.xEends hi« »26 The voyage of from connuest to tho Ganges, 325. Demostlicnes banished, 325. Papirlus Cursor, DicUtfjj. the Indua to tho Euphratoa, 323. Alexander dies at Baby-f 323. Dmth of Akxand'ii:— Apellea, tho painter; Culia- /Ort. ):«3 Ptolomy 1, (Soter, son of La- tht7iea, philOBOpher. Tho Oi-ocian citii's rovolt 322- Peidiccaa takes Carp«' from Maeedon,—Demoslhe• , tile inventor of the docia. new comedy. nes recalled. Ly Bistrat US inventa moulda The Greeks defeated by from which lo cast wax Gea and land near Cranon. figursB. Dealh vf Demosthcnea. 321. Aniipiiior, regeni. 321. Tlio Samnlles mairo ih« R nmana pasB under the yoka, SSO, Tho Samnitce defeated aJ 330 Firat worlt on mechanics, writ. 3S0. PtoleniT carries 100,000 320. Eumenei Jafeaied by, 319. Polysparchon sut;coods l.uceijit, ten by Aristotle. •—Z'fwjtg' Ic-wa into Eypt. (igonui. Anlipaicr, and prociaims Bell flrat monlionsd. Onias I. liberiy 10 iho Grecnin ciiies- 1 a^yr^ir^jjl^

B.C.- i6 THE WOKLD S i'llOGRESS. 318 2SA B.C. A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 17

», o. l'nüHHEss OF Sociurv, Era. TUE JEWS- GRECOE. ROME, KTO.

318. Phocion put fo dealh by the Adienitins, Cuinmeixo of Macüiliin with 317, C a R .s a n d 0 r assumes 317, Syracuso and Sicily ueuip iw\ia, Uiruugh Egypt. ibe govornmunt of jMacedon. ed by Agathocies, Donioirius Piialorius gov- ernu Athens. 315. C asa and er rebtillda Thebes, und fuunils CussuHdria.

The Appiait Way consiructati. 312, SYRIA. Seleucus, N'icaior 3iS. Eptrus: P y r r Ii u s II., 313, War with the Etruscan» —Tne Gnomon invented 10 ihe grealeat hoi'O of his time. mc.asufO altitudca. 3U, .Tudoa Bubjcct to Ar.tigo- 311. Scleucua Nlcator rotakw nus. Baliylon. ' ji'ra of the SeleucidtB. Aquedueta and bathe in Rome. 310. Eumeiea ustirps the 310. The Cartliaciniana defeai throne of ßosphotus, puitlng Agatliocies, and besiege Sy- to death all his brothcre. ractii'c. After a reign of six years, i« 303, Fablua Maximu« murdered. defeats ihe Samnites. 307 ABattiocIos is defeated by tho Carthaginians. Peacc between Sicily and Car• SOG, Democracy cslablished at 305. War in India, agaii«l lhage. Adiena by Dumetiius, • Sandrocottus. 30.1. jlthemans ropulsod from Uhodea. 303. Dejnetrius Poliarcetes, 303. Establishment of genei-al ofthe Grecian States. Tribus üröantB. Üie 301. Judea undor the domi' 301. Battleof ipsus.—AniigT- nion of the Ptalemies. nus killed. EncHd, of Alexandria, the ALEXANDER'S EM 300, hesfration of Democracy 300,FimPlebeian Ili^hPriB«. colebraieilm.tihemaiiclan,— PIRE DIVIDED in four at Athens. ZfiJio, (ottnder of tho Stoics; parts. —- Ptolemy, Seleucns, —Pprrho, of tha Skeptios; C assander, . Epicurua, of tho Epicu- Mithridates III., king 01 recms.—Bion, of Dorysthe- Pontus. nes, pliiloEophcr, Tlie great Chinese Wedl built.

The first sun-dial orooted at Rome by Papirius Cursor, 291. Soloucus founds Anltoeh 291. Deaüi of Ca.wandei-.— anii the time first divided Edaaaa, and Laodioea. Alexander and Aniipater into hotirs. BllCCtiCd, 29Ö. Siese of Athons, by De• metrius. 2*1. DemetiJua murders Alex• ander, and seizee ihe throne FaMtia introduces^nfn/fn^ at of Macedon. 290, End of the Samnita War Rome. Tiie Cütassus of Rhades built by Cliaros, ol I.iiidus. 287. AUicns rovülls from De• metrius, 286, Pyrrhus expelied from 2S(i. Law of Ilortensiua, by Theacrites, Die fatiicr uf pas- 35. The Scylhiuia Invad» Macedo'n. which Ihe decreea of tu tural poeD'y. Boäphorua. people had theforceof tho« Dionysius, the a^ironomer at of (ho Senate, Alexanilrin, bcgins hia em. IIc fouiid die Kolar ycar to conpri.fi nf 3ÜÜ ilays, D hours, and JU mimites, S84, The Acheean Republic, The SepHingint tranRlatinn of Sl. The sect Dflhe Sadducee*. tho OldTest^imeiit. begun ai Aloxandria, by order of Pio- lemy Phil idelphus, l8 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 283 B.C.- 248 B.C. A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 19

TUE JEWS. AaiA. •.0. PiiaaiiEsa OP SOCIETY, KTQ. GllE£OB. ROME, BTO.

The Pharns built üt Älexan- dria, iho lim light-houiic on rocord. 963 Philotnjnis, of PergarauH, pa- ptolomy Plüladelphua king of S93. Lysimauhia destroyed by 2S3, The Gauh and EtrU' tron of the arts, espccially Egypt. an earthquQke. rians subdued. Architeciure. •^m. The kingdom of PER. Alexandria, the rosoi-t of tho GAMUS foundod by Phile. luarned, and contfu of tiadu. t*rus, ChadoiPi nnned with scijlhaa, 231. Lysimachus defoalod and asi, Lysimachus defeated and 231. Tho Tarentine War. killed by Soloucus,—Anlio. aiiü/ortißed ccanps, in uae. 1 alain by Sßleucua. chtis Soter succeeds Sele«- The Achte an League of cus. 12 states, under Aratus, of Sicyon. 280. The Tarcntines seek (he allianco of Pyrrhus, who conquers the Romans at Pandosia, and at 279. LTrruption of the Gaula 279 —Aaculum. under Brcnnus. 273. —liiey are dofeatod near 278, Sicily conquered by Pyrr• Delphi. hus, S77. Aniigonua Gonatus, king 276 First aocieiy of crzifcs formed. of Macedon, 27Ö, Curiua defeats Pyrrhua, and compols iiim to leav» 27-1. Pyrrhus invados Maco Italy. , de/'eals Antigonus, and is proclaimed king.

272. Pyrrhus beeieges Sparta ara, Fall of Tarentum. and Argoa—is Slam, and An• tigonus ja rostored. S69 Egypt firet sends ambassadoiB to Korne. 268. Athens taken by Anügo- nus Gonatus. Second incurelon of tho Gauls into Macedon,

207 Ptolemy makes a :anal from tho iSilo to the Rod Sna. Silver monoy firat coinod. 266. Arioburzanes III,, kingol 2GÖ. Rome mistres.sof all Italy; Pontus. cenaus of the city 202,224.

^4 The Parian Ghronicle com- 264. The first PUNIC WAR, poscd. —Appiua Claudius dl'ivOB Gladialara firat exUibitod at Ilieri) irora Syracuüe, Romo. 262. Anliochus Soter dedated 260. D u i 11 u s gains a vic- at Sardis. tory Over the Carthagiiiluii fleet.

256. R e g u 1 u a gains antv Resulua invadea Africa, and is BerosMs, the historian of • 250. KiiigdomofPARTl/ \ (her viciory. SS6 founded by Arsaces. • ^ tJcfeuicd by Xantippus, a 255. The Laccdcmoiiians an bylon. Spaiian geneiaL 3ö5, Aniigonua liberutcs 255. Tbc fourth imperial Athens. slsiing Carthage. — Xauiip. The armiilary aphere invented dynasty of China begins. Athens joins die Achaian pm defeats Rcgtilus, and by Erastosihmes,v\i.(ima.Ae league. takc3 him prisoner. the first attempt to deteimitc 2J4, Palermo besieged by ih« thelensih of a degree, 252. Mithridates IV'. be- Romans,—Abiuit tlds tiro« .'^ieged jn. his c.ipital by tlii: MfAlliu deleate Aadrubal. 261. Sicyon joins tho Acha'an the Huna are fir:it liuard ai governed hy Teuraan. Greeee instructs the Romans Gauls. leasue. in the arts and sciences. 250. The Romans begin to re- sort to Groeco for improve- meat in Itnowled,-;«. — Par- 249, NavalfjghtatDrap.-umm äia Onias II,, hiudi ime-i thia revolts fioyn Mrit^odon, A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 21 211 B.C. 20 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 247 B.C.-

AFRIOA. GltEEOB. ROMB, BTO. PBoasBBS OP SDOIBTT, KTQ. THS JBWS. Asm. m Hamilcar Barcas, general of 247. Hamilcar defeats Iho Ro the Carthaginians. mans al Lilibceum. 246 Ptolemy Eurgetes aubdues S/' 346. Antiochus II. poisoivL-d by hin wife. ill3. Corinlh taken by Aratus. 212, II., of Mace• Agjariam'am attempled in don, Sparta, but ia put down. 241. Agis, king of Sparta, put 241. End of the first Punic 041. Attalas I., bins of to death Ibr attompting to cs- War. Pcrgainus, tablish an Agrarian law. 9.10 Comedies firat acted at Rome, S-IO. Oloanthus, tho Stoic, tliose ofLivius Andronicua. < starves hl ms elf. 238 End of tlie Libyan War,- m. Simon IL, High Priest. 237 Hamilcar with Hannilial,pass' ea into Spain. m Th6 original MSS. of .^schy- 233. Philip III, of Macedon. lua, Euripides and Sopho- 231. gardinla andCor^icACOn des, lent by the Athenians quered by Rome. 10 Ptoleniy,onapledgeof 16 228. Roman ambassadora fitst lalenta. appear at Athens and Co- Garthagena in Spain, bullt by rinili. ABdmbal. The fortress ofthe Athe nieum built.

236. Olcomoncs, king of Spar 2i2ii, '^elüucus IIL, k, of Sjna. ta, defeats the Achtcans,— Lysoadcs killed.—The Agra• rian law restored. i32ß. Tho Romansaend another 223. The Gauls repulsed tu Fabius Piclor, the first Roraan omhtissy to Greeee. Thoy Italy, historian. aro admilicd tu a sharc in Appollonius Ithodme, poet.— tho iKthmian "ames, and Chrysippua, Stoio philoso- granted the froedom of Atli- cns. phor. 22-1. The Romans first croBi Archimsdes, tiie matheinati- aSi. The Coloasua of Rhtdei dje Po. m 233, OlDomenos takes Mogaio- cian, demonstrates the pro- thrown down. 223.• Colonics of P 1 a c e n . pei'tios of tho levar, and polis, c 1 a and C r e m o n a . other mochanical powevs, Battle of Sellasia. 222, Insubria (Milan) andLigu. also tlie art of measuring Ptolemy Philopater, king of ria (Genoa) conquered öy HoUtl3andsurfaces,and conic Egypt. Rome. ficctions—constructs aptowc- tarium. 22Ü. The S 0 c i a 1 W a t 919 Oonquesta of Hannibal, —Philip, of Macedon, as- 219. Hannibal takes Sagun- the Carthaginian. ii Spain; sisis the Achsans.—Cleome- tum, and crosses tho Alps, 219 The an of jSliweryinlroduced. He croasea the Alpo. nes dies in EyypL—Agcai- An eclipae of the moon ob- polis and Lycurgus electcd eerved in Asi= Minor. Icin^a of Sparta. 218. AcananiacedcdtoPIUlip. 318. The Second P o N i 0 W A ß .—The Romans de• feated by Hannibal at T i • c i ni s and T r 0 b i a , 217, F 1 a m i n i u s defeated ( at T Ii r a 3 y m 0 n 8 . 216, Varro at C a n n EB to- 216. Aratus poieoned at tot ally defeated by Hannibal. .^gium, Fabius Mazimus 311, Pirat Macedonian War, Diciator. ai3, Chi Ilorg Ti deRtroyfi ttit 212, Syracune and Sicily con• records of die ChinesB em• quered by Marcelliie. pire. —Archimedes killed, 211. AUinjice of Philip with 211, The Carthaginiansthrii'«« 3U. Antiochua tfce Hannibal, from Capiia, Qreal, king of Syria. 33 22 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 2IO B.C.— 179 B.c. A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 23

1,0. PllOOTlESa OP SOCIETT, ETO. TUE .TEWS. Aiu. ApnioA. GREEOB. ROMS, BTO.

210, Scipio lakes Na« 206. BattleofLamia,nearElis. Carthage, and conquers AB- —PhiUp, of Macedon, de• drubal, 3U7 Envilta, Ji Calabria, poet; feats tho .Xtolians. Solion, of Alcsandria, a 207. Nero and Livy defeat Ae- grammarian. drubal at Metaurua—Asdrn bal killed, 901) Plaulus, of Ümbria, tlie co• 2DQ. The dynasty of Han in 206. BATTLE of MANTINEA: 206. The Carthaghiiana driras mio poet; ÄppoUomua, of China, Phlloptomsn, Iho Pros• out of Spain. Porga, mathomatician i Ze- •läÜD Ptolemy Epiphanoa, king of tor of Achaia, uofeats die «0, of Toraua, tho philoso- Spar! ans. pher. ao4 Tho Roman general Scipio be 204. Scipio CBirlea tho wai Gold eoined at Rome. Steges Utica, and lakes in into Africa. one davihc campsof Asdru- 203. JnnEA COKAVEBED IV bal anti Syphax. ANTIOCHQS THE GKEAT. Hannibal recalled,—Sophoni9- lia poisoned by Masinissa. The art ofprMing in China. Hannibal defeated at Z a m a, —End ofthe2d Punic War. 201. Onias m., High Priest. 201. Scipio carries Syphax ti triumph to Rome.

Ariatonymua 4th, librarian of 200, Jesns, the son of Strach, 200. The Rhodians defoat the Alexandria. writes jEcdeaiasticita. Macedonian fleet near Oiios, Caiua Leliua, the Roman —Siege of Abydos.—Second orator. Macedonian War begina.

199 Treaty of Carthage with Ma- siniffla, king of Numidia. 193 Book», with leavea of veäam, 193. The Jews assisl Antio• 198 Egypt loses her Syrien possea- 193. Tlie Achsans and Spar- inirotiuccd by AiEnluej king chua in expelüng Scopaa and sions. tans join the Romana against of Pergamua, in lieuof rolla. tho Egyptian iroops from Macedon, Jerusalem, 197, , king of Ferga- 197. Philip III, defeated atCy- 197. Flamitiiua vintorloua Ia muB. nooophalffi by the Rotnans, Macedon, First mention of a Senate or 19C, HnnnibaljolnsAntiochus, under Flaminius, Sanhedrim. who seizGS tho Thracion 195. Flaminius, the Roman, 195. C a t 0 in Spain. üheraonose. quarrels with Nabia, king of 193 MasinisBa harasBeBlho Carlha- Sparta. glniana, and injures their commerce.

192, Syria nt war witli Rome. 190. Scipio ABiallcuB defeaU W. War with Antiochus, of Antiochus at Magnesia. Syria, who is totally defea^ 189. EpiruH declared froe by ed by L. C. Scipio, and Ihe Romans. ISB A total eelipK of the aun at 189. Philopcemen abrogalßa 163. Syria ia made a Roman Rome. the laws of Lycurgus in prnvince. Asiat ic luxuries brought lo 1B7. Antiochus killed in the Sparta, 187, Scipio AfricanuB bonlati- Rome, temple of Jupiter Belus.— ed from Rome. Syria bceomcs a Roman pro vi nee. 186. The city of Artaxat (in Armcnia) built. \ 18s. Seicucus IV., king 01 ) • Syria. 183 A coatel viaiblo 80 days, 1831 Pharnaces I,, king of 183, Philopcemendefeatadand 183. Cato,tha eldei, caiust Bion and Moackus, comic Pontus, conquers Sinope. killed by Dlnocratea, king of pODtS, IVIcfisinla. 131. Plague at Rome.

Statiu» Cxciliut, comIc poet. ISO Ptolemy PUlomeier, kine of ISO. Dealh of Scipio Afile» Egypt nus. 179. Numa's 'looks founi in • etone ccffln 31 Rome. 24 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 179 ];.c.- 146 B.C. A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 25

B. 0. pHOireesa OF SOCIETY, ETC. THE JEWS. APRICA. GaEECB. RO.^E, ETC.

173, Perseua, king of Mace• don. 17G. Holiüdoru3 in .Terui?alcm, 175. .fason obtaina the high priesthoüd by corrnptioii, Cato's oinbassy to C.irthage. 173. Jason defeated by Mcne- 172. Anliochus IV, (Epifriia laus. nes) fcing of Syria. ] 71 —declares war against Pto 171. Third Macedonian War, lemy Pbilomtiior, 170 170. Tiberiiis and Ciiu,,; Papar invented in Cliina, 170, .fcrusalum and tho teinplo 170. An irnipLioii of Tartan Polybins, lustorian of Groeco plundered by Antiochus Gracchus. and Romo. Epiphanos, who attempts to into China, The comecUaa of Terence per- abolish tho Jawish religion, formet I. and conimils areat criieitieH. 1C8 An ccli)isoorihc moon, which 1G8. Persou.'! defeated nt Pyd- was predJciEil by Q. S. Gal• na, by Paulus Emilius,— lus. MAOEDON BECOMBS A RO• m The ßrst /ihrary opened nt Iü7. IVIatthiaa, Iligh Priest. MAN PKOVINCE. 167. Census 327,03S. Homo, cnnsisting of boofe IGG, Pnisias, kirg of lithynia, brotisnl fitim IVIaccdon. Tho Roman treasuiy is so rieh 105, JuDAa MAOGABEua ex• 165. Romana onter Achaia, tlint tbc Citizens pay no pels the Syi'i.ins, and pnri- taie.s. lies the tempic. Hipparchus of Nico fixes the first degree of longitude and iaiimdü nt Ferro, wliofio ItJl, Antiochus Epiphanes moüt woJitorn point was dicd, mado tliü firat genoral mari- 1G2, DemetriüE Soter, Idng ol dian—lays the foundation of Syria. Trigonometi'y. Mithridates Philopater, 161 Philasophers and rhelorictaiis 161. Judas kills —ia king of Cappadocia, banished from Rome. succeedctl byJonatlian, Firat Ireiity with the Ro• mans.

15S. Jonathan compols tho Bac- chides to withdraw—ia mut- The elepsudru or water dock dered by Tryphon. invented by Scipio Nascia. 157, Mithridates V,, king o- Pontus,

155 Bmbas.iy of Diogenes, 155. Ronior.s unsuccemful u Carniades, and Critolaus to Spain. Rome, 153. Ariaralhea VIL, läng o Cappadocia, 162 jMi^sinissa defeais tho Cartha- 152, Andri^cus usurping tho ginians, govemment of Macedon, is 151 Jiant roign of Philomater and conquered by Metellus, IGI. Defeai of Galba. Physcon in Egypt, IGO Hipparchu3, ofRhodes, astfo- 150. Jews talto Jopja. 150. Alexander Sala kills De nomer, — Aristarckua, of metrius,and takes tho th tone Alezandria, grammarian.

U3. Prusias, of Bithynia, Itili 49. THIRD PÜNIO WAR, ed by his son NicoraeiiM 147. Meteihs defeats the Ach• te ans in Greoce. 146 CARTHAGB TAKBK and 146. Coiindi taken and de• Conquostof Carthage tad destroyed. stroyed by Mummius. — of Corinth. GREECE becomes a RO• Greeee annezed to tka MAN PROVINCE under Roman empire. the name of Achaia. 146 B.C.- TOO E.G. A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 27 26 THE WORLD'S PKOGRESS.

PsoanEfla or SOCIETY, BTO. TiiH jBwa. R, 0. AFRIOA. ROMAN EMFIRB. In the East. In EuTope. Alexandria, the centre of com- 146 Comiaerce of ilie world cen- tres at Alexandria. 145 Ptolemy Pliyscon becomes BOie king of Egypt by die death of Fr-iiomaier.

Hipparchua hegins hia new eyde of the moon. U2, Simon, High Priest. 141. Numantian War. Toothed tohesls applicd lo the 140. Tho Picts fTom the norta clepsydra hy Ctesibiua, of England settle in Üi« Booth Learnirt" and iearned men J37. Antiochus IV. (3 idctes), of Scotland. liborally paironiied by Ptol• king of Syri.i, emy Pliyscon, .Dtodorits and Satyrus, pori- ) patBtics; Nicander. phyei- 135. Servile war in Sicily, cian ajid poet; Lucius Aa- 135. End of tha Apoorypha.— cius, tragic poet; Aristohu- •Terusalcm besieged liy An• lus, the Jewiüh poripatciio. tiochus IV, 134. Antiochua invadea Jude» Equestrian order, a diatiiict 133. PfiROAMus, a Roman 133, Numantia deslroysd by Claas, • Province. Scipio: SPAIN BBCOMBK A ROMAN PROVINCB, Death of Tiberius Grac• chus.

Revival of }^xming in China. 130, John Hyrcanus dellTcra 130, Antiochua IV. defeatei. .Tudea from the Syiian yoke; and killed ina war with PaP •—reducea Samaria and Idu- thia, Ptolomy Physcon dtiven from 120. Demetrius II, (Nicaior his throne Ibr hia cruelty, rcgaina Syria, 12B Pesiileneo in Egypt, 123. Mithndates the Greal, Carthage rebuilt. 123, Tribunate of Caiua The theory of eclipses known king of Pontus, 1S3 iie Death of Micipaa, king of 118. DALMATIA a Roir an Gracchus. to the CliincBe, Numidia, and the aasassina- Pro V ince. tion of Iliempsal by Jugur- tha. L. Grelius Antipaier, hielo- Plolomy Lathyrus, king of rian; Lucillius, llie tirat uc Egypt, 113, First great migration of Roman satirist; Apollodo- Jugurthine War, j-u^ijOf Athens, chronologiet; 112 the Qenrum nations. Castor, of Rhedes, chrono- logist; Anlhemon, phtiuso- pher, III. Mithridates conquers Firo: luntpluarj/ law at Rome. Scythia, Bosphorus, Col- ICB. Hyrcanus destroys Sama• chis, &c. 109. War of the Teutoni and ria. Oimbrj. 107 Alexander 1,. Sing of Egypt. 107. —aucceeded by hia aon AristobuluB, who flrst as Humes [lie titlo of king. 105. Alexander Janneus at IX Jugurtha is defeated and sur- 105. Numidia becomes a Ro• war witli Egypt—lakes Qa- rondera N umidia to the Ro- man pTovince by the defeat za. —Rebelhon exciled hy •nane. of Juffvrlha. the Pharisees. ) 101. Tho Teutoni defeat aO,ÜUO Romans on the banks of the Rhone. 102. Marius victoiiona Over Ihe Teuioni and Ambro> nes at Aqute Sexi«. 101, Marius and Catullus de• feat the Cimbri. 100, Mariusbuya hiaaixthcon- sulate. Baniehment of MeteUiu

• 28 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 99 B.C. 63 B.C. A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 29 i.a. PnoaRBsa OF goaisTy, aru. THB JBWS. AFRIOA. ROMAN EMPIRE.

In Asia and Africa. In Europe.

98, China ati; submiia to the 99, L u 3 i i a n i a conquered II a n dyna.'^ty; S e m a t - by Dolabella, and becoraea Bin, Emporor. a Roman provlnco,—Birtii 97. Mithridates conquers Cap• of Julius Casar, padocia. 97 iiy the dealh of Ptolemy 97. Annexaüon of Cyrene. 95. Cappadocia declared freo Apion, CYHENS becomes a by Rome. -— Arioharzanei Roman pro vince. elected king. 94. Antiochus, >ing of Syria, defeated ty Seleucns. 93. Tigranea, king of Arme-

89. Pontus at war with Rome. 91. Social War in Italy. I, Mitkridatio War; Sylla comraands the Roman army. !, Tlie Athenians seek 8- Sylla defeating th« sistanca from Mithridates Marei and Poligni, puta aa against Romo, end to tha Social War, LihrarUs of Athens sent to 6. Mithridates takea Bytlii- nia and several Roman pro• 86. Athens, reduced by famine, Civil War between Ma• RoraG by Syila. vinces. is taken by Sylla. rius and Sylla. 3, Tigranes made king ai 63. Second Mithridatic War. Decünc of AgricuHuro „• Syria, SS Rovolt in tfpper Egypt.— 82. Sylla plündere tho femplo 83. Sylla defeats Marius, and Italy; com aupplicd from of Dolphl. is a:(is.tüäperpetualdictati!* tha provinces. Thebes destroyed. Alexander II,, king of Egypt. 90. JULIUS CESÄR'SFIK:.! 70. Alexandra, widow of Jan• Fosidonius calcttlales the 79. Pompey defeais üo- CAMPAIGN. heightof tha atmosphera lo neus, governs Judea, miiius in Africa, be about 80t) siadia. Zeno, of Siclon, the Epicureati; Apetlicon of Athens; Alex• 77. Sertorius revolts in Spam ander Polynhis!or,^\e gram• and defeats Metellus and marian ; Fkotius Gallus, 75. By tliu death of Nicooä»- Pompey. rlictorician; Q. Valerius- des Bythinia beciimeH « 75, Bythinia a Roman Antias; Romnn hiatorian; nrovince. Province, Q, Ilorlcnsius, orator. The clierry irae brought to 74, Third Mithridatic War Burope from Asia by Lu- under Lucullus, culius. — TärcnÜKS Varro writes threc booka on agri- 73. War of Spartacus, tlie cuUiirc, gladiator. The Romans poaaeaa golä mines in Asia Minor, Mace- 71. Spartacus defeated by donia, Sariiinia and Gaul; and productive silser mines Crassus. in Spain. The firat water mill deanribed 70. Hyrcanus II., High Priest, 70. Damascus poaaessed by near a dwolling of Mithri• rteposed byhis Aris- t!ie Romans. •JO. Pompey and ürasaus dates. tobulus. 69. Mithridates and Tigranes Consula. 67. Arietobulus and Hyrcanus defeated by Lucullus. I. Genius 450,030, Ehony inttroduced at Rome by appeal lo Pompey, who en- GG. MiÜiridates defeated b,' Pompey, tors Judea and takes Jerusa• Pompey, 66. Metellus aubdues Creio. Vikraniadilya kingofOzeno, lem, and restore3 Hyrcanus Pontus becomes a iii India, pairon of literature to tiie prieäthood. 65. Antiocliuä XII. defeated Roman Province. 55 Plolemy Amletes, king —at his court flourish Ami- by Pompey.—The race ot of C5- Syria, a Romanjos. M. T. CICERO, Gonsul, Ta Sinka, lexicogranher; the Soleucidje becomes ex. Bgypt- Province. I Ym-anichi, . grammairian; tinot. — Ariobarzanes II., KaUda^a, poet, kin" of Cappadocia,—An earthquake in Bosphoruo laya in ruins several towns, 64. Dejotarus, kingof Galatia, seizes Armenia Minor, 63, Catihne's Conspiracy 03, JUDEA A ROMAN rRO- 33. Pharmaces, king of Pontu» detected and supprcsaed VINCE. by Cicero,

32^ 38 B.C. A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 30 THE WORLD'S PROCJRESS. 62 B.C.- 31

ROUAK EUFIRB, s.o. pROORHas or SOCIETY, ETO. THE JEwe. Em. IVeti.

«2 Mcfpiificeni kousea of the nolilca; marble theatre of Scaiirus, 10 hold 30,000 spcc- tatora. fO Cicero, staiosmaii and orator; 60. First Triummrtae :— Sullusl, liHiorian; Lucre- Pompey, Crassus, and Juliin tiun and Catullus, poets; Ctesar, Sciold, fivsl king of Den- Apollonius, of Rhüdes, rhe- 1 torician; Aristomedes, of mark.-Roh. a fietce son Crete, grammarian; Aiuiro- of Odin, Micws^ of Rhodea, peripaie- 6S Pto.einy goes to Rome, Bere- 53, Clodiua prwiures the ban tic pliilofioplior. üce reigna in his absence. ishmeni of Cicero. — The Ilolvoiii defeated by Julius Caisar. ) 57. Cicero rocallet.. — S a I - 1 u s t oxpolied from tha Senate.—Qylf, king of Swe- den. ÜB Iron chain cables used by tlic 55. Ctoaar paaaee the Vonoti. Rhine, daluats iJie Ger• mans and Gauh, and IM VADES BnITAlN. 54. Cteaar'a second Invasion of Britain, 53. Crassus plundera the tem. 53, Parthinn War.—The Ro• 03, CrassuB defeated and killed ple of 10,000 talenis. mans defeatod.—Crassu^ in Partiüa. slain. 52. Pompey, eole consul. 51. Offlsar completes the con- ' quest of Gaul, which be- A water mill on tho Tiber at comes a Roman province, Rorae. 49. Casaar passea ibe 49. T/te er-a 0/ A lUioch. Rubicon, and in sixty days makea liiniself mästet of Raly—marches into Spain and forces Pompoy'a iroopa to eurrendor. 48. , the Idtimean, is 48, Thessaly becomes the seat 48. Battle of Dyirhachiüm. made lieutenaut in Judea by of war.—The Athenians de- Cfesar. clare for Ccesar against Pom• pey. Ballle nf Pharsa/ia :—'Pom- The Alexondrian library (-lOO,- 47. Battle of Zell.—Phai- pey, defeated by Ctesar, flees 000 vols.) burnt. nacos conquered by Caesar The African War.—Scipio into Egypt, and is slain there. 45 The year of confuaion — so and Juba defeated at 47, Caesar takes Alexandria, CQlled boonuso tlio calondar Thapaua.—Cato kills him- and conquers Egypt,—Cce• was oltorod by Sosigmes. BcU at XJtica,—Ptplcmy sar victorious at Zela, in Dionysius drownod in the Asia, Nile. 4ö, Codiith rebuilt by Ctesar. 45. Cajsar porpetual IG Caesar reforms ihe Calendar, CKsar rebuiids Carthage. d i c t a 10 r — ho subduei by introducing the solar in- tho two sons of Pompey, and atoad of tlie lunar year.-— acqiiires tho aolo power. First Julian year. — Vilru- 44, Ctoeui' ussasainaied in the viua, the greatest Roman ar- 4.(., A coinct suen in China Senate Ilouao. chitect. 43 poisons her brother 43. Second Triumvirate:— ComelniS Nepos, historian; 43, Judea oppressed by Cras- «3 sus. ar-a reigne alone Octavius Casar, Marc An• Dio-ioTM SieulLts. histo- tony, and I.epidua.—Cicero fiu, Malichns poisons Artti- pater, pro.'^cribed and murdcred. 40. Ilorod the Great, son of 4Ü. The Balde ifPkilippi :— Andpater, defeats his rival, 39. The Partliians, undei Antony and Octavius defeai Antigonus, and Parcorns, Pacorus, defeated by Brutus and Cassiua. ÄePaithian—takea Jeruaa- Ventidius. Icm—nuuriea Hariamne—is Darius, kinß of Pontus. mado king hy tho Romans. 38. Ariobarzanes dcthroned by Mate Antony. 3 i^-c. A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 33 32 THE WORLD S PROGRESS. 36 B.C.-

B.O AFRICA. ROMAN EMFIEK, • . 0. PRÜURESS UP SOCIBTY, BTO. THE JE WH, East. West.

30 Clefl( atra obiain:) from An lony a grant of PhttUiCia 3G. Sextue Pompey defeated Cyrene and Cyprus. in Sicily. 34 —receives all Asia from the Meditarranean to the Indus S?. Antony quarrels with Oc' 34. Antony tiikes posaeaaion tavius, of Armcnia, which beconio« U Cleopatra and Marc Antony doleatcd by Octavius, at 31, By tho BATTI-E OF AC a lloinan province — leadi TIUM Octavius acquireR an inglorious expeditiof* Aetium. against Parthia. the empire. Golden age of Roman Hiera- ture. w Alezandria taken by Octavius. -Antony and Cleopatra de- 3a TUE HEPUDLIC BE Tlie recenue of ilie cmpiro 30. Ilerod kilb Marianma. COMES A MONARCHY. aiDuiinis lu about dOmilliona etroy thcm^elvea. Bierling.—Fifälslanding ar• Egypt becomes i Bo• my 111 Rome.—Direet trade rn an pro vincs. ol' Romo with India.—ÄiVÄ and linm manufactoriea in tho omplro. Templü ol' .lanu'! at Rome 29, Octavius'a S üaya triumph clo.sed—tliore being now a S9. E p h e s u 3, nezt ta at Rome, general pcace. Alexandria, the Chief ploc* Temple of Janus akut of trade in the Roraan em Rome coniains 4,101,017 pire. Citizens, 27, Theiiileaof Augustus and Treasui-cs of Egyptian art Emperor conferred onOcta- brouglit to Romo.—Tbe Pan• viua for 10 years, theon bullt. HoBACE, ViiiGiL, TibuUus, Propertiua, poota; Varrus and 'J'naea, oiitics; LHy, 23, Agrippa in Spahl hiatorian; Maicenas, minis• ter of Augustus, patron of literature: Strabo, geogra• pher; JBmilius Macer, of Verona, poet; Agrippa, war- rior, and patron of tho arts, Wifrahii> oj Ms at Rome. 22. Conspiracy of Murana. Pantomimie daneea intro- Sl. Atbeos fimiUyaubjecte d *x> duced on the Roman stage. 21. Augustus visils Greeee Rome. and Asia. 20. Poms, king of India, 20, CXCth Olympiad. 16, Lolliug defeatod by the Aqueduela eonstructed by !Q. Tlie Teraple rebuilt by solieits an alliance witll Germans, Agrippa, Hevod—he also builds Cy- Home. ) 15. Caniabria, Auslria, Rlite- pron, Antip.itris, Pharsajlis, Parthians defeatod by bia, Vindelencia and Mcesis DedicaHons 0/ /cs flrsi in- and the tower of Phasajl in Tiberius. bccome Roman provinces— troducod. Jortisalom. being conquered by Dru 14. Polemou conquers lios- S US . poriis. 13, Augustus assumes the title ol Pontifex Maximus, 12. Pannonia, conquered bj The Icgions disi*buted over Tiberius, becomeaaSo- tho provincosin fixod camps, man province. which süon grew into cities ) 11. Gcrmany aubdued t» Gor —among them were Boim manicue. and Ma'jence. 3. Tiberius at Rhodos, The calenda'' corrected by 5. tt. Varnts appointed gov• Augustus. ernor of Syria, anil Cjre- Dionysius, of IlaliDarnassus, nius governor of Judua, iiistorian; and Dionysius, 5, Cyrenius tases Judea. geographor. 4. Cymbelina, kingofBniaii. BIRTH OF OUR SAVIOUR, JESUS CHRIST, 4 years be- Ibre the Vulgär Bra, 3, Arclielaus succeetls Herod with the title of Ethnarch.

) MODERN CHRONOLOGY

FROM THE CHRISTIAN ERA TO THE PRESENT TIME

) ) THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. I A.D.- 3Ö 59 A.D. A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 37

PKOGRESS UF SOCIHTV, ETC. SACU?v1). ROMAN EMPIUH. ThouRh for many centuries chronolo- Eaal. Wesl. gios s'^i^crally have dated all events as occtirring so many yoars bufore or after Caiui C«B«tr makea peace with the Parthians, Tiboriua retums to Rome. tlie advent of Jesus Christ, yct, according to the best historical authorities, HL; was 3. Cinna's conspiracy detected. born four years earlier than the date —Caius Casar dies. ascribed by the first Church historians, 6. ö. Vacrus encamped on the Weser, go», This error, howcver, was not discovered ems Lower Germany like a Roman pra until too Rrcat a period of time itad vince. clapscd to make a roconstruction of the 9. The Gisrmaiis,under jlmirnzM,defeat and chroiiological System practicablc ; the kill Varrus. easiest remedy was to date back His birth Ovid is banished to Tomos. four years. Tiiis accordingly was done, 14 Augustus dies al Nola, aged 76, and ia witli the curious resiilt of placinp; Hi'' succeedod by birth four years before tho bcj^nnning ^, His own ora! • Ti b 0 r i ua.1 Oermanicua conquers Cappadocia, Christ reasons with the doctors. Qermanicus poisoned at Antioch. 19. The Jews bani.shed from Roma,—Th« Cc/sus, the plivsician ; Pk^drus, tlie Marcomanni conquered by Drusus. fabulist; VeUiiis PatcraUiis, Romflli 2i. The iheatre of Pompey destroyed by äm. historian.

2ö. Poyitim Pilate. governor of Judea. 26 Thrace becomea a Roman province. 25, Tiberius retires to Capriea. 2» Tho Dritids in Gerrnany 26. bi^ins h'is ministry. 27. Christ bapiizcd by .lohn 23. —at the marriago in Cana. — Matthew callcd. 29. Twelve disciplea sont abroad, "two and two." Philo, Alosandrian ,Tew, of Plaio. 30. CEUCIFIXION of Our SAVIOUR, Fri- Sencca, raoral pliiloiiopher. day, April 3. at 3 P, M. ; ResitrTecCion, 31. Sejanus disgraced and put to death. » Siuiday, April 5; Ascensio7i, Thuraday, May 4.

PaleTiua Maximus, historian, 33. St. Peter baptizes Cornelius, 33, Conquest of Maurhanla. 31. St. Paul converted to Christianity, Appion, of Alexandria, srammarian, callcd S7. Tiberius dies, aged 78. the «iS^mpet of the WorkL" 39. St. Mallhüie writes Iiis goapel, 40. The disciples fiiat called Chrtatiam at -C a I i g u l a , Äntioch, (noted (or his profligacy and folly.)

41. Herod's peräcculion; St. Peter imprisoned 41. Caiigula assassmated by Chereaa, Claudius' succeeds to the throne. 43, —invades Britain with his general, Plan- 441 Sl. Marli writes his .—Death of tius. St. James. 45. Bavnabanand Paul pveach in Cyprus. 45. Vespasian, general in Britain. 43. CensuB of the city, 0,900,000. 49 A canstis being taken by Claudius, ihc em• peror and censor, the inhabitants of Itomc arefoundto amoimt to 0,900,000.—(tTii:5. Jffsi.)—[More Ihan three times the mimber fif London at pveaenLl 50 Pnul proac!io3 in the Areopagua, at Athev4 51. Caractacus, the chief of the Britoua, ca» Hl tti;«'Hic(/o, born in Spam; left twelve hooks on husbandry. quered and brought to Rome. Gouncil of the Apostlea at Jerusaleto. 64, Nero; a profligate and btoody tyrant. £6. —poisons Britanicus, G5, Paul proaches at Ephosus, a'nd al OKsa- 66. Rotterdam built. rea, 57. —pleads tefore Felir. 69, Nero'amoiher,Agrippina,puttoiIa«Ui by 'ö9. —pleads before Ftstus, and appw!« le hia order. Ceasar. 3S THE WORLD'S PROGRESS, 59 A.D. A.D. A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 39

Puoanuss op SOCIETY, ETC. SAOI^ÜD ANS EOOLESIASTIOAL. ROMAN EMPIUB. Eaat. Weat. 59. Pauj is shipvn'ecked on the lalutd Melita (Malta). CO. Paul imprisoned al Roma 60 Garttul} aubdues Armenia. DI. Revolt of the Britons imder queen Boa 63. Paul set at liberty. dicea; they bnm London. Tlie queen, d* feated by Suetaniva, poisons herself Nsrc'B golden palace built: ol' great extent, fii. The firat persecution qf ChriMan» 64. Nero sets Rome on fire, and accusea Iha iniloüing fielda, &c. Tho buildings in Nero. Christians of tho crime. Rome more regulär after tho Are, Tiridatcs placed or ihe throne of Armenia by —persecutes the Christians—Äaneco, G3 to G6. Paul visits Jerusalem, and trsTele Nero. cian, and otiiers put lo death. dirough the greater part of tho known world. Pliny, the older, aulhor of the firat naCural 66. ," hiatory; Quiniizia Ourtiua, historian; Per- The Jews at war with the Romami, aud aiua, eaiiriBt. Paul boheailod, \ St. Peter crucified. S7 Toaspku», ihe Jewieh historian. 67, The Jews massacred by Florus.—Joaephoa, governor of Galileo. Popo St- OlemenL—GamalieV 63. Vespasian invadea Judea. 68.- Gal ba,* reigns 9 months, end ia put to death by

rhe Coliseum of Vespasian. • O l ho (2 months) defeaieä and killed by

-V 11 e i1i u( who is defeated by the army of 70, ThedssiructionafJerusahtH^iy Titus Judea subdued and Jerusalem destroyed by 70,- —— Vespasian. Titus. Vespasian conquers Lycia, Rhodos, Thrace, Cilicia, Byzaniium and Samos. 77. Pope St. Cletus 77 Revolt o( the Panhians, 77. A great plague at Rome, 10,000 dyinf «1 The Capitol rebuilt. one day. Circumnavigation of Scotland. Destruction of Horculaneum and Pompeji. 79. Titua,^ (benoficent.) Herculanetim and Pompeii deatroytd by an irruption of Yesuviua. Very beautiful painiinga in the Raths of 0. Julius Agrieola, conqueror and govemoi Titus; the group of the iaocoon. of Britain, reduces Wales, entors Caledonia.

Q!(m(iWian, orator; Valerius F/accus, poot; 81.- — Domitian, Marlial, Epigrammatiat; Apollonius, Py. ( a cruel tyrant.) thagorean phdosophor; Epictetua, stoic; Dio Ckri/soslom, Greefc rhetorician antl phi• losopher; Philo By'iiua; Ignatius anäPa- B3, Pope Anacleius. pias, two of the fathers of the church. i. Dcrccbal, leader of tho German hordea, defeais Domitian, and compola him to pay t yearly iribule. 88. Capitoline and secular games. War with Dacia 15 yeara. 95. Second pevsecution of the Chiiotiaai Domitian. St- John writes his Gospel and Apoe» lypse, and is banished tothe )*!• of PatmM. Tacitua, historian j Juvenal, satirist; Sta- 96. Popo Evariatus, SS. Domitian put to dealh by Stephaniia. liua, poot; Aul. Gelliwa, gramma• rian ; , moralist and biogrnplier; N e r V a , the younger PUny. (well tniontioned but enfcebled by ege.) 97. Timothy stoned. St. John returna from exila.

The Ulpian tibrary; PvMie aekoola in all 98. Christian assembliespTobibitedby'naJaB -T r a j a n, Ihe provinces; Jmisprtidence flourishcs; (a ereat sovereign andäwarrwr.) the city adorned with the Forum; PiUar Tho Roman Empire at its grea(a«t «xient of Trojan, and baths; bridge built over ^ The Word Pope ia used in occorda&c« J. Secerus, general in Britain tne Danube. with the Roman Cathollc usage,though tha name was not adopted by llieir Pontiflh tW several centuries alter. THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. lOO A.D.- 40 185 A.D. A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 41

PnOSKESB OP SOOIETV. KTO, ECCLEaiAÜTIOAL, •ROM AH EMPIBK. Weat. 100. St. John dies at Bpliesus, set, 94, 100. The Huns emigrate westwari. 101, Trajan reduces üacift. Pliny, proconsul in Bithynia, sends Trajan his aecount of the Christians.—Great victories m The ßiät ercdiUe histyrian among the lOr. Third persecution of tho Christiana itj of Trajan. Chineae, Trajan, 10^. St. Ignatius dovouted hy wild heasts. Pops Alexander I, Trajan's expeditio:i against tho Panhians. / 115. Massacre of the Greeks and Roi^ani itj the Jews of Cyrene. Seizure of Cteaiplion. •Adrian. 118. Fuuitli pui'secution of the Christian» DJ Armenia Major again goyornod by its own 117.- Adrian. kings depoiidont upon Rome. m The great buildings Polmyra.—Temple of 119. Pope Sixtus 1. Nicomedia and other cities destroyed by an 120. —makes 6 progress tlirough all th« the Sim at Baalbse. earthquake. 121. provinces—visns Britain, builds there Tho Roman mosaics. a wall from ihe Tyne lo Solway Frith.—A wall built from tho Rhina to ilio Danube. 12Ü, (luadraius, bishop of Athens. Adrian in Asia Minor for seven years. 127. Pope Telosphorus. 130. Heresy of Prodicus, cluef of the Adti- Adrian rebuiids Jofusalom, under the name of mites. .^lia Capitolina, and erocts there a temple to Jupiter. m Jiiriaprudencc improved by tha publishmenl Tho rebellion ofthe Jews crushed afcer a war of Adrian's perpelual coae. of five years,—Tho Jews banislicd fiom Ptolemy, tha celebrated Egyptian astronnmer Judea. and geographer —Arrian, Appian, Maxi• mus, Lysius and Pausanius, Grecli histo rians; Lucian, a satirical writor; Hermo- genea, rhetorician of Tarsus. 13-1. Heresy of Marcion, who acknowledgee three Gods. 13Ö. Falycarpaaä. Aristides, Christian fathers 133.— Antoninus Pius, 139. Popo Hygonus. (eminent for hisvirtues and love oJ peacß.) 140. I.ollius Urbi'cus extands the Roman do- 142. Popo Pius I. minion in Britain, and erects a second ram- part, called ihe Wall of Antoninus. Heresy of Valentine 145. Antoninus defeats ihe Moors, Germans, and Daciana, 146, —introducos the worship of Serapis int« 150, Popo Anicetus, Romo, Canon of Scripture fijted about thia üme 154, publishes his apology fo 152, —stops tlio persecution of the Christian», Ihe Christians. Bmhassy sent by Antoninus to Ciiina, 1G2 Popo Soter. 161,— Marcus Aurelius, (Antov ninus,) (the stoic philosopher.) Escape of the thundering legion. 166 Tachang Heng, tho Chinese astronomor. 1C7, and Pionices mivlyj:9äai Aaia ' 158. Plague over the wholo known world. War with the Parthians, lasts 3 yeai». 169 Oaltn, Greek physician; Athreneua, a gram• 169, The Marcomanni at war with Roma. marian; Diogenes Laertius, Greek histo• rian. 171. Pope Eleutherus, 177. Tho Christians pcraecuted at Lyons-— Thcaßhiliis^ Taiiiiits and l^Tor.ianas. tSo The equeatrian statue of Marcus Attrelius, ISO, The emperor dies at Sirmium! m» ceec'ed by CommoduB, (profligate and cruel;) makes peace 1S5, . with the Germans. St. Irem-aua. GOTHS in Dacia. 43 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 189 A.D.- 350 A.D. A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 43

PHoaiiBas OP SooiKTv, ETO. BOOLÜSIABTIOAI,. RoMAir EMPISH. Satt. Weal.

169 The SARACEN^ defeat Ihe Romana. IS9. Tho Capitol of Rome destroyed by light ning. 131, Romo noarly destroyed by firo. 19a. Commodua assassinated by Martia am Laetua.

193,- P e r l i n a I proclaimed by tho Praitonan guards— murdered alter a roign of 3 months.—The 197. Pojja Zephyrinm. empire bought by Didius JttUanus, wlu) is put to death by order of the Senate,

Soptimus Severus,! (csverna with vigor.) -defeats hia comi.otitors, Nigtr and Albi- nus. 194. —besjegea Byzantium. 202, Flfth persecution ofthe Christians nndtt 202. —persecutes tho Christians. m Fapinian, ihe groaieBt civil lawyer of anli' Severus.—ITeWMWziwi, an ablo defendor '4 203 -his Kons Carocalla and Ge^a go to Bri• quity—JUHMS Äfricanus, chronologer. Christianity.—Osjrtfiws, of Alexandria, tM tain, whoro 50,000 Roman troopa died ol Minutiua Felix, C. F.* plague. The wall of Severus between the Förth and the Olyde built. 211. Severus dies at York, in Britain.

-Carncalla and G 0 t a . Caracalla murders Geta. 212. —visita the provinces along the Danube 216 Caracalta grants (ho light of Roman cilizen- —Wars with the Catii and Alemanni. Bhip [0 all tlio provinces, that they may ho- 217. Pope Calixtua I. 217. Caracalla is assassinated. come liablo to tlin toxea, inheritcmcea, ic. Tiio Septuagint found in a cwk. Mac r i n u B , put to death by the soldiers.

218, HeliogahaiuB, W (a monster of vice and crueTty.) !Sa.- Aleiandor Severus • (a beneficent and enlightened prince,) 223 PERSIA; the new kingdom begun by Artas- Tho Romans agree 10 pay an annual tri- erses; (the dynasty of the Sassasid»). bute to the Goths, to provent tliem from molesting tho empire, Parthia tributary to Persia. 220. The viotoiy of Severus ovcr the Perslani 2SS. . at Tadrfior. 234. Pope Pontianus. S36 Ammonius, founder of a new schoo! of Pia- 235. Anteius. 235, Severus murdered in a mutiny of the tonic philogophy at Alexandria. , 0. F. army; sueceededby Dio Casaius, Groelt historian. Sixtli peraecudon ofthe Christians, undoi M a X i m i n u 3 , JL. Masiminus, in which Leonidaa, Jren««», Victor, Perpetua, and FeUeitaa are mar- who defeais the Dacians and särmatians, tyred, 236. Maxirainua assassinated by his troope near Aquilea.

— Balbinua and Gordian, _ 241, Tho FRANKS first mentioned in 24S 342 Cenaoriut, a critio and grammarian. Ch>niian lefeals the Perafans under Sapor. tory; they invade Gaul. 214. Gregory Thaumaturgu^iOnADitru/ymi 214, —aro repulsed at Moguntiacum. of Aloxandria, 0. F. Gordian put to dealh by -Philip ,'^(ihe Arabian, who makes makes peace with sapor. 247. The secular games restored.

»9 Herodian, Qreelt historian. 249. D e c 1 n s ^? ^ — 200. Pope Sl. Cornelius. persecutes the Christians. Longiiiua, phüosopher and ^Uc Scvenih persecution of the ChrlatHiML 250, —Slam by ihe Golhs, who isvad« th( 3bO empire by crossing the DaDub«. * Christian Father, 287 A.D. 44 THE WORLD S PROGRESS. 251 A.D.- A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 45

ROMAN EMFIUS, PiLoonEss ;p SOÖIETY, ETO, BaCLESlASTtOAL. East. Wesl.

£51 HUNS 0,1 the Caspian Sea, Plottnua. 251, Sl Ci/prian, bishop of Carthaga,—Mo- QBl.. Gallus Odin in Scandinavia. nastic Hie originato.'! aboul thia ume, nurchaees a peace with tho Goths.—Coa Dispute between the chtirchea of Romi federaey of the Franks between Uio Rliins and Africa about . and Elbe. —a great pestilenceprevails in ihe empire

253.- E m 111 a r. u a .

25-1.- V a 1 e r i a n . —ia succcsaful against tho Germans and Goths. 25G-QD. Four groai ^liratical expodidonsTf tho Tho Persians viotorloiia in Asia Minor, Ooibs into Asia Minor and Grcoco. 250 Popo Dionvaius Poi'sia:—Sapor's victory over tiie Roman 259. Vnlorian defeated and taken pi'laonor and arms. fiayod alive by the Persians. 2m The temple of Diana at Ephosus burnt. «61 Sapor, the Persian, takes Antioch, Tarsus and . G a 11 1 e n u s , Cxsarea. 21^ JPauf, blanop of Samoaatia, deilM Ae Period of the 30 tyrants. Tlio Persians penotrato to Raraina. divinity of Jesus Ohriat Odcnatos, king of Palmyta—he is aucceeded 264. Allianco wiih Odenatus, by hia wife. 2G7. Clcodamus and Ailienius defeat the Goths Zeno bia, who reigns with the titles of and Scythians. Augusta,' and ' Queen of the East.' 265. Galllenus killed at Milan. m Paulus, a Aomaii poet. .Claudius 11.^ defeats an army of 320,00u «oths, 269, —dies at Sirmimu. 270, — Aurelian, 270 Longintis at the couit of Zonobia. (a great warrior.) 271, —dafeata the Gotha and Aiem.mni. m conquers Egypi, a part of Armenia, 269. Pope Felb I. and Asia Minor. 272. Ninth persecution imder Aurelian. S73 Zenobia defeated at Edessa, by Aurelian, who 273. -reduces Palmyra afior an hcroic reslat destroys her magnificent capitai, and carries ance, and takes,queen Zenobia ptlsoner. her to Rome. 274. Popo But,yoliianoa. 374. Fruncc, Spain, and Britain reduced to 274 Romo surrounded with a wall. obedionco. Longlnus dies. Manes originales tho heresy of the Maiit chseana—rejocts all the sacramenia : refuaia The Temple ol' ihe Sun at Rome burnt.— allegiance to tomporal sovereigns, &a. Dacift given up to tho barbarians, 375. Aurelian killed near Byzantium. An interregnum of 6 vionths.

T a c i t u s , (a descendanl of the historian,) reigns with wisdom 6 months. 276 Porph/ry, the Greekphilosopher and opposer of Christianity. 277.- P r o b u 3, ? 'an Exiraordinary naval expedilion of tho Thra- (a warlike prince.) cian Franks ir. tia Mediterranean and —obtnins several victories ovcr iho barba• Northern Seas. £0 The Persians .iefeatedby Probu«. rians.—The Franks permitted by Probus tc settle in Gaul. 382, Probua alain by his soldiera.

C a r tt s killed by ligiiming. 233. . Tha Jewiah Talmud aLd Targum cwaa Carinus and Numerianus,' poBed. (effominate and cruel.) Paul, the Theban, the firat ,—Reh 288. Fingal, king of Morven, dies. gious ceremoniea muhiplied.—Fagait rilei imitaled by the Chrialiaöa. 284. • Di o cl eti an' Diocleilan's Ori&ntalform nf gavemmenl— sends ambassadora lo^hina. tho monarchy considoreo horoditary—nomi- "The Era of Dioclelian," ot of "Iha nation of CtEsars as co-rulurs. 336, IJierax, chief ofthe Äiwaarians/aMerl* marlyrn," Atisust29, Oioclelian's baths, comainin" 3,000 benches tliat Melcliizcdec was tlie Holy Ghoat, and 2S7, liriium usurped by Carausiua, who reigns of whlle marble. while the wnlls were deniea ihe resurrection. 7yoarfl. Tlio empire attackedbythororih- adorned ^'iWi painiinga. orn barbarians, and several provmcea usurped by tyrants.-Maiimianun, a col- Iciigiie of tre Emperor ;J3 46 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 290 A.D.- •364 A.D. A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 47

PilOOKKOB 01' 80OIETY, ETO. ECOLKSIABTIOAL. 11 OK AN EMFIRB, 'Jaat. 89f The Oregoritm code. 291. Tho Franks make tliemselves mäste» ol Balavia and Flanders- 293. The Franks expelied from Batavia. Narszs, king of Persia, loses Armenia, Meso. potaBiia, and Assyria. 806. ilibn/cs in Spain and Egypt. 296, Britain restored to tha empeior. Pope Marcellinus. Alexandria taken by Dioclelian. Ilormiadaa, II., king of Persia, builda Ormua.

303. Tenlh Persecution of the Chnstiaiia. 3N Oregory imä Beniwgenea, \awyecB; Eliua, 3W. Amobivs, of Africa, C. F.. cooTerte« - x 304. Dioclelian and Majtimian reaign tha Em Spariianus,!xad Yopücus,hi3U>nam; Tre- ^rom idolatry. ' \ pire to beliius Polio. Conslantius and Gaieriu».

306, Persecution of theChiislians stopped by 306.—COHBTANTINE IHK GKBAT, Conslantius. (first Christian emperor.) 310. , Lieinius, Maximian, and Alasentim, hi« Ai'ius excnmmunicaicd. three colleaguos, 311. Pope Malchiades, Conslantine defeats tho Franks. 815 The prcetorian guard brolten up by Constan- 312. Maxeniius defeated and killed. line. 314. Popo Sylvester I. 314. Civil war with Liclnius. 319, Toleration of Christianity by Constantine 319. Constaniino lavors and tolerates Chris• the Great. ti aiiity. 321, —appoints tho obsorvaiice of Sunday. 322. —deleats and baniehes Licimus, and be• 323 Foundation of ConslantrJiople by Consianline comes sole emperor, —abolishcs the combata of gladiatotatnd Ihe Great.—Celebraied dorne of St Sophia: 335. The Council of Nice (from June 19th, SS The first general Council a. Nice. Iho eplendor of ilie court so great that Ii 3*?5 lo Ausist 2äüi) consistingof aiHbishops, assemblies. coät more than tha loglons, who condemn Arianism. —Eusebius,bisliop 323 The seat of governraoni removed to Constan• 330 Conaiamiriople becomes iho seat of an and of CiBsarea, C. F., and ecciesiastical histo• tinople, which was eolomnly dedicatad on literature. rian. — Lactanlius, Athanasius, Artus, May llth, 330, 331. Constaniino Orders all tho heatlien lem- Ephraim and Basil, 0, F., flouriah in the ples to bo destroyed. reign of Conslantine. 333 Great famine aud pestilence in Syria, 334 Revolt of Sarmaiian slaves, 300,000 are dis- 336. Pope Marcus. persed ovcr tho ompire. 337. Popo JuUus. 33- Death of Constantine, and tho acccssion of hia threo sons, Elaventh persecution. —Saiiits mvoked, the cross reverenced, and incense used by Constanlius, Constan3,and Conaianilne.^ the Christians. 150 Greek and Asiaiio cities destroyed by an 310, Conslantine, tho yoimger, defeated and 310 Oiaian, the Caledonian bard, supposed to earthquake, killed by Conatans ,at Aquilea, havo flouriflhed aboui tliis timo. 341. Christianity propagaied in Bthiopia bj 350 Hermanric, king ol' the Ostrogoths, founds an 350, Conatans killed in Spain by Magaentius. Frumainlius. extensive empiro, 354 Gallus put to death by Constanlius. 3S6. Pope Felis II, ,^ • 357 Eutropiut and Marcclhnus, hiatoriaiis; Jcjn. Sl. Hilary and Gregory Naziamen, 01 ' | 357, Six German klngs defeated by Julian at biieui and Bunaplus, Greoit iiistorian. , an eminent writar, 0, F.— ./ Strasburg, Elius Donatus, bishop of Cailhace.— Ci/ril, bishop of Jarusalora.-MonaE teriea ia 961 Gonatantiua dies at Tarsus. 361.- Julian, the Apostaie. • Thebais. —aitempis in vain lo rebuild the temple at Jeruaalem. A disadvantageous peace with the Pcraians. 363. —is siain in a war with the Persiana,

J 0 V i a n . 3G'l. Death of Jovian, aniTihe acceaaion ol •Valentinian and Valens, under whom the EMPIRE is DIVIDED:

EASTERN EMPIRE WESTERN EMPIRE, exiending from the lower Danube 10 ifae con- exiending from ihe Caledonian vtiügacta fines of Persia, to the fo^ of Mount Alias,

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gilt s II 1 CO -tt •—•— —I'I,vr— • • m'WWW"mpiaif;-..!-,!!tvr-—':-/^- •.•™)^•^->'7^•-l..•1r.~.-•J^^''^^^••s^r^-^•;Tf'^v".•ln,Tr«»,•«•'• •^•'Ti"?'"

THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 447 A.D.- 50 476 A.D. A CHRONOLOGICAL KECORD. 51

PiiooREse OP SooiETV, ETO. Ecci.naiASTicAL, EASTEH.V EMPIUIS. WESTERN EwptnB,

4-17. Eidyckfa asseixs ihe exisien&e of onl) one naiuro in .lf.-;ui CliriaL 448, Franks:—MorovCDua Ist, kingof the Ma• 44!). Ibiis, bishop of Edessa; and Eusobiua, ro vineians. bishop of Dorjlemu, depo;ed ^ius defeai.s the Huna. 450. Sozomen and Theodoret, ecciesiastical Zoximus anil Olympiodorua, Greek hiatO' M a r c i a n,' hiMorians. . „. , . ruua. aThracian, rcfofcs !o p.iy tho annual 451. Tho fourihgeneral Council aiChaIcedon, iribuio 10 tho lluns. 4ßl. The arrival of ilic Saxoni at which Eutychcanism and Neeioiiaiüna in Britain, under Iloncist and Iloraa. are soloiiialy condeiimcd 452. Thecityof VENICE founded. 455. Valoniinian assas.^ioaied by

-Potroniua Mnximua. ^ J\.. A V i t u a.

Leo I., cror ever crowncd by ilie 458. Franke :—Chlldcric L, conquers as fai War with ihe Goths. as tlie Loire anü takea Paria. Itil, Popo Ililanus. 4dj, PopoSimpliciuB. 4 Ii! Peace with the Goths; Theodoric ia recetved 461. S e V e r n e .' from them aa a hosiagc. 467.- • •! Athenius. (Tiie last tiireo cniperora alain by Ricimer.) 469- Spain :—The Vi.iigolha, undor Eric, eaia blish their kingdom.

Tliepnncipleestablishcrt thal every accused pereon eliall bo lnedliykispecr3,Qr eiiuals. 172.- Olyhiua.' Oligitrcliy of Ihe blshops of Rome, COM- Erupiion of Veauvius, eeon nt Gonslan- etaniinoplo, Alexandria, Antioch, and Jer» tinople, salem—all slriving for ihe aupremacy.— Le"islaiion of the Visigotha in Spain—Eric The church now begma to assume • poli» 473. Gly ceri us.@ boins king, and founder of ihe Gothic mo• cal asjioct. narchy. «74 Zeno. 474. JuliaaNepoa. ^ a turbulent reign: dobaiiclicriea and conspl- raclea. 175 Theodoric becomes Chief of iho Oelrogotlia. „ , .475.— Romulus August 11 lus. 7^ The loticrins erafireof the wesl was finally. i7'5 and invades the empire He ravagos 476. ROMB laken by ODOACER, king D( ovcitliiownby Odoaccr'osack;>niome, die Thrace, the Ilenilji: ßreiii ovcnt whicli piccctles tlio miAHe or END of tho WESTERN EMPIRE, "dark ages." The Ibrm of llio old ]926 ycare after Ihe building of Rome; and Roman govemmeni remaincd—the senaie, commoncomeiUof tbe Iringiloin cf Iialj uo. the consuls, &C.—but Italy, ravaged by a der Odoacer. 6ucceK.-:ioii of wara. plagucs, fiimines, Mild every form of public tyrati-v und doniemc Blavery, waa nearly a lieseri

) 5 38 A.D. A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. A.D.- 53 52 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 480

EASTEUN EMPIlIlä, EiriiOPE, gencially. PKOdREas OP SOCIETY, ETO. EocLEatASTiOAL. An earthquake, lasting 40 days, destroys the greater part of Constantinople. 481 Zeno makes Theodoric general and consul, 481. FRANCE :-0 1 0 v i s I, ,@ fnunwi of the French monarchy. 483. Pope Felix III. •escommunicated by Acacius, bishop o( Constantinople. 4Si, Chrisiians perseculed by Huneric, ki^ 484. Alaric II., kingof the Visigoths in Spain. of the Vandals. 4Sß. France :—E allle of Roissonf gained by Clovis. 486 Rise nt tho feudal sijalem in France, under 487. Britain:—The Saxons defeated by Prinot Clovis. Arthur and Ambrosius, 490:—Italy :~ravaged by ihe barbarians. Britain:—kingdom of Sussex. 49t Anastasius I. •191, France :—Clovis subdues Thuringia. The Green and Blue factions, 432. Popo Ge.asius I. The emjieror's persecution of tite Catlio- licsj and proiection of tho ManichEeana, oc. 493. Italy:—c onquered by Theo- 403 Theodoric introduces the architeciure of casions a rebellion headed hy ViialiaHua, doric, king of Ihe Ostrogoths.—Odoa- Greeee to improve the buildinga of Italy, 494. The Roman Pontiff mierta ki$ wuprt oer put to death. tat;y. 40Ö. Ciiristianity introduced inlo Fi-ance, 408 Publication of the Gemara or Talmud of Da- 499. Franco:—Clovia concludes a peace with bylon. Theodoric in Italy. 500. Burgundy becomes his iribulary. 502 Tlic empire ravaged and the imporial army 501 Biirgandian laws published, baing a collec- de.^tvoynd by Carbades, king of Porsia, lion of the rigUta and customa ol the Rur. 507 Long walla built to protect ConaCanünoplc 507. Clovia defeats Alaric near Poiciiers, guröäiana. from die Bulgarians. 510. Franco:—Clovis makes Paris his capiiaL A great insuiTection in Constantinople, 10,0 511. France:—Clovia dies. The 8alic law ealablished in France, killed. -C h i 1 d e b e r t I.° 512 Tho HBRULH settle in Thiace.

ei3 Boethius, the Roman poet and philosopher. 513. Christianity embraced by the Fetaiai kin 2, Carbades. 514 Constantinople besieged by Vitalianua, whose C14 Use of biirninff glass in warfare at Constan• öl4. Pope Hormisdaa. (ieet is consumed by the bwning glass bf tinople. Proclua. 510, The Chrialian Era adopted. 517. Getoä ravages lUyricum, Macedon, &c. Anastasius killed by lighlning sie The Christian Eraproposedand iniroduced by Dionysius, a . -Justin I. 519. Britain:—Prince Arlhur defeated at GI9. Tbe orthodox restored by !ii*lin a peasunt of Dalmatia. Charford by Oei-dic, who begina tho ihird 516- Brilliant period of tho Byzantino empiro Saxon kingdom of Weese.i;. liGö 522. Spain:—Amalaric, the first Gothic king. ö93, Pope .lohn I. who esiablislies his courtin Spain—his capT 525. The Arian bishops deposed. tal, Sevllle. 526. Pope Felix IV. Extreme Unction introduced. Kit -JtrSTJNIAN I., colobratod for Iiis code of law.i and tho victories of his generals, Belisarius and Narses. 529 Belisarius defeats the Persians undor Chos- 829 The schocäls or Athens suppressed. 599. T/ie Order :f Benedictine monki w roes. stiiuted at , near Naples. 530. Britainkingdom of Essex. E30 The fahles of Pilpay translated into Peraian. GSn. Popo IJoniface II. 531. Spain:—Theudis succeeds Amalaric £31 Ciieas introduced into Persia irom India. 632 —quells 1 conspiracy in Constanlinopic. 532. Burgundy conquered by Childeber*. 533, Pope .lohn II. S33 Justinian's pandccfs and cede of toos. £>34 —defeats the Vandals in Africa. 535 —subduos Sicily, 53v", Popo Agapems. —lakes NuploH, 53U, Vitiges, king of the Osiogroihs, sum» 53Ü, " Sylveutor I. ders his possessiona in Gaul to the FraiHt kin^. Separation of the Armenia^ tiim 'Jie Gieet 537 —takes Rome, defeats the Ostroeroths in 537. Italy conquered by Beiisariua. church. Italy. —the Huns in Thrace, and Architecturo; the church of Sl Sophia 1 aili G3S, Pov e Vigiliii.^, m at Constantinople. Praolua, a laaraed Plaioniat, 33* 54 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 539 Ä.D.- 607 A.D. A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 55

PKOOILGSS UP Sociii'i'Y, BIO. ECCLGaiASTIOAL. EABTBftN EuPIRIt. ElTBOPB, OBNERALLT.

530. Italy: War, famine, and pesdience, S40. The M>nothelilee,vfba acknowled/fed MO Vitiges al Bavenna. — Norlh Africa. Cor- T!ie City of Milan ravaged by the Gotha. but one will in Jcsna Ghriat. EJca and Sardiniu, anncxcd to the Eaatorn empiro. 512 Plagulagiioe at uonstantinopiConstantinoploe — durlntiuring throü 54S. Britain:—Prince Arthur murdered .in months IVom 5,000 to 1U,ÜÜ0 dio daily. Cornwulli 518 The Lombards settle in Pannonia.—Tho Turkish monarchy founded in Asia. 549 Siege of Petra. ESO, POLAND 3 dukedom—Loch, its first 5S1 Ths manu/aclure of stUt introduced fiom duke und legislator, Iiis brother, Zocli, Ohina by ilio monfo. GD2. The Fifr.h gonoral Council at Conitauii 562 Narses defeats and kills Tntija. first duke of Üohemia, nople. GQ4 Italy governed by Greek exarchs. Tho Greeks Ibi'in settleraonis on li:a 65G. Pope Pelagius I. Spanish coast^ from the Straiis 10 Valencia, 55G. Civil wars m France. 657. The cliurchof St. OermaindePrea, btut Proeopiua, a Romrin lustonan—ilie last of the et Paria. J 6oa A plague OKionding over Europe and Asia 553, France:—C 1 0 i a i r e I, ^ classic writera. and lasiing nearly 50 years. m The Saxon Imna; the fcins's auihority limil- 559. Britain;—the Saxon IIeptar> ed by the WiUenagemot. c hy oommences. Three Orders; the noble, the/m, anii the 560. Pope Jolm HL 560. Briiain:—die kingdom of Norihumbria, servite.—Trial by ordeal. The Trilheisls actnowledgo three QoäM, formed by the union of Bomicia and Deira. aml deny the resurrection. —Etholberl, king of Kern, subdues mtat ol the Saxon kings.

661 Belisarius disgraced by Justinian. 561. Fcanco:—C h a r i b e r t I. ^ 562 " restored:—hü quelle a conspiracy, Great fire in Constantinople-the city noarly destroyed. 665 Chrisiiaiu^ miroduced among the Picia by Justinian dies. 565. Euiope lavaged by a pestilence. Columbi. — Justin Il.Y C68 Tho old Human municipal aystora in Italy Belisarius dies in prieon. 508. Italy conquered by the Lombards, undei overthrown by the invasion of tbc Lombarda Alboin. Ke flxoa his capitai at Pavia. —and tlic feudal System establiahed. C69 The TÜRKS first mentioned in hisioiy.— Wrllten laws compiled among tho nations of They send embassios 10 Justin, and ^im 571. Britain:-BretwaIdan.,kingofWesBei, German origin—tirst by tlie Visigoths in 573, Pope Benadict L an alliance. Spain, ii74 Tiberius associated with Justin in the gov- Semi-eircular arclies introtlucod In the archi• 575. The lirst nionastery foundaii in BavarUk ernment, 575. " Bast Anglia formed into a kina- teciure of churclies, with much grotosque Great incrcase of miracles. S7Ö Justin dofoats Cho.Nrucs, king of Persia. dorn, and called Angle-land, whence the orl- Bculpture. gin of ihe name England. 573. Pope Pelagius U. 678 -Ti b e r 1 u B ! 1.1 m The Latin language ceases to bo spoken in cea Maurice, tho Cappadocian, king; undor Iiis Italy, while "it aupersedes tho Gothic in reign tho empire extends to the Ara.xes,and 583. Spam :—the Suevi snbducd by the Vjai- Spain. alniost 10 the Caspian Sea. goilis. m The originof./te/3. France:—C 1 0 tai re II. ÖSC Tho üloman Catholio fidih ostab-isliod In 5S6, Britain;—tho kinadom of Mercia founocd. Spain. SiMiin;—Recared", king. 583 Gregory of Tours, the lätber of French Iiis- 5S8. Tlie cijiy of Paris destroyed by fire. tory. 690. Pope Gregory L called The Great. 670- The Avare flouriah under Baian—invade tho 539. Homo iniindaled by the Tiber. Tlie doctrine of purgatory firEl t&ught— SOÜ Eastem empire, and epread over Hungary, 591. Britain:—Bthelbert, king of Kont, gains /Waas introduced. ' Po land, and Prussia. the pre-eminence, and becomes Bretwalda III. Italy:—tho Lombards, under Auiluria, successfui against the Greeks and Franke. 595, Istria, ßoliomia, and Foland invaded bj H6 Bretwalda, king of England, converted to the Sclavonians. Christianity. . 5!)ij. Franco:—Tliierry IL, king of Burgurily, E97 Agalhns, a Grecian historian, 597. Briliiin:—Christianity introduced by St. Gildas, the first Briiisii hi.'tiorlan. 598. St- AugJisline, firel of Can- Au^uHlinc. jGuiyrTi OS, ecciesiastical hl^ioriun,—Cos.'itodo- terbury, iniroducea Christianity into Britata, —P h o c a s. ^?~a ceniurion, elected kinp. 600, Iialy rai-agcd by the Sclavonians. Tus, the historian of Ravenna, tutor to 60,1. Pope Sabianus, or Sabinian. The empire mvidel by the Persians, Thun doric. 6Ü3. Pope Bonilaco III. made aupreme heaö Tho Siixong, having conqtinrod England, it of the church by Phocas.—Tho title of Uni• (j',)7. Britain:-Supremacy of die Pop« ae rolapsod, in a great mcasuro, into Tbe State versal Bishop ussumed. knov/ludgcd. of barbarism, from which it had been par- Tho Waldcnses refuae submiaaion ta Üally ralsed by (he Romans. Bon»» \ 56 THE WORLD S TliOGRESS. 604 A.D. ö;3 A.D. A CHRONOLOt.;iCAL RECORD. 57

rUOaiinSS OP SOOIBTV, STO, EpaCLESIASTiO.lI.. EASTGEN EMPinE. Eunopi;, OBNEnAir.Y.

The arislocrac'j acquiie great power in 66i. Britain:—St. Paul'a Church founded by France, somewhat resirained \>y the mayora CÜfj. Pope linnilaco III. Ethelbert, Idng o'" Kent, of liie palace, liOr. Pope lionifacd IV, Äi/esand siiperstUions incraase in all Buropo, Tho Pantheon at Rome dedicatedto Boa —IIp.UUS rtiiught for,and worshipped.—ijV«- the , and tho Sainta, niea addrea^eLl 10 the Virgin.—'ihe horning 009. The 'Christians massacred by the.Jcw^ ») ol canä'es hy day.—Exorcisnis, &c. Antioch. Haraclius takes Constantinople, kills Phocas. Hcreditary ßifs.—Aristucratic class. and makes himself king. MAIIOMET publishes Iiis Koran. 612. Uniam:—Ethelfntn, kmg o( Northun> Syria ravage(l by iho Arabs. bna, defeats tho Brilons, and destroys th* Jerusalem lakcn by Iho Persians, monastery of Bangor S'CMulns, Iiistorian of the Lombards, 616. War between Lombardy and Ravenna. S17 Eiliolbert puhllshea the jirsi Cürfe of laics in 017. Britain:—Sl. Peter's (now Wostminale Abbey) founded by Sahen, king of Kent. England. I}I8. PopaBonifaee V. Constantinople laken aiid pillaged by the • Avari, Britain :—Bretwald IV.

6äO Isodorus, historian of Spain, grammarian and ThellEGIRA; or Mahomet'o Flight from piiilosoplier. 62ö, Popo Ilonorius I. Ile had a taste fo: Mecea lo Modiria, epionuid cathodrals and processiona. Era oftha Mahometans. Monics and monasteries increase. Ileraclius defeats tlie Persians under Chos- 623. Franco D a g 0 b e r t I. He builds tho church of St. Deny, the burial place of the French kings. jlfrica and Asia, with the churclies ot 031. Samo, a morchant of France, makes Death of Mahoinoi. hiniself king of Bohemia, 63S Islatnism, and tiio power of the Calipha eata- ,Toru"(;lemj Aloxandria, and Antioch loat to Abubekor succeeds him aa caliph ofthe 033. ßdfdin: —Brolwald V,; he embraces blished in the East. In the Oaliplia wero tho Chri-^tia.- world by the progi-oüs of Mo- Saraeens. Christianity, united ihe highest spiritual and rogal autho- hammedanism. rity. Omar, caliph. 61Ü. Pope SoverinuE. 6IÜ. I'opoJohnIV. " takes .lerusalera, which ia hcld 631, Uriiaiii :~Brotv*ald VL by tho Saraeens 463 years, Omar takes Alexandria, and destroys 636 ChriatiaHity introduced into China. another famoua library. In England, aonie improvement in ecciesiasti• cal aTchiteolure; circular arc/ics intro• G33. France—Clovis 11 ,^^5 years old, Tbe kingdom divided,Sigeüeri, (18 yean duced; churchos built, at Catiterbury, Olas- Constantine III. tonbury, St. Albans, Winchester, likc. old,) being king of Auslrasia, In civil architecture, forLs and casiles—Conis- C onstans II. ——— G42.. Britain:—BretwaldVII, borough Castle in Yorlishire; Castletown 642. Pope Theodoras. He assumes the title in Dorbysliire, itoc. (11 years of age.) of " Sovereign Pontiff." 614, Britain :--Tlie Univeraity of Cambridg« 6'14 UnivcTsitij of Cambridge founded. 014. Popo Martin I, He ordains celibaoj of Tho Saraeens becomo mastcrs of Afrh^a and Ibunded by Sigobort, king of E. Anglia. the dergy, Cyprus. Separation between tho Greek and üöO. Brilain: — Morcia converted to Clu-ia- Some af the monasteries of Europe continiio Roman churchea, The Saraeens take Rhodea, and destroy the tianity. to bo the repuaitories of learning and tlie Colossus. arts. G54. Pope Eugenias. Persia becomes a part of tho empire of the Cel'hac'j'f the c^erg-y enjoined. 656. Franco:—C 1 0 l a i r e III. Caliphs, (iW, , lIo estnblished tho uni Versal ii^e of the Latin tanguaga ir, !hs The Saraeens obtain peace from Conatans, by Service of the c/nirch. agreeing to pay him 100,000 crowns yearly. 660. France:—C Ii 11 d e r 1 c II. Conslans goes to Rome, and plunders the Trcasury. Moftwiah, caliph, makes Damascus his capi- 063, Lombardy conquered by Grimoald, duke U), of B one Ventura. Constantine IV. '^^invades Sicily. Grand Cairo founded. 672. Tho Saraeens driven fram Spain, b| 673, Pope Adeodatua. Siege of Constantinople by the Saraeens, Walnba. l;ir.g ol the Collis. whosü fleet is

PitOSItESS OP SOGIQTY. HTC. EOCLGSIABTIOAL. EuROPB, goneraliy.

'3. France:—T h i e r r y I. m Slone buildings and glass eome into use in England. '5. Spain r—Waraba gains a naval victoiy 576. Pope Domnua. over the Arabs, who attempt to inv.ido hw The ahhoy of Whitby, and ihe monaatcry of The become indepenient of the kingdom, Gilling founded, Greek emperor. The Anglo-Saxüns advance in eivilization 679. . and power, by the introduction of Ciiris• 6S0. The sixth general Council at Constantino• «80 The kingdom of Bulgaria founded. tianity. ple, called by the emperor Co,nstan£ine,wlw Yezid, caliph of the Saraeens. In France, tha Teutonia language superscdos prcsides. the Latin.—National a.ssambliea eatabhahed, 682. Pope Leo II. He usurps the right of io- GS2 Spuin; —Wainba abdicaies and tiuaa though confined to the aristncracy. vesdture. 633 Moawiah II, caliph. monk. 634. Pdpe Benedict U. 684 Abdallah, caliph.

In Peraia, the Maglan religion gives way to 665, " John V. •Justinian II, the Mobamincdan. 686, " Conon, Abdulmclek, caliph. IIo discontinnes die SB? Severe poraccuiion of tho Juiva in Spain. 657. " Sergius. tribute to tho Greek emporor 630. France:—P 0 p i n d' II e r i s t e 1 mayor 0)' the Palace and duke of Austrasiai aefeats Thierry, and becomes king.

691 Jiüian, of Toledo, historian and moraliai, 691. France:—Clovia I II • 695 Justinian II. deposed, anil hi.s ncse cut off by LeonitiuB, who is also deposed by 095. " —C Ii i 1 d e b e r t 11 .'| 697 Tlie venerable Bede, Bco. historian. 697 Ab sim er US Tiberius. Armenia and the provinces between tha Black G9.8. Poland :—Cracow founded.—An elective and t^aspian Scas subdued hy Caliph Abdul- monarchy esiablishod. molek. Venice ;—Luc Anafetto, first Doge. 698 A king first elected in Poland. *93 Carthage rased, and tho north coast of Africa Ädhelm, ihe first Brltish writer in prose and completely subjugatcd. 700. Brilain;—Anglo-S.ixon Octarchy. verse. 701. Pope John Tl. France:—Aquitaine, Burgundy and Pro• Sclavonian republics in Bohemia. 701, The flrat province given to the pope, vence become separate dukedoma. 705, Pope John VII, 705 Justinian II, rostored. 705. Britain:—Alfred the Wise, in Norih• 703, Pisainiiis (20 days), Syria recovorod, 200,000 Saraeens alain. umbria, Christianity greatly estended among tho Ger• 708. " Conalantine. man nations and other people in tlie north of Europe; but almost extorminated in Africa, by the progress of Moiiammedan- iam. 70» 709 Africa subdued by the Saraeens. 710. Spain: —B o d a r i c , king, @ ((ha last of ilie Gotlis.)

711. Custom of kissingthe Pope'« foot mtr« 711 Justinian put 10 death by Philip Bardanes, duced. who reigns under the name ol' Philippicus, 711. France :—D agobert II."

713 -Anastasius II.i 713, Spain conquered by th« Saracons under Muca. By tlie mar- riago of Abdallah, iho Moor, with the widon of 'tho Gothic king, the two nationa ara united in interest. 714. Pope Gregory II 714 •Theodosius III. —pro• 714. France:—Charles Marlel, duke of Aiw- claimed by the revoltad army orSnaatasius. trasia. ) 715, France:—C h i 1 d o r i c II, The art of nuiking papor brought from Sa, ?16 — Leo III., (the Isaurlan.)' 716. Brilain :—Elhelbald, king of Mercia. marcand by tbe Arabs. of a ehoemaker. George Synoellus, a Grecian chronologist. Olaa'.nnbury Abljey rebuilt by Ina. 718. Spain:—Pelagius founds the kingdom«! Asturias. Leo [Eastem Emperor) attempti Co pr»- eure tha assaasjnalion of the Pop«. Tlu Romans defend iiim. 720. France:—T Ii i e r r y 11.1 60 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 725 Ä.D.- 794 A.D. A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 61

1'itüannsa ov SOCIETY, ETO. EüOLBaiASTiCAi,. EASTEMJ EMPinE, ASIA, &C. Eunopn, generally.

Inoroasing Dark 725. France:—Charles Marlel crosses tha pDwer, The Arabs invest Consiaminopie by land with paiiod 726. Image worship being forbidden by tha laijOOO men, and by E-ea with 1800 ships. Rhine, and subdues Bavurio. spiriiual of emperor Leo, cauaes grcat disturbance. The city is savcl by ilic Greek fire—the und Bnmponn 727, l'eler's pcnce lirst collecicd in England. Arab fleot being alniost einircly destroyed. 727. Brilain:—Ina, king of VVcssox, begina tbe temporal üLerruure, 7^. Leo ordere tlio pope (0 be seized. Leo confiscates Calabria and Sicily, lax called Peter's pence, to suppon a Col• of tho lege at Rome. Popea, 731), Gregory excommunicates the emperor, Tho Greek pos-sessiona in Italy are lost in con- Tha Iconociasfs, or Image breakers, soiiurnce of tho edict nrbiddmg Image wor- ?31 Wmifrcd, nn Anglo-Saxon, preaclina liio gen 731, Popo Gregory ,111, shiji. ifel ta tho Frisons, The vencrahio Uodo dies—a grammarian, phi. ( 733. France :—Charles Martol gains a gre«t los op hör, historian, and tlieoloiian. 736, The Images ihroughout the empire de• victory over the Saraeens near Tours. The AbassiJae, caliplis of the Saraeens, en. stroyed by Order of tho emperor. courage learning. persecuted. 740. Spolclto taken by the Normans, but ro- 74L Pope Zacliary Conslantine V. (Copronyiiiiia), covu'od by tho Pope. 742 ß'redegaire, a French historian. 742, France:—C h i 1 d o r i c III- 748 Virgilius, a priest, is condemned as a heretic. 74G The Arabs defeated by Constantine.—Rhodea Cyprus, and Antioch captured. for balioving in the existence of aniipodos. 752, The Pope dothrones Childoric, king ot 752. France:—End of tlie Morovlngian lino France, by a. napal decreo, of Fronch kings. 732. Pope Sieplieu III. at war with the Lom. bartls, assisied by Popin, -Pepin le Brof,l flrst of the Carlovingian lino, 753. Pepin le Bref aids the Pope with a larga army against the Lombards. 751. —he journeys 10 Popin lo implore hl» Italy:—Ravenna a dukedom. protection. 755. Commencem en t of the Pope'a temporal power under the aii.spices of Popin, wlio bcstüw.i on Stephen tjie ex- 766. Spain :~Separated from the Caliphate , arcbate of Itavenmi. Abdorhamu, 757 An Organ sent by Constantine to France. 757, Popo Pauli, 76Ü Jo!m of Damascus, a founder of the scliolas- tic philosopliy. 701, Spain ;—Froila, grandson of Pelagius, Frcdegairs continues the history of Gregory 76 Almanzor, caliph; builds Bagdad and makes builds; Oviedo, and makos It the seat of hia of Tour.?. kingdom. The schüols of Bagdad, Cuft, Aloxandria, it his capitai. Asia .Minor ravaged by the Türks Fez, and Cordova, promoted bv the Abas- 768. Stephen IV. 76C TC3. France ;—CIIARLEMÄGNE,or Charles üidae caliphs. 700. Council of tlie Lateran. ihe Greal, reigna with his brother, Carlo• 770. The Easiern monasteriea dissolred by tha man, uniil 771. emperor. 772. Pope Adrian L, on whom tho Ecclesia* Ignoranee, profligacy, and miscry, character- tical State is conferred by Cliarleraagne. 774, invades Italy; defeat« 774 Greal victory over the Bulgarians. izad the ago preoeding Charlomagne. Didier, king of Lombardy, and annexe« Italy to his erapire. 775 Leo IV.W— End of the Lombard king• dom. , . 778. A ptirt of Ciiarlemagno'a army dofealed 779. hnposilion of Titlics enforced by Cliar- at RoncesvaUes, , The first palni.tree planted in Spain. lemagno, Ibr tho sunporl of Ihe clergy, 779 Charlemagne conquers Navarre, Sardinia, churches, sclioi>ls, and the poor. and the Sasons. .^791 Constantine VI. (Porphyrogenetus).^? 785 Goldnn period ofleaminüinArabia, under ihe 785. Forcible convnrsion of tha Sazona byi Irene (Q,ueen mother) resioren image worship. Charlemagne conquers ihe Avari, caliph Ilarounal Kasc^ild. Cliarlemagnc. ) Tlio empire is invaded by Haroun a] —aticmpts to unito tho Rhine and the Raschid, caliph ot Bagdad. Danube. 786 Constantine imprison^ his iv.otlLer, Irene, for 787. The seventh general Council at Nice, in her cruelty. 787 Brilain:—First recorded Invasion oi th« Pleadmgs in courts of justire first practised. which tho doctrino of the Iconoclaais wa» Danes:—Tho Sea Kings and Vikingt. 793 Foundation of scbools in monasiories and condomned. 78S •Irene puls him 10 death, caihedrals, by Cdarlomagne. and assumes the e)lo power. The Gregnrian cliant. 703 proposes to marry Charlemagne »4 The Synod of Frankforu 794, Pope Leo ÜI. sends to Charlemagae for —IS dothroned by Nicophoius, 794, Charlemagne exlirpates tha Hima. George, the ijvnk. confirmaiion. The Saraeens ravage Thrace, Swaaen conquered Oy Iva Viafamo. Miisses Saidfor money. A CPmONOLOGICAL RECORD. ^42 A.D. 62 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 800 A.D.-

EABTEHN EMPIRE. ENGLAND, TMK WoBiiD, elsewhete PROQREaS OP SOOIETV. EaOLBSUSTICAL. NEW WESTEHN EMPIRE,

AgricuUuTe and horlicul- 600. The Pope separatesfrom 00, NEW EMPIRE of the SOI. DENMARK bocomoi 1 hire encoiivagod by Charle• Ihe Easicrn Empire, and WEST founded by Charlo• kingdom undor Gotricu« magne; bolfi /lüuriah in becomes suprenie Bishop oJ magne, who is ci'owneJ al apain undor tlio caliphs. the Weslem. Rome, by the pope, king of Italy, Germany,and France Gold mines worked in Spain. 801 Paal Warrfredus (Diaconus) Charlemagne reforms the tlic historian, church. -Nicephorws — 802 Haroun al ilascliid, courting 609, Charlomagne receivos an The Saracons ravago Asia his alliance, presenis Charle• embassy from Nicephorua Minor. capturc Cyprus, and magne witli aatrileing cloc/c. Many bisliopi-ics founded. and from Haroun al Ras, conipol Nicuphorus to paya This clool: was aiiorned witli —Greal incroaae of monastic chid. tribute. auinraaion figurus, which institulions. moved and playud on va- rioua musical inHirnraonts.

Fine Arabian breed of horses introduced inio Spam. 601 Alcuin, of York, a pupil of Uedo, formsfichoolaat Tours 806. Chnrlemagna dl- —patfonized by Ohtirle- videa tho empire be• magne. tween his threo sons. 803. First dcscent of the NOR — Michael 1, ® Transicnt rovival of learning MANS Upon France, undwr Charlemagne. {Caropnlles); at war with EginlMTiL hialonan, secre- the Uulgari, tary 10 Charlomagne, 813 The reign of Maraun (calipii) 813. Charlomagne dies, Jan, -L e 0 V .W e Vita. Caro'i Mägni et monk of Coibey, falber of Louis, associated inthegov- LAND, or Ihe Landof tlie , Itoltatdi." Anglos. makea th« seat if gorera tbe dociiino of transub- eminent. ment, Etanliadon. This doctrine disowncd by the English SlO, —-L o t h a i r c E g b e r t. Church. 811, —defoiitod by his hrtüTiers, • Invasion of the Danes. Ratramiis und Scotus Eri- Louis antl Charles, in tha' gena, thuulogians, holding ballle (if Fonlejioy. 33, -E tho 1 wol f,^ much tho eamo opinJons as Division of tlio empire. a weak princo, Luther. .-Michael III, Scotland:—Kcnncth, king France:—Charles I.^b (the Druiikatd), of the Scots, defeats and 03- (the ilald). tirpates tlio Picta, and be• comes sole monarch. Tho D:mi'a reiiirn, and Ger,:—L 0 u i s i. ravage die country unmo- -aumamed the Ger- lesieü, and butn the city of London. Ethelwolf makes apiJgri Italy:—Lothaira ® möge to Rome. wiih imporial dignily. Tho Normans plundei Rouen.and advance to Paris 64 THE WOKLD'S PROGRESS. 844 A.D.- SS9 A.D. A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 65

A.n. rnooiiEsa OP SocrETT. LIOOI.LiSUSTIÜAL. FRANCE, SPAIM, GEKMANY. BASTEUK EMPlItB. ENOLAND. THE WOHLD, elsowhere.

Si-1. Pope Sergius III. iBucca Decline of the Caliphate be• Pan-i). gina—,lews and Chris ti.ius 845. Tlie Normans plundei Tiic ariütocralic Feudal stjs- IguatiuM, Patriarch of persecijieil,—Frequenl wai's Hamburg, and ponetratu into lein in all iis power. Ilere- Consiaiiiinoplü. between liie Greeks and Sa• Germany. düary nobilüy, whieh, witli Persecution of tho Chris, raeens, 816. The Saraeens deslroy the Iho cljrgy, was the domi• tians in Spuin, Veneiian fleet, and besio([8 nant Order in tho siate. 847. Pope Leo iV, Rome. Tlio barom independent of 819. Alfred the Great, born. S19. —dofeatod by tho Popo'i tlio itins, Oradual intro- 8ÖO, Christianity iiropagated alliea. iluction of tiie lioman and hy Auscharius in Donmarif Sil -Baail I 851. Sardinia and Coraica rjv iuinmon laie. and Swodon. ( (Ihe Macedonian), defe.ils 52, Eihelwolf defeais tho vagcd by tho Saraeens, Söü, Papa Benedict III. 855, Lothano retires to a mo the Saraeens, DnnuB in the Isle of Thanot. nastery and dies. New division of the em• 85Ö. The coasts of Holland pire at Morsen. plundered by tlic Nor• mans, 85(1. Germ.;—Louis 11.^ has Italy with the im, 857, Ethel bald and Ethel• pcriai dignily. Crele and Ihe Sicilies reco bert —reign jointly :— —cstablishea hia court al vered (rom tha Aiabs, Pavia. increasu the inlluence of the Firai incloaare of lands at 833. Popo Nicholas I. 858. FiMnco invaded by Lonia clergy. Spalding, where Ricliard de First coronaiionofa pope. ilie German, who is flnaUy Rulos does much to Iroprore Sä9. Eulogius, archbishop of CompeUed to retire. agriciihura. Cordova, martyred, BGO, Thcschismo/' the Greoka 860- Gorm ihc Eider, [doFccnd- begins. ed from Odin,) uniles Jut. land and the Daniah Isles, and becomes king of Den. mark. 8Si, Iceland discovered by the Normans. 8C2. RUSSIA: —Rurlc, flrsi SG4. Tlio ßihlo translated into grand Prince, builds the city Slavonian 8GQ, —E t h e 1 r e d of Lagoda. SG7. Pope Adrian II. Basil commences tho Mace• 867, Tiio Danes conquer Nor• eth Council at Conatan- donian dynasty. th um borland. tinoplo,—Photiua, pairiarcli C8. Lorraine annesed le Publication of the Basiiica. 86S. Ecypt Ihlows off its de. of Constantinople, dopoacd, Franco. pcndencc on tho calipha, un• dor Ahmed. 872, ALFRED TUE GGEATI 872. Pope John VIII, •4. Icelaüd.a republic, found Clocks hrought to Constanti• —dafeats Ute Danes, ed by the Normans. nople from Venice. 875. NORWAY: — Harold Ilarfrage, first king. rhe Faroe Islos. and Iceland discoTored in tiiis Century. 877. Fr. :-L o u i s II. (the Stammerer). 879. Alfred abandoned by Iiis 879.- -Louia III. and subjecis, retires to thelale of Aihelney, but soon draws C i r i 0 m a n together his friends and con• 8^. Pope Marlin II, reign jointly. quers the Danes. 884. " Adrian III, 6S1. France ;—C Ii a r 1 e s'^. tbc Fat, an iisuipcr. 885. " Stephen VI. 885. Paris besie=ed by the Normans; gallantly defend SG. Tlic Scythians ' scize ed by archbishop Goslin. Leo VI, Croatia. 16. Charles makea a di.sgr.ica. (the philosopher), ful peace with tho Normans. 887. Germany :—A r n o 1 d ,

emperor,^ -Cthe im- pena, l dig— gniti y transferred from France 10 Germany).

88. France :—E u d e s ,889. Hungary; —Arpad layi the foimdstion of the l^if ' dorn. 66 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 89O A.D.- 940 A.D. A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 67

l'noauBss OP SOOIGTY. EOOLESIASTIOAIi. l'uANOE, GEH MANY, ikc. EASTEHN BMPinE. ENGLAND, THE WOHLD, eloowhere.

Oxford UnivcraUi/ found• 890, Arnold, emperor of Gor 890 Southern Italy subject to tho ed,—Alfred tlie Great CüUi- 391. Popo Foimosuä. many, takes Korne, Greek cmpii'e, 891. Invasion of the Danes. bliiilits n. rüijulaf viiiitia 395, " Boniface VI. 697 War with Iho Bulgarians, The flrst land Imx. anil mivn, am iheraode ii l " Stephen Vll. Lombarila, and Saraeens— trial hijju,ry; iuatituteafaira 803. " .lohn IX. Ihe latier take the Island of. and markels. — Johannes Veneration for sainta and 898, Fr.;—Charles 11!,^ Samos. Scviiia Erigena, a leamcd a passion forrelics prevail. (the Sunplo). [ihilo.-foplücal writer. 899, Ger.:—Louis 111.^ Ens'ilnd divided inio coitn- 900. Pope Benedict IV. Invasion of ilio llunga. liea, hundreds, and tUhinga. 900. Scotland: —Conslaniini rians. in. The county courts. held Conlests between the no• nionthly, bticomc iho greal 901. -E d w a r dl 901. Italy:—The r 0 p u b 1 i 0 • 003. " Leo V, bles and biahotis (the Eider), tho lirst who of Venico ana Genoa salbauui'd of thu civil rigliia M4 Riissian expedilion undor of iinglifslimen. lakes the title of " Rex An- founded. Oleg, against Consttmtlno- glorum." Sired iroopa suhatiiuted for 905. " Sergius IIL ple. War with the Danes. tlie ftudal. 908. The race of Faiimiies in Egypt. 910 -Conslantine VII. 910. Spain:—Kingdom of Leon usaociatea hia Ibur sons, so founded by Garcia. 912. Tlio Normans in Franco 912. Franco:—II o b e r t, duk« ihat there are five cmporora. 912. Spain:—Abderraliman Hl. ombrace Ciiristianity. of Norniandy. the greatest Arab prince oi The Normans, -jndor Spam—builds the splendid Kollo, esiablish tham- city and palace of Zebra. BOives in Normandy, 914, VaiM John X. 914. Spain:—Ordognn II., king Ger, :-Conrad I.*^ of Oviedo, makea Leon his (tlie enipire beeomea capitai. eleciivo). 915 Tho Univcraüy of Cam• Commencement of tiie bridge founded. 917 Onnsiantinoplo beaiegedhy the heroic ago in Spain. Bulgarilms, 919 Gor, ;-Henry l.W— 919 Romanus, general of the fleot, (the Fowler), first ofthe usurps the empire, wilh his Sason line, ilirce sons, Christopher, Ste• 931. Tho Bohemians embraco 921. France:—Roben L de• phen, and 921, Poland :—Lesko IV. Cln'isiianity. feated and kiüed by hia " —ZemormysL The Anglo-Saxon monarchy brother at Soissons. -Constantine VIII.'S risea into importanco. 923. France:—Rudolph olecl- 923. Spain :—Fruela, king of edduke, Leon, Italy: —Hugo, count ol 9^. —A t h e 1 a t a n . W— 924. " —Alphonzo IV. Provence, oppressos tho aria- 927. " —Ramiio II. locrauy,whocall to their aid Boronger. France:—Civil wars, 928. Popo Leo VI- 929, " —Charles dies • «es Azopki, Arabian astronomer. 929. Stephen VIH. prisoner al Peroone, Eudes, monk of Cluni, 931. Popo .lohn XL 930. Denmark:—Harold V!., More chikiren elcvatcd to fiiB' Christian king. ihc highest ofiices in ihc es. Amolf of BavarJa, de• 033 Printing invented among tiie church. feated near Verona, Chinese 0) 933, Norway:—Eric, King— 934, —by the victory of Bru- hia cruelty leada the peoüln 930, Popo Leo VII, 930. Gor;-Otho I,?iSi nanburgh,he bccomoa king to revolt. (Iho Greal), ^ Romanus gains a nava! victory of all Britain. ovcr the Ruesians, who, led 939 Cordova, in Spain, hccotneu 939, Siephen IX, by Igor, enter the Black tho seat of Arab learning, Fr.:—L o u i a IV ^ Sea with 10,000 shipa or ca- (the Stranger). soienoo, industry, snd com• nM.'v merce. Its celebrated schoole of !;oometry;astronomy, clie- mifliry and medicine, toge• ther with ila equally cele- bratcd poeLs and philoso- piiora, render it famous tbroughoul the world. tMitprand, tho liistuiian. illü Minta o«tabliMhed In Kentor 910. Burgundy, a flof o tht 940, —E d m 11 n d I ,^ 9,10. Spain:—Ram IVO, king o( Wea.ios, empire. brother of Athclstan, Leon, defeats ihe Moors, nnr der Abrlerrahman, in the bat tlo of Simancus. A.D.- A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 69 68 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 941 oSg A.D.

PnoaniiSB op SooiurY. EOOIiUSIABTIOAI.. FuANOE, GEnHANY, *c. EASTsnK EMFIBB, ENOLAND, Ä:C. Tun WORLD, eise where.

The mercantilo charaoier 942 Naples annexcd to the em• Miacd by a law of Alhelalan, 543, Pope Martin III. pire. (bat a uicrchani wlio niadt: tliree voyanos over tho liigb 9*5 'J'ho cmprcss Helen itstirps soas wiib a Khip and cai-go tho throne. of his own, should eujoy the ranl; and Privileges of a thane. 911 Tho ßgurr.s nf arUhmeiia brought inlo Kurope 1^ the 91G. Popo AgapetUB IL ^ 91G.- ..Eldred'ffi?— Saraeens. governed by Dunatan, Silver mines in the Hartz 950. Germany :—Boliomia bs of Glasionbury, 950. Spam:—Ordono III, fcii Mountains. comes tribuiary to Otho, 952, Scotland:—Malcolm L, of Leon. Manufactories of lincns and 953, Tho ilungarians sub'' \ king. leooUens in J'tojrfers, which dued, > Konstantine III. retires into a becomes tho sea: of weatcrn cloister. commerce. 95^1. F^-;—Lothsiie I.^ 9JJ. Baptism of Olga, and con- —confeva ttio dukedoma ol 955. Scotland :—lndulf, king. 955, Spain:—Saneho L, king vorsion of Rus.sia to Chris• Burgundy acid Aquilaine on of Leon, ti an ity, Ilugh tlio Grcat. 955, E d w y Iss — ODü, Popo .lohn XU. insulteIjj:^uiu;du by JDunsta^uii.-jLLiiin , anUlldi Quarrolwith the emper- 957. Germany:—Otho defesH dopo.'setl—Iiis ciuoon, Elgiva ors respecting investituro, the Slavonisns in Saxony put to death, 958. Italy. War between litt 959. E d g a r ^ 959. St. D uns tan, archbishop 959 —E omanue II- Normans and Saraeens, of Canterbury, attcmpt-s to poisonod by his wife, Tlieo- mtirries tho beaudful EI- reform tho church—caforc- phano. frida, aftor tho violcnt death ing der! cal colibacy, of Athelwold, her luvor, The influence of the 960. Scotland:—Duff, king. 961 GehcT, Arabian astronomer, monks greatly increased. Wolvea expelied from 961, Candia recovercd from Suidaa, orammarian and lexi- —Nicophorus II. England and Wales, in con- the Saraeens. cographor. 963 Bcnuenco of a reward being 902. Poland:—Miecislas coia- lihazes, Arabian physioian. 963. Pope Leo VIU. elected hy oflered for the purposo by blialtes Christianity. Roman Citizens. the king. Violent disputoä botwoen the monks and the clergy. 951, Benedict V. elected by a D61, Italy united to tho empire Tho Saxonfiett, coasisting of Council. of Germany. 967. Sp.-iin:—Raniirü IIL, king 967 —lio recovcrii Cyprus and An- 350 sail, in ihvee squadrons, 965, Johnxm. Tuscuny becomes a duba> tiocli from the Saraeens, of Leon. makes tho cirotiit of die Poland receives Christianity dorn. 963. The Norilimcn dovaaiata Island, under the command under Miecislus. Galicia, but are defeated and of king Edgar, -is murdered by almost osterminated. 972. Pope Benedict VL —John ZimiscoB— 973. Boniface VII.: deposed 97-3-Ger.Otho 11.^ 973, Uungary;—Si. Siephen, and banished forhiscrimos. subdues die Bohemians. first hercdi(ai7king,e."ctends 974. Domnus II. tlie kingdom easiward; ^ives 975. Benedict VII, 1)75. R d W a r A^} it a cotistitution and writtcn 975 Basil and Constantine ;ilie ninvtyr), murdorod by laws. his sicpmother, Elfritln. 976. Spain:—Ilixem, caliph VIII. ''p^ of Cordova. Ahbö, monk and astronomel. Alman'^or, regcnt, obtaina many viel ones ovcr Ihe 978. —Elhelred I I-,^S- Christians. 079, Otho ai war with IA\' ) (" tho Unroady,")—Dunsitan ihaire. still minister,—Thu people 980, Russla:—Waldimir I, AlMrunius, Arabian geogra- Apu.iaand Calabria recovcr- becomo discontented. rnanies Anna, sisler of ihe pher. ed and united to the empire. emperor Basil II, 98: Greenland discovered by the 933. —Otho III.,W — 983, Italy :—Venice distracted Norwcgians. 9i«. Pope .lohn XIV. (3 yean of oge). • by violcnt commoiions. 985, Danish Invasion, undor 955, Sweyn I,, or Swono, kin| 936. " Jolin XV. 936, Fr. .—Louis V.,^ Sweyn, . , of Ben mark, invadea Eag- Aimoin, Iiistorian, C"the Slüthful,") lastoi the The king purchases their land. Carlovingian race, retreat.

Dublin niucli frcquentcd for 933.Fr.:U-jgli Capei," trade, also many plaees on 9S9. Chrislianily propagaied ''ounder of the third M the Baltic, hl Kussia by Waldimir— Cm'apslian hnt of Freuet tbee y hold to the Groel: kinss- imvb.

31 70 THE WORIJ>'S PROGRESS. 993 A.D.- 1037 A.D. A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 71

FnoauEBB OP SooiBTY. EOOLBSIASTIOAL. FR AN OB, GmnuAMY, &C EASTEUN EUPIUE. ElfGLANHl &a. THB WOHLD, olaewhsre.

Literature, the arts and aci- 1016. Canute cnces,anu commerce floutish llie Greal. paironizes litera• at Ghlzni. Bulgaria again reduced lo ture and the church. 1019. Norway conquered by Musical acalo, consiaiing of si.t 1024, Pope John XtX. Ho 102,J. Ger. :-Conrad II.l Grecian province. nutesj invented by Ouiiio —(tho Salle,) llret of tha Canute, gained his eloction by bribo- Venico, Genoa, and Pisa Aretino. ry. IIo w.isnotofthoclorgy, Franconinn lino. Avieer.na, a famous Arabian 1Ü2G. Expedition Into Iialy. i'iau inlo Importanco, but consul and Senator of 1026. Poland :-Miaci8laa H. chemist and physician. Rome. GlaöerRad, Instorlan. 1037, Ircland: —Brian Born, Campancs, oi Navarto, astro• —RomamiB III.i'SE— solo monarch. nomer, 1029. War with the Polea. ' (ArgyruB). ZTer mann iw Co »frac (a », monk and mathematician. 1031. Fr.:—Hecry I.^- lOQI -eupels tlie Saraeens from 1031. Canulc peneiralea inlo Syria. Scolland—aubdnesMalcolm, -poisoned by his wife Zoe. 1033. Burgundy UDOXMI 4 1032, —performs 3 pilgrimage 1033. Popo Benedict IX., (ton the empire. m Romo. years old). t034 -Michael IV. — 1031. Scoil'd:—Duncan, king. "Peace of God," pub- lishv} by the bishops 1035- -Harold I - ,^'— 1035. Spain :—Ramiro I kinc (Ilarefooi,) cruei and^ un- of Arragon, pupuliir — ruled by ßail 1037. Ferdinand L,of Caaüle, God Win, in rIght of bis wife succeeda 10 Leon ; eucccpsfui against ilio Mobammcdans. 103lJ, Denmark : — Hardica- nute IIL 1037. Norway:—Magnus U Ohe OniwH A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 72 THE WORLL/S PROGRESS. 1038 A.D.- (066 A.D. 73

THE WOHLD, elsewhere, l'nooiiDss or Sooi:;rv, via. Euot,i::»AßTiüAr,. FuANin;, GEHMAKY. JCC. BASTEUN ElWPIltE, EMQI.AKD, &c.

1038. The Pope, for his sean- Earthquakes and famine at dalüus conduct, driven from 1039, Ger,:-IIeürT III.^ Consianiinople. 1039. -Hardicanute .(^ Komo, btit re-estal)lighed l:y —defeats Ihe Bohemiin« Scot'd, :—Macbeth mur• the emperor, Conrad, and Ilungarians—Claims ilio Michael V.,^— ders Duncan, and usurps Ihe right of nominating 10 the (Calaphales). throne. papal chair. The Saxon line restored —Zoe & Theod o ra .^^— under 1012. —E d w a r d^— 1012, Denmark: — MftCmia, (the Oood,) of Noj-way, kinfi. -Constantine X.— (the Oonfcs.ior). The coun- (Monom archus). iry Prospers uniler hia mild First invas,iün of tlio Soljul; sway Türks. Fi:rdusi, the Persian Homer. lOii. —again driven from the The Russians invade Thrace throne, and succeedod hy 1016. France;—Dispute bo- with 100,000 men, and aro Sylvc'jter III. After three tween William tlie Con• repeatedly defeated by tho Franco, malhomatician. inontlis Rcnedict is restored queror and William of Greeks, by the Counts of Tusctüum. Arques, for the ducliy ot But Unding ihe people will Normandy. George Cedrenus, historian. not tolerate his crimes, he Solls the papal chaiv to Gre- Gory. 1047, Denmark ;—Sweyn Es. —deposed for simony, by tritpon, or Suenon IJ, a Council called by Henry HI. 1016. Pope Clement Ii. 104S, i)amasciisll„23 days, " Leo IK., Ihe lirst wlio 1050, The Pirans andGenocEü kcpt a regulär army. 10.'il. Rebellion of Earl God- ittke Sardinia and Cor.i-ica viin andhissons, from the Saraeens, William, duke of Nor• mandy, visils Edward. IOJO. —isi dofeatod and taicen 1053. Gormimy:—Henry III 1053. The Dane-gelt aboMied, prisoner by the IMormans, causes his son, Henry, In be Earl Gudwin dies. 1054, The papai cliair vacant proclaimed king of the Ro- The Weich and the Irish one year. maus, This tirle was ap- several times invade Eng• Exeommunicationoftho plied, for several centuries, land, but are repressed by Patriarch of Consi an tinoplo, to Ihe king's eklest son. Harold, son of Godwin, 10Ü4, Macbeth defeated and 1005. Tho Türks rcduco Bag• and rhü Qreeks, Theodora, killed at I.angfanan, by dad, and ovorturn tlie em- the last of Bltioedonian dy• Siward, earl of Northum- pire of the caliphs. nasty, berland. MiehaeJ Psellus, a celebrated 1055. Pope Victor IL 'he Greek church becoDies Greelc pmiosopher and his• Hildebrand, Ehe real independent, torian head ol tlie church from the timo of Leo IX, Tho church —Michael VI, improving in pioty and dis- (Stra iotichus), English parcnts prohibited by cipline, Gor. :-Il6nry IV. 1057. Scotland:—Malcolm III, law from aelling their chil- —(Ihe Great), agedsixyeans —-—I saac^w dren. 1057, Pope Stephen IX, 1059. Swcden: —Jnaeldus ot undor the tuielagö of hii (Comnenus). mother Ingo I., Ihe first Christian 1053. Nicholas II, 10,"i3. Hoger, duke of Apulia king. First age of scholastic philcsc- Benedict X., (antipopo). becomes a vaasal uf th» 1060, Robert Guiscard, tha The eleclirin of pope pope. Norman, is created by llw transferrod to a conciave of pope, duke of Apulia, Cardinais. 10G2. 70,000 Europeans are 1059. (iuarrol between tlio killed, or mado prlsonota by popes and tho German cm- -Constantine XI, the Türks in Palealino, 1060. Fr,:-Ph lip I perors. respecting liivesii- — (Ducas) 1065. Jerusalem taken by tlu tures and nominatioii to the Saraeens, . 1065- Caslile and lisoaAI 1001. Pope Alexander II, phonao, kirg. lOGG, —Harold II,,Wi — elected king; killed at tho 1UÜ3, ßcrengor, a celebrated BATTLE ofllASTlNGS French cccle.^iaslic, Alesander forbids the massacre of the .lews, —WILLIAM 1 ,W- duke of Normandy, siyled the Conqueror," 1066. Alexander deposes Ha• End of the Aiiglo- rold, and gives England to Saxon dynasty, William the Conqueror, Edgar Athelmg ßies to duke of Normandy. Scotland. 1092 A.D. A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD._ 74 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. I065 A,D.- 75

ENOLAND ifc SCOTLAND, TUE WOIILD, elsowhere. PftoOESsa 07 SooiSTr, etc, EOOLQSIASTICAL, FnAHOB, QERMAKV, -JCSPAIM A.D. EAarsuN EMPIRB,

1066. William, Düte of Nor. 1066, —W11.LIAM LjiSf- mandy, Claims the crown ol Eudocia.W— " ras CoNauBÄOR," firat of 1067. Poland : — Roleslaa 0 Engl.-ind, and makea war Slie marrlea the Norman line. —he conquers Rusaia. upon narolf l9 obiain it Romanus III.,^^ (Diogenes,) Ho valiantly Poperi/ at the height but vainly Opposes the Türks — is defeatod and 1069. Edgar Atheling, hoir of lOCe. Poland:—RomanuaW» Faudnl Systom introduced m of its paiocr, claiming England by Ü\o Normans, taken prisoner by Alp Ars- tho Saxon line, takes refuge genes. supreme dominion, tem• ian, Emir of Omrah, in Scolland. His sister, Margaret, rnanies Malcolm poral and spiritual, over 1071. Philip engages m • III. Michael VII ^ 1070. Norway: —Bargen built, all tlie states of Christen• war with Robert, count ol (Pai-apinacos), 1070, The feudal .System in• Holland. ii troduced by the king- All dom. —- Ar.dronic'us I,^ the Offices of Ihe governmont placed in the hands of Nor• 1072, Henry IV, of Germany, mans, The Norman lan- Sumames flrat used among guage introduced. the Engliali nobility. suramoned befpro tho pope. for Solling the investiture oJ -ConsWutiiVo XIL' Slalcolm la. ofScoÜand, bishops, Troata the man- ravages Durham. dato with contompt. 1072. Peace between the Nor• mans and the Scots 1073 Knigkts STTant in Spain. 1073. PopeGregory Vll,, 1073. —summoned again by CHildebrand,> who attempts Gregory Vll. to freo all liio clergy from Xnguliihus, Iiistorian, socrc the civil .jurisdiction, lIo tary to William tlio Con- quarrels with tho emperor. oueror. 1074. Simony and celibacy Syria and Palcsiine su^iducd 1074. Syria ;-Melek -Shah, forbidden. by Meick Shah. (Emir,) extends his domin- 1075. The pope sends legales ions from ihe Joxartes lo tha to tho various courts of Eu• Mediterranean, rope, I07Ö. Robert, the kmg's son, 1076, Denmark:—HaroldIV, raisea a rebellion m Nor- BookteUtT* fitst heard of. 107Ö. Sends an ambassador todepose the popo—is escom munjcated by Gregory. Goes maiüiy. Palestino invaded and barefoot 10 bia nolineas, makes bumblo submiesion, and kisses aubdued by Melefc Shah.-r his feet. Jerusalem tafcen. London Bridge and West- 1076. Tuscany and Genoa be queathcd to the Holy See by minstcr Hall built. the Bmpress Maiilda. 1076. Spain :-Tho Cid. 1077. Hungaryi —Ladialaa I, 1078. The pope aels up Ru dolph, of ßavaria, as anti- Nicephorua, 1079. Poland:—St anislas, bi• cmperor. Rudolph dies in (Botoniatea). shop of Cracow, murdered, Tho king excoramtmicnted Lanfrnnc, nrelibishop of 1030, Gor,:—Henry IV. de- grades Gregory for bis m triguesagainsthim,.indmakos — Alexius I,^ (Com• and dethronod, Canterbtii'y, nenus), Tho empire in• 1079. Poland ;-Uladialas I. Doomsday Book compiled by an expedilion into Italy, and procurcs another pope to bo elected, The war continues till vaded by Robert Guiscard, ordor of William the Con• Ihe Norman, who defeats queror. 1084, whon Henry triumplis over Gregory, who fieos to Sa lerno, and dios in oxilo in 1(185, Alexiu* at Duvazzo, 10&3, Italy: — Ilome taken after a siege of two years, by Henry IV. 1031, BOHEMIA erectedüito um William i^/' Spires, mathetva- loS,]., The Order of the a kingdom by the eDipareor tician. Carthiisimis iiistituted by Henry IV. A rigiii pülice ealablished in Bruno, 1035. Spain:—Toledo taken England,—Tho Qurjeie. from the Moors, by Don Norman French taught in «H Rodrigo, the Cid, assisled by tho schools, and made uso of Raymond, count of Tou, After the caplure of Jerusa• 1037. William invades France, in all legal proceodings, louse. lem, by tha Türks, the Chris• and is killed at Mantes. Llieraturo natroriiacd in the 1085, Pope Victor III, 1086. Spain;—Tha ' battle ol tian pilgrlms »ro insulted, JV East by Molol: Sliah. ZFilaca. robbed and oppressed. which 1087. —Williara H.,^ 1ÜS7. France : — War with gives rise to the , (Rufus). 1088. Pope Urban II. England: Robert, duke ol —Great siruggle between Revolt of the Norman 1090. Sicily conquered by Fortrees of Ncwcasile and of Normandy, opiicses Wil• Chrisiianity andMohamme- nobles. Roger the Norman, after a Caclisle built. liam RufuB. danism. war of ihirty yeara witl iu maaiera, the Satacena. 76 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 1093 A.D.— H25 A.D. A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 77

PilOOnESS OP SOOIUTY, ctc EOOLQSIASTICAL. FJIANOE, GKMIANY Jii SPAIN BASTEnK EMPinB, ENGLAND & SCOTLAND. THE WOHLD, olsowborc.

1Ü03. Conrad, aon of the em 1093, Scotland:—Malcolm III. peror, roh eis. invades linglanti, and is slain near Alnwick Casllo by Tho popes cuntinuo to siruggle agahist liio ompiic. Roger de Mowbray.

lOM. Spain:—Pedro!,, k. 1094- Scot,:—Donald Bane —of Navarro and Arragon, king, William again invades 109Q The Crusades:—Peier, the Ilcvrait, preaches against the Türks in all the ::c.tmiriea al Normandy, 1095, Hungary:—Colomni', Chi'istoiidnm. Sct'd.:—Duncan usurps |THB COUNCIL OP CLEIJMONI.J the crown, William quarrels with lim Tho FIRST CRUSADE;— Peter tho Hermit, and Waller, tbc Pcunyless, Mt Anselm, archbishop of Can• 1096. Egypt: —Muslall, Cht out with a rast rahl>la, 3ü0, 000 of whom pcrisii before tbe warriora are ready to atan. terbury. cighth FatimiiG caliph. Ila takea Jerusalem, Tho chieliains of tlie Grat Crusade were, 1 Order, learning, nnd com• merce levive. 1097. Baldwin founrls Üi« 1. Godfrcy of ßi'tnllor 1098. Scolland:—Edgar puia principality of Edessa, or Bouliigno, By llie Courage and lalenia of out Donald's eyes anif de- 2, Hugh of Vermandois, ihc Comneüi, the empire ia Uirones him. 3, R 0 b e r t of Normandy feared or rospecied by the nations of Asia and Europe. 4. Robort of Flandora, 1099. Jerusalem laken by tha G. Siephen of Chariros. Invasion by the crusaders; great numhers pass tlirough crusaders, under Godfrey Nathan Bm Jechiel, Iearned i). Raymond of Toulouse, who is elected king. Jew. 7. JJoliemond. Constantinople. 8, Tancrod, 000,000 warrioi-H, m,m 1100. William n. accidonlally cavalry. Battle of Doiylieum, wliich idioi by Sir Wullur Tyrel. fiecures the mtirch of the im Knights of St. John insti- 1000, Pope PaMbal II. -Henry I. tuted. crusaders through Asia Mi• nor. (Boauelerc,)granis thoEng- Anna Camnena, daughter of lieh a Charter, and marrius Aloxhis I., Easiern emperor, Maiid, a Saxon, thus uniting liiilorian. tlio Norman and Sason in- William of Poüou, firat irou- tereslfi. badour. 1101. Roben, duke of Nor• mandy, invades England. 1102. Poland :—BolesIaa m IlÜl. Spain :—Alfünzu I-.ktnfi Acre laken by iho crusaders. ol Navarro and Arragon. 1105, Denmark; — Nicholas

IIOÜ, Ger.:—Henry V.'^ U06. Henry invades Norman• 1106, Iialy:—Vonice, Genoa, —mainlains Iho i'ighi of in. dy; takes Robert prisonor and Pisa greatly enrichod vestilure. at tho baitle of Tincliobrai. by tho Crusades, Scotland:—Alexander I. Abetard, French schohistic. ' 1107. Henry quarrels with An• Jeffrey of Monmonth, hiatO' IlOS. Fr,:—L 0 u i s VI, selm, rian. —Le Gros. Abbü Sugar, minister, IIO'J. Germany:—Heil 17 cii- ters Itaiy, lake.i ilio pope Tripolis taken by crusaders. 1109, Norway :—Segui-d's prisoner, and compola lui» pcdition 10 Palestino. to crown him. Berytus and Sidon taken by the 1114, Henry V, maniea Mai' crusaders, tilda, of England.

1116 The Knights Templara. 1117. Persia:—Sanjar subduM IIIS. Pope Qclasius 11. 1118. Spain :—AJicnso I, cap• -John L,' -fComne- turc s Saragossa, nua),a noble prince; reforms Khorasan and Samarkand. IIIQ. " CalistusH. the manneis o>'' his people. 1119, War botween Pisa «nd Genoa. U90 Tograi, Hairi, and Abdallah 1120, Iialy:-Rise of the 1120, Rivalry between Enjf IISO, Shipwreck nnd death of Sharfaddin, Arabian poets. Prince William and 140 no- house of Guelph. land and France com, Zengi, governor of 1123. Flr^l Lateran, or ninth mencos. Tyre taken by the crusaders. blemen, Scholastic P/dlosop/iy attains general Council, IMosul, a great prince. ila highest point 1)3- Diell'il . ITonorlus II. 1124, Inaurroction in Norman• writings oi Pete! Aheturd. 1125, Germany:--Lothair« dy aupprcsscd, Peter, the Lombard, (ni.Ti'cr Scolland:—David 1. pro- of sentencea). II. -opposod by Fre- motcs civilization. doric. and Conrad, duko o( Snubia. A CLH40N0L0GICAL RECORD. 78 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 1126 A.D.- II68 A.D. 79

ENQI^MD & Scor(.ANi>. Tin; WOHLD, olsewhow. PnooKBaa op SOOIETY, otc. BöCLESiAaTiCAL. I FKANCE, OEusiAarr AISPAIM. EADTEHN BMPIKB.

12Ü. Spain'—Alfonzo vn., Kelso, Melrose, and Holy- king, Leon and Casiile. rood house foundod. Ariatotlo'8 logic comca into 1127. —maltes war again Ml 1127, Matilda, tho king's rcpute. Itogor, king of Sicily. daughter, marrlos Oooöroy 1130. Innncont II. and Anacle- Plantagenet, 1130, Sweden:—Ragwatd I tus, rival popes. 1134, Spain:—OarcialV., king 1133, " Magniia L. of Navarre. Ramiro II,, kmg of Arra• gon, 1135. Lothairo in iMly—cap• 1135, Stephen! turc of Amalti. of Blois, 1136, Matilda assoria her right 1137 Partdecls of Uta Roman law, 1137. A protended Mesaiali in U37, Fr, ;-Louis VII-W to ihe ihrono; (Justinian.) liiscnvered at Franco. —(lo Jeuno). David, king of Scotland, Amalli, aiid tbc sluäy oftliü 1133, —another in Peraia, 1133, Germ.my: ~ H o n 8 asaials her. ciltii laiB revivcd. ofSuabia; ll.'J3. -is defeated in the " ba^ tlo of the Standard." —Conrad I.^^ 1139, Second Lateran, ortonth 1139. Portugal becomes a king• 1139. PORTUGAL, beeomea • genural Council, dom.-Hünry of Besancon, X140 Qratinncollucts tho canon Uw. king, kingdom, under Alfonaol.^ WüÜani of Mabmhury, &as- 1141. Gormany and Italy,— 1141, Stepben made prisoner hsli historian. 1143. Pope Ceiestin IL Dissendons of the GueJfa 1143 —Manuel Commenus. — at iho battle of Lincoln, Vaüttriua teaclies civil lavf at 1144, " Lucius IL and Ghibelines, Sweden;—Suercher H. Oxford. 11-15. " Eugenias in. Otho, bishop of Fricsongcn. Edessa being rciaken by ihc Civil war: Stephen and iiistorian, iniroduccs llie pc- 1147,ThoSocond CruBado oxciled by St, Bornard, Türks, gives riae lo the Matilda. 1147. Russia; —tha city oi ripateüc philoaophy into and joined by the eniperov Conrad and Iiis nophew Fre- secontl Crusade. Moacow founded. Germ an j. derio Barbarossa, and Louia VII, of Franco. Benjamin nf Tudela, a Jew, L148 Tha Normans, undor Roger, travola from Spaiw to India, 1149, France:—Louis divorces arrive before Constantino• 1149, Henry Plantagenet in• hy Conalanlinoplc, and rc- his queen, Elc.anor, who ple i avo re|>ulsed by Manuel. vades England. turns ihrougli liitrypi. marrios Henry oi' Anjou, af. terwarils king of England; thus Guienne and Poitou are lost to France, neo The magnelir. ncedlc l:nown llEO, Spain ;—Sanclio V,, king 1150. Donmark :—The coasi« in Italy, 01 Navavro, infeated with pirates. Saidas, losicograrhor, 1153, Germany and Italy 1150. Sweden:—Ecic X Eben Ezra, of Toledo, Jewislj 1153, Pope Anastasius IV, 11C4, —Henry II. historian. 1154. Popo AdrianlV, (an Eng- Frederic I., (Plantagenet). lishraan, Nicholas Breaks- (Earbarosna), peare). 1165 Tho Greoka reduce Apulia 1165 Arnold, of Breaaa, condomn• and Calabria. ed and burnt 1156 Manuel forms l!io design of Eustathius, co'nmeniator on conquering Italy and the Homer and Dionysius Per. 1157. Spain : — Castile and WBb'am ompire, but falls. 1157, Denmark: WaldemarI. Leon divided under Ferdi• nand JL and Sancho II, Sani! of Veniee estahlished.— IIGS, Gormany:-The empe• 11D8' 'r/iomns a Beckel iaüO' 1153. Venico a gro« inaritima Fairs at Leipsio, ror Frederic receives Ihe duced 10 iho king's noiice by power. title of king of Bohemia at Theobold, archbishop of Iiondon contains 40,000 inha• the diel of"Ratisbon:—cwv-. Canterbury—becomes chan- bitants qucrs Poluiid, and makes i' cellor and precepior of the tributary. ^ ) prince, 1159, Recket sent as ambassa• Poem of the Cid. 1159, Popo Alexander IU. dor tu France, Victor IV., antipopo. IIGO. Order of the Carmolilos CoUege.i of theology, philoso• inBlii.uied. 1162. -mado archbishop of 1IG2 Sweden :—Charle»m pliy and law at Paris. The Waldensea and 1162. Frederic destroys Milan. Canterbury — oppoees tho English commerce confined to Albigenaes begin to ap- Spain: — Alfonse IL, king. the esportation of wool.—A pea« king of Arragon. lie-t —resists ihe consiiluliona wooUen manufactory esta- of Clarendon — flies (t> blished at Wursted, and soon lltil. Pascal in., antlpope, France. alter at Nor wich. 1106. Scolland;—William. 11Ö7. Romo taken by Frodarlc DabaresBa. 11Ü7. Italy:—League of tha Italian eitles to preserr« tlieir 1 iberlies. 11G8. jalistus III., . f 82 THE WORLD'y PROGRESS. I igg A.D.- 1237 A.D. A CHRONOLOGICAL REC0J4D. 83

Piioanüsa OP SOCIDTY, eto, ECOLESIASIICAL. FiiANCi;, GEKMANY & SPAIM EASIER» EMPIKB. ENOLAND &: SCOTLAND, THE WOHLD, elsowiiers,

Richard, returning homo in disguise, tlirough Gei-- The power ol the popo supro mo — Rome mistresa of tho world, and kinge her vassale many, is imprisoned, Is ransomed by Ins subjocts for 10,000 inarks, —declares war against France. 1199. Richard c'ies. Tho Univemty of Bologna 1200. The pope excommunica les Philip of France. J200- John, ®f coniains 10,000 aiudcnia. 1202. Tlio fourth crusaile hy the French, Germana, and (Lack land.) Venetians under iho Marquis of Monserrat. They tska 1201. Prince Arthur supported Uenmai-i::—M":ildemar by France. Ville Hardouin, historian. Consianiinople. 11, Saxo ffraOTMUiliCKSiliigtoi'ian, Poland: — Lesco, (iht whito), l!2Üi. The in Fiun oe. Livonia;—Insiitmicn ol Normandy reunited b> -Alexius IV, tlio Order of Short swordy 10 Fi'anoo. The crusaders plunflor Con• conquer the Prussians. stantinople, Baldwin, count of Fhinders. 1206 University of Paria fouiiiiod. 1206 -Henry II. 1206, Gonghis Khan subdues the norih of China 1S07, The kingdom laid undor an interdict, Jolm excommunicaied. The Order of Franciacan fri ara instituted. 120a 1209 London obiains die right to elect ila own Lord Mayor. The works of Aristotle, itn- Bhier persecution of Ihc ported from Constantinople, Albigensij^"" 1210. Germany:—Otho placer. condetnned by the councit under the ban of the pope. 1210. Italy :—First war of Ve• of Paris. nice and Genoa, 1213.—Prcdurickll.^ 1213. The pope declares John 1213, RuBsia:—Jurjo H, a usurper. John subinits to Period of the Troubadoura In Spain i—The Christiana hold his crown as a vassal of France; tiie Minatrela in The doctrme of Iransub- galn the battle of Navas de Ihe popo, England; und ilie Mjwie- ataniiaiion antl aurioular TolüSQ, singers in Germany, confession establiabed. 1214, Scotland:—AlexantlerH, 1214, Frederick ccdes 10 Den• mark all tho provinces be- yond the Elbe and Ei.ser. 1215, Otho loses tho battle oi 1215. Fourth Lateran, antl 1215, Magna Charta signed at Bovinea. twelllh General Council Runnymede. iigiünst the Albigcnses, aud all liurctics. 1210. Pope Honoriua III. !316 - Peter W 1316.—Henry 111.^ 1216. Tartary :—Overrun hy ('lih Plantagenet.) 1217. The fifth Crusade by 1217. Spam-—Ferdirandjking the hordes of Gengiiis Khan of Castila. Barl of Pombroko, pro 1217, Norway:—HacoV. Andrew IL, king of Hun• icctor. gary.

1221 Robert Universiiyof Padiiatouniioii, 1223. Fr, : Louis V. .I.Vy 1322, Two Greek kingdomsin (Tho Lion). • Asia, Nico and Trobizond. 1234. Ilenry's province of Crusade against th» AI- Jolm Ducas, emporor of Poitou seized by the king of bigcnsüS. Nico. France. Hungary: — Charter ol Stephen. Langton, archbiahop Andiew"ll. Foundation ol 1227. Popo Gregory IX. Vm. Fr.: Lou g X ^ of Canterbury. the national liberty. (). Mil. Gtirinaiiy;—Crusade oJ ibo erapcroir after being es 122s —John of Brienne,'^ 1229. The Intiuisiüoii at Tou- communicaied. king of Jerusalem, aM em• 1229. First expedilion of Henry 1230. Spain: —Caslile anJ 123^1, Iialy:—War of Ihe Lom• peror. into France for ihe recovory bard cities with Frederick o( Tlie Scriplaris forlid Leon united by Ferdinand of his esiales. Germany. iltn lo all inyiwin. Ul, who lali-ea Cordova Se- viile, Cadiz, IJC. from ilw 1203, Firt't dii^covory of co,il Moors. 1236. Dreadfui Invasion ol 128*/ -Baldwin 11,1 at Niiwcasllo. Europe by ihe Mongela, -m der S.-iiu Khan. 84 THE WORLD'S RROGRESS. 1238 A.D.- I27I A.D. A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. Pnoortaa« OP SOOXEXT, otc. Eooi/aaiAaTioAL. FRANCE, GBRUAHV &SPAIM.

1233. Germany: — Frederic EA8TBRN EMPIRE . ENGLAND & SCOTLAND. THE Woiu.D,elsewhere, again excommuntcated. 12il, Popo Celaetino IV. liobarl^qf QloucEater,Iho firat 1210. Richard, earl of Com- Gngljsti wi'itor in rliyrae, wall, heads tho sixih Cru• 1211, Donmark:—Eric VI sade, and redeems Jerusa• lem. iai3. Pope Innocent IV. 1243, The Hanaeatic Continual Btruggloa with 1 e a g u e—the chief towna 1242. Second expedilion into tlio emperor Prederic. are Luboc, Cologno, Jlruna- France—defeated und com- wicl;, and Dantsic, pelleil to make poaco. 124G, Ilenry of Thuringia set Sect of the Fiagellanta. up for emporor by the pope, and 1216. Henry raarrles Eleanor, Firat war fleet In Spain at the 1217, William, of Holland, c of Provence, congweai of Seville. 1238. France:—Louia ECK dt ) Foundation of tlie Alhambra on the aeventh criisado. near Granada, St. Edmund, of Canterbury, diea. 1250, Germany:--- Tlic Univarsily of Salamati- 1219. Scot.: AloxandorllL 1219, Tlio Hanse towna cap ca Ibunded, —Repulses Huoo, king ture Coponhagen, -Conrad IV.1 of Norway — obtalns the 1250, Egypt,—The M a m a • 12S2. Spain: —Alfonao X.- Scottish Isles, 1 H k e s rule—take Damas• 1254. Popo Alexander IV. king of Caatile and Leon. cus and Aleppo. Tho Jewa every where peraecuted. 1255, Nico ;—Theodore Lasca- ris, emporor.

Silk maxixtfactüTy in Lucca; 1256, Hulaku entors Persia, •woollen in Milan and Tua- becomes sulian—takes Bag• eany. dad, and puts an end to Peter, of Altiano, astrologer, the caliphate, physician, and naiuraüst. 1258, Famous parliamenl at 1253. Italy :—Dreadfui naval Rubruquis travela among the O.vford, Simon de war between Venice and Mongola. Montfort, Genua, 1259, Peace witli Franco. 12G3. China:—Kublai Khan builds Pökln, and makos it his capitai. Privaie war andjudicial com- 126L Pope Urban IV. 1261. France:—Burgundy fiUi baUs BUppressed in France The popes Claim the to the crown- 1260 -Michael Palmologus. ^5- by the laWB of St. Louis. right of presenting 10 every bcncüce in the world. IMl —recovers Constantinople, 1261, Norway :—Iceland aub jected, Iialy:—Charles I, Parliamenl in England. 1262, —becomes a papai fief, Greenland tributary td Norway, 126G. The pope euocaeds in his long siruggle for the do• Norway: Tha Mongola in Asia Minor. Tke monaatic oräera, by their minion of .lialy, and places Charles of Anjouon the throne ol' Naples. -Magnus 11,1 tcealth, rigid diacipline, 1265. First regulär parlia• 1265. Abaka Khan of Persia. and populär inßuence, be• 1260. Pope Clement IV. menl.—Civil war—the king come jäweifut aids lo pon- made prisoner at Lewes—is tificai ambition. ) 1266. Henry of Caatile, a Roman aenatot releaacd, and gains tho bat• tle of Eveaham. 1S63, Pragmatic sanction— 1^6. Magnus, of Norway, foimdalion of the libetties of cedes to Scotland the Ha bridea and the Isle trf Mna the Gallican church. The HongoU tuke Antioch 1263, No pope for about three years. 1270. France;—Louis IX. aeu out on the eiglith and laal 1271, Popo Gregory X. Crusade, and dies befori 1270. Prince Edward jofaia the 1270. Hungary: Tunis—Hucceeded by ei gilt h Crusade. Stephan V.' —Philip in.^~- (The Harrty). 86 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 1272 A.D. 1290 A.D. A CHRONOLOGICAL RECüRD. 87 ft.D. pEOQftBsa OP SooiKTY, etc. EOOLESIASTiaAL, Fa ANOS, G TÜRM ANY, &, SPAIM EAsrnnN EMPIRE. EN3LAND & SOOTIAND. THIS WOHLD, elaewhere.

1272 3Iarco Polo tvavoLs iu the 1272. Languedoc falls lo lln 1272,— Edward 1.1 1272. Hungary:- East aa fav as Peicin. crown. —Vlailislas VI,W—.

1273 Firat patenl of nobillty graot- 1273. Ger.:—Rodolph.@ r'73 Andionicoe,' BiJ to his gohisinilh by the (the Elder.) kiiJi! ol' Fmnco, This was founds tho hau«! oi dcsijrnod as an attacl: iipon Ilapaburg. the feudal barons, and all the landed and hereditary ariati.cracy. 1274. 14lh Genoral Council at Lyons; firat ra-union Union with the . the Eastorn and Western Churches, Literature anilacienoe flourish in Spain, under Alfonao, the Iearned.

12«; Chivalry and the lournaments 1276. Pope Inrtocent V,, 4 mos. IS76. France at war whli Ga 1276. War liotwccn England 1276. Sweden : — M8gniu L inlToduced in 10 Sweden. " Adrian V., 1 mo, tile. and Wales. John XXL, 8 mos. luissia:—Hanseatic set tlomant at Novogorod. 1277. Nicholas IIL, enriching 1277 Persecution of the Greeks, 1279 Univeraity of Liobon foundod. his family at tho oxpenso of 1279, China ;-Kublin Khan the church—ho iniroduces subdues the southern king• Nepotlam. dom, and becomes the Great Roger Bacon, of Oxford, the Khan, most Iearned man of the China visited by Marco middlo ages. 1231. Pope Martin IV. Polo, 1273. Poland :-LeECoIL^— 1279. Portugal:—Dennis, Ihe father of his coun• try.

1280. Norway:—Eric 0,^— 1281 Othman eslablishes an inde• pendent rulo, as Chief of 1282, Sicilian vespera. 400 fnmilies, in tho north of 1282. Denmark:—Parliamenl 333, Germany. — Rodolph Afria Minor, 12d3, Edward has a son born al Wurtomburg, makes his son, Albert, at Caernaivon, from which First HandvoBie, duke of Austria. the title, Prince of Wales, descends to the eldeat son of tlie king. ScollandRobort Bmce and 1386 Institulion of ihe liircc great 1285, Pope Honoriua IV. 12S3.Fr.:~PhllIp IV. courts nf law in England. John Valliol conlend fo. the (the Fair.) crown.

1286. SpainAlfonno ID. 1286. Denmark:—Eric 'VI, l king of Arragon.

12^. Pope Nicholas IV. Nicholaa IV. palronlies civil and religioua lilorature, ana improvea and ambellishes Rome. 1289. Last paymcQt of öibate 1289, The Mongola invada to the pope. Hungary und Poland. 1290. Hungary: —Andrew Dt Albert, die mathematician, and Pioven^al poet. tho Vonetian, Poland; Wenceslaa, king of Bohemia, takes Cra• cow, and becomes duke 0 Lesaer Poland. THE WORLD S PROGRESS. I 2QI A.D.- 1299 A.D. A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 89

PnoöKBas oe SOOIBTY, ttc. EOCLESIASTIOAL. FKANCI,;. (JUUJIIANV Ä; SPAIN EASTQRH EMPIHB. ENGLAND & SOOTLAND. THB WOHLD, elsowhere.

Pctcr, of AJbano, astrologor, 1-291. Germany: I29i Capture of Acre by the Ma- 1291. Edward decidea the pliysiciaii, anil iiai mallst. melukes—end of ihe king• Scotiish dispuie in favor of — A d o 1 p Ii U E ,^ dom of Jerusalem. Baliol. of Nas'iau. Jahn Holywood, uf England 1S92. Celealine V.—Ile abdi- 1292 The Mongola drivo the last 1292. A piratical warfare be• 1292. Hungary:—The pope asiro nomer. eatea, siiltan of Iconium from his tween England and France. sets up Charles Marte!, 1293, The papal chttir vacant Spain:—JamesH. k-, oS throne, —Philip gets possession ot crown prince of Naples, aa two yeata and threo months. Arragon. Guienne. king. Inadtution of the order Ricllarii Middleton. of the Celealinea. i The Genoese obiain the trade of the Black Sea, and rise to ^reat power Cimabue, :he lirat of modom paintera nt Florcnce. 129-1. Pope Bonilaco VIII. ) lag.).. China:—Tymiir Khan. Arnolf dt Lapo, the fatlior of modern Italian areliitoctufo. 1295. Spain ; - Ferdinan.l IV. 1295. Poland: • in Castile ai d Leon. —Proraisias 11^^ ,

1296. Balliol defeated; sub- 1296. PolaLd:—Less 11.^— The Tnflvenceof the Strugglea with Praoce. mits 10 Edward. crwsades was greal expanding the mind of Europe—re- fining the general 1297. Canonization of Louis 1297. Scotland :-S i r Wil• manners — exaii ing IX. Philip Bucceesfully in- liam W a 11 a c e .—S i r a apirit of geogra- Tades Flandors. William Douglas, phir.al research and Robort Bruce, and adiicnture—und ;M'O- olher Chiefs head a rebellion moting impr oveinen t 1293. Qovmmy: — Adolphua against tho English. in Ute arts and sci• deposed by a Diet, which ences— ihua linder mining instead of elecia a trengthening the First lollorsof maique gram- power of p ap ai /ioine, — Albert I.W— Othman invades Nicomedia, 1299. —thoy are defeatod at 1299. Foundation of tha ed by Edward Ul. ugamst hy advancing libe• son of Rodoph.—Adolplm,! and establishos the Ottomnn Falkirk by king Edward I, OTTOMAN or TURKISH the Ponuguese, ral idcas and free- slain in llie siruggle wh!i:^b empiro. EMPIRE in Bythinia, uß- dom of Ihüught. er.sutis. der Othman I.

t

1 I !

) 90 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 1300 A.D.- 131g A.D. A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD.

t.D. PilOöaGSs OP SooiBTV, eic. EoCLnarAßriOAL. FKANCE, GBIIMANV,

1300 l'iiiversity at Lyons rounflntl, —Rapid ndvancü!) in civiii- 1301. Hungary:—Andrew, the zation.—Rovival orannient 1302. First convocatinn of liit leai'ning,-Improvomontiä in Slates-general in France, Vonetian, the ai-ts and sciences-and Guienne restored to Eng• Estinction of the liousa progress of liberty. land. of Arpad, 1302 THB MAaiNEn's COM- IS03 War of the Catalaus, under 1303. Edward invades Scot• p A s 3 invented at Napteo, Roger de Flor. land. — Wallace bet.rayed —Wenceslas III. of Bo• by Gioia, nalivo of Amulfl. Othman increaecs tiie possea- nnd bchcadcd. — Scotkind Cniversity at Avlgnon. 1303. Pope Boniface Vni. siona; abandons tbe pasto- eubmiis. hemia, W¥ Dante, Ihe falber of modem Council of Paris, 1304. FVance at war witb ral life, and fortifies towna Edward recovers Gni- 1304. -^Olio V.. of Bavi Italian poetry, flourishea, unam sanctum. Fl anders. and castle s. enne. Amid the ftruggles of the Pope Benedict X!, Germany;—The Swlsa fia.?W Queifa and Ghibelines, Vacancy in ilio papal towns rise into importance Italy beeomcs tlie cradle of chair nearly oloven moniha. —oppressed by the Houae ol modern literature and im- —The papai power de- Hajjsburg. proving civilization. cUnss.

im ünivorsily at Orleans, 1305, . 1305. Polai (1;—Vladislas IV., in Litllc Poland, and Seat ofthe popea transferrod to Avlgf. Duke Henry, of Glogau, n o n. in Grcat Poland. 1305, Persecution of the Jew» 1306, Scolland : — R o b e r l Russia subject to the in France, Bruce proclaimed king Khan of Tartary. Germany • — R u d o 11 —is obliged lo flce; but, Edward dying, reaumea his of Auslria- poaitioa

1307 Üniversny at Perugia, 1307. Persecution of the 1307, Eng.:EdwardII.^ 1307. Switzerland: Knights Temp'ar. Seol.:—Bruce sireny'ili- W m , T 1' 1 escapes from öür.: — William Toll ens himsslf by repeatod ad- Gesler; flhoots Gesler. va.iwgca and prudent con- SWISS R o p 11 b 1 i c 8 du :,•.. founded, Nov. 7. Tlniversity at Coimbm. 1308. Germany: Henry 1303. Hungary r—Caroberi, of of Luxemburg. . Anjou.—— General inaurrection in Switzerland, 1309, Poland united into one 1309. Spain: —Ferdinand IV monarchy under Vladialaa takes Gibraltar, IV, Naples:— Robert, Üia Good. He aspirea to tbe dominion of Iialy. 1310 Knigkta of Sl. John al 1310 nie Knights of St. John of 1310. ItalyThe Council ol Shodes. Jeruaalem, estahlished at Ten established at Venice, 1311 Ordar of 1311. General Council at Vlen- 1311. Lyons united to France. Rhades. abolished.—Tlio barons in na, England exiorl from Ed• Another vacancy in tlio 1312, Spain:—AlfonzoXL ward II. a reformation of papal chair of moro than —of Castile and Leon, abusea. Parliaments are to two years 1313, Itn!y;—Matteo Visconti, be held evory yoar, and to 1314. Fr.:—Louis X,^- 1B14. Edward invades Scot. 1314, i'unis made tributary tc appoint to all imfcitant (Hutin.) land, and is defeated at the Spain, offlcea, Ger.:—Louia of Bnva-1 Bttttlo of Bannock- ria, and Frotlorick of Aua b u rn tria, contend for the crown. 1315. Fr.:—Edict for the an- The Scots invade Eng• franchisement of slaves, land and Ireland. Battle of Morgarten—tbe Austrians defeated by Ihe Swiss, 1316. ttaly:—Castrucdo, Lord of Lucca and Pisa, 1316. Popo John XXIl. 1316. Fr. :-P h i 1 i p V. W- 1317. Robert, the Good, aeenA- Taxes imposed upon all (theLong.) Hesuccee-labj tor of Rome, and the couniries of Europe, (o virtuo of the Srilitiue .tw 1318. —lord of Gonoa. enrioli the treaaury of the now flrst establisheü. 1319. Final establishmea o( church. tho oUgarchy at Venic« )0 A.D. A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 93 92 TI-IE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 1320 A.D.- EASTBUN EMPIKH, ENGLAND & SOOTLAND. THB WOELD, elsowhere.

i.D. PROOKBSS OP SOCIBTT, clc. HacLGSiASTiOAL. FHANCB, GERMANY, & SPAIN, 1320 Diaputos and civil war be• tween the emperor and hia 1320. Russia: — The grand aon, Michael, duchy of Wladimir confer• red on Ivan Daniloviisch, 1321 Dante, dies, 1322. Lancaster eioculed. 1323, Conspiracy against the king. 1323. France: — Charta 1323 Jahn dt Muria introduces notes uf difföront lengtli into I V-l^—Cthe Fair.) niUHic—and ilie rautiiod of Germany:—Frederic, -it diinhiguisliing iliem. & HSiria defeated and taken Romanco poetry of tlie middia prisoner. ages flourishea. 1324, Contest of the popes 1324. Germany; — Louis aj- I32Ö Mayronis commences the cele• with Louis of Bayaria. communicated by John Xll, Orkhan, sultan of tho Türks, 1326, Tartary:—Tamer- brated disputationa in the —appeals to a general coun 1326 1 a n 0 born at Kosh. Sorbonne, eil. makes Prusa Iiis capitai, I32Ü 1327, Poaco between Scotland 1327, Italy ;-Invadcd by Louia, Clock coiistructed on matho- emperor of Gormany. matical principles, by Rich• -Andre nicus, and England. — The iude• ard VaUglbrt, (the younger.) pendence of Scolland ac- fcnowledged. 13^, Crusade preached against 1323. Franco ;—P h i 1 i p V1 Linna, a monk, and astrono• Louis, who sets up Nioholas mor of Oxford, constructs a V. as anti-pope. -EDWARD III.'W— map of the northern eeas, of Valois.Bf 1329, Scotland:—David W 1332, Edward invades Scot• Thomasjof Bradwardlne, arch• land.—Balliol crowned, but bishop of Canterbury. 1333. FranceTho Flemings • soon expelied. revolt and acknoivledgo Ed• 1333, Battle of llalidon Hill. 1333, Poland; —Casimir tha ward III. aa king ol France. —Balliol reslored—does ho- mage to Edward- Great,® 1331 Giotlo, a shepherd boy, the 1334. Pope Benedict Xn. first who drow portraits from life, 133Ö Greek literature rcvives,— Barlaam toaches Pelraroh, 1333, Siruggle for tho French —Leontfua lectures on Ho• cro wn,w hl ch lasts i20yeara. 1339, Italy:—Simon Bocane- mer at . gra, doge of Genoa, 1337 First comet, whose course has 133S, France:-War with Eng• boon accurately described. land, 1310. Tbe victory of Ilolvoet 1340, Denmark: — Waldemar 1339. Struggles in Rome be• Germany:—•Declarutloa 1341 -—John Caniacuzene. Sluys — gives spirit to the ' IV, restorer of the kingdom. OmVPOWDJÜE in use at tween the Colonna and the of the Diet of Frankfort, English navy. 1342. Hungary:-Louis tha the battle of Crossy. Ursini. Ihal the pope had no tempo• David, of Scotland, m- Great. Lippo Memmi Giotino, Flo• ral power in tlie emjjire, vades England. 1343. Iialy: Commercial ren trne painter. Louis sides with the Ireaty between Venice and 1342. Pope Clement VI. English against France !34ii, Battle of Croasy. the sultan of Egypt and 3315 First banJi at Genoa. Syria. 1347, Slogo and capture of 1347. Iialy:—Rienzi, the 1346. Franco: —• Normandy .Calais last of ths Tribunes, rulos oyeri-un by Edward, wili at Rome. 1347 Democracy at Rome, tmder Rienau, the last of the Tri- his son, the Black Prmce.- War widi die Genoese, dofeat bunes. Fronch defeated at Cressy, of the Greeks and Venetians, Germtmy :—C h a r l es IV., king of Bohemia. Manufactures improve in The empire ofTered t' 1350. Viciory over the Spanieh 1350. Italy ;—Naval war be. England, — Commerce in- Edward III,, who declines. fleet. — Parliament divided tween Venice and Genoa. crcases, into two chambers, lorda 1353, Establirfiment ofthe Ol• 1350 Barlohls and Baldus, cele• 13G0. France :—J o h n Spiritual and temporal. lomans in Europe, brated iurisis (the Good.) 1354, Italy:—Rienzi killed- 1352, Pope Innocent VI 1355 --John PaliBologus.l papal föwer restored, Merino sheep introduced into 135'l,Rienziki!Ied.—Albcrnoz, 13ÖS. Edward, the 1336, First war between Dui- Spain, by Peter IV, of Ara• 1365. Germany :—Promulga Black Prince, gary and Venice. Cardinal legale, restores tho lion of the golden Bull. gon, papal dominion. gains die battlo of 1356. Franco:—King John da P 0 i t i e r B , — Jolin made II6G Sir John Mandcville's Tra• feated tmd taken prisonar a vels, the first English boolt Piiliers.—Charles tlie dau prisoner.—Two years' truce, in prose. phin . —Edward again invades Scotland—is obligod to re• Inaurroction m Paris, treat, 1353. —again invailea France, 1359. Hungary:—Conguest ol Amurath L, Sultan o( the 1361'. Peace of Bretigni, the prlncipalities lymg m 1360 the Danube. 1360. France:—John regaln Türk«. I his liberty—Codes much (M ritory 10 England 35 A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 94 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 1362 A.D.- 1403 A.D. 95

EASTSRN EMP1R£. ENOLAND SOOTLAHD. THE WortLD, elaewhere. pRoanuaii oF SociUTi', otc. EOCLESIASTICAI.. FitAHOE, GBOMANY & SPAIN &

PeiToreh and Boccaeio. 1362. Pope Urban V. al Avig- 1302, The Black Prince aids 1362. Iialy: —War betwe«! non—beauiifies tho city ol 1354. Fr.:—C ha r 1 ea V Peter the Cruel, of Caatile, Pisa and Florence. Rome—Presen ta ilie right (the 'Wise.) to recover his throne. arm of Thomas Aqulnas to im OliarlcB V. ibuiids a College of Charles V, ol' France, as an medicine and astrology at object of worship. Paris,

Foundation of the Univeraity 1366. 'War with Navarre— qf Vienna. battle of Amoy, 1309. A new war with France; 1369. Tartary ; — Tamerlane 1370. Pope Gregory IX. Knau ccess ful. makes Samarcand the capi• tai of his new empirOi Geof. 0 haue e r, f at h er 1370. Poland :—E.\tinction ol of English poetry. 1371, Scotland :—Robort II.— the royal race of Piasts. Iho Iluuse of Stuart, 1376, Death of the Black Prince.

18/3 Treaty wilh Murad, tho Otto- 1377, -Richard II. ^— man emperor. First Speaker of the Ilouse of Commons.

1378, Fruitless Invasion of 1378. " Schiam. ofthe Weat:" 1378. Gormany:—Wences• 1373. Italy:—Sllveijter de Me- Fiunce.. dici, gonfaloniore of Flf>- Popo Urban VI. ac- las, (king of Bohemia), Insiirrecilon of Wat Ty knowledged in tho erapire emperor. and England. lor. Clement VII, acknow- 1380. Rusaia:—Dimitrl Ivano- 138(1 Myaterice playcd in Franee, letlgcd in Franco, Spain, and 1330. Fr.; Charles V1 .'1^ Scotland. vitüch vicloriüus ovcr tha (tho Maniac). Tartars, near the Dt)n. 1332i The king marries Anne, 1382. Tho Tartars sack Mo» 1382, Battle of Rosbecq—tha daughter of Charlea IV. cow. Flemings defoated-—,dr(e- 1383 Wieleliffe's tranalation of the velde killed. 1331, The Scots, assisted by 1381, Persia: — Invaded by Bible. Fi'uncc, invade England, "l'amerlano; Is])aiian taken, —I'yramid.iofhuraanhoads. 1385. Tho English burn Edin• 13S5. War between Austria burgh. and Sv^'itzerland, 1336. ßatde of Sempach;— 1386. France :— Fruitlesa at• tho Austrians defeated. Ü7iiveraity of Heidelberg tempt to invade England. 1337. Denniarli ic Norway :— founded. Froisaart'i Chronlcles. Margaret, ^ the Semi- John Van Eyek, invented oil ramis of üic north. paintins — fonnder of the 1391, Italy:—Pisa falls tmder Flemiah achool. 1^, Battle of Otterboume. tlio yoke of tlio Visconti. 1339. Popo Boniface IX. nt B.-ijasct L,sultan ofthe Türks. Romo. 1390. Scotland : Robert ni. JSO Tlie Ürat mill in Germany for 1391 • Manuel II-l Persecution ofthe Wick- tlio manufacture of Linen 1S91. The English clergy for• emperor, Is&tes. paper, bidden !o cross tlio sea for 1392. — Charles saized will L392 Onuucer's Aetrolaho wrltten. henoiices. mudness.

1334. Popo Benedict XIU. 1391. Germany :—The emper• 1335. Tamerlane overrun a Revival of Greek literature in or imprisoned by the ;?eopie 1396 Victory of Nicopolis,—Sigia- Kipchak and Rusaia Italy. of Prague. mond, of Hungary, defeated 1397. Union of Calroar, form• by Bajazeil, 1398, Henry, of Lancaater, ing üenmarlt, Sweden, aud banished, Norway into a Single mo• II ouso of Lancas- narchy. 1400 Ohaucer dies. 1400, Ger.:—Roheri,^- 1399, '—Henry IV.^— 1339. Invasion of India by CCouni Palatine), Richard II, depo.sed. Tamorlane, 1401, Rebellion ofOwcnGlen- i4oe John fffliMT, English poet. 1i02 Bkjazet do feated and made dower, and jirisoner by Tamorlane, at 1403. of tho Percys, who are ihe battle of Angora. defeated at the battle of Shrevrebury. 96 THE WORLD'S TROGRESS. 1403 A.D.-

1438 A.D. A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 97 PiioGUüaa OP SOOIBTY, rjtc. EooniSiASTicAL. FHAKCE, Gr.itMANY, & SPAT.T,

A,n. EASTEII»! EMPIRE, ENOLAN'D &, SCOTLAND, TnE WORLD, elsowhere. 1404. Popo Innocent VII. 1400, " Gregory XII. Solyman L, Sultan of the 1407 Iloärigo, of Zamora, Spaniali 1407. France : — Murder 0' Türks, liistonüti. Louis, Duitu of Orleans. 1406. Scotland :—Jarnos I. l'lÜG. Italy . -Pif-a cor quered UnimTaity of Leipaic found• 14ÜD. The Council of Pisa dc- Spain;—John II., ir, by Florei CO.-Subjugalion ed. ponus Gregory and Bono• of Caatile. 01' Padua and Verona bj dict, and elocts Alexander Venice. V.;—neither will yield, so TItomaa & Kempia. that there are three popes at onco.

John Huaa. 1410. Pope Jolm XXlH. 1410. Spain : —Ferdinand,kjiy. of Arragon. — Yusief in., king of Granada. , of Prague. 1410.1''r :—Citfil war botwce' ihe'pariies of Orleans n - ) Burgundy. Germany ; — Dealh oi Robort. 1111, Sigismund, (king of Ilungaiy),^^ ompo. ror, 1413. France;-Tho French 1412. Raly:—Sack of Rom« 1414, Council of Oonstance. defeated by Henry V., o( 1413 Mohammea L, Sultan of the 1413. —Henry V.@— by Ladisias, king of Naples, England, at Agincourt, Türks. Denmark, Norway, &c,: 1414. — Claims the Fronch 1410. John Huss, and Jerome, 141G, Spain;—Alfonzo V., king• crown. EricVn,,ofPomorania,^ of Arragon and Sicily. of Prague, burat by the 1415. — gains the battle 1115. Contjucst of Ceuia, üy Council of ConsCance. of Agincouri.. ilio Ponuguese. 1417, Pope Marlin V. 141Ü, Bohemia;—Huss ile war. First Poriitgiieae eolontea on 1419. Sigismund aucoeeds to tiie coast of Africa, Madei• Iba Boliemian crown. ra, SM. 1420. Treaty of Troy es.-Hen ry 1420. Discovery of Madeira Amuraih IL Snhan of tbe marries Caiharine, datighler by the Ponuguese. Türks. of Charles VI., und is de• clared licir lo ilio French 14K, France ;—Dealh ofCliar crown. George of Peurbaeh, astrono- les VI — Henry VI, pro- 1422, Dealh of Heniy V. mer at Vienna. claimed at Paris king of France and England. —Henry VI,^—

Peter d'Aübj, iheologian. —Charles Vll.'^— 1431, The Duke ot Bedford 1421 Bohomla;-Doaihorjohn at Poitiers. |J'.>5 John Vll. • . nn,. defeats the French at Ver- Ziska, Ihe llussito Icader, j:

i.D. PRoanaas OP SOOIETY, aia. ECCLESIABTICAL. FHANCE, GERMANY ifc SPAIN. EASTBUN EUFIRB. ENGLAND Ä; SCOTLAND. I THE WORLD, olsewhere.

1438, Germany; — House- 0 f Austria:

--Albert II,@— (king of Boiiemia anuHun- gaiy.)

1440*, Ger-, :-Frederic III. 1440, Hungary: — '^^idlalfi» c hosen king.ft^—- 1441, Italy :-Peace of Marti- .1443 Inaurrectio,! of Scnndeberg— ncgü, France :~The dauphin ^ victory over tb& Türks near 1443. Alfonco V,, of Arragon, (Louia XL), robeis—but i y Niesa. unites the crown of tho Two pardoned. Sicilies,

1414 1414, —estabilshment of the Leonardo da Vinci, sculptor, companics of Archers, the W44 Battlo of Variia — Vladislaf, 1444. Truce wilh Franco.— aroiiitecl, ontl pamior—dis- firat national Standing armj, king of Poland defeated and Marriago of Henry to Mar• covci'3 porspacwve. killed by the 'I'arks, garet, of Anjou. 1445.Poland: CasimirIV-i^ K46 I44G, Germany:—War witö Pet. Perugino, founder of the Hungary, for refuaing to 1440^ Tartary: —Ülugh Bog, Roman achool of painting, givo up Iho young prince, pairon of astrnnomy aiM*- teachar of Raphael. Vladialaa. geography.

1447 Library ofthe Vatican, found• 1447. . 1447, Gloucester arresied for ed. tveason—dies auddenly,

1448 The Äxorea diacovered. 1443, Concordat of Aschaflfen- 1418 Conslantine Xll, llija. Denmarl::—Cliristian l tierg, by which the liherlics (Palaiülogua,) the laatof the Alain Charlica, French poet. of the German churcii are Greek eniperota. of Odonbui'g.'^^ compromised.

Sweden:—Ciiarlea VlI!,^ '45° Fiourialiing period of Flan- .450. Msurreclion of Jack 1150. Italy ;—Francesco Sfor• ders' trade.—All Europcan C'crde-calling hiinaelf Mor- za, duko of Milan. nations have warehousea at 1451. Expedition cf Frederw timer, to Rome. Mohammed IL, Sulla» of tho Norway: Cliristian Brtiges and Ghent.—Book Türks. Civil Wars of trade al Mai/ence. "tho Roses:'' crowned at Drontheim.@ Richard, duice of York, Claims the throne. 1453. AuGiria made an heradi- Delhi:—Bchol Lodi en- taiy duchy by Fredaric, largea the kingdom. Siege and capture 1453, Poland:—Cor_f:..'matio;i End of the Fren-ih aaH of Constantinople Scotland:—Struggles be• Englieh wars. ^ • ^ of tho national liberiy in tlii by the Türks: tween Ihe Ithig and arisio- Diet of Petrikan. END OP TIIB EAST- cracy for power, ERPi EMPIRE.

• 1485 A.D. A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. lOI lOO THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 1454 A.D.-

OTTOUAM GlRMAMV. THE WonLn, eil-ewhere. FsEtaiiBtis OF Socisrv, etc. EMOLAItS. SOOTIiAKD. FHANOS, EUFIRE.

1454. Struggle 1454. Poland :—War wiih Ow PfttVip de CmnittM, Frencli between Goa- 1455. Türke re• Tau tonic Order. hisiorion. mod da Me• pulsed atBoI 1455. Baute of dici and tho grade. Sl. Albana. arisiocracy. Wood engraxing invented. 1458, The 1458. Hun »ary; Haihiu House French rule of York: 1460. James in Genoa. 14Ü1. —Ed• IIL 1461. Louia Corvin,!^ ::iakeB hll 1462 Tlie emporor besieged in his Popo Pi• ward IV. us II, country lormidahlo to liü court at Vienna—d eil vered neighhors. pQii-Oßce* In France and XI. ^ by G. Podlebrad, of Bohe• 1463. War of ßngland. ealna CiviTwar,— Venice with the Türks. iTiiT baitlc of —Peace of mia. 1462. Rusäia:—Ivan I^-- Towion. ConBana, the Great—takea ihe Uüe >f 14&L Plctrodo Czar. Faitat diea at Paris, wkither Medici at .lejourneya twice to seil hia Florence. 14ia-War with 1466. Pcace of Thom.—East Laiin Bible. Pope Paul Hungary. Prussia a lief of Poland.— IL West Prusaia ceded lo Po• 141J6. Gaieaz- land. Beerhard mvenCs the pedal to K<>, duko of 1468, Uzun Haaan, mualor ot tho oi-gan. Milan. all Persia, Invaalons of the Türks. 1469, Loren- weg.Warwick zo de Me• Printing in England—Cax- banished. dici, suo- 1470, —forms an alliance with ton. ceeiia Pietro the Venetians and the duke 1471. Sixtus of Burgun dy against iho Türks—con• 1471. Battleof IV. popo. quers liagdad. Bamei ;- 1472 Univeraity of Ingoldatodt. 1472. Rus'iia :—Ivan marriea Power of Sophia, nieco of die Greek Prinled muaicat notes. Warwicfc tho Medici slain —Hon- emperor. Hungary:—Maiiiiaa paironi• increases. 1474. —shakesofftbo Tariai zes hicraiuro and ilio arte. VLdiesin Learning 0 Tower. yoke, and captures Novo- Largo tibrary at Ofen—300 S 1476. War be• fiourishes gorotl. copyisis of manuacripts, tween Louis 1477 Mairiage of Maximilian and and Charles Maria of Burgundy. 1477. Hunaary—War with of Burgun• 1478. Conspi• Frederic IIL German ballada—war Eoaga of 1483. Ed• dy, racy of the Veit Weber. ward V . Pazzi at Flo• 1479. War wilh 1476, —wlio is 1470. Fruitless Encland. — dcfeaied al rence.—Giu- ho, brother attempt upon Coüapiracy Granson and Rhodea. Watches öist made at Nurem- of tne no• Moral, and of Lorenzo bürg. Richard, bles ; — they 1477. —slain at de Medici, Mil.roud aud Rondomir, great Pi'otcoior. ~ take tho king Nancy. slain. Peraian hiatoriana. Tlio king 4; 1430. -capiuro prisonor. Ana IS and und dostroy hi.^ brother Burgundy 1481. Denmark;—,rohn,W— murdered in Otranlo, parllally acknowledgoo in united 10 the 1431, Bajazet Lfidy Jtdiana Bemers, one of tha Tower, French Sweden. tlic eadieat female writera crown. uf England. —Rich• H. f§ ard III. the hi'sl im- warlike sul• tan. HaTXS Bolbein, painter. 1483.-Char- Franchino Gafuiid, icacher in lea VIII. 14^. Innocent 1^85. HunE;'ry: — Mathia-s lim firat public achool oJ VUt, pope. wkes Vienna. music at Milan.

Joaquin de Pre^i greatest mu- •ical gentus 01 hia age

I I02 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 1485 A.D.- 1522 A.D. A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD.

OTTO:MAN Soor- SPAIN AHB THE WORLD, eleewheta. FRANOB. GRRUAMT. PROORBSS OF SOCIETV, etc. ENOLAKD. LANO. PoRinsAib EMPIRE.

1485. Houae 0, T n d o r :— 14Äa India:—Sekandet Lodi, -Henry VII, king of Delhi. 1492. Poland:-John AlberL

14Sü. Imposturo of Lambert Syranel. 1497.: — AMERICA discovered by 1490 Hartini Behaim, (Ntirom- Columbus. biirg,) publialies Q map of Tlio Siar Cham- James thu world. ber oatablishod, 1491. Bretag. ne united to 1492. Pietro II. 1492 DISCOVERY OF tho crown igti. C o n- succeeds hia AMERICA. by tho king's q u 0 s t o [ falber, Lo• marriago Gran ad a by renzo, in Flo• 1193. Spanish colony at Hia 1493 Fir.lL printing preas at Copen- 1493, Porltin War• with Anno. Gonzalo de > --M ai 1 mi 1 i a n I .Mf— rence. 1493. Wars I lagen. beck, proiends 10 Cordov.a. 49:1 Pope Alex• with Egypt, paniola. iie Richard, duke 1494. Invasion Disc OTer^ ander VL, Hungary, The second voyage of Colum- of York—defcaicd of lialy. of Amen- (Borcia.) and Venice. bus.—A Spanisb colony at on Blackbcaih. ca, by Co. 1491. E.vpcdi- Hispaniola. 1U m b u s. lionof Ohar. les VllL m- 1497 TVie diaeoveries 0/ John and 1497. Cabot makes 1493.—Louis li9S. Vaaco lo Italy. 1499. Voyage of Amerigo Ve»- Sefiaslian Cabol. disceveries in A de G a m a 1499. Araerko pucius.— South AmericaÄ raerica. X 11 doubles tha Vespuciua's coaat esplored. 1498 Third voyagt of Columöus. Cape of voyage to IIo iliscovcra Trinidad and 1499. Earl o f. Good Hope, .\merica. 1499. T501. Poland :—Alexander. the Coniineni. Warwick, last vadca Italy aud reachea 1500, Panition Lieben, liie great seatof trade. of the Planiage- —conquers India. of Naples —Venice uooUnes. nels, exocuted. the Milanese between Maritime enlerprises greatly Duchy. Franco and extnniled. Spain. Sir 's Ulopla, IDluFloronco; 1502. Ism,.iil Shah Soofi publishotl, 1600. Treaty Mathiavelli. makes him seif sole sov- 1503. Peace crigii of Persia. Nicholaa MaohlavelU, statoa- wilh Ferdi• Sccrotary of with Venice. man and historian. State. nand, of Ara• Univeraity Wittenburg, 1505. War with k499 Amorigo Vospnuius's Yoyage, gon, for the 1502 1603. Naples Persia- im Fourth vo!/aga i/f Columbtis. coni]liest and annexud lu Raphael, Michael Angela, Ti• ani Lion of 16Ü6. ColuiM- tho SpaniHh IBDG. Poland:—Sigismund L tian, Corregio, pamiGTs. 1503.: — S'aplcs. bua dies at Orown. 1G12. SeUm L, James Valladolid. Pope Pius ^ (the Great.) St. Peter's, and other magni• marries 1507, Cardmal III. ficent churchos built. ISOäiMajdiHilian entera Italy to be Piipe Ju• de- 1509. ^Henry Mar^a- Xünenea. crowned by tho pcpe. rot, of Board of lius 11. —joins the Leiigue of Cam• 1508. League vm Eng• 1510. Tlie American 1509. Bohemia:—Louia,^?— land. bray, qf Cambray Council of trade at 8e- 1512 —divides the empire imo ton 3 years old, joins the League Tours, to vDle. against Ve- circles. nice. 1510. America: —Sctilement of Cambray, Bupport the at Darien. 1513. Invasion of tlio king against 1510. Holy League to 1511. America :—C u b a con• The cole'TMcd tapestry, aflec Scots, — Battlo of the Holy quered. RapliaelCartoons wovon Flodden-ihe king League. eifpcl llic French, 1512. America: — Florida in the Ncthorlands. and Chief Scois discovered. kiUed. 1513.: — 1511. Council ofPlsa. 1513. Souih Sea first reached 1517 irTT/fiSÄ, Erasmus, 1515. W o 1 B o y , James 151B.-Pran- by Baiboa. Molanelhoit , and other chaneoUorand Car• V. 1E13. Popo roformota. dinal. cis I. W?— LEO X. löiC. Hungary and Bohemia; Roger Ascliam, tutor ofqtieon 1520. The Emporor —invadea (do Medici,) COMMBNOBMENT OF patron if li• Elizabetli. visits England.— Italy— victory 1517 —Louia U,^ Hans Sachs, founder of Ger- THE RBPORMATION, terature and Meeting of Henry ol Marigna- 1516.-0 ha r man draran. and Francis Ut tho 1513 Luther summoned bcfuro tho arla. no— Genoa Thobulld 1517, India:—Ibrahim Lodl, « FleldofilioCloih and Milan diet of Augsburg. liing ol Delhi Oopornicua, discovors of Gold." ing of SL aubmit, king all 1519 Puior's com 1517, America:—Fir.7(jjatM» the irue ayslem qf ihe TJ7Ü-1521. Tho Raformed 1516. Concor• — CHARLES V-Ig^— -(iho Spain, and of Spain, nienced, for importing Ncgroea— verae—fils great work, De doctrines oppDsod dat with the the Nether- granicd by Spain, Orbiuin CtBlestium Revolu- by Henry, in hjs pope, instead The archduke Ferdinand, mar• 1519. Cm-diiia) landsi ries Anne, sister of Louis— de Medici 1518, Coj?nirs in Algiers. tionibu4, bool: fn Iho Soven of pragma. 1519. C o a ' 1519, MEXICO conquered bj SacraMenis — he tic sanction. whence tne accesaion of bolds ru'.c m qu0et oI Bohemia acd ITungaiy lo Florence, tho SpaniaFr im First complele cireiinuiavi- receives die litle 1521, First war M e xiC O tea. gation of Ute globe, by Mtt- of "Oefender of with Char• byCoitaa. the Hoa"« of Hapsburg, liEi'. Po|ic geüan the Faith." les V. Dietof Worma. Adrian VL THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 104 15.23 A.D.- 1548 A.D. A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 105

SOOT- SPAIN AMO PiioaiU;:SH OP SOCII-;TV, litc. ENOLANU. ii'uA^•oi;, OTTOMAN LAND. PouTtraAi- GsaMANY. EMPIHE. TUE WOULD, elsewhete.

Xavhr plants Christianity in 1523. Sweden:—Revolt under India. Gustavus Vasa.—The Dance expelied,—Union ot Calmar dissolved. Arioaio, ItaÜan poet. Denmark and Norway •

—Frederic I.^^ 1525, Jirancis General insurreciions of the1525 , Spain ac- 1525. Albert, duko of P/usei». defeated and quives the taken pri• peasaniry, under Thomas Münzer, ascendency soner at Pa• by tbe vioto- via. ry of Pavia, 15=0 Chai'lca marries Tsabella, of 152G, Invasion 1527 'Uheri nii-rer 1527. Second of Hungary. First worlc on war with Portugal, ilitary arelii- Death of Frederic, of Saxony. 1527. The Me• tccture. Charles V. dici e.'jpelied 1529, Sir Thomas 1529. Treaty of 1535 The Türks invade Germany. from Flü- 1529, Invasion More, Lord Clian- Cambray.— of Gormany. coUor, — Rise of Greal en- —Diot of Spirea.—Lulher- ans lirst called Prolestants. —Siege uf Cranmer, archbi• cout'agement Vienna. Jorgens jnvsnts tha spinnin; shop of Canter• given to arts League of Smulcald. 1530- Medici The Otio- 1530. Malta givM to Ihe wheel for spinning flax. bury. and sciences. restored.— man navy knights of Rhedes Rabelids, Fraiicli ht;'nori3t. —The Lou- Charles V, form Ida blo vro com- crowned at under tho menccd, Bologna. command of 1532. Union of Norway an^ 1533. Tho Idng mar• 1532. Calvin Barbarossa ries Anne Boleyn. preaches. Denmark. 1Ö33 Bolanic Gardens at Padua, Third French war. -Siege uf 1533, Conquest of Pe• Marseilles. ru, by Coiics. 1534. Paul III., 1535 Ignatius Loyola founds tha 1533. Bisliop Fisher and Sir Thomas pope. Russia:—Ivan IV,, (the Order of the Jesuits. 1535. —who More beheadod, Terrlble), seizes Tu• Ilenry escom• nis. — Tile municated by tile emperor, Pope 1536.: — 1536, Acquisi- Charles V., 153G. Cortes discovers Califor• 1637 Papal bull declaringthe Ame• I53Ö, —marries Jane Spread tion of Mi• restores the nia, rican natives to be rational Seyraour—-Siip- Moorisli presaion of the oi tho lan. IC37, Cosmo bßings, itefor- 1530. Truce of Idng. 1633 Tlic dioing bell invented, smaller monaste Nice-für 10 de Medici, maiion, duke of Tus• 1531) CALVIN founds the Univer ries. years. 15-38 Congress of Nice between the —Pro- Fortu- cany. sity of Geneva, testants Attempt to Emperor, ihe Pope, and the Pins first used by Gatharina recover pow• king of France, 1540. Investi• persecu b o n, the Howard, queen of England, er in Italy; ture of Mi• ted. market of John Knox, Scoitiüii Refor• hencc the lan confer• mer. the World, red by Cliar- !512, ; — 1542, C o ni - 1541. Destruc• A commercial ireaty between 15)2, Fourth '.es V. on 15i3 M a r y. mercia! trea• Philip. tion of au ar• Portugal and Japan. 1543 Heiiry invades Frencii war. Frajice —— taites ty between mament, led 1543, Firsl standing army ia Boulogno, Portugal and by Charles Sweden, Eaii of Japan, War in alliance with England V. agaipst 1514. French fleet 1514. Peace of against Franco. giiln a viciory over Arran, Algiers. Needlcs firsl made. regent, Crespy. Vasaliua's worli on Anatomy. the English, off' France gives IE45 Diet of Worms. 1545. Council 1515, South America :—Mu»i of Trent. tha Ide of Wight. • up Italy. 1616 War of the Smalcaldista. of Potosi discovered. 1517. —Edward 1517. The RevivalofSloicisni,.by Justus 1517. Henry LS.fy Duke Maurice, electorofSaxo- Türks in• Lipsius. vade Persia, Paleslrina, founder of Ralian ii,Ä_ and capture Somerset invades church music. Tiie fa- Ispahan. Scolland —defeats mouäCatha- Giacomo Carisimi. the Scots at Pin- r i n e de Jde. Medici, Mm Orange trees introduced into Formal eata- queen. 1543, Poland:—SigismuiKf II., Europe. blishmont of Pro- teaiantism. ^ ( A BgUMMl.

I io6 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 1549 A.D.- 157I A.D. A CPIRONOLOGICAL RECORD.

SOOT. SPAIN ANB OlTOMAN PBOOHBSS OP SOOIBTY, etc. ENGLAND. LAND. FUANOH, PolWüSAIu GHAUANY. EMI'UU!, Tun WJULD,elsowhere.

Sealiger, PMloIogiet. 1549. The English Lilurgy complo- ted and estahlish• IKl Treaty of Passau socurcs reli• 1651. TripoH MotUat'gne, French Essayist. ed hy act of Par• 1552. Fifth war gious liberiy to the Proies laken from liament. with Char• tanta, the Maltese 1553. Northumher• les V. Fruitless siege of Mentz, knights, land intriguea to 1552. Invasion settle the crown on of Hungary, Lady Jane Grey, 1653. War with 1353: New Mexico dis• Iiis daughter-in- Persia. covered by the Spaniards. law- Building of the mosque — Mary — of Solyraan- yah, at Con- Cathollcism ra- st an 11 nople. stored. 1554. The queen 1554. Corcan, marries Philip, of in India, lost. 1655, Mai'cel- Spain.—Lord Uud- IÜ56, Charles im Charles abdicaies. lus IL.pope, 1556. India;—Jolaleddin Ak- ley and Lady.Tana abdicaies— Paul IV,, jar, a pairon of aciencc and Grey execiited, (Carailk) .iierature, aided by his min- 1553, ßloody perse• Philip IL'ä rope. iaters, Abu Fazl aud Sheifch cution of Proles• Faizi. tants. Cardan, Italian philosopher. 1557, The 1557, Portu• —raiees the Mogul em 155?. War with French defeat• gal ;—Sobas- pire to its greatest splendor. Franco 10 support 1560. Ca• thollc. od at St. Spain.—Calais Quemin. —F erdinand I — lost, ism abo• Sealtiig wax comes iato use 1558, —at Gra- king of Ilungary and BOhe 1553. — E L I z A - lished in Europe. by par• yelinea. mia. liament. 1559, Peace of Coronation by tiie pope relin^ 1563.;— C bäte au— quiahod. Foundation of Jesuit Colleges Mary Cambresia. in Opposition to Protestant marries Schools. The fitst at Co- Lord F^^cis imbra, in Portugal. C e c 11, Lord Barn- 1659. Pius IV. 1659. Naval 1559. Denmark and Norway Burlo igii, Socreta- (Medici) victory of taiy of State. ley. S 1565.: — pope, Galves, gain• Protostanlism Duke of Pcace of ed by Dru' —Frederio 11,'^j Only two carriagos in Paris— established. Revolt horsea and Utters geaerally of Pro• Guise, min. Cliaieau — gut. Decrease of Ihe infloence The Puritans istcr, Cambresis Miiitaiy of the Hanse townB, used. hegin to riaa, test ants . 1567.:— 1560, —Char. terminates power of Darnley the Fre n eil tho Türks at 15G0.Sv?eden;—BricXIV,^ Snulf first hrought into Franco. murder• lesIX,^ wars in Italy. iis greatest —Knives firat made in Eng• ed—Ihe I5G4. Acquisi- -Maximilian II. vSff— Trauquil- heighi, un• land. queen 1552, Religious tion of tha üty for 66 der Hol iman. marries liberty grant- Philippines. years, earl of ed 10 tho Hu- 1562, Council 1562. War with Russia and ßoth- guenols. of Trent re- 1665, Unsuc• Poland,—An Fnglish am• wcll—is First civil assembled. cessfuI siege bassador in Pevsia, detliron- religious war of Mtdta, 1GG4. Cüligny stnds a colony ed and •Iluguenots 1567. Duke oi 1566, Pius V., 1566, Death of of Huguenow to Florida— impri• supported by Alva, gover- , pope, Soiiman at destroyed by the Spaniards, soned at England — de- nor of the 1569, Florence, the siege of 1568, Prussia:—Albert Frede' leated at Sigeih. Torquato Tano Ouartni, Lochle• Netherlands. ' a grand du• ven, Dreux. chy. Selim II, 15G7, The se• Cosmo James cond war,— de Medi• Sweden:—John DL'lw Huguenots ci, declared defeated at grand duke St, Denys. of Tuscany, Oemoent, Portuguese poet. IG es. —Mary, queen by Pius V. of Scota, takea re• fuge in England— 1569. —routed and is imprisoned. 1570. War 1570. Civil wara of 1370. :— at Jarnac.— 1570, War of Venicü with 570. Peace 01 Stetm, between Thomat Taäti, English mu- C o n d ö with tho sician. the Üearaonds in Iionnox, Türks,—Na• the Porte. 1)0 II mark, Norway, and in Ireland. regent. killed. val victorj 1571, Cyprus reduced by the Sweden. at Lepaata Türks. 1571 Russia devastated bythe Battle of khan of Orim Tartary,— L^p-iüto. Moscow burnt. I08 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. . 1572 A.D.- 1599 A.D. •A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 109

Scor. SPAIN AK» PBoaRGss OF SOOIBTY, etc. EHOLANn, FRAM OB. OTTOMAN LAND, PoitxuaAti. EMEinu. THB WOELD, eloewhoro.

1573. Massacre 1572, Gregory of St. Bar- XIII,, popo, tliolomew. 1573 Ccrmiiles, amhor of Don 1573. Peace of 1573, Cypru liuisotte. Roch eile. yielded to Titian, and Paolo Veronese, the Porto; peaCB with Ve• painters. 1574. —II e n - 1574, FlorBnce; nico. 1574. Pohmd;—Henry, of Va —Franecs Ma- 1574, —Murad ry III.1 ria succeeds Fifih war Cosmo. with tbe Hu• HI, guenots. 1S75 Poland:—Stephen Da- 1570. The Ca- iholic R 0 d o I p h II — 1576. War Willi tbori.®— I.eague. hing of Bohemia and Hun l'ersia. 1637 Sir Prancis Dra/;e's voyage 1577. Sislh re• gary. raund the world. 1578, The queen ligious war. ••57S Port.;— sende help to tlio 1578, Alliance of Sweden and Poland against Russia, revqited Nctlier- Henry. lande, 1579, Commcncomont Sir Philip Sydnoy'a Arcadia. ofthe R 0 p u b 1 i C oi 15S0, Ponuga] 1580. Charles lCSO,Warwiih HOLLAND, by the union 1581. :- falls unuei Emmanuel, the Druses at Utrecht: Gow- Spaniah do• duke of Sa. in Syria. William, Princo 16SS Grcgorian Ueformaiion of tlic rie's minion, voy. of Orange, siadlhol- Oalcndar. conspi• 1533, Lovant Com 1533, First dor. racy irado with pany c harte red, again.^t England. 1584, North America; 1531, Raleigh'a co• the king. —FirstEnglish colony found. lony in Virginia, ed in Virginia, by Sir W, Raleigh. 1635 Qriienlaiiü discovered by Sir 1535, War wiih Sjiain. 1635. SixLU!) 1G35, Persia acquivca power Francis Draka. V,, pope, under Abbaa the Grcat, aciive and Holland: — Maurice, of 1566 Tobacco flrst brought to Eu. 1596. Sir Philip Tho imperial authorUy disre- Orange, siadtholder. Sidney killed at gardcu by ihe princes of the energeiic— rope. corrccis 15SG, Battleof Zutphen: death Zuiphun. empire, who wago w.ir . of Sir Piiilip Sidncy. 1537. Tho Queen of among tha usclvee. abuses in Scots behuaded. the church; 15S3. Revolt of 15^, Defeat ol reslurea tho 1539. Frodalo- 15SS, Denmark: • -Clirlsüan First newapaper in England. 1588. The Spanish Paria, armada destroyed. the Spanish Vatican li• ry incur- lüS9. Alliance with armada, brary. aiona of the Henry II, in aid 1589, House 1589, English Cossacks. of ProLcstantisni. o f 11 u u r • vulimtooi's Rovolt of —Troopa sont to hon; undor Drake tho Janlza- France, —H B H R Y and Noras, rics, repulsed 1G93. War with IV,M from Lisbon. tho Empiro 1690 Tcloscopes invented by Jan• 1590. :— 1590, Siege of 1590. Urban in Ilungary. sen, a German, Tho l'aris, raisod VII, , pope, 594, The 1592, Sweden ; —Sigismund, king by tho Spa• Gregory Grand Vi- king of Poland. 1533, Act for reli• marries niards, XIV., pope. zier lakes India:—Mizam Shah, re• Tasso, Italian poet. gious confonnity, Anne, of 1593, Ilenry 1591. Innocent Raab. pulsed from Choul, by ilie The Currat'cf, celebrated pain- Den• abjures Pro• IX,, popo, 1595, Moham- Purtuguese. ters. 15^. Sir John rraw- mark. ies tan Iis m, two monilis. 1594, Tbe Falkland Isles dlf. kim'a Voyuges, 1591, Jcsulia Clement med IU. W Cövered by Ilawkina, In England:—Spenscr, Cnion of Protestanta at Heil* 1595- The Duich firsi in Indi». baniähed. bronn. VIII, , pope. TurliiHi SHAKSPEAB,E, Beau- 1595. War wilh 1592. TheRi- power in Sweden:—The regentai- monl & JPlelcher, Ben Jon- 1596. Cadiz laUen, Spain con- alio and Pi- Hungary de- aumes independent auth^ aon.^Napier invents logOr and tho Spanish tinued. asza di San chnes; de- riiy. rilhma. fleet burnt, Uy iho 1593, Peace of Marco built tiinied at earl of Essex. Vervius. 1598. Philip at Vonice, Gran—re• Sir Robert Oecil, Ministry of volt of Wal• Lord BACON, celebrated phi• minister. S u 11 y:— m, ll - lach ia, 1593, Russia:—Boris Goda- losopher, restoration 1597. Moham• of order, mad loailshis -begir* a neu Lope de Vega, drama« and 1599. Tiüublos in EDICT O F truops, and novcla, Ireland ; — Rovolt NAN TRa dolcais the 'Sigismund lands in Swa of O'Neili, earl of —graniing Germans at den, to re-eslablish his pow• Kepler, Ti/cho Brahe, aatro- Tyi'one. toleration lo Agria. er—btit is defeated, and r». nomers. Protesianut ttims to Poland,