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Fusarium Oxysporum F CENTRO AGRONÓMICO TROPICAL DE INVESTIGACIÓN Y ENSEÑANZA ESCUELA DE POSGRADO Consideraciones epidemiológicas para el manejo de la Marchitez por Fusarium (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense) del banano en la región central del Perú Por Carlos Hugo Román Jerí Tesis sometida a consideración de la Escuela de Posgrado como requisito para optar por el grado de Magister Scientiae en Agricultura Ecológica Turrialba, Costa Rica, 2012 I II DEDICATORIA A Dios que siempre me brinda fuerzas y sabiduría. A mis padres Amilcar Román por su apoyo incondicional y sus valiosos consejos y a mí querida madre Rosa Jerí, que siempre me ilumina desde el cielo. A mis tesoros, mi esposa Paola Santivañez e hija Valentina de Jesús por estar siempre a mi lado en los mejores momentos de mi vida. A mi familia en especial a la doñi Jeanette, Vanessa, Christhian, Paty, Pedro y a mis queridos sobrinos(a) Arianita y Juan Dieguito, por estar siempre pendiente en mi formación profesional. A mis queridos hermanos José, Teresa, Amilcar y Robeto, quienes siguen dándome fuerza donde esten. III AGRADECIMIENTOS A Bioversity International, por el apoyo financiero en los estudios de la maestría en el CATIE y en la investigación realizada en el Perú. En especial a mi maestro y guía al Dr. Miguel Angel Dita Rodriguez, por sus valiosas orientaciones, el tiempo, dedicación y entrega al presente estudio de investigación y en mi formación profesional. Al Dr. Charles Staver, por el financiamiento y depositar su confianza en mi persona para fortalecer mis capacidades en la maestría en el CATIE y en el estudio de la presente investigación en el Perú. Al Dr. Jacques Avelino, por sus valiosos consejos epidemiológicos y acertados en la presente investigación. Al Dr. Fernando Casanoves, por sus valiosos consejos estadísticos que dieron realce a la investigación, y en especial a su equipo Sergio Vilchez y Eduardo Corrales. A la Ms. Ana Tapia, por sus valiosos consejos durante la investigación. A mis compañeros de la Maestría de Agricultura Ecológica, por compartir la pizarra y habernos quemado la pestaña en esta travesía a Clifford, Allan, Nelly, Ana, Meme, Yuriza, Nathasa, y a toda mi promoción 2011-2012 del CATIE. A todos mis maestros de la maestría, quienes han sido valiosos en mi fortalecimiento de mis capacidades, en especial a Gabriela Soto, Elias de Melo A mis amigos Ing. Cesar Aguilar, Juan Carlos Rivas, Lucho Sinche, Juan Yalico por su valioso apoyo en el transcurso de la investigación y a la comunidad Mariscal Castilla, por acogerme y darme todo el apoyo en el transcurso de mi investigación, en el distrito de San Luís de Shuaro. A todos mis compañeros(as) de Bioversity International quienes siempre me alentaron y me dieron excelentes consejos a Nancy, David, Karol, Daniela, Cindy, Oscar, Pablo y Allan A toda la familia CATIANA, por brindarme una excelente formación académica y por cobijarme en este periodo tan importante en mi vida profesional. IV BIOGRAFÍA El autor Carlos Hugo Román Jeri, nació en la ciudad de Huancayo, departamento Junín, Perú, el día 17 de Enero de 1975, sus estudios primaria y secundaria lo realizó en el Colegio Nacional “Santa Isabel”, en los años 1980 al 1991 y superior en la “Universidad Nacional del Centro del Perú”, en la facultad de Agronomía, egresando en el año 1997. Seguidamente obteniendo una beca para la realización de la tesis con el Centro Internacional de la Papa (CIP), realizando sus primeros trabajos de investigación. Posteriormente iniciando en 1999 sus primeras experiencias profesionales en el Servicio Nacional de Sanidad Agraria (SENASA), donde laboro 11 años consecutivos. En ese período apoyó a muchas instituciones en el fortalecimiento de su organizacion, de capacidades en los cultivos importantes como banano, café, cítricos y cacao, especialmente en el manejo y control de plagas. También se desempeño como instructor de formador de facilitadores en Escuela de Campo de Agricultores durante los años 2006 hasta la fecha formando a profesionales de las instituciones como ICT de Tingo María, Cooperativas Agrarias de Café como San Juan de Oro de Puno, Naranjillo de Tingo María, Perené de Chanchamayo y asesorando instituciones publicas y privadas como CAFÉ PERÚ, Municipalidad de San Luís de Shuaro, actualmente terminó la Maestría en Agricultura Ecológica en el Centro Agronómico de Investigación y Enseñanza (CATIE), Turrialba, Costa Rica, de la promoción 2011-2012. V CONTENIDO DEDICATORIA ........................................................................................................................ III AGRADECIMIENTOS ............................................................................................................. IV BIOGRAFÍA ............................................................................................................................... V CONTENIDO ............................................................................................................................ VI RESUMEN ................................................................................................................................. X SUMMARY .............................................................................................................................. XII ÍNDICE DE CUADROS ........................................................................................................ XIV ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS .......................................................................................................... XVI LISTA DE UNIDADES, ABREVIATURAS Y SIGLAS ..................................................... XXII 1 INTRODUCCIÓN ........................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Justificación e importancia ......................................................................................... 3 1.2 Objetivos del estudio .................................................................................................. 4 1.2.1 Objetivo general ..................................................................................................... 4 1.2.2 Objetivos específicos ............................................................................................... 5 2 MARCO CONCEPTUAL ............................................................................................... 7 2.1 Importancia de los bananos a nivel mundial ............................................................... 7 2.2 Importancia del cultivo en el Perú .............................................................................. 8 2.3 Origen y clasificación de los bananos ....................................................................... 10 2.4 Condiciones climáticas para el desarrollo del cultivo de banano ............................. 13 2.5 Plagas y enfermedades del cultivo ............................................................................ 13 2.6 La Marchitez por Fusarium ....................................................................................... 15 2.6.1 Historia, diseminación e importancia de la enfermedad ...................................... 15 2.6.2 Agente causal ........................................................................................................ 16 2.6.3 Biología de Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense .................................................. 16 2.6.4 Síntomas de la enfermedad ................................................................................... 19 2.7 Epidemiología de la enfermedad .............................................................................. 21 2.7.1 Dispersión en material vegetal ............................................................................. 22 2.7.2 Dispersión a través de suelo ................................................................................. 23 VI 2.7.3 Dispersión a través del agua ................................................................................ 23 2.8 Estrategias de manejo de la enfermedad ................................................................... 23 3 MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS ...................................................................................... 25 3.1 Ubicación y descripción de la zona de estudio ......................................................... 25 3.2 Descripción general del proceso metodológico ........................................................ 28 3.3 Metodología para el objetivo I .................................................................................. 30 3.3.1 Caracterización de los sistemas de producción en fincas productoras de banano en el distrito de San Luís de Shuaro, provincia de Chanchamayo, Perú ......................... 30 3.3.2 Selección de las fincas .......................................................................................... 30 3.3.3 Encuesta a las fincas ............................................................................................. 31 3.4 Metodología del objetivo II ...................................................................................... 33 3.4.1 Estudio de la intensidad de la Marchitez por Fusarium en bananos en fincas del Distrito San Luís de Shuaro y factores asociados al desarrollo de la enfermedad.......... 33 3.4.2 Evaluación de la intensidad de la Marchitez por Fusarium del banano .............. 35 3.4.3 Evaluación de variables asociadas al desarrollo de la enfermedad .................... 36 3.4.3.1 Densidad de plantas por hectárea ....................................................... 37 3.4.3.2 Porcentaje de sombra.........................................................................
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