Number 304 • winter 2018

PowerT h e M a g a z i n e o f E n g i n e -P o w e r e d V e s s e l s f r o m tShipsh e S t e a m s h i p H i s t o r i c a l S o c i e t y o f A m e r i c a

sshsa Ship of the

Ye a r 8

Also in this issue Hoboken’s A Hog Sailing (or U-Boats Ship Fifth Street Islander’s Avoiding) Off New Research, Pier 12 Odyssey The Exiles’ England Part 2 46 In World Line to 1942– War II 24 India 34 1945 40 Thanks to All Who Continue to Support SSHSA December 2016 -December 2017 Fleet Admiral ($50,000+) Admiral ($20,000+) Dibner Charitable Trust of Maritime Heritage Grant Program Massachusetts The Family of Helen & Henry Posner, Jr. Heritage Harbor Foundation The Estate of Mr. Donald Stoltenberg Ms. Mary L. Payne

Benefactor ($10,000+) The Champlin Foundation Mr. Richard Rabbett Mr. Thomas C. Ragan

Leader ($1,000+) Mr. and Mrs. Donald W. Eberle Mr. Ralph S. McCrea Mr. Douglas A. Tilden Mr. and Mrs. Arthur J. Ferguson CAPT and Mrs. James J. McNamara CAPT and Mrs. Terry Tilton, Amica Companies Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Robert E. Hughes CAPT & Mrs. Roland R. Parent USN (Ret.) Mr. Charles T. Andrews J. Aron Charitable Foundation CAPT Dave Pickering Mr. Andy Tyska Mr. Jason Arabian Mr. & Mrs. Christopher W. Kolb Mr. Richard Rabbett Mr. Peregrine White Mr. James Berwind Mr. Nicholas Langhart Mr. Stephen S. Roberts Mr. Douglas E. Bryan Mr. Don Leavitt Mr. Kenneth E. Schaller Mr. Barry W. Eager Mr. H. F. Lenfest Mr. and Mrs. James W. Shuttleworth

Mr. Thomas Donoghue Ms. Susan E. Linda Mr. Dwight D. Quella Sponsor ($250+) Mr. and Mrs. Bruce Dyer Mr. & Mrs. Jeffrey Lockhart Mr. and Mrs. Charles Royce Mr. Ronald Amos Mr. Andrew W. Edmonds Mr. Jeff MacKlin Mr. Paul T. Rudolph Mr. and Mrs. Eduardo Arini Exxon Mobil Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Jack Madden Mr. Todd J. F. Schaumloffel Mr. and Mrs. Vincent Bellafiore Mr. Raymond H. Fredette Frank Mauran Schneider Electric Mr. Daniel Blanchard Mr. Henry H. Fuller Jr. Mr. Harry Meyer North American Foundation BNY Mellon Charitable Gift Fund Mr. Walter Giger, Jr. Dr. Laurence Miller Mr. and Mrs. Matthew S. Schulte Mrs. Kathleen Brekenfeld Mr. Roger Gill Morgan Stanley Community Affairs Mr. Theodore W. Scull Mr. Odd A. Brevik Mr. and Mrs. John and Vera Harsh Mr. and Mrs. Robert Mullen Mr. George Shuster Mr. David B. Butler Mr. Rob Haynes New England Institute of Technology Mr. Thomas E. Smith Mr. Leonard A. Caiger Mr. & Mrs. Joseph and Anne Ilacqua Mr. Carl R. Nold CAPT Cesare Sorio Mr. Steve J. Caminis Mr. Neil E. Jones Mr. Harry Olsen Mr. Donn R. Spear Prof. A. G. M. Campbell Mr. John J. Kennedy Mr. Paul J. O'Pecko Mr. Edward Spinney Mr. Gabriel Caprio Mr. Kevin P. Kernan Mr. Ronald L. Oswald The Wolfsonian-FIU Council of American Maritime Museums Mr. Murray Kilgour Mr. and Mrs. Edwin Payton Mr. Eric Wiberg CAPT John M. Cox Mr. Stephen Lash Peabody Essex Museum Cunard Line Dr. Peter J. Leahy Mr. Miles N. Peterle Mr. William W. Donnell Mr. Keith A. Lewis Mr. Henry Posner III and Ms. Anne Molloy

Contributor ($100+) CDR Andrew O. Coggins, Jr., Mr. Michael Fisher Mr. Jack McBride Ms. Kinda Priestley USN (Ret.) Mr. Gregory C. Gettle Mr Kenneth Meaney Mr. Arnold Rathmann Mr. Gregory E. Abbott Nicholas H. Cooper Mr. Alan Gordon and Mrs. Julia Mr. Jeffrey Miller Mr. Allan C. Reed Mr. George W. Adams Ms. Carol Cooper Ramos-Roth Mr. Wayne C. Miller Mr. Robert H. Savarese LCDR. Peter E. Baci, USNR (Ret) Mr. William F. Cosgrove Mr. Robert L. Gray III Mr. Charles W. Moorman Mr. William O. Schlotter, Jr. Mr. David C. Bailey, Jr. Mr. Patrick Dacey Mr. John C. Gustafson Mr. and Mrs. Jerome Morgan Dr. and Mrs. Arthur Schoenwald Mr. David A. Bavlitschko Mr. David J. Davila Mr. Doug Hart Mrs. Harry Morgan Mr. R. Norman Shaddick Mr. Henry H. Baxter Mr. Douglas Dease Captain Brian H. Hope Mr. John A. Morgan Mr. Mark Shumaker Mr. and Mrs. Kevin Beaulieu Mr. Christopher DeCamps Mr. Thomas Horsfall Rev. Bart R. Muller Mr. Britton C. Smith Mr. Steven Bienenfeld Mr. Thomas Diedrich Mr. Tom Jordens Mr. William G. Muller Mr. Mark G. Southern Mr. Philip Blauvelt CAPT Robertson Dinsmore Mr. Derek Kendall Ms. Nori Muster Mr. Jerry Stewart Mr. A. Pierce Bounds Mr. Steven Draper Mr. Bruce Kendrick National Grid Mr. Tom Stone Mr. John D. Brandner, Jr. Ms. Astrid M. Drew Mr. Robert J. Kimtis Mr. Mark J. Nemergut Mr. David Sylvestre Mr. and Mrs. Matthew and Mr. Michael Dugan Mr. Alan G. Konzelman Mr. Brian L. Norden CAPT Eric Takakjian Tracey Brennan Mr. and Mrs. William Edwards Mr. Earl Krantz CW4 (Ret.) Samuel R. Ohmacht Mr. Craig Thompson Mr. James G. Brown Ms. Kathy Farnsworth and Mr. Mr. Thomas Lavin Mr. James Onions Mr. & Mrs. Bruce Weinbaum Mr. Todd Buckley John Teichmoeller Mr. Clayton E. Leroue Mr. Hollis S. Paige Mr. Hubert Wicki Mr. Andrew J. Burger Mr. David Fein Mr. Bruce Lockhart Mr. Paul Paisley Mr. Robert Zinman Mr. and Mrs. Donald Caldera Dr. Jerry Fingerut Mr. Gary Maehl Mr. Peter Pare CAPT George H. Fisher Mr. Frank Mallalieu Mr. Frank H. Peacock

Ronald and Linda Beck Ms. Patricia Hartle Ms. Catherine Covell Orloff Mr. Gary C. Raffaele Mr. Loring M. Lawrence Friend (Up to $100) Mr. Vincent J. Budesa IBM Corporation Ms. Kay D. Schloff Mr. and Mrs. William Tatewosian Mr. Stephen Craig Mr. Albert K. Antrobus CAPT Stephen Busch Matching Gifts Program Mr. Robert A. Bucher Mr. Roger A. Angelo Capt. and Mrs. Earl E. Mr. Joe Attura Captain Phillip B. Bush II, Mr. Samuel L. James, Jr. Ms. Tonya L. Ricketts Mr. Douglas Blount Maxfield , Jr. Mr. Rick Brown USN (Ret.) Mr. Leonard Kaisalahti Ms. Jean Wort Mr. Donald A. Hunt Mr. Michael Mulligan Mr. James Cafferky, Sr. Caterpillar Foundation CAPT Ronald J. Meiczinger Captain and Mrs. Lawrence Mr. Alex Macintyre Mr. Raisuke Numata Ms. Marjorie Dovman Mr. Thomas C. Chadwick Ms. Diana Moraco E. Worters Mr. Donald Martin Reverend Donald E. Potter Mr. Michael P. Joynt Charter Oak Credit Union Mr. John Paul Mr. William L. Baxter Mr. John Merriam Mr. W. Bruce Redpath Mr. Frederic N. Phinney Mr. Arthur S. Clarke III Mr. Colin R. Revill Mr. Terry B. Curtis Mr. and Mrs. Glenn Riddervold Mr. Gregory Stavros Mr. Victor Stanescu Dr. Robert W. Dellers Mr. Edward J. Ryan Ms. Lulu Gmoser Mr. G. W. Hutton Mr. John Trtek Mr. Parker Williamson Mr. Steve Donohue Mr. Donald H. Smith Mr. Norman Grant Mr. Thomas Berlin Giving Assistant Mr. John C. Sauter Mr. Arild Johan Ellingsen Mr. John S.W. Spofford Mr. David Hill Mr. Francis Birchard Mr. George Anthony Damiano Ms. Alissa Cafferky Mr. John David Ferguson Mr Joseph Sturges IV Ms. June Sherry Ingram Mr. Alan Cullen Mr. John Sutka Dr. William B. Cogar Mr. and Mrs. John Goschke Capt. John P. Wellington Mr. Peter Kirkegaard Mr. Robert Hlavaty Mr. William Wooding Ms. Kyle Ingrid Johnson Mr. Alan Graves Mr. Peter T. Young Mr. A. Michael Marzolla Mr. and Mrs. Les Isaacowitz Mr. G. Thomas Tranter

n (At top) Engineering officers aboard Fall River Line steamer Plymouth. – Edward O. Clark Collection, SSHSA Archives. Powerthe magazine of theShips Steamship Historical Society of America

ma nifest • N u m be r 3 0 4 • w i n t e r 2018 This quarterly magazine has been continuously published by The Steamship Historical sshsa From Desegregation to Restoration Society of America since first Ship appearing as The Steamboat of the SS COLUMBIA Ye a r Bill of Facts in 1940. The Steamship Historical by Aimee Bachari . . . . 8 Society of America, Inc., (SSHSA) was organized in 1935 as a means of bringing together those amateur and professional historians interested in the history and development of steam navigation, past and present, and incorporated in the Commonwealth of Virginia in 1950 as a tax-exempt Lives of the Liners: The Pilot House . .4 education corporation. Hoboken’s Fifth Street Pier Q&A with by William H. Miller . . . . . 12 Steamboat Bill . . 5 In addition to PowerShips, the SSHSA produces other books and Full Steam Ahead .7 publications of marine interest, a list of which is available online and A Hog Islander’s Odyssey Regionals . . . . . High. Seas . . . . . 53 from the Warwick headquarters. in World War II Mid-Atlantic . . . . 56 by Eric Pearson ...... 24 SSHSA meetings are normally New York . . . . . 59 held annually. Several local Overseas . . . . . 61 chapters also meet regularly. New England & Sailing (or Avoiding) ‘‘The Eastern Canada . . . 63 Membership in SSHSA includes Exiles’ Line’’ to India West Coast . . . . .65 subscriptions to PowerShips, the by Laurence Miller ...... 34 Great Lakes / Seaway .69 Telegraph, and Ahoy! Dues Southeast & Gulf Ports . 72 are in various classes, beginning at Southwest Pacific . . .74 $50.00 for Annual Members. U-Boats Off New Western Rivers . . . 77 England, 1942–1945 For further details, write: Tugboats . . . . .80 by Capt. Eric T. Wiberg, Esq. . 40 Steamship Historical Society of America, Reviews . . . . . 83 2500 Post Road, Ship Research, Part 2: Heard on Warwick, RI 02886 the Fantail . . . .85 Registers & Documents Visit our website at by James Shuttleworth . . . . . 46 From the Collection . . . .86 www.sshsa.org On the cover: Columbia from a vintage postcard. – SSHSA Archives. Above: Columbia docked at the Bob-Lo amusement park. She carried millions of passengers between Detroit and the park over some 79 years of service. – Edward O. Clark Collection, SSHSA Archives.

PowerShips (formerly titled Steamboat Bill) (ISSN 0039-0844)—founded in 1940 by Jay Allen—is published quarterly as a cooperative effort by the Steamship Historical Society of America, Inc., 2500 Post Road, Warwick, RI 02886, a non-profit organization dedicated to promoting the activities of marine historians in the field of self-propelled vessels.M aterial for possible publication is always welcome and should be sent to the editor; Jim Pennypacker, 4 Snead Ct., Palmyra, VA 22963. No remuneration can be made for such materials, and no responsibility for it is accepted, although every effort will be made for its safe handling. All contributions are subject to editing. Opinions expressed by contributors are not necessarily those of the Society; the burden for accuracy rests with the contributors. Contributors represent that they are the sole author of their Work, that the Work is an original work of authorship which does not infringe on the copyright rights of others, and that the author has the unencumbered right to publish the material. Subscription to PowerShips is by membership of $50.00 (US$) per year in the Steamship Historical Society of America, Inc. $30 of each member’s dues goes toward receiving PowerShips. Single copies of available issues may be purchased. Periodical postage paid at Warwick, RI, and additional offices. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to SSHSA, 2500 Post Road, Warwick, RI 02886 USA. Phone +1 401 463 3570, fax +1 401 463 3572. No part of PowerShips may be reproduced or transmitted in any form by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the publisher. PowerShips W inter 2018 • 3 PowerShips editor-in-chief Jim Pennypacker 4 Snead Ct., Palmyra, VA 22963 Email: [email protected] The Pilot House Phone: +1 610-883-7988 associate editors P eter T. Eisele 74 Chatham Street, Chatham, NJ 07928 SS Columbia, McAllister, Email: [email protected] Dr. Laurence Miller 11321 SW 134th Avenue, Miami, FL 33186 Merchant Ships & More... Email: [email protected] contributors his December, SSHSA formally recognized the SS Columbia as William G.T. Barber ted Blank the 2017 Ship of the Year. We also presented the C. Bradford Mitchell Charles H. Bogart David M. Boone Peter T. Eisele William A. Fox Award to Captain Brian McAllister for his recent book chronicling John A. Fostik geoffrey Hamer the 150th anniversary of his family’s company. Congratulations to the Donald Leavitt James L. Shaw Mark Shumaker rich Turnwald SST Columbia Project team and Captain McAllister for their contributions to our Julia Winters g. Justin Zizes maritime heritage. editorial planning committee Jim Pennypacker Dr. Laurence Miller Richard Barwis roland Parent I nside this Issue Jim Shuttleworth marifrances Trivelli Articles Wanted Mary L. Payne matthew Schulte • On Fridays at 12 noon, Hoboken would Capt Terry Tilton “rattle” with the thunderous steam whistles We’re continually looking for art director of one of Holland America’s “Big Three” – articles for the upcoming issues of John Goschke, Cornerstone Media, Inc. Email: [email protected] Rotterdam, Statendam or Nieuw Amsterdam. In PowerShips. If you would like advertising sales Lives of the Liners, William Miller makes us to write an article, send me a note R ichard L. Barwis, IV, Cornerstone Media, Inc. feel like we’re there on Hoboken’s Fifth Street ([email protected]) describing your 674 Fairhaven Street, Palm Bay, FL 32907 Email: [email protected] Pier with him. article idea and we’ll talk. In addition Phone: +1-321-220-0346 to articles on engine-powered ships of executive director & publisher • Between January 12, 1942, and May 5, 1945, M atthew S. Schulte, M.S. there were 72 German submarine patrols off the all kinds we’re interested in articles Email: [email protected] coast of New England. Eric Wiberg presents a on Ocean Liners, Ship Design, Ship printing Models, Merchant Marine, Ship Perfection Press history of the near continuous assault on Allied 1200 Industrial Drive, Logan, IA 51546 Preservation and Memorabilia. Of merchant ships, where on average every other sshsa headquarters submarine managed to sink an Allied ship. course, we welcome articles on all 2500 Post Road, Warwick, RI 02886 topics of interest to SSHSA members. Email: [email protected] Phone: +1-401-463-3570 Web: www.sshsa.org • Eric Pearson chronicles the odyssey of the sshsa officers merchant ships known as the Hog Islanders, R eviewers Wanted M ary L. Payne, President, Wallingford, PA particularly the SS Exmouth, in World War Nicholas Langhart, Vice President, Jefferson, MA We need volunteers to review ideas Don Leavitt, Vice President, South Ryegate, VT II. These ships delivered Red Cross aid to and potential articles for inclusion Barry W. Eager, Vice President, Berlin, MA starving civilians and supplied lend-lease Robert E. Hughes, Treasurer, New Rochelle, NY in future issues of PowerShips. If Capt Terry Tilton, Secretary, San Diego, CA material to countries vital for the defense of you’re knowledgeable in a particular sshsa board of directors the United States. area of maritime history and want O dd Brevik, East Lyme, CT Capt James McNamara, Chatham, NJ • Laurence Miller helps bring the British to volunteer, please send me an email Dr. Laurence Miller, Miami, FL colonial period to life in his article on The ([email protected]) along with your Paul O'Pecko, Westerly, RI CAPT David Pickering, Warwick, RI Exile’s Line to India, which features numerous area of expertise. You should expect to David L. Powers, Jr., Burien, WA images of British, French, Italian and Dutch review a couple of ideas/articles a year. Thomas Ragan, Miami Beach, FL CAPT Eric Takakjian, Fairhaven, MA colonial liners. Capt Eric Wiberg, New York, New York immediate past president • In the second installment of his advice on ship research, James Shuttleworth shows E rik Ryan, Narragansett, RI you how to use shipping registers and vessel documents to support your article. copy editors & staff Bryan Lucier, Membership Coordinator Astrid Drew, Research & New Media From the Pilot House Alissa Cafferky, Research Assistant Jim Pennypacker, Editor-in-Chief Aimee Bachari, Education & Outreach Coordinator

4 • Winter 2018 PowerShips editor-in-chief Jim Pennypacker Questions & Answers with 4 Snead Ct., Palmyra, VA 22963 Email: [email protected] Phone: +1 610-883-7988 Steamboat Bill associate editors Peter T. Eisele 74 Chatham Street, Chatham, NJ 07928 What’s It Like to be a O n the Bark John Bell Email: [email protected] Dr. Laurence Miller Merchant Mariner? I ’m researching the bark John 11321 SW 134th Avenue, Miami, FL 33186 M y grandfather was part of Q Bell, which plied between New Email: [email protected] the merchant marine, and I’m Ross, County Wexford, Ireland, contributors Q William G.T. Barber ted Blank researching what it was like to be a and Baltimore in 1849. Do you have Charles H. Bogart David M. Boone merchant mariner. Do you have any any records about this ship? Peter T. Eisele William A. Fox John A. Fostik geoffrey Hamer recommendations on where I can SSHSA collections are primarily Donald Leavitt James L. Shaw find this information? focused on engine-powered Mark Shumaker rich Turnwald A Julia Winters g. Justin Zizes The SSHSA library includes a variety vessels, so we have little primary source editorial planning committee Aof books relating to maritime subjects, material on sailing vessels, such as barks n Painting of Mississippi Shipping Company’s Jim Pennypacker Dr. Laurence Miller Richard Barwis roland Parent including the merchant marine. Depending (or barques). However, in the Lloyd’s Delbrasil by Massachusetts maritime artist Jim Shuttleworth marifrances Trivelli on the nature of his Register for 1851, a bark named Frank Vining Smith (1879-1967). Mary L. Payne matthew Schulte Capt Terry Tilton position on a ship, he may John Bell is listed. Her master art director have a certain experience. was M. Keane, she was 454 was 239616, her signal letters were John Goschke, Cornerstone Media, Inc. In general, you may be tons, and she was built in WEWB, and she was 7,977 gross tons. Email: [email protected] interested in books about Quebec in 1834. Her dimensions (in feet, length x width advertising sales Richard L. Barwis, IV, Cornerstone Media, Inc. navigation, such as Her owners x depth) was 468.1 x 65.7 x 26.7. The 674 Fairhaven Street, Palm Bay, FL 32907 Cugle’s Practical are listed Mississippi Shipping company was Email: [email protected] Phone: +1-321-220-0346 Navigation by as Howlett & based in New Orleans and ran vessels executive director & publisher Captain Charles Company, with from the gulf to South American ports Matthew S. Schulte, M.S. Email: [email protected] her home port along the continent’s east coast. When printing n The SSHSA library being “N. Ross.” the United States entered World War Perfection Press includes a variety of That abbreviation II, the Navy requisitioned her, along 1200 Industrial Drive, Logan, IA 51546 books relating to the sounds very much like with the Delargentino and Delorleans, and sshsa headquarters 2500 Post Road, Warwick, RI 02886 merchant marine. it could be New Ross. converted them to attack transports. Email: [email protected] Phone: +1-401-463-3570 Her destination listed at She is listed in the 1940/41 register, but Web: www.sshsa.org sshsa officers H. Cugle, or the Merchant that time was Waterford not the following year, so her conversion Mary L. Payne, President, Wallingford, PA Marine Officers’ Handbook by Edward A. and, more broadly, North likely took place around then. She Nicholas Langhart, Vice President, Jefferson, MA Don Leavitt, Vice President, South Ryegate, VT Turpin and William A. McEwen. These America. reappears in the register Merchant Barry W. Eager, Vice President, Berlin, MA books deal with the basic knowledge set a Vessels of the United States in 1946, and if Robert E. Hughes, Treasurer, New Rochelle, NY Capt Terry Tilton, Secretary, San Diego, CA sailor would know, such as ship-handling, A Painting of Delbrasil accurate, it appears that she retained sshsa board of directors signals and mathematics related to I recently bought a painting her name and went back to her original Odd Brevik, East Lyme, CT navigation at sea. The book The Men of the Qat auction of the Delbrasil company for freight service. Capt James McNamara, Chatham, NJ  Dr. Laurence Miller, Miami, FL Merchant Service by Frank T. Bullen, first leaving Rio. The painting was Paul O'Pecko, Westerly, RI published in 1900, offers a description of done in 1940 by Frank Vining CAPT David Pickering, Warwick, RI David L. Powers, Jr., Burien, WA various positions on both sailing and steam Smith. Any history about the ship Do you have a question Thomas Ragan, Miami Beach, FL vessels, such as engineers, stewards and available? CAPT Eric Takakjian, Fairhaven, MA for Steamboat Bill? Capt Eric Wiberg, New York, New York firemen. For a more rollicking read, you According to the Lloyd’s Register immediate past president may try A Ship’s Logbook by Frank F. Farrar, Ain our library, the Delbrasil was Just email him at... Erik Ryan, Narragansett, RI which is a compilation of the author’s built in 1939 by Bethlehem Steel at copy editors & staff [email protected] Bryan Lucier, Membership Coordinator experiences working on vessels during the Sparrows Point for the Mississippi Astrid Drew, Research & New Media 1930s and 1940s. Shipping Company. Her official number Alissa Cafferky, Research Assistant Aimee Bachari, Education & Outreach Coordinator Owner’s Statement 2017 Statement filed October 17, 2017, required by the act of August 12, 1970, Sec. 3685, Title 39, US Code. PowerShips is published quarterly at 2500 Post Road in Warwick, RI 02886; minimum subscription price is $50. Publisher: Matthew S. Schulte; Editor-in-Chief: James S. Pennypacker; owner: The Steamship Historical Society of America, a non-profit corporation located at 2500 Post Road, Warwick, RI 02886. During the 12 months preceding October 2017, the average number of (A) copies printed of each issue was 3,000 (B) paid and/or requested circulation was: (1) outside county mail subscriptions 2,045 (2) in county subscriptions 0; (3) sales through dealers, carriers, counter sales, other non-USPS paid distribution 40; (4) other classes mailed through USPS 20; (C) total paid and/or requested circu- lation was 2,105; (D) free distribution by mail, samples, complimentary and other 398; (E) total free or nominal rate distribution 398; (F) Total distribution was 2,503 (G) copies not distributed 497 (H) 3,000; (I) Percentage paid and/or requested circulation was 84.1 percent. The actual numbers for the single issue published nearest to October 2017 are (A) total number printed 3,000; (B) paid and or requested was: (1) outside-county mail subscriptions 2,028; (2) in-county subscriptions 0; (3) sales through dealers, carriers, counter sales, other non-USPS distri- bution 77; (4) other classes mailed through USPS 20; (C) Total paid and/or requested circulation was 2,125; (D) free distribution by mail, samples, complimentary and other 422 (E) Total free or nominal rate distribution 422; (F) total distribution was 2,547; (G) copies not distributed 453; (H) 3,000; (I) Percentage paid and/or requested circulation 83.43 percent. I certify that the above statements are correct and complete. (signed) Matthew S. Schulte, Executive Director, The Steamship Historical Society of America. PowerShips W inter 2018 • 5 11th Maritime Heritage Conference & 45th Annual Conference on Sail Training and Tall Ships, 55th NMHS Annual Meeting & 82nd SSHSA Annual Meeting

“Our Maritime Communities—Stronger Together” Save the Date! eleventh 14–17 February 2018 • New Orleans Call for Presenters The11th Maritime Heritage Conference, the 45th Annual Conference on Sail Training and Tall Ships, and the 55th NMHS Annual Meeting will come together for an information-packed, joint conference encompass- ing a broad array of topics this coming February in the historic port city of New Orleans. The Maritime Heritage Conference, last held in 2014, brings New Orleans, February 14-17, 2018 together all elements of the maritime heritage community to discuss topics of common interest. Tall Ships America’s Conference on Sail Training and Tall Ships is held annually and has earned a reputation for its high take-away value, networking opportunities, and camaraderie. The conference steering committee invites you to become involved in the 2018 joint conference as a presenter—both individual and session proposals are encouraged. Don’t miss this unique opportunity to gather with individuals from all segments of the maritime community. 45th annual conference on sail training and tall ships Papers and sessions topics include, but are not limited to: •Maritime and Naval History •Maritime Art, Literature, and Music •Education and Preservation •Underwater Archaeology •Trade and Communications •Maritime Libraries, Archives, and Museums •Marine Science and Ocean Conservation •Historic Vessel Restoration •Maritime Heritage Grant Program •Maritime Landscapes •National Marine Sanctuaries •Inland Waters Commerce and Seaport Operations •Small Craft •Shipbuilding •Marine Protected Areas Focus sessions include, but are not limited to: •Crew and Staff Training and Development •Tall Ships, Sail Training, and Education Under Sail •Vessel Operations and Safety •Tall Ships® Events and Host Ports •Not-for-Profit Administration •Fund Development •Media and Publications •Marketing and Social Media Individual paper and session proposals should include a one-page abstract and a one-page biographical statement about each presenter. Please email proposals to Dr. David Winkler and Jonathan Kabak at: proposalsmhc@ gmail.com. The deadline for papers and session proposals is 1 November 2017. The conference venue is the beautiful New Orleans Marriott—French Quarter, 555 Canal Street. Rooms are available at the terrific rate of $164+ per night! (Reserve your room online using the conference passkey at https://aws.passkey.com/go/Maritime2018). The discounted conference rate does not apply for rooms before February 13th but is accepted for limited numbers in the days following the conference. Details of the conference schedule, registration and reservation information, guidelines for proposals, and spon- sorship opportunities are posted online at: www.seahistory.org and www.sailtraining.org. Sponsors of the conference from $500 to $15,000 are encouraged to participate and will be amply recognized.

6 • Winter 2018 PowerShips I reached out electronically to Kevin and almost instantaneously got connected with him and his staff at ANMM. As it turns out, just as Art had already known, this unique half model that he had purchased in 1977 in England was the actual builder’s model for the SS South Steyne, complete with penciled-in n SSHSA members Art and Meade Ferguson. calculations and measured Spotlight on Members’ Generosity: lines drawn right on the n SS South Steyne half-hull builder’s model Good Stewards wooden hull. with original construction notations. Yes indeed, & Good People the staff at ANMM agreed that the model was authentic ast fall I received a message from and would like to accept it into their collection. Art longtime member and friend Art Ferguson. didn’t want anything in return for his generosity; he just Art and his wife Meade are darling people felt that it was time to reunite the model with its larger, who have welcomed me and other SSHSAers actual likeness. intoL their home on several occasions over the last decade The shipment was packaged up and sent via airfreight, or so. You see, Art has amassed quite a beautiful maritime since Art had experience with this sort of endeavor. collection, including a fine museum-quality series of 19th- Upon the model’s safe arrival Down Under, curator and early 20th-century European steamship models. It’s David Payne was pleased with the condition and clarity always fun to plan a visit with the Fergusons in the Sarasota of the writings upon the model. Why all this effort for area, and there’s so much to see and learn. Anyhow, this one model? Well as you’ve probably guessed by now, SS latest communication from Art was pretty straightforward. South Steyne still exists and is tied up in the harbor adjacent He had decided that one of his models, the SS South to the ANMM, and she was designated an Australian Steyne, needed a new home, and that home should be, he National Historic Treasure. determined, the Australia National Maritime Museum in It’s nice to know that we have the wherewithal to help Sydney. Could I get him the address? our members and friends. What motivated Art to do this? Well, I was happy to help, but it turned out to be more Well, he read the brief update on the Manly ferry in Bill gratifying than expected for Art, me and SSHSA. I first Barber’s PowerShips #302 column. I’m looking forward reached out to our colleague Steve White, president at to working with the Fergusons on their next project, Mystic Seaport. He immediately supplied me with the whatever that may be. It’s a big part of our mission and email address for Kevin Sumption, president of ANMM. what we do here. So, if you have a special project or idea When I mentioned this to our membership director, Bryan that we may assist with, then by all means drop us a line. Lucier, here at The Ship History Center, Bryan said, “I Together we’re making a difference. think I gave him a tour here last summer!” I thought that was a real longshot because I certainly would remember Kind regards, that. Well, sure enough, Mr. Sumption was here while he Matthew S. Schulte, M.S. was trying to locate the Captain Cook ship off Newport. Executive Director (I was on a family vacation, so I missed out.) Steamship Historical Society of America

PowerShips W inter 2018 • 7 sshsa From Desegregation to Restoration: Ship Yeof athe r On Board the SS Columbia by Aimee Bachari

n Bob-Lo steamer Columbia, built at Wyandotte, Michigan in 1902 by the Detroit Shipbuilding Co. – Edward O. Clark Collection, SSHSA Archives.

he screams of delight can no longer be movement – a little-known Supreme Court case that opened heard from Bob-Lo Island Amusement Park, the way for Brown v. Board of Education (1954). which served as Detroit’s “Coney Island” from On June 21, 1945, 24-year-old Sarah Elizabeth Ray eagerly 1898 to 1993. But memories of the fun live on boarded the SS Columbia to Bob-Lo Island Amusement Park, in New York, where the SS Columbia Project with her 13 classmates, to celebrate the completion of their is restoring the ship that brought joy to many. secretarial course. The only African American in the group, TBut 73 years ago, one passenger was not allowed to take Miss Ray, shortly after boarding, was approached by Mr. the ship to the island. This caused her embarrassment and Devereaux, the company’s assistant general manager, and a rage, a rage that led her to fight against the segregation of steward named Mr. Fox. They told Miss Ray that she couldn’t recreational spaces. go along, simply because of the color of her skin. “At first I The SS Columbia, the oldest remaining excursion steamer refused,” Ray was quoted in a 2016 issue of the Progressive, “but still afloat in the United States, was listed on the National then I saw that they were going to throw me off. My teacher Register of Historic Places in 1979 and designated as a said, ‘She’ll go quietly.’ It was embarrassing.” She didn’t put historic landmark in 1992. The Steamship Historical Society up a fight to stay on board, but she did keep the names of the of America has named her the Ship of the Year for her workers who escorted her off the SS Columbia, and she refused distinctive service, and notes her importance to the civil rights a refund for her eighty-five-cent fare.

8 • Winter 2018 PowerShips From Desegregation to Restoration: On Board the SS Cumbiaol

to the city to work in the defense plants. This caused Black A Civil Rights Legal Battle Bottom’s population to potentially encroach upon white-only The Bob-Lo Excursion Company had a rule excluding neighborhoods. two groups – “the disorderly” and “the colored people.” In 1943, race riots occurred in cities across the United Throughout the first half of the 20th century, even though most States, from Southern California’s infamous “zoot suit riots” to northern and border states had passed civil rights legislation, disturbances in St. Louis, New York and Baltimore. None of the recreational segregation remained firmly in place.M ichigan’s riots that year were as deadly as the three days of violence that Bob-Lo Excursion Company initiated a “Colored Days” policy, Detroit saw in late June. There were many underlying reasons which allowed the company to deny African Americans entry for the unrest, such as resentment over housing shortages and at all other times of the year. police abuse, but the spark that ignited the riot was the use of In the early 1940s Detroit was a segregated city. Its African recreational space on Belle Isle. American population lived in a downtown neighborhood The city police couldn’t stop the riot, and the mayor known as Black Bottom, which included a business and appealed to President Roosevelt, who diverted 6,000 troops entertainment district called Paradise Valley. But with the from war service and sent them to Detroit in an effort to end city undergoing an industrial boom, and America in the midst the violence. More than 600 people were injured, and 34 of a world war, more than half a million people migrated people, nine whites and 25 African Americans, died in the riot.

PowerShips W inter 2018 • 9 In order to analyze the causes of the riot, and prevent it from happening again, the mayor’s office formed an interracial committee. One of its recommendations was the peaceful common use of recreational space. This committee had no authority over private companies such as Bob-Lo, but its 1945 statement on the riot noted that “Negroes are excluded from most commercial recreational establishments.” That same year, Ray boarded the Columbia. After she was removed from the ship and denied entry to the amusement park, Ray didn’t give up. Instead, she reached out to the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People in Detroit. The NAACP argued that the company was in violation of the state’s civil rights laws, which stated: “All persons within the jurisdiction of this state shall be entitled to full and equal accommodations, advantages, facilities and privileges of inns, hotels, restaurants, eating houses, barber shops, billiard parlors, stores, public conveyances on land and water, theaters, motion picture houses, public educational institutions, in elevators, on escalators, in all methods of air transportation and all other places of public accommodation, amusement, and recreation, where refreshments are or may hereafter be served, subject only to the n The entry in the logbook for the SS Columbia on June 21, 1945, makes no conditions and limitations established by law and applicable mention of Miss Sarah Elizabeth Ray being forced to exit the ship or her refusing alike to all citizens and to all citizens alike, with uniform prices.” to take the refund offered to her. – Image courtesy of the SSHSA Archives. [Emphasis added.] The case went before the United States Supreme Court, with the goal of fostering “positive interracial relations.” with the legendary Thurgood Marshall pleading the case on Ray’s behalf. Marshall won Bob-Lo Excursion Company v. Michigan M ore about the SS Columbia (1948), and later won the landmark case Brown v. Board of The SS Columbia is an iconic made-in-America/made-in- Education (1954), which struck down the “separate but equal” Detroit success story. The Detroit Shipbuilding Co., on behalf ruling in regard to segregated education. of the Detroit and Windsor Ferry Co., constructed the ship Sarah Elizabeth Ray’s foray into civil rights didn’t end in Wyandotte, Michigan, in 1902. The Columbia is one of two with her win against Bob-Lo. In 1967, after Detroit erupted in Bob-Lo boats remaining. The other, a smaller vessel named the another riot, which saw more violence than in 1943, she and SS Ste. Claire, was constructed in Toledo, Ohio, in 1910, and is her second husband, Rafael Haskell, purchased a building and currently docked in River Rouge, Michigan. Frank E. Kirby, made it into a community center. They named it Action House, one of America’s greatest marine architects, designed the ships in collaboration with his partner, the interior designer Louis O. Keil. At 200 feet in length with a 45-ft beam, the Columbia was last certified to carry 2,566 passengers on her five decks. She features a unique, wide, open-air dance floor, making her the first steamer in America with an integrated ballroom of this type. The Columbia’s innovative design, with mahogany paneling, etched and leaded glass, gilded moldings and a grand staircase, inspired a new generation of excursion steamships. She features a massive triple-expansion steam engine with indicated horsepower of 2000, surrounded by viewing galleries. The Columbia still holds a U.S. maritime record of service for an excursion steamship on a single run. For 89 years, from 1902 to 1991, she took Detroiters to Canada’s Bois Blanc Island (known to most as Bob-Lo Island). She ceased service shortly before the Bob-Lo Island Amusement Park closed in the early 1990s. For the n Columbia at her dock in Detroit preparing for another run to Bob-Lo Island next two decades the boat slowly deteriorated, although valiant Amusement Park. – Braun Bros. Collection, SSHSA Archives. efforts were made at preservation. By the mid-2000s it had become

10 • Winter 2018 PowerShips Award SSHSA Presentations

n December 5, 2017, Executive Director Matt Schulte traveled to New York’s historic India House to present this year’s annual SSHSA Awards. The SS Columbia Project Orepresentatives coordinated the fabulous reception, and n Sparks fly as Columbia undergoes restoration in dry dock. – Image courtesy trustee Ian Danic spoke from the heart about his crew’s SS Columbia Project. dedication to bring the steamer Columbia back to service – this time on the Hudson River. apparent that attempts to keep her in Detroit had failed. In stepped art dealer Richard Anderson, with the goal of bringing her to New This year’s York and restoring the Hudson River’s great dayliner tradition. Ship of the Anderson formed the SS Columbia Project, recruited a Year went to the board, acquired the boat and began planning and raising SS Columbia for its funds to restore her for service on the Hudson River. Anderson record service to tragically died of cancer in 2013 before seeing his vision the Great Lakes completed. However, he left a significant bequest to the SS Region and its Columbia Project, which provided enough support to begin the role in an historic boat’s restoration and bring her from Detroit to Buffalo in 2015. Supreme Court The SS Columbia Project is dedicated to making Anderson’s case that paved dream a reality and restoring the ship to her old glory. the way for civil For all her historic significance, from the civil rights n Ian Danic of the SS Columbia Project rights legislation movement to her record tenure in service to the people of Detroit accepts the Ship of the Year Award on behalf like Brown v. Board and the Great Lakes region, the Steamship Historical Society of of Columbia. of Education. America acknowledges the SS Columbia as the Ship of the Year. For more information on how to get involved in the restoration project, n Captain Brian visit the SS Columbia Project’s website: https://sscolumbia.org/.  McAllister received the C. Bradford Mitchell Award About the Author for his work on the Aimee Bahi c ar joined SSHSA as Education Coordinator in June epic book project, 2017. She has brought SSHSA’s STEAMing McAllister Into The Future concept to life by creating the Towing: 150 beta educational website (www.shiphistory. Years of Family org), launching in May, 2018. Aimee holds Business. He shared a Bachelor’s degree in History from the with us some of University of Massachusetts-Dartmouth and a his memories from Master’s degree in History from the University working on this book. of Houston, where she worked on numerous public history projects. She is currently finishing her PhD in History and recently graduated from a software development bootcamp. Congratulations to the award winners! 

PowerShips W inter 2018 • 11 LIVES OF THE LINERS Hoboken’s Fifth Street Pier by William H. Miller

12 • Winter 2018 PowerShips Flowers & Christmas Trees v ery week, I had as many as six or seven “ ships to supply. I’d go down to the old Fifth Street pier and deliver at leastE 1,000 loose flowers to those famous ocean liners – the Nieuw Amsterdam, the Statendam and the Rotterdam. But first,I Hoboken’s Fifth Street Pier always had to replace the dead flowers.” So remembered the late Mario D’Angelo of n A sunny day in the mid- D’Angelo Florist at Sixth and Washington 1950s: The Nederland Line’s streets. He served all the Holland America Johan van Oldenbarnevelt Line ships for years, until March 1963, at Holland America Line’s when the line moved from its Fifth Street Fifth Street Pier with the pier in Hoboken to a new terminal, freighter Exton (right) at Pier 40 at Houston Street. Pier 40 is American Export Line’s Pier on the southern end of Manhattan’s C. – Braun Bros. Collection, Greenwich Village and not all that far SSHSA Archives. from the former site of the Hoboken ferry’s Christopher Street slip. “I used a single station wagon and drove to the greenhouses of Rutherford,” added Mr. D’Angelo. “Then, I would drive straight to the Hoboken waterfront, board the ships, and arrange the flowers in the foyers and the lounges and in at least 50 bowls in the dining rooms. At Christmas, I also provided five or six trees for each ship. But each had to be taken first toM anhattan and be specially fire-proofed.E ach tree was completely immersed in a big vat of a fire-retardant chemical and then dried.” Mostly on Fridays at noon, Hoboken would rattle with the thunderous steam whistles of one of Holland America’s Big Three – Rotterdam, Statendam or Nieuw Amsterdam. Moran tugs would gather at the bow, ready to push. Hemp lines at the ship’s stern would be cast off first and the aft end of the ship would begin to be eased away from the south side of the 800-foot-long Fifth Street pier. Then another blast on the whistles and the bow lines would be cast off, flash and splash in the Hudson, but then, dripping wet, they would be smartly pulled aboard. The ship’s forward section would now be free as well, and the vessel would begin to move slowly out into mid-river.

PowerShips W inter 2018 • 13 the Holland America Line slogan of the day: “It is good to be Waving, Cheering, on a well-run ship!” Hundreds of thousands agreed in those & Fluttering Streamers years, the 1950s especially, loving the great leather chairs in Along the Fifth Street pier’s second floor level, well- the Smoking Room, the Moroccan leather ceiling and Murano wishers – family, friends and friends of friends – waved, cheered chandeliers in the two-deck dining room, a first-class suite and lofted fluttering strands of those wonderfully colored bon inspired by the 1939 World’s Fair and, in one bar, brass door voyage streamers over the widening gap between ship and pier. handles shaped like mermaids. The liner began to move, sliding backward out of close view. Holland America had other, if smaller, liners as well. Finally, in mid-river, with Manhattan’s towers as a backdrop, There was the Ryndam, Maasdam, Noordam, Westerdam, Veendam the great liner would be pointed downstream and begin her and Volendam. And for less fancy, almost Spartan passages to voyage, passing Hoboken and then Jersey City, Ellis Island and and from Europe, there were the converted former cargo ships the Statue of Liberty, then to the Lower Bay, the Narrows, the Groote Beer, Waterman, Zuikerkruis and Seven Seas. These ships, open Atlantic, and ultimately to Europe. with large cabins and dormitories that slept up to 50, carried The Nieuw Amsterdam, a liner completed in 1938, had that students, immigrants and frugal tourists, often for as little as certain something – a blend of transoceanic chic, cozy comfort $125 for a nine-day passage to Rotterdam. Other Dutch liners and decorative timelessness – that made her one of the most that came to call at Hoboken in the 1950s included the Willem beloved and popular liners on the Atlantic run. She epitomized Ruys, the Johan van Oldenbarnevelt and the Sibajak.

n Winter’s morning in 1955: the Nieuw Amsterdam and Maasdam at the Fifth Street pier, both dressed in flags and bound for Caribbean cruises. – Flying Camera Inc.

14 • Winter 2018 PowerShips n Freighters such as Averdyk also “Dyk Ships” & “Dam Ships” called at the Fifth Street Pier. – Edward Holland America also ran a sizable freighter fleet, O. Clark Collection, SSHSA Archives. typically well-maintained, trim vessels that more often used the adjacent Sixth Street pier. The Hoboken longshoremen, those dockers immortalized in Elia Kazan’s brilliant On the Waterfront, referred to them as the “dyk ships” – vessels such as the Sommelsdyk and Soestdyk. The big liners were the “dam ships” – harbor legends such as the Nieuw Amsterdam and Rotterdam. The Fifth Street pier was the longer and better fitted, and therefore handled the liners. The adjoining Sixth Street dock was for freighters mostly, the company’s separate fleet of smart-looking, always-immaculate cargo ships that often carried up to 12 passengers each. They sailed the North Atlantic, to and from northern Europe, and there were at least two sailings each week in those now-distant days before the fast, efficient container ships took over.

sshsa n Rotterdam on a visit to Hoboken Shipof the early in her career. – Braun Bros. Ye a r Collection, SSHSA Archives. 1996

PowerShips W inter 2018 • 15 n The mighty 36,000-ton Nieuw Amsterdam​ departs under overcast skys. She would not be eclipsed in style and grrandeur until the debut of Rotterdam in 1959. – Edward O. Clark Collection, SSHSA Archives.

n Economy travel: In the 1950s, you could cross to Europe onboard the Maasdam for as little as $20 a day. – Braun Bros. Collection, SSHSA Archives.

16 • Winter 2018 PowerShips n Afternoon arrival: The Nieuw Amsterdam is berthed at Hoboken in October 1948, with Egypt’s Mohammed Ali El Kebir on the left and the Noordam on the right. – Moran Towing and Transportation Co.​

its most modern and innovative, with inner-core as well as The First VW & Changing Times rooftop parking, drive-alongside facilities, and three river sides Separately, the liners sailed between Hoboken, for berthing ships instead of two. The Holland America Line Southampton, Le Havre and Rotterdam. The freighters went to could hardly have refused the city’s offer, and so it abandoned Rotterdam as well, but also to Antwerp, Bremen and Hamburg. Hoboken (after some 70 years), especially since the new pier was Generally, they carried American-made manufactured goods so easily accessible to midtown Manhattan. over to Europe and returned with the likes of Dutch cheeses, Dutch tulip bulbs and Dutch beer. Holland America also carried the very first Volkswagen sent to the United States; it arrived at the Fifth Street pier in a wooden crate in 1949, aboard the 12,000-ton Westerdam, a passenger-cargo liner. The glorious, twin-stacked Nieuw Amsterdam was surpassed as the Dutch flagship in September 1959 by the even larger, more- luxurious Rotterdam. But shortly after her maiden arrival (with the future queen of the Netherlands onboard as a passenger) on the Jersey side, the Rotterdam was towed across to Manhattan’s Pier 40, then in the earliest stages of construction. It was a grand publicity stunt: having the world’s newest liner berthed at the Port of New York’s newest passenger pier. Pier 40 was also New York City’s biggest marine terminal and certainly n The pier entrance at Fifth Street. – Richard Weiss Collection.

PowerShips W inter 2018 • 17 n (Below) The sisters Ryndam and Maasdam in a view from June 1955. – Hoboken: Author’s Collection. (Bottom) September 1957: American Export Lines’ Pier C at the bottom; then the Statendam, Noordam and Maasdam at the Holland-America A Gull’s Eye View piers; and the Dutch student ship Groote Beer at the Ninth Street pier at the top.

18 • Winter 2018 PowerShips n The Hoboken waterfront in 1949. – Hoboken Historical Museum. (Bottom) Busy afternoon: The Statendam, Noordam and Maasdam at Hoboken in September 1957. – Moran Towing and Transportation Co.

PowerShips W inter 2018 • 19 Frigid Nights & Lavish Voyages The official transfer to the new Manhattan terminal was made by the Statendam in March 1963. She arrived and offloaded her passengers in Hoboken, but then, having been shifted across the Lower Hudson, sailed on her next outbound voyage from the brand- new Pier 40 in Greenwich Village. But even those final years in Hoboken left an indelible mark. The stillness of cold, often frigid winter nights, for example, might be interrupted only by the 10 p.m. departure whistles of a Holland America liner steaming off on a cruise to, say, the sunny Caribbean. On quiet Sunday afternoons, townspeople sometimes wandered down to the dockside to watch one of the ships tie up. And each year, usually on a Thursday night, there would be a very special, six-hour charity cruise that sailed out past the three-mile limit, where shipboard gambling was legal and formally dressed guests would n (Above) The beautiful Nieuw Amsterdam rests at Hoboken. – Author’s Collection. (Below) party till dawn to benefit a worthy The aged, 30-year-old Veendam at Hoboken in February, 1953. Her final visit to the port would crusade against one disease or another. soon follow, on October 15, 1953. – Braun Bros. Collection, SSHSA Archives. Limousines rolled into Hoboken by the dozen, reviving the gala ocean liner departures of years past, often led by a troop of police on screaming motorcycles. Speeding up along River Street might be former President and Mrs. Eisenhower, the Duke and Duchess of Windsor, and film queens such as Marlene Dietrich and Paulette Goddard. There might also have been Princess Grace of Monaco, fabled tycoons and classy heiresses, and, of course, the governors of New Jersey as well as New York. There would also be any number of television and theater personalities on hand. Hoboken took it all in stride. Des Kirkpatrick was a cruise staff member on Holland America’s most lavish of voyages – the annual 95-or-so-day cruise around the world. These grand trips, the ultimate

20 • Winter 2018 PowerShips PowerShips W inter 2018 • 21 Hoboken Days n (Clockwise from right) The handsome Statendam between winter cruises in 1958. – Gillespie-Faber Collection. Special visitor: The Willem Ruys makes a rare appearance in Hoboken in a photo dated July 9, 1959. – Gillespie-Faber Collection. Swapping berths: The Nieuw Amsterdam and Rotterdam exchange berths at Hoboken in a scene dated December 1959. – Author’s Collection. The engines-aft freighter Gaasterdyk at Fifth Street in 1963. – Gillespie-Faber Collection.

22 • Winter 2018 PowerShips circumnavigations in ways, began sailing from Hoboken Today, the site of the Holland America Line has been in January 1961. Sensibly, the company used the exquisite gloriously revitalized as Frank Sinatra Park. Capped by Rotterdam, then brand new, but thoughtfully gave her a more spectacular views just across the Hudson of Manhattan, clubby tone by reducing her total capacity of 1,456, in two the area is now one of green spaces, shaded benches and classes, to a more intimate 700 - completely first class, of course. sporting fields. Sadly, there are no reminders of the streamers “These were gala, very special trips. There were ladies who and steamer trunks aboard luxury liners such as the Nieuw traveled with a million dollars just in jewels and others who Amsterdam and Rotterdam, and the tulip bulbs and cheeses on sailed with 200 and 300 dresses for 90 days. They would have freighters such as the Sommelsdyk and Schiedyk.  so-called ‘day clothes,’ dresses just for late afternoon, but very formal teas, and then, of course, lavish gowns for evenings.” About the Author Final Remains Bill Miller, long-time SSHSA member, is an After Holland America defected to Manhattan, a small international authority on ocean liners and cruise Portuguese freighter company rented the Fifth Street pier. But life ships. He has written more than 100 books on the was never quite the same. A few years later these freighters moved subject: from early steamers, immigrant ships and away as well, and the piers began to suffer a series of ruinous fires. liners at war to their fabulous interiors and about the Two relics of the Holland America Line survived, however, until highly collectible artifacts from them. He has written the early 1980s, on the remains of its Hoboken piers: the emblem specific histories of such celebrated passenger ships as of the line embedded in the former terrazzo floor of the main the United States, Queen Mary, Rotterdam, France, Queen passenger entrance, by then exposed to the weather and changing Elizabeth 2 and Crystal Serenity. A native of Hoboken, New Jersey, seasons, and a half-section of a green-and-white-painted gangway. Miller was named Outstanding American Maritime Scholar in 1994 The remains were twisted, scorched heaps of steel and debris, and and received the U.S. Maritime Preservation Award and the Ocean Liner chunks of crumbling concrete. In the summer of 1980, a crane Council’s Silver Riband Award in 2004. He was the 2017 recipient of hauled away the final remains, along with a century of Hoboken’s SSHSA’s Samuel Ward Stanton Award for Lifetime Achievement. tradition as a great ocean liner port.

The

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PowerShips W inter 2018 • 23 n A typical “Hog Islander,” SS Exmouth on October 6, 1941. – SSHSA Archives.

by Eric Pearson n 1941, after the Nazis had taken over most of the European continent and the Japanese were expanding their empire throughout China, IAmerican merchant ships were tasked with various responsibilities. They delivered Red Cross aid to starving civilians and supplied lend-lease material to countries vital for the defense of the United States. The nation had begun a massive shipbuilding campaign to meet the rapidly changing world situation, but most freight was shipped using 20-year-old cargo ships like the Hog Islanders.

24 • Winter 2018 PowerShips he Hog Islanders were constructed for service in World War I at Hog Island, Pennsylvania. They weren’t as famous as the newer Liberty ships, Victory ships or Type C1 through C4 freighters. The bulk of the U.S. Merchant Fleet when the war started was composed of vintage World War I-era vessels, whose service was critical when wartime national mobilization became necessary. Between August 1918 and January 1921, 122 Hog Island ships were built, of which 58 became causalities in World War II. One such Hog Islander was the SS Exmouth, whose World War II odyssey involved political entanglements, rescues, U-boats, storms and collisions. Her career can be broken into two parts: her role before the United States entered the war, n SS Schenectady (Type A, Design 1022) on April 30, 1919, in a delivering aid to Europe and military hardware to South Asia, completion photo taken by the American International Shipbuilding Corporation, and her participation in the allied convoy system transporting Hog Island, Pennsylvania. – Courtesy of the U.S. National Archives. war material to South Asia, South America and Europe. ships as the European conflict increased profits. The Red Cross at this time became the chief provider of Before Here Lies the Abyss relief supplies for civilian victims in the European conflict. The SS Blue Triangle was built in 1920 by the American The first American “mercy ship” chartered by the Red International Shipbuilding Corporation at Hog Island, Cross was the SS McKeesport, built in 1919 at the Federal Pennsylvania, for service in World War I, but like her sister ships Shipbuilding Company in Kearney, New Jersey. She was she never saw action in that conflict.T he shipbuilding company loaded in 1940 with more than $1 million worth of “drugs had 50 slipways, “making it the world’s largest shipyard.” and hospital supplies, bedding, blankets, clothing, motor The Hog Islanders were broken into two classes: Type A equipment, hospital trucks and ambulances, soaps and (Design 1022) freighters and Type B (Design 1024) troop transport cooking utensils.” The McKeesport would later be sunk by vessels. They were considered to be well built. Neither of these U-258 in the North Atlantic on April 29, 1943. designs was aesthetically pleasing because quick construction was The Hog Islander SS Cold Harbor was the next ship the primary goal. The sterns of the ships “so closely resembled chartered by the Red Cross to deliver mercy cargo valued at $1 their bows that submarines would be confused about the direction million to Marseilles; that cargo “included foodstuffs, drugs, the ship was traveling.” The riveted Hog Islanders were smaller in vitamins and canned milk; also 10,000 prisoner of war boxes displacement than the World War II Liberty ships, but they were containing foodstuffs and cigarettes.” The Exmouth was the about equal in speed. In a comparison to welded World War II third American ship chartered “to carry a $1,250,000 cargo of ships, the standard Type A Hog Islander “was of roughly 7,800 food, medicine and clothing for distribution chiefly to children deadweight tons and had a speed of about 11.5 knots (later rated at in unoccupied France.” In today’s currency, adjusted for about 10 knots).” The standard World War II Liberty ship was “of inflation, this would amount to a value of over $20 million. about 10,790 deadweight tons” and had a “cruising speed of about Crossing the Atlantic was becoming more precarious for 10 knots.” The “10,850 ton Victory, turbine powered, had a speed American cargo ships even though the United States was not ranging from 15 to 17 knots.” at war. On October 9, 1939, the Hog Islander SS City of Flint The Blue Triangle was a Type A freighter assigned to the was seized by the German pocket battleship Deutschland, which Export Steamship Corporation (later named American Export declared her cargo as contraband and the ship a prize of war. Lines) in 1921, purchased by the steamship company in 1925 The Germans controlled the ship for several weeks until she and renamed SS Exmouth in 1928 (all of the company’s ships was interned in Norway, which was neutral at the time. The were given names beginning with the “Ex” prefix). These ships Norwegian government later returned the ship to the United were configured to carry up to 12 passengers and were popular States. The Cold Harbor and Exmouth had 12-foot Red Cross for their Vagabond Cruises to the Mediterranean until 1938, markings and American flags painted on their hulls, along with when the cruises were discontinued because of the increasing crosses painted on the forward and after hatch covers that were threat of war. American ship owners scrambled to acquire more fully lighted at night to denote their mercy ship status.

PowerShips W inter 2018 • 25 Cruising the Mediterranean in the 1930s Why Stay at Home?

n Hog Island ships such as Exmouth served on American Export Lines’ Vagabond Cruises to the Mediterranean until 1938, when the cruises were discontinued because of the threat of war. Advertising subtly stressed that, “Without pretending to offer deluxe accommodations, the steamers of the Vagabond Brochure images from the SSHSA Archives. fleet are equipped with the necessary comforts and facilities the American traveler demands.”

26 • Winter 2018 PowerShips Cruising the Mediterranean in the 1930s Why Stay at Home?

PowerShips W inter 2018 • 27 The Exmouth arrived back in New York on May 2, 1941. On May 17, she sailed for Trinidad and across the South Atlantic en route to India. Another Hog Islander, the SS Robin Moor, with the Stars and Stripes and the letters “U.S.A.” painted on her sides, left New York 12 days earlier for Capetown. The Robin Moor was halfway between South America and Africa when she was torpedoed and sunk on May 21 by U-69 because the U-boat’s commander believed the ship was carrying supplies to Germany’s enemies and needed to be destroyed. The New York Times published the ship’s manifest, which revealed nothing of military value. The Robin Moor (ex-SS Exmoor) was a sister ship to the n SS McKeesport. – SSHSA Archives. Exmouth before she was sold to Seas Shipping Company in 1940. The United States demanded compensation from the Nazi Richard Allen, the American Red Cross delegate in France, government in the amount of $2,967,092 for this first deliberate informed Washington that a huge public demonstration occurred torpedoing of a ship flying the American flag. On June 20, when the Cold Harbor arrived on March 10 1941. “All over France, Roosevelt addressed Congress, insisting that the German the people found different ways of expressing their appreciation government should “be expected to make full reparation of and I do not think that there is any doubt that these supplies raised the losses and damages sustained.” Herr Hans Thomsen, the morale of the French people tremendously.” Allen noted that German Charge d’Affaires in Washington, responded that the newspapers carried encouraging news when the Exmouth arrived charges “are not such as to lead to an appropriate reply by my in Marseille on April 2, but French administrators feared that government.” German authorities would frown upon their citizens displaying The Exmouth proceeded independently across the South any signs of passion upon the ship’s arrival. Atlantic to Capetown and Bombay before arriving in Karachi The American ships were under scrutiny as Italian and then returning to Capetown on August 28, 1941. Sinkings representatives came aboard asking questions concerning the of neutral American ships were now increasing. On September cargo, quantity of oil the ships carried, daily oil consumption 5 the 20-year-old SS Steel Seafarer was sunk by a German plane and the speed of the ships; this information no doubt made its in the Red Sea despite the vessel being clearly marked with way to German officials. The Exmouth’s Chief Officer revealed American flags painted on her side. There were five injuries and that the ship was searched before sailing and they “found thirty no deaths reported. The Exmouth returned safely to New York to forty stowaways. They hid themselves everywhere from the on October 16. Three days later the Hog Islander SS LeHigh crow’s nest on the foremast down to the tanks in the forehold. was sunk by U-126, whose captain believed she was a Greek We found kids in the lifeboats under the covers.” ship. Four crewmembers were injured.

n SS Robin Moor on May 6, 1941, 15 days before her meeting with U-69. – Courtesy of the Mariners’ Museum.

28 • Winter 2018 PowerShips n The sinking of the freighter Robin Moor on May 21, 1941. – Illustration courtesy of the American Merchant Marine.

The Exmouth’s next voyage took her to Rangoon, Burma, to deliver fighter aircraft destined for General Chennault’s American sshsa Volunteer Group, also known as the Flying Tigers, who were Ship fighting on behalf of China.T hese aircraft were Vultee P-66 of the Vanguard fighters, originally ordered by Sweden and barred for Ye a r export because of the risk that they would fall into German hands. The British took possession of the fighters, only to relinquish them to China as the Wall Street Journal revealed that many of the planes Visit were ready for shipment. The aircraft were disassembled, put into huge packing crates and placed onboard the Exmouth before she USCGC INGHAM (WHEC-35) 1936-1988 left New York on October 25. The ship reached Trinidad and National Historic Landmark & National Memorial to Coast continued sailing across the South Atlantic, arriving in Capetown Guardsmen who lost their lives in combat from WWII through Viet Nam. on November 29. She continued sailing to Rangoon when several • Awarded two Naval Presidential Unit Citations for her service during Vietnam. more American ships were sunk by German U-boats. • Credited with sinking U-Boat 626 during convoy duty in On December 2 the SS Astral, built in 1916, was torpedoed the North Atlantic and sunk by U-43 off the coast of Portugal. The entire crew of • Served in Atlantic, Mediterranean and Philippine Theaters and 37 men was killed. The next day the SS Sagadahoc, built in 1918, Command Ship for the amphibious landings for General was torpedoed and sunk by U-124 in the South Atlantic. One MacArthur’s return to Corregidor. crewmember was killed. Don’t miss the opportunity to tour this ship and learn It was during the passage to Rangoon that the Exmouth about its remarkable history. received word that the Japanese had attacked American bases INGHAM is located in Key West on the Truman Waterfront Park. in Pearl Harbor, Guam and the Philippines, as well as British You Can Visit …You Can Help The foundation seeks colonies in Hong Kong, Singapore and Malaya. The United donations to continue restoration of this important vessel. Please send your tax-deductible contributions to: States was now at war, and the Exmouth would stick out like a sore thumb with the company name and American flags USCGC INGHAM Memorial Museum P.0. Box 186, Key West, Florida 33041 • Phone: (305)-395-9554 displayed on her hull. Captain Ljungstrom ordered the crew to www.uscgcingham.org paint the ship after mixing black and white paint together. Andy Newman Photo:

PowerShips W inter 2018 • 29 It was bad enough that the Exmouth was heading into an uncertain fate; then the “Tulsa Incident” added more problems for American ships. China Defense Supplies, the agency coordinating Lend-Lease aid to China, “shipped the first weapons for the Chinese Army on the [Hog Islander] SS Tulsa on 22 October.” On December 16, the U.S. War Department gave Brigadier General John Magruder authority to transfer lend-lease materiel from Chinese to British control. The transfer was subject to the approval of the Chinese, but Lt. Col. Joseph J. Twitty, who was in charge of lend-lease material in Rangoon, released ammunition aboard the Tulsa to the British without Chinese approval. Twitty was under pressure from the British and realized that “ships in the harbor, among them the Tulsa, were extremely vulnerable,” especially since the stevedores had already deserted. The Chinese objected and labeled the handover an “illegal confiscation,” whereupon Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek ordered all Chinese personnel in Burma to return to China and cease cooperation with Britain. U.S. Foreign Service diplomat Lester Schnare sent a telegram from Rangoon to Secretary of State Cordell Hull stating, “Situation Rangoon becoming most acute ships lying in harbor cannot be unloaded, equipment of docks not being moved … Chinese are urgently requesting action and steamer captains n The author’s father, able seaman James Pearson, along with other crew members are at a loss what to do.” This occurred as the Japanese began painted the Exmouth on December 7, 1941. – Author’s collection. bombing Rangoon on December 23. The bombing continued on Christmas day when they sent “80 bombers over Rangoon It was during this time that “the freighter Exmouth in two waves, escorted by 48 fighters.” December 28 “brought dropped anchor in the Rangoon River, her cargo including another heavy enemy attack – 20 bombers and 25 fighters.” 30 Vultee P-66 Vanguards – the fighters were originally built for Sweden, expropriated by the U.S., and allocated to the n Air raid warning to the Exmouth crew from Captain O. Ljungstrom, 3rd AVG.” New Year’s Eve “dawned with no letup in the Jap Rangoon, January 1, 1942. – Author’s collection. assault. Eighty planes crowding the skies over Rangoon.” The Flying Tigers along with the Royal Air Force managed to shoot down many of the intruders during the bombing campaign over Rangoon. The raids were causing mass panic among the civilian population, who believed that the British were withdrawing from Burma. Dr. Krishnan Gurumurthy stated that “the dockworkers were the first to abandon their jobs. This meant that essential supplies could not be unloaded from the ships in the Rangoon docks. Many of these vessels became sitting targets for Japanese bombers.” The Exmouth miraculously escaped being hit while anchored in the Rangoon River. The Central Aircraft Manufacturing Company (CAMCO) was responsible for assembling the AVG fighters, but Bill Pawley, the American businessman in charge of operations, shut the company

30 • Winter 2018 PowerShips down and “joined the mass exodus out of Rangoon.” The November 24, 1942. One of the ships in the convoy was the Japanese began dropping leaflets over the city warning civilians City of Flint, which had been a German war prize in 1939. She of an airborne invasion “which sent more civilians fleeing out was torpedoed on her next trip by U-575 on January 25, 1943, of the city. Garbage and bodies were already collecting on the while sailing from New York to Casablanca, killing three of streets in the half-empty city.” the crew and four Navy men. The fighters on the Exmouth were supposed to replace The Exmouth’s next voyage was a winter North Atlantic damaged Curtiss P-40s, “but Chennault didn’t like them and crossing in Convoy SC 116 to England, which included 62 turned them over to the Chinese Air Force. The reassignment merchants and 22 escorts. The escorts were dispatched to was moot anyway, because Pawley had closed the CAMCO “help convoy SC-116, which was threatened by a wolf pack assembly factory.” Chennault inquired in a White House telegram of thirteen U-boats.” The convoy encountered a severe storm if the AVG should arrange for the assembly of new airplanes on January 22, 1943, with a Force 10 gale and heavy seas that and equipment arriving at Calcutta or if the United States Army caused one vessel to “send a report that her stern post was should handle these matters. A committee was also formed being carried away. Another reported her No. 1 hatch stove in between the United States, Britain and China to determine the and the master injured.” The U-boats never found the convoy best way to split up the stockpile of lend-lease material in Rangoon and the ships arrived safely in England. to ease the political situation among the allies. The Exmouth encountered another hazardous event On January 21, 1942, the Exmouth weighed anchor and after arriving in England. On March 15, she was involved took the fighters to Calcutta. The ship successfully delivered in a collision with the Greek cargo ship SS Evgenia Chandri the aircraft and sailed for New York by way of Colombo, off the coast of northeast England. There was no damage Capetown and Trinidad, arriving home on April 15 after to the ship’s cargo, but “the stern of the Exmouth [was] bent being gone for 172 days. from port to starboard and several bow plates buckled.” The Evgenia Chandri continued running until she ran over and sank on top of the sunken Norwegian troopship SS Oslofjord, which Onward into the Fog of War had struck a mine in 1940 just off the coast of South Shields, The Exmouth was part of a vast convoy system for the England. The Exmouth later proceeded to Lock Ewe, Scotland, rest of the war, based on the theory that a submarine would to assemble with convoy ON 178, arriving in New York on have less chance of finding a single convoy than single ships. May 4, 1943. Submarines would also have a harder time attacking if they The Exmouth left New York several weeks later in June were thwarted by escorts. The Exmouth proved this point when and joined 75 merchants and 18 escorts in Convoy SC 134 she joined convoy KS 505 from Hampton Roads, Virginia, to Key West, Florida, where the Cold Harbor was part of the same convoy. The Cold Harbor, which had delivered Red Cross aid with the Exmouth the year before, had been waiting to assemble with the convoy when she was ordered to proceed independently to Port of Spain, Trinidad. She was unfortunately torpedoed on June 14 by U-502 about 100 miles northwest of Trinidad, but all of the crew managed to escape in three lifeboats. The Exmouth rescued 19 men off two lifeboats and took them to Port of Spain, Trinidad. Seventeen men on the third lifeboat were picked up by the 22-year-old American freighter SS Kahuku on June 15. The Kahuku had earlier rescued 45 survivors from the Hog Islander SS Scottsburg, which was torpedoed by U-161. The next day, June 16, the Kahuku was herself torpedoed and shelled by U-126. Confusion among the sailors from previous sinkings added to the chaos as they abandoned ship. Of the total number of men onboard, “3 Cold Harbor survivors and 6 Scottsburg survivors were lost in addition to 6 merchant crew and 3 Navy men from the Kahuku.” The Exmouth proceeded across the South Atlantic to Capetown and onward toward Calcutta. She later joined n SS Cold Harbor, lost to U-502, June 14, 1942. – Courtesy of the convoy GN 20 from Guantanamo to New York, arriving City of Vancouver Archives, Walter E. Frost photo.

PowerShips W inter 2018 • 31 n SS Shelton, later renamed SS Kahuka. – Courtesy of the City of Vancouver Archives.

n SS City of Flint. On October 9, 1939, the Hog Islander was seized by the German pocket battleship Deutschland, which declared her cargo as contraband and the ship a prize of war. – Courtesy of the Mariners’ Museum.

n SS Exmouth, Penobscot Bay, Maine, June 29, 1944. – Courtesy of the U.S. National Archives.

32 • Winter 2018 PowerShips from Halifax to Liverpool. She left Liverpool on July 9, joining production techniques. The Hog Islanders and other World convoy ON 192 back to New York on July 24. She then traveled War I-era cargo ships couldn’t carry as much, nor were they as to South America from New York in a series of convoys to fast or as attractive as many of the World War II ships, but they Guantanamo, Trinidad, Rio de Janeiro, Montevideo and were available when they and their crews were needed most, Bueno Aires from August to November 1943, returning safely and they served admirably in the dark days of the war. to New York. She then departed for England in December, For a complete list of citations for this article please visit encountering another winter storm with weather so powerful www.sshsa.org.  that she lost her Number 4 lifeboat and two davits on January 4, 1944, after leaving Newfoundland. She delivered her cargo in London before joining 80 merchants and 34 escorts in convoy About the Author ON 224 for the trip back to New York, arriving March 2. SSHSA Member Eric Pearson Two of the British escorts, HMS Woodpecker and HMS Starling, is a retired computer programmer with sank U-264 (the first sinking of a snorkel-equipped U-boat) on more than 35 years of experience working February 19 during the defense of ON 224, after seven hours of as a contractor at the Johnson Spacecraft anti-submarine attack operations. HMS Woodpecker, however, Center supporting NASA’s financial and was torpedoed the next day by U-764, blowing off the stem of aircraft division operations. In addition to the ship. The ship remained afloat and was being towed when three bachelor degrees, Mr. Pearson earned she capsized and sank during another North Atlantic storm. a master’s degree in history from the University of Houston-Clear Lake On March 8, 1944, the Exmouth joined Convoy BX 102 to in 2014. Mr. Pearson’s father, James W. Pearson, sailed on the SS Halifax with 20 merchants and no escorts. On April 13, the Exmouth to Rangoon in 1941 and became captain of a Liberty ship in Exmouth’s stern swung around in an ebb tide and touched the 1946. He sailed in that capacity for American Export Lines and Lykes bow of another Hog Islander, the SS Wolverine, while at anchor in Brothers Steamship Company until 1958, when he became a Houston Halifax, causing little damage. Both ships joined convoy SC 157 Ship Channel Pilot. He retired from the Houston Pilots organization in from Halifax to Liverpool with 62 merchants and 16 escorts. One 1989 after spending more than 50 years in the maritime industry. ship in the convoy, the SS Colin, was torpedoed and sunk by U-859. The Exmouth proceeded onward to Cardiff, Wales, and arrived in Liverpool to unload Army supplies before proceeding to Belfast to join the next convoy home. She arrived in New York on June 3. In early July 1944, the Exmouth loaded 500-pound bombs in Maine before joining convoy HX 298, which consisted of 114 merchants and 22 escorts bound for England. She discharged her cargo at Hull, England, departing July 28. Three days later on July 31 at 7:30 a.m., the Exmouth’s luck ran out as she struck allied mines off Fyfeness, Scotland. The first mine “hit at the #1 hold on the starboard side, and a minute later a second mine struck the #2 hold, port side. The #1 hold filled quickly, and the freighter began to settle by the head. The second explosion broke the ‘Hog Islander’ Ever Wondered What in two, forward of the bridge.” Leroy Fowler Jr., an armed guard on Happened to QE2? the Exmouth, stated that “all Merchant Marine and Armed Guard Her life as QE2 Hotel in Dubai may actually be personnel got off in life boats and were picked up by fast British Air, happening as part of the new marina. Sea Rescue boats after 16 hours.” The crew was composed of “43 Find out more about QE2 and get the latest news. merchant sailors and the 27-man Armed Guard.” Join our free Forum to share your memories, read In 2008, the Exmouth was discovered by several divers 40 miles QE2 stories, and keep up on the latest news and off the coast of Scotland. The ship is lying upright “in a west-east photos as they become available. orientation in general depths of 53m with the bridge area at 38m.” She is relatively intact except for her broken bow. Divers confirmed n E-mail [email protected] that the wreck was the Exmouth after discovering pieces of crockery to join The Forum. with the markings “American Export Lines.” n Visit www.theqe2story.com Nearly half of all the Hog Islanders built were sunk during World War II. Their quick construction during World War I using prefabricated parts on a massive scale set the stage for the Liberty and Victory ships of World War II using mass

PowerShips W inter 2018 • 33 Sailing (or Avoiding) ‘‘The Exiles’ Line’’ to India by Laurence Miller • images courtesy of Wolfsonian-FIU Museum, except where noted

ovels such as E. M. Forster’s In the days before air conditioning, the P&O ships, with Passage to India and, more their stone-colored superstructures and black hulls, must have felt recently, the Masterpiece Theatre like ovens during the passage through the Red Sea in summer. presentation of “Indian Summers” Leaving aside the social atmosphere on board, in the on PBS, have brought the British 1930s the seagoing experience became much better. As Noel colonial period to life in vivid color. Coward observed during a post-World War I voyage in the Sometimes the picture painted was Orient, even P&O had “pulled up their socks.” realistic and brutal; at other times The Wolfsonian-FIU museum and research center has a rich it presented in great detail the colorful lives of those who chose collection of promotional materials about these British, French, Nto serve the empire in the British colonial service. Depictions Italian and Dutch colonial liners, some of which we share here. often showed the colonizers’ extremes: motivated by a genuine desire to help the native populations improve their quality of life, or merely bored and insensitive. These positive and negative images have their counterparts in the colonial maritime services of other countries, especially those of the French and Dutch. The weeks spent traveling between the home country and the colony are most often given casual treatment, sometimes deservedly in view of the mundaneness of the experience. Transportation, rather than the sea experience, was primary. Especially on the P&O and Orient Line (which became a subsidiary of P&O after World War I), passengers often found that the social hierarchies also applied on board. This drove many British passengers to lines such as Messageries Maritimes (serving French colonies), Lloyd Triestino and Dutch companies. In Rudyard Kipling’s poem “ The Exiles’ Line” (1890), the poet panned the seagoing experience of P&O. “Twelve knots an hour, be they more or less, Oh slothful mother of much idleness n Orion was the largest Orient liner at Whom neither rivals spur nor contracts speed!” the time and sailed mainly to Australia.

34 • Winter 2018 PowerShips The Colonial Liners Orion Orcades Some of the characters in “Indian Summers” might have The second ship displaying the new decorative idiom was reached their destinations in the brand-new Orion of the Orient Orcades, which in the 1930s set new standards in décor and Line, which featured the work of 32-year-old interior architect accommodation for British colonial liners. The Orcades was Brian O’Rorke from New Zealand. O’Rorke’s work exhibited unfortunately sunk by a German U-boat off South Africa in 1942. an absence of dark wood paneling. Instead, interiors were intended to provide a light and airy atmosphere and good cross- ventilation, with windows that opened on the higher decks. In the three decades that followed, O’Rorke’s work lent a more contemporary atmosphere to Orient liners compared with the more traditional approach favored by P&O.

n (Clockwise from above) Lounge – Orcades (1937). The high ceiling gives a view of the length of B Deck. Orion’s dining salon. Orion’s main stairway. The Dancing Space on Orcades. This innovative and practical space features a deck area enclosed by folding glass doors. The room can be curtained and heated in cold weather, and also serves as a motion picture theatre when desired. It provides good cross ventillation in warmer seas.

PowerShips W inter 2018 • 35 n The Dutch colonial liner Willem Ruys at New York. – Braun Bros. Collection, SSHSA Archives.

willem ruys

Many of the colonial liners, upgraded and equipped with air-conditioning, survived to be used as cruise ships during the 1950s and 1960s. At about the same time, Sir Harold Nicolson, British diplomat, author, diarist and politician, chose a Dutch colonial liner, Willem Ruys, for what was probably the first ocean voyage he had ever taken for pleasure rather than business. Friends had advanced funds to send Nicolson and his wife, writer Vita Sackville-West, on an extended ocean voyage via the Royal Rotterdam Lloyd.

Willem Ruys, which had lain incomplete in the shipyard throughout World War II, was one of the most beautiful and elegant colonial liners ever built. In the shipyard, snipers fought occasional battles with the occupiers around the hull, which was miraculously almost undamaged during this period.

36 • Winter 2018 PowerShips Vctoriai Our British colonial period travelers might have elected to go further afield to choose the Lloyd Triestino’s Victoria – more fashionable and, perhaps, beautiful, than any of the competition. She linked Italy with the Asia, including, of course, stops in India. Unfortunately, she also was a World War II submarine victim while carrying Italian troops to North Africa. But during the 1930s, she was a favorite of many Europeans sailing to the Orient.

The Lighthouse News n (Above and at top) The balcony overlooking the & History Magazine Social Hall aboard Willem Ruys. “Especially in Features: temperate regions what a delight it is to linger on the • Colorful and Vintage balcony, built forward of the superstructure above the Lighthouse Photos. First Class Social Hall. There, high above the water • Stories of Lighthouse Keepers, line, through large plate glass windows and from a Past & Present. beautifully sheltered position, one has a wonderful view • Restoration Projects of the sea losing itself in the far horizon.” Nautical Antiques, Keeper’s Korner, Events Calendar. Subscribe at $5 off our regular rates. Just $29.95!

Request a Free Sample Copy! PO Box 250, East Machias, ME 04630 • (207)259-2121 www.LighthouseDigest.com/sshs

PowerShips W inter 2018 • 37 Fli e x RoUSSELL / arosa sun

The French company Messageries Maritimes sought to reflect its colonial destination in the interiors of its vessels sailing to and from French Indo-China and Japan. The Felix Roussell, dating from 1930, is typical of the ships that maintained the maritime links between France, Indo-China and other destinations in Asia. Like many other vessels in colonial service, the ship had an afterlife as a cruise and transatlantic ship (renamed the Arosa Sun). She carried with her to the last the lovely wooden paneling and Oriental carving seen in the brochure of the Arosa Line. Throughout her days as a transatlantic liner, cruise and emigrant ship, the Arosa Sun retained the interior decorative detail more appropriate to an Indo-Chinese setting while helping to meet the demand for low-cost transportation from Europe to Canada.  n Brochure image from the 1930s of the First Class Lounge aboard the ornate Felix Roussell.

n Brochure for the Arosa Sun, formerly the Felix Roussell, in her afterlife as a transatlantic liner and cruise ship. (Below) Arosa Sun docked in Canada preparing for another voyage to Europe. – Edward O. Clark Collection, SSHSA Archives.

38 • Winter 2018 PowerShips Railway & Locomotive Historical Society n First Class Smoking Room. 1/4 Page Square CMYK SSHSA PowerShips Winter 2016-17

North America’s premier railroad historical society Y&L A OC W O IL M A O

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The exotically decorated staircase to the First Class Dining Room. H

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S N T I • O Y About the Author R T I E Dr. Laurence Milrl e (Larry), SSHSA Board Member, C I A L S OC served as Director of Libraries at Florida International University for 25 years Founded in 1921, R&LHS is the oldest railroad historical society in North America. Our award-winning journal Railroad History before retiring in 2005. A lifelong lover of blends scholarly writing and in-depth book reviews with a vibrant ships and the sea, he concurrently wrote for 128-page format, and is one of the world’s premier publications newspapers, as well as for such publications devoted to the history of technology. Membership also includes the Quarterly Newsletter and offers optional affiliation with any of nine as Cruise Travel, Travel Weekly, and regional Chapters. R&LHS also sponsors annual awards honoring Travel Agent Magazine concerning ocean the best in railroad writing and photography. liners and cruise ships. With Giora Israel R&LHS, Dept PS of Carnival Corporation, he co-wrote Dictionary of the Cruise PO Box 2913, Pflugerville, TX 78691-2913 Industry (1999), published by Seatrade. Sign up securely using MasterCard, Visa, or Discover at rlhs.org

PowerShips W inter 2018 • 39 n This view from the conning tower of German submarine U-123 shows their intended victim in the distance. – German Federal Archives Photo. U-Boats Off New England

40 • Winter 2018 PowerShips 1942by Capt. Eric T. Wiberg, Esq. • 1945

etween January 12, 1942, and May 5, several ships on each patrol and thus win the tonnage war. The 1945, New England sustained a near- protracted Battle of the Atlantic was the longest in history, by continuous assault by U-boats, lasting which Germany aimed to bleed U.S. supplies to a trickle and thus from a few weeks after Adolf Hitler starve their nemeses Great Britain and Russia into submission. declared war on the United States on As we shall see, though their flank was initially insufficiently December 11, 1941, right up to the very protected, the Allies were able to muster adequate defenses and end, when U-853’s brazen commander actually, utilizing air power, go on the offensive against the U-boat attacked and sank the Black Point off Point menace. By then, saboteurs had landed in Amagansett, Long Judith, Rhode Island, within a week of Island, and Frenchman’s Bay, Maine, and 30 ships – merchant and Germany’s capitulation. military alike – had been sent to the bottom. There were 72 German submarine, or U-boat, patrols off Over the years, U-boats patrolled off the New England coast the coast of New England. The area is defined by a line from for about 22 months, coming within sight of Cape Cod, Nantucket, the Maine/Canada border in the Bay of Fundy, southeast past Block Island and the U.S. Yarmouth, Nova Scotia, out several hundred miles into the mainland in Rhode Island Atlantic, and from Montauk Light in the south out to sea. It and Maine. U-123, under doesn’t include the upper reaches of the Bay of Fundy, eastern the indefatigable (and still Nova Scotia, Long Island or Long Island Sound. It does include living) Reinhard Hardegen, the coasts of Rhode Island, Massachusetts, New Hampshire began the offensive on and Maine. There were important U.S. Navy bases in Newport, January 12, 1942. He Rhode Island, and Portsmouth, New Hampshire, (near Kittery, was followed by seven Maine) at the time; a number of U-boats surrendered to the latter other boats that month. port in 1945 after Victory in Europe (VE) Day. In February, only three No Italian or Japanese submarines invaded New England boats arrived as part of waters during this time, but a dozen or so captured French and Operation Pauckenshlag, Italian submarines were used for training from New London and or Drumbeat, followed by nearby Bermuda. Out of the 72 German submarines that patrolled eight in March and April the area, roughly 10 percent of them were sunk during the patrol respectively. Eleven U-boats – U-701, U-215, U-869, U-550, U-866, U-857 and U-853. A further arrived in May and seven n Reinhard Hardegen, commander five of them surrendered, either in Portsmouth U-1228( , U-805, the following month, with of the German submarine U-123, U-873 and U-234) or in Lewes, Delaware (U-858). only three in June. Only began the first wave of attacks off On average, every other submarine managed to sink an Allied U-86 entered in August, the New England coast on January ship, and for every three ships a German submarine was sunk. U-455 in September and two 12, 1942. Shown here after patrol. These were altogether not spectacular results in Germany’s favor, U-boats in November. It was – Uboat.net photo. provided that their objective was for each submarine to sink to be the busiest year of the

PowerShips W inter 2018 • 41 n German submarines U-123 and U-201 departing Lorient, France, on June 8, 1941. – German Fed- eral Archives Photo.

n The Norwegian freighter Berganger was attacked and sunk by the German submarine U-578 in June 1942. – Walter E. Frost Photo, City of Vancouver Archives.

42 • Winter 2018 PowerShips war for attacks, at least until the spring of 1945, when the Germans counter-attacked the region. In 1943, many boats moved to the Caribbean, Africa or the Indian Ocean, and in Black May of that year the Allies finally struck a decisive blow against the wolfpacks, hounding the convoys from Halifax to the United Kingdom. There were two patrols in April 1943, one in May and two in August. In 1944, there were only single patrols for the following months: February, April, May, June, September and November. Then there is a remarkable uptick in attacks for 1945: one in March, three in April and an impressive five inM ay, as Hitler and Grossadmiral Donitz sent all their newest technologies and n Port Nicholson, sunk in June 1942 by German submarine remaining seamen against their enemy, the United States, in a U-87, shown anchored in Athol Bight, Sydney, April 12, 1931. – desperate gambit. They lost, and in 1945 three subs were sunk Australian National Maritime Museum on the Commons photo. off the U.S. coast and five boats surrendered. The overwhelming majority of Allied ships sunk off New same day off Cape Cod (the Port Nicholson has been said to have England in World War II – 26 out of 30 – were sunk during 1942. contained millions in bullion), and the Moldanger to U-404. The This was achieved by 52 U-boat patrols to the region, although following month saw only the Lucille M. sunk by U-89. In 1944, admittedly the objectives of some submarines were the approaches there were two ships sunk: Pan Pennsylvania by U-550, which was to New York, and others simply probed south of Halifax and north quickly avenged by the sinking of the submarine 70 miles south of of Hatteras and Bermuda. In 1943, there were five U-boat patrols Nantucket in April (it was discovered in 2012), and the Cornwallis off New England that accounted for no ships sunk. Six patrols in by U-1230 in December. In 1945, the USS Eagle sank off Maine 1944 resulted in two Allied losses, and nine patrols in 1945 saw in April (the loss, to a mine, was attributed by the Navy to a boiler two ships sunk, one of them the U.S. Navy patrol craft USS PE-56 explosion until recently), and the Black Point off Rhode Island – both (USS Eagle), in the Gulf of Maine. During the period of maximum by U-853, whose commander was hell-bent on risky destruction. effort, in early 1942, when the U.S. military was largely off-balance and focusing on avenging Pearl Harbor in the Pacific, the returns for the Germans were predictably the greatest, and diminished thereafter. The Allies instigated convoys, submarine hunter-killer groups in the mid-Atlantic to cut off floating U-boat tankers. They also had more-efficient decoding and dissemination of decrypted German signals intelligence, a concerted and continuous air presence over the coast, yachts assigned as picket boats, and beefed- up destroyer and blimp patrols, and Coast Guard presence. The Norness was the first ship sunk, south of Rhode Island, on February 14, 1942, by Hardegen in U-123. A week later the Alexandra Hoegh was sent to the bottom by U-130 in roughly the same position. The Thirlby, attacked by U-109, followed two days later. On March 17, U-71 sank the Ranja, and five days later U-373 dispatched the Thursobank. On March 29 U-571 destroyed the Hertford, and April 8 saw U-84 sink the Nemanja. West Imboden succumbed to U-752 on April 21, followed a week later by the Taborf jell at the hands of U-576. In May, seven ships were sunk: the schooner Angelus by U-161, Fort Qu’Appelle by U-135, Skottland, Fort Binger and Plow City within a week of each other by U-588, Zurichmoor and Liverpool Packet by U-432. June of 1942 was a devastating month for the Allies off New England, with a record nine ships attacked and sunk by seven German subs. They were the John A. Poor (U-510), Berganger (U- 578), Mattawin (U-553) and the fishing vessel Ben & Josepine and Malayan Prince by U-432. These depredations were followed by the loss of the Lark to U-107, Cherokee and Port Nicholson by U-87 on the

PowerShips W inter 2018 • 43 n German submarine U-858 is brought to anchor at Cape Henlopen, Delaware, in May 1945, after being surrendered at sea. LCDR Willard D. Michael, Officer in Charge, with a megaphone on her conning tower. – U.S. Navy photo.

44 • Winter 2018 PowerShips His revenge was meted out to him in a determined counter-attack the coverage that New York, Cape Hatteras, the U.S. Gulf and that sent the U-boat to the bottom off Block Island: one of the the Caribbean have received, there is no single book devoted to German sailors was buried with honors in Newport, and the sub’s the battle zone that was New England for three and a half years. propellers rested outside the Inn at Castle Hill for decades. With the help of archives such as those on offer by the SSHSA Since the landing of saboteurs on Long Island and in in Warwick, Rhode Island, continued research will allow these Canada didn’t occur in New England, they’re not germane to dramatic and wrenching stories to be told.  this study, but the November 29, 1944, insertion of an American double-agent and his German colleague are. U-1230 had two sailors row Erich Gimpel (the German) and William Curtis About the Author Colepaugh (the American, an MIT dropout from Niantic, SSHSA Board Member Eric Wiberg Connecticut) ashore in a snowstorm in Frenchman’s Bay. They grew up in Nassau, Bahamas. He completed used German sausages to quiet barking dogs and made their way undergraduate studies at Boston College and to Portland, then Boston and finally New York, where Colepaugh Oxford and holds a JD from Roger Williams betrayed Gimpel. They were each severely sentenced and and a Masters in Marine Affairs from the survived the war. It’s believed that the dirigible K-14, salvaged in University of Rhode Island. He founded Southwest Harbor, Maine, riddled with bullets from a German Echo Yacht Delivery in 1999 and has sailed submarine, was one of their victims, but the U.S. Navy denies a 75,000 nautical miles on over 100 yachts, connection, saying its loss was due to pilot error. most of them as captain. For three years he commercially operated a fleet of 21 tankers and bulkers from Singapore. He spent four years There were numerous instances of exceptional bravery off the harsh, winter-bound coastline of New England during the with TradeWinds, a leading shipping industry news source, and war. One of the picket boats, Zaida, was dismasted and pushed to presently performs business development for McAllister Towing sea off Nantucket, resulting in the largest air-sea rescue mission in New York. A guest speaker, his articles have been published in to date, until the men were located alive off the Virginia Capes over 20 periodicals. His fifth published book, U-Boats in the three weeks and 3,100 miles later. The servicemen of the U.S. Bahamas, is due out this summer. The author of four historical Coast Guard Cutter General Green (WPC 140) came to the rescue blogs, he lives in New York City. of survivors of the ships Polyphemus and Norland (the latter ship’s men having been rescued by the former before the Polyphemus was itself sunk). Not only did the General Greene take the exhausted and cold men (it was May) to Nantucket, but it also transported other survivors to Newport for debriefing and repatriation.T he other vessels involved in saving the men from these two ships were the Portuguese steamers Maria Amelia and Mirandella and the U.S. fishing vessels Hunting-Sanford and the Alpha & Estelle. Overall, the story of Allied ships sunk by double the number of German submarines off New England is a chronicle of hardship on both sides, and courage and fortitude, particularly among those cast into the harsh winter seas. Surprisingly, given

n Survivors from the German submarine U-550, which was sunk after attacking the Pan Pennsylvania on April 16, 1944. The Coast Guard-manned destroyer escort USS Joyce picked up 12 survivors and one body. – U.S. Coast Guard photo.

PowerShips W inter 2018 • 45 Ship Research, Part 2 Shipping Registers & Vessel Documents

by James Shuttleworth In the first article in this series we touched on the basics of vessel research. We’ll cover signal flags, other ship flags and funnel marks in detail in the next installment.

Most registers seem to improve over There are basically two sources of Shipping Registers time. Later editions generally have more registers: 1) hard copies at institutions, uch of what information than earlier editions. In some libraries and in private collections, and 2) most people cases, however, the publishers dropped digitized copies on websites or individual want to important information, only to add it back registers on the internet at sites such as know about in later editions. This is true of both classi- Google Books. If you have access to hard ships can fication and government registers. So keep copies, they may be best to start with, be found that in mind while doing your research. providing you a better feel for registers in shipping While some registers are now online, many rather than those online. Digitized copies, registers or in vessel documents. Registers older registers are still extant only as hard- however, are very handy and can be used provideM ship specifications, but only a very copies – Lloyd’s, The Record, Bureau Veritas wherever you happen to be. To make limited history of a vessel; there’s even less and Det Norse Veritas to name just a few. searching easier, I often use the registers history in vessel documents (you’ll need to Information is straightforward and on Mystic Seaport’s Digital Library search elsewhere for basic ship histories). presented similarly in each register site, even though I may have the hard There are many different registers that except for abbreviations and changes in copies. You’ll find some registers on the you can consult (see sidebars for lists of format. In some Lloyd’s Registers, the col- internet, but not all registers, nor all years. specific registers, including those of other umn titles are in French on one page and Unfortunately, websites come and go, and nations). Knowing which registers to in English on alternating pages. Bureau links change, so you might want to save search first is helpful and saves you time. Veritas is the same. Review the format of those registers that interest you, either by There are two main types of registers. the registers. Look at the table of contents printing them out or copying the files to Privately published classification registers so you don’t miss a section that may list your computer if you can. and government-published registers or your vessel. This is important as well, be- Registers usually list some combina- lists. Other types of registers exist, but cause some foreign vessels may be listed tion of the following specifications: Vessel these two are the most common. in a separate section. name, former names, official number, sig-

46 • Winter 2018 PowerShips nal code letters, dimensions, rig, tonnage, different information for the same vessel. in the next edition of that register. A builder, build location, engine informa- Look at several listings. wrecked or scrapped vessel is not listed tion, seaworthiness classification, last Government registers usually have less in the next edition, and name changes survey date and port and crew compli- information than classification registers. are listed under the new name. Tracing a ment. An abbreviated and limited history Vessels are not rated by their seaworthi- vessel in the registers may reveal when it of a vessel can be obtained from Lloyd’s ness or risk, but they often list vessels not existed or was lost or scrapped. Changes Registers of the 19th century by looking found in the classification registers.T his in ownership may also be discerned. But at where the vessel traveled and ports it is especially true of small vessels and ves- be aware that the vessel may have been visited. Later Lloyd’s Registers don’t include sels that were not insured. For example, sold to a foreign owner or renamed. this information. some Lloyd’s Registers do not include vessels Name changes don’t always occur when Registers include primarily two types: less than 100 tons. However, the 100- sold, but when they do, it adds complexity classification registers (by classification ton minimum is sometimes disregarded. to your search. If your vessel suddenly societies) such as Lloyd’s Register of British Interestingly, some large British liners are disappears from a register, don’t assume and Foreign Shipping (Lloyd’s Register), and not listed in Lloyd’s. Some people consider that it was lost or scrapped. It might have government registers, such as List been sold and renamed. If a register has a of Merchant Vessels of the section for name United States (LMVUS). changes, vessels Other private registers will be listed under have been published but the former name, tend not to last long or be followed by the relied upon. current name. In general, a merchant Always check (commercial) vessel will be for former names. listed in some register. It In some registers, might not be listed if it were former names are never insured, never registered listed with current by any of the organizations names. The word “ex” that produced registers or it or “former” precedes was too small a vessel to be the previous name. registered. Yachts may be listed In the List of Merchant in separate registers, and the Vessels of the United States, names of registers that deal former names appear specifically with yachts are listed as footnotes. In other in the sidebar. n Cover of the Merchant Vessels of the registers, former names Classification registers are for United States, 1934. Front page of John are listed in a separate section. In some insurance and purchase purposes. The Lyman’s Log Chips, Volume One, Number Lloyd’s Registers, former names are under publishers are not normally insurance Eleven, March 1950. “Late Names.” For an 1850s ship, I had companies. They classify vessels as to their to search all the names in the register to sea worthiness and the ship’s ability to safely government registers not as “registers” find the new name.I n that time period, deliver cargos. It’s actually risk information but rather as “lists.” Regardless, they still for an American vessel, the only source used by insurers and potential buyers. offer much useful information – some- available was American Lloyd’s, which Registers published by classification times the only source of that information. listed vessels by rig type. Fortunately, societies have requirements for listing And vessels requiring documentation, it was in the first section I checked – a vessel. Periodically, owners are asked those greater than three to five tons, are “Ships.” The former name was listed to update listings of their vessels with usually listed. Most of the information is with the new name. I looked for vessels of the publisher. If they don’t, then the obtained from official vessel documents. the same age, builder, build location etc. information is often missing, incorrect Occasionally, you’ll see handwritten – things that don’t change or out of date. Some incorrect or dated or stamped notations about a vessel in Compound names can be confusing. Be information, such as rig type, remains in the margins of a register – for example sure you know the correct and full name some registers for several years as a result. “Wrecked,” “Lost” or a name change. of your vessel. Many vessels are named Consider this when conducting your These occur in the register that is current for people. Often, the full name is given, research. Different registers may provide for that time, but usually don’t appear including middle initials. An example is

PowerShips W inter 2018 • 47 the famous American Black Ball Line packet, the Charles H. Marshall. Some ves- sels have two names like the steamer West Himrod. The full name including middle initials is listed in the registers. This can be helpful when distinguishing vessels of similar names. Another thing about com- pound names is that they are listed alpha- betically under the first name. The Charles H. Marshall is listed under “Charles” in the Cs, not under Marshall. Later Lloyd’s have a “Compound Names” section. Generally, vessels are listed alphabeti- cally, but perhaps within a category such as rig, sail or steam. Some of the earlier registers, such as American Lloyd’s Register, listed vessels by rig type: ships, barks, brigs, schooners, steamers etc. In these registers, if you don’t know the rig you’ll need to look in all the categories. Start n A large collection of The Record and List of Merchant Vessels of the United States are with the section for the rig you think your available for research at the SSHSA Ship History Center. vessel had. If steam was auxiliary in the vessel, it may be listed under sail, or steam sailing vessels and later of steamers. country’s registers. You’ll find registers or motor vessel. Many changes of ship Some vessel characteristics can for specific countries in the sidebar, but to bark rig occurred, so you may need change, others can’t. For example, the the list is not comprehensive. Lloyd’s to look in both sections. A change from official number never changes unless Register is common in the United States steam to sail rarely occurred. the vessel is sold to a foreign owner. The and the United Kingdom and may be in If you know when the vessel was built builder, location of build and year of other countries too. Registers such as Det and when it ended life, look at registers build can’t change either. But owners, Norske Veritas (Norwegian), Bureau Veritas covering those time periods. When you masters, tonnage, rig and nationality (European and American), Germanischer start, try the first year after the build date. can and do change. Signal flag letters of Lloyd (German) and other registers are Some registers are July to June rather the International Code of Signals never not as readily available in the United than calendar year. A vessel built in the change, as long as the vessel is extant States as they may be in other countries. latter half of the year won’t show up (unless sold to a foreign owner). There’s Don’t despair if your vessel was sold to a until the following edition of that register. an exception, however. Around the 1920s, foreign owner. There are many foreign Occasionally, vessels don’t show up for radios (wireless) became widely used in websites with pertinent information, several years. vessels. This necessitated a change of some some with translators. If not, Google will Lloyd’s Register, The Record and some signal letters, which became radio call translate for you. others don’t list vessels by rig type, sail or signs, too. For example, SS Bellingham, It’s important to be sure you have the steam, but rather alphabetically by name. ex-West Himrod, became KUDQ, but correct vessel, especially if it’s one of a Various conventions are used to distinguish when built was LVRF. When a vessel common name. Forty-one brigs listed in rig type – usually an abbreviation, or is scrapped or lost, signal letters can be Lloyd’s Register of 1890–91 had the name italics, bolding etc. Consult the key or reeditioned after a long period of time, Evangelistria. In total there were 63 vessels legend for definitions.E arly editions of usually five years or more.B ut this rarely with that same name. There are numer- List of Merchant Vessels of the United States happens. So, signal letters can often ous vessels named Mary in the various list vessels by sail or steam, but gasoline- be used to distinguish one vessel from registers. Be diligent when determining powered vessels are often under the steam another. When a vessel is sold and re- which vessel is yours. category. Motor vessels and government registered in a foreign country, the official The more you know about your vessel vessels had a separate category. In later number and the signal letters change to the more likely you are to be successful at editions this segregation was dropped in that country’s system. finding information about it, and you may favor of an alphabetical listing by name. If you determine that your vessel need to use various sources. Utilize the This was likely due to the decrease in was sold to a foreign owner, search that full vessel name, any name changes, rig,

48 • Winter 2018 PowerShips official number, signal flag letters or num- Maritime Museum Research Center Warren, Rhode Island; New Bedford, bers, tonnage, builder, build location and library and at the Huntington Library. Barnstable, Dighton/Fall River, Plymouth master (master and captain are the same). Likely, other institutions have these refer- and Boston/Charlestown, Massachusetts; If you’re not sure, start anyway. After you ences too. Again, while somewhat out of New Orleans, Louisiana; Penobscot Bay/ become familiar with the vessels, you may date with regard to register locations, the Castine, Passamaquoddy, Saco, Machias determine whether you’ve found the one histories are still accurate. and Bath, Maine; Philadelphia, Pennsyl- you’ve been looking for. The Steamship Historical Society of vania and New York, New York. Hathi Tonnage is a bit complicated, but it America sells duplicate registers, online Trust, https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Re- shouldn’t impede you as long as you and at its Warwick, Rhode Island, Ship cord/000968981, has a number of these recognize the differences in the various History Center. The Friends of the San digitized. Check the internet, or seek types. (“Tonnage” was covered in more Francisco Maritime Library sell duplicate them at a maritime museum, national detail in part one of this series in the registers, WPA registers and enrollment archives, or on the used book market. Fall 2017 edition of PowerShips, so it’s not books, and other maritime references. Following is a non-comprehensive listing necessary to have a full and comprehensive They are available in the Center and via of registers and other references: description here). Just remember to ABE Books at abe.com. American Lloyd’s Register of Shipping. compare the same types of tonnage. A classification register first published in Most often you’ll come across “registered Vessel Documents 1857 as the New York Marine Register (1857– tonnage” or “net tonnage.” Tonnages may Vessel documents are the official U.S. 58). Mystic Seaport has digitized many differ in the registers, even from year to government documents for registering, of these and they are available to search year in the same register. And remember enrolling or licensing a commercial vessel. at their website. San Francisco Maritime that tonnage numbers may be slightly In U.S. Custom House records and docu- Museum Research Center library has a different due to differences in measuring ments, three terms are used that need number of original copies. Published into and calculating. You may come across “old defining. “Registration” (or “registry”) is the 1880s. method,” and “new method.” “Registered for vessels that intend to trade with for- American Lloyd’s Universal Register. tonnage” (formerly “gross registered eign countries. “Enrollment” is a term for A rival of American Lloyd’s Register. tonnage”) is almost always larger than vessels that are in the coastwise trade (not “net tonnage.” Lastly, small differences foreign). “License” is for vessels under 20 in tonnages given may exist for the same tons. Vessel documents give specifications, vessel, for the reasons given above. owner’s names, official tonnage, and in It’s difficult to list all the changes some cases masters, builder and build lo- that have occurred in registers over time. cation. The U.S. National Archives is the So format and specifics may differ in repository of vessel documents for vintage some registers from what’s listed here. But American vessels. The U.S. Coast Guard the basics are the same. maintains records and documents for If you want to know more about the active vessels. Other countries may have history of the various classification societ- different conventions, and their archives ies that produce registers, read “Classifi- may go by different names. cation Society Registers from the Point of While not actually registers or View of the Marine Historian” by E.K. documents, the U.S. Work Projects Haviland, in the January 1970 edition of Administration (WPA) transcriptions of American Neptune. While it’s 47 plus years Custom House records, done during the old and out of date as to where you can period before World War II, are useful find registers, it has very good histories of also. Unfortunately, they were not done the classification societies such as Lloyd’s for many ports. Because of the start of Register, American Bureau of Shipping (ABS) the war, the projects were stopped, and and Bureau Veritas. Another very good some that were finished, or significantly source for histories and registers is John completed, were even destroyed. Use Lyman’s Log Chips, Volume 1, Numbers 7, them if appropriate to your search; they 9, 10 and 11. Number 11 can be down- provide valuable information. A partial loaded at the Nautical Research Guild’s listing of ports covered includes: Eureka, website for $2.50. All of Lyman’s Log California; Portland and Marshfield, Or- Chips are available at the San Francisco egon; Providence, Newport and Bristol/

PowerShips W inter 2018 • 49 Absorbed by American Bureau of Shipping (ABS) in 1884. It is often misidentified as American Lloyd’s Register of Shipping. Annual List of Merchant Vessels of the United States (LMVUS). First published in 1868 by various U.S. government agencies. The first edition was the “Preliminary List.” Around 1925 it became simply Merchant Vessels of the United States. It includes yachts. The Steamship Historical Society of America Ship History Center, the San Francisco n The alphabetical lists of merchant vessels from The Record contain essential ship data. Maritime Museum Research Center library, the Mariners’ Museum and the the U.S. Pacific Coast and Hawaii. Although List of Shipping – Being a List of Huntington Library have extensive, but published by an insurance company, it does Vessels on the Registry Books of the incomplete runs. not classify vessels. San Francisco Maritime Dominion of Canada. British Code List. Not a shipping Museum Research Center library has a Lloyd’s Register of American Yachts. register. Lists British signal code letters good run of these registers – 1907 through Lloyd’s Register of British and and official numbers alphabetically 1930s editions are known. Foreign Shipping (Lloyd’s Register). by signal letter and by vessel name. Germanischer Lloyd (German vessels). Best known register, but not the only Sometime between 1904 and 1916 it A classification register first published in one. A classification register, it has been became Signal Letters of British Ships. It was 1868. Merged with DNV in 2013. See Det published since 1764 under several published as a separate supplement to Norske Veritas above. names. Until 1834, it was published by the International Code of Signals. Useful in Great Lakes Register (United States two rival organizations that merged into distinguishing between vessels of similar and Canada). Published by Bureau Veritas. Lloyd’s Register. See www.lrfoundation. names or to identify an unnamed vessel. Johnson’s Marine Manual. Various org.uk, www.hathitrust.org and www. Bureau Veritas. A classification name changes over time. Editions known maritimearchives.co.uk. Some foreign register dating from 1828. A few are as early as 1915 through at least 1954. vessels also. Reprints of early editions available at the San Francisco Maritime Mostly steam and motor ships/motor are available on the second-hand book Museum Research Center library and the vessels. Only basic information. market. The Steamship Historical Society Mariners’ Museum. Lijst van de schepen varende onder of America Ship History Center, the San Det Norske Veritas (DNV) (Norwegian Nederlandse vlag, thuisbehorende in Francisco Maritime Museum Research and Scandinavian vessels). Merged with Nederland (List of Ships Sailing Under the Center library and the Peabody Essex Germanischer Lloyd in 2013. Today it is DNV Flag of the Netherlands). Dutch register. Museum have large runs of this register. GL (https://www.dnvgl.com/). Some are The U.S. Library of Congress has an Lloyd’s Register of Yachts. British available at the San Francisco Maritime incomplete set from 1870 to 1971. and some foreign yachts. Museum Research Center library. List of Merchant Vessels of Japan. Manning’s Yacht Register. American Fireman’s Fund Register. For vessels of Found at the U.S. Library of Congress. yachts for the most part, covers the late 19th/early 20th centuries. Mercantile Navy List (MNL) was first published in 1847 by the British Board of Trade (British government). Later it was a supplement to the Commercial Code of Signals, which became the International Code of Signals. It lists all British registered vessels, greater than 3 tons, including some large vessels not found in Lloyd’s Register. In some editions, American and other foreign vessels are listed in a separate section, but without much data. Somewhat rare, but a very useful register for British vessels that is overshadowed by Lloyd’s Register. See

50 • Winter 2018 PowerShips www.maritimearchives.co.uk. Mariner’s Merchant Sail by William Fairburn. Steamship Historical Society of America Museum and the Peabody Essex Museum Not a register. Six volumes, sail only, Ship History Center has a handful. have significant runs of this register. reprints available. Turnbull Shipping Register (British). New York Marine Register. Former Merchant Steam Vessels of the Known publication in 1884. name of American Lloyd’s Register of United States 1790–1868. The Lytle- War Ships of the World. 1892 (10th Shipping. Mystic Seaport has digitized Holdcamper List, 1975. Updated version revised issue). the 1857 and 1858 editions, which are of the Lytle List. Not a register. Available new Work Projects Administration (WPA) available at its website, mysticseaport.org. from Steamship Historical Society of America. Registers and Enrollments. Technically not Nippon Kaiji Kyokai. Japanese vessels. Merchant Vessels of the United shipping registers, but contain transcribed Started in 1899. States, 20 Tons and Upward. 1847. registration, enrollment, and licensing Registro Italiano Navale (RINA). Rodgers and Black. Minimal data. Early information from U.S. Custom House Italian vessels. Started in 1862. attempt as a register. Records. Titles vary by port. Partial list of Seagoing Vessels of the United States. Merchant Vessels of the United ports in the section “Vessel Documents.” Not a register, rather a supplement States, 150 Tons and Upward, 1846– Many institutions, libraries, colleges to LMVUS. Part of some editions of 1854. Henry J. Rodgers. Minimal data. and maritime museums have runs of LMVUS. Former name was Code List of Early attempt as a register. registers. You’ll find that some registers Merchant Vessels of the United States (1895– North of England Maritime not online are available at the following 1900). Lists U.S. signal code letters and Directory & Shipping Register, 1848. places. At the Hahti Trust website, there official numbers, both alphabetically by Download at Google Books: https://goo. is a feature that tells you where certain signal letters and by vessel name. Similar gl/9a1UyT. registers are located, and you may also to the British Code List. Signal codes are Register of Tank Vessels. Standard want to try World Cat (www.worldcat. useful in distinguishing between vessels of Shipping Company (Standard Oil). org). Staff at the various museums and similar names and identifying vessels. Begins in 1930s. institutions can be helpful too. Signal Letters of British Ships. See ShipIndex.org. A website that shows American Bureau of Shipping, British Code List above. where to look for information for specific Houston, TX. The Record of American and Foreign vessels. Free service lists 153,000 vessels. Australian National Maritime Shipping (The Record) is a classification Paid subscription service lists over three Museum, Sydney. register. It is the equivalent to Lloyd’s million vessels. California State University, Register for American vessels. It was first Shipping Wonders of the World. Edited Fullerton Library, Fullerton, CA. published in 1867 by the American by Clarence Winchester. Not a register. Huntington Library and Botanical Shipmaster’s Association, which became Volumes 1 and 2, 1936–37. Also available Gardens, San Marino, CA. Several the American Bureau of Shipping (ABS), as individual magazines. hundred registers. Restricted usage. Call still in existence today. Early editions are Tanker & Bulk Carrier World first (626) 405-2100. available in the Mystic Seaport Digital Directory. The U.S. Library of Congress Library of Congress, Washington, Library (mysticseaport.org) and large runs has several years’ worth. DC. (201) 707-8000. www.loc.gov/rr/ are available at other institutions such as the Tanker Register. H. Clarkson and business/ships/registers.html. Steamship Historical Society of America Co. Ltd. London. The U.S. Library Lloyd’s Register Foundation, Ship History Center, Mariners’ Museum, of Congress has several years’ worth. London, England. Some registers online. San Francisco Maritime Museum Research Center library and the Huntington Library. O ther registers and references: Bulk Carrier Register. The U.S. Library of Congress has several years’ worth. Christie’s Shipping Register 1858. Some British ports. Download at Google Books: https://goo.gl/QzU63W. Gas Carrier Register. Previous title was Liquid Gas Carrier Register. The U.S. Library of Congress has several years’ worth.

PowerShips W inter 2018 • 51 Los Angeles Maritime Museum Library, San Pedro, CA. Call first (310) 548-7618. Library temporarily closed. Maine Maritime Museum Library, Bath, ME. (207) 443-1316. Mariners’ Museum Library, Newport News, VA. Has a large run of various registers. Call first (757) 596-2222. Library may be temporarily closed. Maritime Museum of San Diego Library, San Diego, CA. (619) 234-9153. Maritime Museum of Western Australia. Mystic Seaport Library, Mystic, CT. (888) 973-2767. (http://library. mysticseaport.org). National Maritime Museum Library, n SSHSA’s Ship History Center in Warwick, Rhode Island contains a plethora of reference resources. Greenwich, England. Power Ships New York (City) Public Library, New San Francisco Maritime Museum documents, registers etc. should be (2.25 x 4.75 inches) 1/6York, page N Y. Research Center library, San Francisco, verified.I ncorrect information often gets Peabody Essex Museum Library, CA. (415) 561-7040. Has several hundred repeated over and over on the internet. Salem, MA. Large run of registers. (866) registers. Request information via phone, https://research.mysticseaport.org/ 745-1876. email, or writing. has some early American registers online, Penobscot Maritime Museum Library, Steamship Historical Society of including the New York Marine Register, Searsport, ME. (207) 548-2529. America, Ship History Center, American Lloyd’s, and The Record. Warwick, R.I. (401) 463-3570. Large run http://museum.wa.gov.au has some The Glencannon of Lloyd’s Register, The Record and Annual List registers online. of Merchant Vessels of the United States. www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/AMH/ Press Internet websites may be useful, USMM/Annual _ List/ has some List of Maritime Books but come and go more than you might Merchant Vessels of the United States online. G think. If they move, your link to them http://www.lrfoundation.org.uk/ P may be lost. Save useful site’s registers to public _ education/reference-library/ your computer under a separate file for register-of-ships-online/ has some NEW! registers, and include a backup. This way Lloyd’s Registers online. Blue Water Beat: the they are on your computer for normal use www.mariners-l.co.uk has register tWo lives of the Battle- and portable when you change computers details, plus other useful information. or when you travel. www.maritimearchives.co.uk/ has ship uss California The following are useful websites for useful information. This 2nd edition brings the registers. You’ll find additional useful sites www.hathitrust.org has some shipping history of USS California when doing internet searches. Information registers and WPA records online as well into the 21st century. New from websites, from other than official as sources of registers.  photos, up to date informa- tion. Hardcover, 8½x11, 320 About the Author pp. 140+ photos. $44.95 + $5 Jim Shuttleworth is a retired geologist and army officer. He served shipping. as a member of the SSHSA Board of Directors and the Editorial Planning Committee of PowerShips. He also served as the president of the Southern Free Catalog California Chapter of SSHSA. He has a strong interest in maritime history 1-510-455-9027 and maritime art, and has collected maritime paintings, prints, signal flag Online catalog at systems and house flags books that he enjoys studying. www.glencannon.com

52 • Winter 2018 PowerShips Regionals Shipping News from Points Around the Compass

Bahamas Paradise Adds Ship he Costa neoClassica a) Costa TClassica will leave the Costa Cruises fleet inM arch 2018. Built in 1991 and the company’s oldest ship, she will join Grand Celebration a) Celebration b) Grand Celebration c) Costa Celebration at Palm Beach, Florida, in April 2018 as Bahamas Paradise Cruise Line’s neoClassica. The pair will alternate n Costa Classica in Venice, May 2012. (See “Bahamas Paradise Adds Ship”) – Tony Hisgett photo. sailings on daily two-day cruises to Freeport in the Bahamas. This latest 135,000-grt ship will at Vigo, Spain, at a cost of $200 million In a related move, Costa Crocieri be built at the same shipyard and each. The yard said the order was firm confirmed that its Costa Victoria will leave launched the year in between the two for one ship, with a 30-month timeline the Chinese market and return to Europe previously announced vessels. All three and delivery in late 2019. The order also with Balearic Islands voyages starting are designed to be powered by liquefied has two options, according to the yard. in late March 2018. The ship will take natural gas and have around 1,250 over the itinerary of Costa neoRiviera a) cabins, carrying upwards of 2,500 New Ship for Mystic Cruises Costa Riviera, with this ship assuming the passengers, which is slightly more than ystic Cruises has confirmed neoClassica’s current program. the newest Disney cruise ships, Disney Mconstruction of a vessel designed Before returning to operate in the Dream and Disney Fantasy, launched in by Italian naval architect Giuseppe Mediterranean, the Costa Victoria will 2011 and 2012. Tringali is already underway at drydock at Chantier Naval de Marseille. MSC was expected to convert its the WestSea Shipyard in northern The Costa Victoria will offer a week- option for a third Seaside-class ship into a Portugal, with completion expected in long program with port calls in Savona, firm order by the end of September. October 2018. Olbia, Minorca, Ibiza (overnight), Palma To be named World Explorer, it will de Mallorca and Tarragona (overnight). L uxury Cruise accommodate 200 passengers served Yachts Planned by 111 international crew members. I ncreased Orders new cruise line hopes to begin The 9,300-ton ship will have an isney has upsized its latest order A operations in 2019. The Ritz operating cruise speed of 16 knots and Dfrom two ships to three, revealing Carlton hotel chain plans to build three a strengthened hull and propellers for that another new ship is set to debut 24,000-grt luxury vessels as part of its traversing ice. The vessel will be 126 in 2022. The move follows last year’s new Yacht Collection. The 623-foot meters in length with a width of 19 announcement that the cruise line would vessels will carry 298 passengers and meters and a draft of 4.8 meters. build two ships at the Meyer Werft operate initially on the United States Quark Expeditions will operate World shipyard in Germany with scheduled East Coast and the Great Lakes. The Explorer on 10 charter cruises for the 2018– completion dates of 2021 and 2023. trio will be built by Barreras Shipyard 19 Antarctica season. During the rest

PowerShips W inter 2018 • 53 of the year, the ship will visit small and maximize space. The Aquitania, distinct ports around the world that are Berengaria, Mauretania and Laconia Victory Acquires Sister Ship normally not accessible to larger cruise Suites will have similar square footage to ictory Cruise Lines is expanding ships. The Explorer will be marketed those on Queen Elizabeth at approximately Vservice with the addition of Victory worldwide by Germany’s Nicko Cruises. 1,436 square feet. II a) Cape Cod Light b) Sea Discoverer, the Mystic Cruises belongs to the holding A new aft section was pre-manufactured 202-passenger sister of Victory I a) Cape company Mystic Invest, which also owns and lowered onto the old aft sections of May Light b) Coastal Queen 2 c) Clipper river brand DouroAzul and Nicko Cruises. the ship and welded into place. The ship’s Voyager d) Sea Voyager e) Saint Laurent. gross tonnage increased from 90,049 grt The 5,000-grt Victory II will be A ntarctica XXI Orders to 90,746 grt. upgraded to the standards of Victory I and Expedition Ship Five new Penthouse Suites were sail its inaugural voyage from Gloucester, ntarctica XXI has ordered a new added on Deck 8 aft and feature floor- Massachusetts, on May 20, 2018. The APolar Class 6 ice-class ship, Magellan to-ceiling windows, defined living and refurbishment was scheduled to take Explorer, for its polar expedition fleet. The sleeping spaces and bathrooms with place in Europe this past fall. line’s new 50-cabin ship will be delivered natural light. The ship now carries 2,081 Victory II will begin service with for the 2019/20 season. It will feature instead of the original 1,988. a series of seven-night Canada/ five cabin categories ranging in size New England cruises. The open- from 220 to 440 square feet, including Quark Upgrades jaw itineraries between Gloucester dedicated single cabins and 16 adjoining Ocean Adventurer and Halifax, Nova Scotia, include cabins. Forty-two of the cabins will have he Ocean Adventurer a) Alla Provincetown on Cape Cod, a balcony. TTarasova b) Clipper Adventurer c) Sea Massachusetts; Newport, Rhode Island; The ship will also feature a large Adventurer was upgraded at Ulstein Verft Plymouth, Massachusetts; Martha’s forward-facing observation lounge, a main in Norway in time for her summer season Vineyard off the coast of Cape Cod; dining room, a protected outdoor barbecue in the Arctic with Quark Expeditions. All Portland and Bar Harbor, Maine; and area, a gym and sauna, a gift shop and main equipment and engines have been Lunenburg, Nova Scotia; with scenic two meeting rooms. Adventure activities, replaced, and the accommodation capacity cruising in the Cape Cod Canal. such as kayaking and snowshoeing, will be has been increased. The work included In addition to the New England available to passengers. engineering by Ulstein. The vessel is owned cruises, Victory II will feature several The vessel’s capacity will be limited by Adventurer Partners Ltd. 10-night voyages on the St. Lawrence to 70 guests for each Antarctic cruise Quark Expeditions said that “the new Seaway and Canadian Maritimes with departure. Ocean Adventurer is designed to carry 132 calls at Montréal; whale watching in passengers to the most remote corners of the Saguenay Fjord, Québec City; Ship Upgrades the world. Originally built in Yugoslavia in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island; unard conducted a $42-million 1976, this ice-strengthened ship underwent and Halifax, Niagara Falls, Cleveland Crefurbishment of Queen Victoria at refurbishments in 1999 and 2002.” and Detroit. Fincantieri’s Palermo shipyard between May 5 and June 4. New to Queen Victoria is Britannia Club Dining, with the addition of an intimate restaurant and 43 Britannia Club staterooms on Decks 7 and 8. The refreshed staterooms feature newly- designed carpets and soft furnishings, new flat screenT Vs, as well as tea and coffee facilities. The Britannia Club restaurant offers guests the flexibility to dine when they choose. In addition, the ship’s Grand Suites and Deck 8 aft Penthouse Suites were completely redesigned, and a new Chart Room bar was introduced. The Cunard Grand Suites were n Britannia Club Dining is new to the Queen Victoria. (See “Ship Upgrades”) – Cunard photo. redesigned and reconfigured to

54 • Winter 2018 PowerShips C hristenings creen icon Sophia Loren christened SMSC Cruises’ newest and biggest ship, MSC Meraviglia, in a glittering ceremony in Le Havre, France, on June 3. The 5,714-passenger ship is the biggest ship to launch this year and becomes the flagship of the line, taking the MSC fleet to 13. It will be followed by the launch of MSC Seaside at Miami in December. C asualties ariety Cruises canceled its Vsummer 2017 Iceland program on the n Victory II. (See “Victory Acquires Sister Ship”) – Victory Cruise Lines photo. 34-passenger Callisto because of damage to the ship that occurred during a grounding Thomson is not offering winter 2017–18 incident while it refueled. The 213-ft yacht C asino Ship News sailings onboard Thomson Spirit, revealing was repositioning from Panama to Iceland he casino ship Rex Fortune a) that it has only been granted a charter when the incident occurred in preparation TGolden Odyssey b) Astra II c) Omar II d) extension for the 2018 summer season. for the June to September season. Macau Success was withdrawn from service The ship will mark its final voyage as After damage assessment in Panama, in May and is now for sale. “Australasian part of the Thomson fleet on October it became apparent that with the time interests” are said to be considering 21, 2018, with a Continental Coasts required to manufacture, transport and buying the ship and returning it to cruise sailing in the western Mediterranean. fit the replacement stabilizers, complete service as the Southern Star. The ship joined Thomson Cruises’ fleet repairs and tests, and position from Additionally, the China Star a) Radisson in May 2003 after being chartered from Panama to Iceland, the company had no Diamond b) Omar Star c) Asia Star has Celestyal Cruises. option but to cancel the program. been taken out of service and is now also Laid up at Helsingborg, Sweden, for Built in 2006, Callisto will resume laid up awaiting sale. The Metropolis a) the last year and a half, Ocean Atlantic a) sailing with its 2017–18 Panama and Shiretoko Maru b) N. Kazantzakis c) Ming Fai Konstantin Chernenko b) Russ c) SC Atlantic Costa Rica winter program. The ship Princess is also laid up. has been reactivated. Following an April will offer a series of seven-night itineraries The only remaining active casino ships refit at Gdansk, it is now operating under from Panama City through April 7, 2018, are the Starry Metropolis a) Kareliya b) Leonid charter to Quark Expeditions. before repositioning to Eastern Europe. Breznev c) Kareliya d) Olvia e) Neptune, and Oriental Dragon a) Sun Viking b) SuperStar Sagittarius c) Hyundai Pongnae d) Pongnae e) Omar III f) Long Jie. C harters homson Cruises has revealed that Tits Thomson Spirit a) Nieuw Amsterdam b) Patriot c) Nieuw Amsterdam will remain with the cruise line until November 2018 and will offer a series of summer sailings. The 1,254-passenger ship, which was due to leave the fleet to rejoin Celestyal Cruises in November 2017, will instead offer five different seven-night western Mediterranean itineraries out of Palma n The cruise ship Thomson Spirit moored at Dubrovnik on October 13, 2010. (See “Charters”) (April 2018) and Malaga (April to – Ian Boyle photo. October 2018).

PowerShips W inter 2018 • 55 Five crew members of the ice breaker between August 26 and August 31 were Polar Star a) Njord have arrived home after canceled. The ships were originally being abandoned in the Canary Islands. scheduled to dock at the Texas port and The Russian and Lithuanian seafarers had to find different ports to disembark were part of a crew that joined the ship the reported 20,000 passengers stranded during May and June in Las Palmas, Spain. on board. They had been employed to start repair Carnival rerouted all three of its work and then sail the vessel to Klaipeda, ships to New Orleans, where passengers Lithuania. Instead, they were caught in a were allowed to disembark and make conflict between the Astican shipyard and independent arrangements for travel P hilly Shipyard News the Chinati Management Corporation, home. Passengers also had the option to n July, Philly Shipyard Inc. a London-based investment group that’s stay onboard for the return to Galveston Iannounced that it had signed a letter buying the ship from its Canadian owner, with reportedly half remaining. of intent with a blue chip, U.S.-flagged 3264741 Nova Scotia Limited. Galveston finally reopened late on cargo ship firm to build up to four cost- Repairs stopped because necessary September 1, allowing Carnival Freedom efficient and environmentally friendly parts failed to materialize, the crew’s and Carnival Valor to dock and disembark containerships. The target delivery dates access to food and other supplies was stranded passengers. Embarkation for the are 2020 and 2021. It’s envisioned that restricted, they were unable to leave the Freedom’s September 2 voyage took place the initial order will be for two 3,700- ship, and access to the vessel was limited. the next day. The Valor’s September 4 TEU containerships with options for an Despite several assurances that the men sailing also sailed on schedule. additional two. The intended trade route would receive their July wages, given Carnival Breeze arrived late on for the newbuilds will be from the U.S. by Chinati Management Corporation, September 2 to disembark passengers, West Coast to Hawaii. The shipping nothing materialized and some crew but embarkation for the September 3 company name was not disclosed. members decided to give up and go home. sailing took place as scheduled. On July 27, Philly Shipyard delivered Five were determined to remain on board Royal Caribbean’s Liberty of the Seas the American Liberty. It’s the third of four while the ITF negotiated with the owner returned to Galveston on September 1 next-generation 50,000-dwt product on their behalf. On August 24 the owner and has resumed service. tankers for Kinder Morgan, a subsidiary agreed to repatriate the five, and on of American Petroleum Tankers. August 29 the seafarers finally flew home. The Polar Star was used for Polar P ort of Philadelphia News expeditions and was abandoned at the n June 27, the motor vessel Astican Shipyard in Las Palmas with OGlovis Comet docked at Philadelphia’s unpaid repair bills reaching $1.6 million Pier 122 with a cargo of 2,176 Hyundai in 2011. n Disney Fantasy. – Chris Gent photo. and Kia autos. This was the first time 7107 Islands Cruise a) Vicente Puchol Less than a week later, Florida- in 20 years that a ship berthed at this b) Arcadia c) Angelina Lauro d) Arcadia e) based cruise lines were also forced pier. The port’s reactivation provides the Caribic Star f) Coco Explorer 2 remains to abort travel to destinations in the Delaware River port city with a second under arrest at Manila due to an eastern Caribbean with the approach location for imports and exports of ongoing dispute with the Philippines tax of Hurricane Irma. As a result, cruises vehicles and ro-ro cargo. department. Because owner Esteban C. by Empress of the Seas, Majesty of the Seas, Tajanlangit Sr. died several years ago, Norwegian Sky, Norwegian Escape, Carnival South Jersey Port News this dispute leaves the ship abandoned. Liberty, Carnival Victory, Disney Fantasy, t took over 50 years, but the Disney Dream and Celebration were IPaulsboro Marine Terminal finally H urricanes Disrupt Cruises canceled. Thirteen other Florida-based became a reality. The first ship to dock ropical Storm Harvey, a category cruise ships sailed on altered itineraries, there on March 2 was the Doric Warrior, T4 hurricane, closed the Galveston substituting eastern Caribbean itineraries which carried 55,000 tons of steel slabs. cruise port and Houston airports on for those in the western Caribbean.  The slabs were subsequently loaded onto August 25, forcing Royal Caribbean rail cars destined for mills in western to divert Liberty of the Seas to Miami, Pennsylvania and Indiana. The port n Write Peter T. Eisele at and causing Carnival to cancel several facilities consist of 190 acres situated 74 Chatham Street, Chatham, NJ 07928 cruises. All sailings scheduled for Carnival across the river from Philadelphia or [email protected] Valor, Carnival Freedom and Carnival Breeze International Airport. There are

56 • Winter 2018 PowerShips completed the Board of Inspection and Survey trials. The INSURV inspection consists of what are known as acceptance trials, which serve to ensure that the construction is sound and lives up to the requirements and standards of the U.S. Navy. Washington brilliantly passed with a score of 96 out of 100, giving her the distinction of having scored the highest of any new Virginia-class construction. Washington falls into the Block III group of boats in the Virginia class (another example previously covered in this column is USS John Warner). These submarines “feature a redesigned bow, which replaces n Doric Warrior at Port of Amsterdam, 2012. (See “South Jersey Port News”) – Alfvan Beem photo. 12 individual launch tubes with two large-diameter Virginia Payload Tubes, approximately 21,000 feet of rail track and is 32 feet wide with a hull depth of 13 feet. each capable of launching six Tomahawk an 850-foot-long berth with plans for two She’s similar to the last 12 tugs built for cruise missiles.” Once Washington is additional berths. Spanning the Mantua Vane Brothers by Chesapeake Shipbuilding commissioned she’ll conduct the following Creek is a $23 million bridge providing in Salisbury. This latest addition takes her duties in both coastal and deep waters: access to the waterfront from Interstate name from a location on Maryland’s famed anti-submarine warfare, anti-surface ship 295. Additional good news is that this port Eastern Shore. In August 2016, the firm warfare, strike warfare, special operation facility now accounts for 100 jobs. added the new tug Fort McHenry, and was forces support, intelligence surveillance expected to add another new tugboat, the and reconnaissance, irregular warfare and P ort of Baltimore News Cape May, late last year. mine warfare missions. he American-flagged MV Liberty Carnival Cruise Line has announced Thad its maiden arrival at the port that it will increase sailings from Baltimore of Baltimore in February. The Liberty to the southern Caribbean as part of its is the eighth vessel of this type to join Carnival Journeys program. This is in the American Roll-on Roll-off Carrier addition to the already scheduled 9- to 15- (ARC) fleet. day Carnival Journeys cruises in 2017 and On January 31, 2017, the U.S. Coast 2018. All of these will be on the Carnival Guard re-flagged the formerM V Topeka Pride and will call at ports such as Antigua, to the American registry and renamed Dominica, Grand Turk, Grenada, San n The U.S. Navy Virginia-class attack her; the name Liberty follows her owner’s Juan, St. Maarten and St. Thomas. submarine USS Washington (SSN-787) practice of naming its ships after American is moored pierside at Naval Station Norfolk, “values.” Fleet mates include the Endurance, Virginia-Class Submarine Virginia, in preparation for its commissioning Freedom, Honor, Independence II, Integrity, USS Washington Delivered ceremony, October 7, 2017. – U.S. Navy photo Resolve and Patriot. Its owners are planning he Maritime Executive reported by Mass Communication Specialist 3rd Class a naming ceremony for June in Charleston. Tthat the future USS Washington (SSN- Joshua M. Tolbert. ARC notes that the Liberty is among the 787), the 14th submarine of the Virginia Washington is the first submarine most capable and militarily useful vessels in class, was delivered to the U.S. Navy on named for Washington State, yet she’s the the American-flagged fleet. She is able to May 26. Construction began on the vessel third U.S. Navy ship to bear the name. carry tracked vehicles, helicopters, trucks in September 2011 at Newport News The first ship to honor the state was ACR- and other military- and commercial-heavy Shipbuilding in Virginia, and the ship will 11 (armored cruiser) which served under project cargoes. be commissioned later this year in Norfolk, that name from around 1904 to 1916. Vane Brothers has recently taken Virginia. The sponsor is Elisabeth Mabus, The second was BB-56 (battleship) which delivery of the 3,000-hp tug Fishing Creek, daughter of former Secretary of the Navy was commissioned in 1940 and, after an the 13th Maryland-built tugboat to join the Ray Mabus, who served in that capacity admirable career in World War II, was company’s fleet in the last 10 years.T he from May 2009 to January 2017. decommissioned in 1947. Fishing Creek measures 94 feet in length and Shortly before her delivery, the vessel The vessel’s crest features the

PowerShips W inter 2018 • 57 submarine in the forefront fiercely crashing through the water, but in the shape of the Evergreen State. It also embodies many of the characteristics that the state is known for while also subtly paying homage to the two ships that previously honored the 42nd state. Additionally, the crest’s design includes the namesake of the state, featuring a silhouette of George Washington between SSN-787. New Ferry for Hampton Roads Transit ampton Roads Transit welcomed Hits new passenger ferry, the aptly n The christening of Elizabeth River Ferry IV on July 14, 2017, in Norfolk, Virginia. – named Elizabeth River Ferry IV, on July 14 at Hampton Roads Transit. Norfolk’s Waterside Ferry Dock. The new ferry is the first of three to replace HRT’s much of the increased ridership of the ferry 5:30 p.m. near the Cape Fear River Inlet current fleet, which has been growing service is due in part to the good weather Buoy 11. A 29-ft Coast Guard response increasingly expensive to maintain due to in the region, along with the opening of the boat out of Oak Island picked up the advancing age. The eldest of the current Waterside District in Norfolk. message from the North Carolina Marine fleet is James C. Echols, built in 1982, Those interested in taking a ride on Patrol and reached the location less than followed by Elizabeth River Ferry II and the new ferry can visit the HRT website 15 minutes later to find the mother and Elizabeth River Ferry III, built in 1986 and at https://gohrt.com/. daughter on the personal water craft of a 1990 respectively. The construction of the member of the Baldhead Island Ocean new ferries is part of a $7 million grant that C oast Guard Rescue Rescue team. As the PWC was being will not only replace the existing vessels but off North Carolina escorted back to shore by the Coast will also be used to upgrade ferry docks. ummertime is a usually carefree Guard unit, the craft was hit with large According to an article published Stime of year, but sometimes the fun waves that caused the rescued mother and by MarineLink.com, Elizabeth River Ferry IV is interrupted by accidents that require daughter, as well as the PWC’s operator, was designed by BMT and constructed assistance from U.S. Coast Guard units. to be tossed into the water. The Coast by Armstrong Marine in North Carolina. On June 28, watchstanders at the Coast Guard crew retrieved the mother and The aluminum ferry measures 78 feet, Guard Sector North Carolina Command daughter and took them aboard their is powered by twin Volvo D13-400 Tier Center in Wilmington responded to an boat. The PWC rescue member was III-compliant engines, spinning 36-inch emergency call at around 8 p.m. for a 22-ft helped back on to his craft as well. At propellers via Twin Disc reduction gears boat with four adults and one child on around 5:50 p.m. both the Coast Guard and has a passenger capacity of 149. Other board that had capsized off Wrightsville vessel and the PWC arrived at Bald Head improvements include electronic controls Beach, North Carolina, in Masonboro Island Marina and were met by EMTs. and navigation, greater fuel efficiency, Inlet. It was reported that all five people Thankfully, no one was injured in accessibility features and a more efficient were wearing life jackets and clinging to the either of these instances. The Coast two-ramp configuration.T he older ferries capsized vessel. Within 10 minutes, a rescue Guard rescuers/responders were were equipped with only one ramp, boat departed from Coast Guard Station applauded for their response time. In which tended to make the embarkation/ Wrightsville Beach, and by 8:20 p.m. the regard to the latter incident, Petty Officer disembarkation process problematic at rescue team had removed all five people 3rd Class Holden Green reminded times. The design improvements have also from the water and transported them back beachgoers to be mindful of riptides made the new ferries more accessible for to land with no injuries reported. when swimming in the ocean.  those with disabilities. On July 15, a mother and her 10-year- The christening of the new ferry could old daughter were rescued after being n Write John Fostik (PA, NJ, DE, not have come at a better time for the transit dragged out by a riptide in the area MD) at [email protected] service, which celebrated its 15 millionth around Bald Head Beach and Oak or Julia Winters (DC, VA, NC, SC) passenger during the summer. HRT’s CEO Island, North Carolina. The mother and at [email protected] and president William Harrell noted that daughter were reported missing around

58 • Winter 2018 PowerShips New York Harbor ega yacht after mega yacht has Manchored in front of the Statue of Liberty recently, causing disruption of views of Miss Liberty and hazards to n Mega yacht anchored by the Statue of Liberty. (See “New York Harbor”) – G. Justin navigation for passing sightseeing vessels. Zizes, Jr., photo. U.S. Coast Guard Sector New York is monitoring the situation and might seek spent over $4.7 billion in upgrades for the delivered by Weeks to the Department some type of restriction. bridge raising, dredging and rail upgrades. of Sanitation’s new 96th Street transfer A $15 million Brooklyn Pier renovation In addition, the terminal operators spent $2 station in the East River. The cranes for the cruise terminal is planned to billion for improvements. were delivered in July by deck barge and help upgrade the facility, after an initial The Bayonne Bridge is now the then hoisted into position. investment of $50 million. Cunard’s same height as the Verrazano Bridge. The Peking left New York Harbor on Queen Mary 2 uses the pier, along with As OOCL Berlin passed by, the bridge July 12 on the heavy-lift Combi Dock III, some other cruise ships. workers applauded and cheered, and headed for Germany. The windjammer On July 17 the OOCL Berlin, an M-class the Port Authority gave the company will be restored and will start a new life ship, was the largest ship to enter New and the captain a ceremonial plaque for in Hamburg as a museum ship. York Harbor. It passed under the Bayonne this entry into the new age of shipping. The South Street Seaport Museum Bridge, which was recently raised from 151 However, the Berlin’s record was celebrated its 50th anniversary with a to 215 feet in clearance. The ship is 141,003 surpassed on Sept. 7 when the Theodore party on Pier 16 in September. in tonnage, measures over four football Roosevelt, owned by CMA CGM Group, American Steamship Owners Mutual fields long and carries 13,208 TEUs. The passed underneath the bridge. Protection and Indemnity Association Port Authority of New York and New Jersey Two new gantry cranes were Inc. (the American Club) celebrated its 100th year in June. The club held a dinner after its 100th Annual General Meeting. The occasion was also marked with publication of a book on its history called The American Club: A Centennial History, by Richard Blodgett.

n The cable vessel Ariadne arrived in the Hudson River Sept. 6 for repairs to the Hudson Project, a 660-MW electrical cable between Manhattan (around Pier 92) and Edgewater, New Jersey, a distance of 3.5 miles. – G. Justin Zizes, Jr., photo.

PowerShips W inter 2018 • 59 A fundraiser for the SS Columbia Project was held in Germantown, New York, located in the Hudson River Valley, in September. The SS Columbia is now in Buffalo, New York, waiting to be towed to New York Harbor. The vessel has been designated a cultural venue and will make day trips up the river to parks, historic sites and cultural institutions in the Hudson River Valley. USCG Sector New York has now completed repairs and renovations on its Station Sandy Hook dock after it was ravaged by Superstorm Sandy in 2012. Both the 110-ft island-class USCGC Sitkinak WPB1329 and the 87-ft USCGC n Weeks crane putting into place the new sanitation gantry crane at 96th St., East River. (See Shrike WPB87342 patrol boat were “New York Harbor,” page 57) – G. Justin Zizes, Jr., photo. transferred to Bayonne during the work; they’re now back at Sandy Hook. pierced by the vessel’s own anchor. There river is planning to develop the site and were no injuries. has asked that the Ling be removed. But C asualties The USS Ling is a Balao-class the sub is stuck in silt and the museum he 796-foot oil tanker White Sea submarine and the only remaining high- doesn’t have the funds to deal with it. Tran aground in Ambrose Channel speed sub from World War II. It was Tours of the sub included views of the in late August, possibly due to a loss launched in 1943, decommissioned in various parts of the vessel and through of steering. The Liberian-flagged ship 1946 and laid up until 1972, when it was the periscope. was carrying 556,000 barrels of fuel oil taken to the New Jersey Naval Museum from New Jersey to Singapore. No fuel in Hackensack, New Jersey. Now the New York Ferry News was spilled, but two ballast tanks were family that owns the land adjacent to the he Staten Island Ferry has Ttemporarily closed down the hurricane decks of the Spirit of America- class ferries to help get passengers off the ferry more quickly. On August 24, a man jumped off the ferry 10 minutes into a trip to St. George Staten Island. All USCG units and the marine units of the FDNY and NYPD were dispatched. No body was found and the search was discontinued a day later. Because of the unexpectedly high volume of passengers for NYC Ferry to Rockaway Beach in Queens, the New York City Economic Development Corporation has cancelled the last three 149-passenger ferries and will use 250-passenger vessels. NYC Ferry now n The State University of New York Maritime College’s training ship Empire State, ex SS has service between Astoria Queens Oregon, built in 1960, returned home from her summer cruise to Europe August 11 with 150 and continuing to Roosevelt Island onto cadets. The Empire State and the TS Kennedy, from the Massachusetts Maritime Academy, 34th Street and then down to Pier 11. were summoned by the U.S. Maritime Administration to Houston to serve as quarters for recovery The new ferry service has now logged and relief personnel in September. – G. Justin Zizes, Jr., photo. over 1 million passengers system-wide. Blount Boats will be building a new

60 • Winter 2018 PowerShips Governors Island ferry for the Governors Under construction is the Mon Tiki Mini, Island Trust. The new 135-ft vessel will designed to carry six or fewer passengers. be designed by the Elliot Bay Design The ferry Mary Ellen of Cross Sound group of Seattle, Washington. Ferry rescued three people off Orient The Metropolitan Transportation Point, New York, on August 25 after Authority has called this past summer the boat got swept out to sea. The crew the “Summer of Hell” for commuters launched a lifeboat to reach the people in because of track work at Penn Station. need of help. The MTA added ferry service to Long The ferry Voyager, of Fire Island Island City and to Glen Cove using Ferries, rescued two people in the water New Ferry Orders New York Water Taxi from Pier 11, off Bay Shore when their boat hit a wake orwegian operator Fjord Line and Patriot II, owned by the National and they were thrown into the water. They Nhas ordered a new high-speed Ferry Corporation in Washington, D.C., signaled for help with their cell phone light. catamaran ferry from Australian yard from the East 34th Street ferry pier. The Huntington Lighthouse Austal Ships. The vessel, which will Passengers had to show their LIRR Preservation Society has received a enter service in 2020, will operate ticket to board. Each vessel made one grant for $145,000 from the Robert between Kristiansand (Norway) and trip in the morning and one in the David Lion Gardiner Foundation to Hirtshals (Denmark). With capacity afternoon. After two weeks, the MTA/ help restore the 105-year-old lighthouse. for 1,200 passengers and 400 cars, the LIRR decided to cut the ferry to Hunts The matching grant will be used for newbuild will replace the 1998-built Point because of a lack of riders. The foundation repairs. Fjord Cat a) Cat-Link IV b) Mads Mols c) ferry service is expected to end on Ocean Construction LLC has Incat 049 d) Master Cat. September 1. NY Waterway, which completed its restoration of the Fire Polish state-owned ferry operator implemented ferry service between Island Lighthouse, which was damaged Polferries (PZB – Polska Zegluga Baltycka) Hoboken, New Jersey, and West 38th by Superstorm Sandy in 2012. Repairs has ordered a $110 million conventional Street, will be keeping the ferry route included bolstering the terrace ferry from the Gryfia Shipyard in active after the September 1 deadline. substructure, fixing an exterior brick Poland for service on its route between wall and resetting pavers. The Fire Swinoujscie (Poland) and Ystad (Sweden). L ong Island News Island Lighthouse Preservation Society The vessel will be equipped with dual on Tiki Largo, a new USCG- contributed over $17,000 to the project.  LNG/diesel propulsion. Minspected sailing catamaran, built Jadrolinija, the Croatian ferry in Holbrook, Long Island, for Sailing n Write G. Justin Zizes, Jr. at operator, is in advanced talks for the Montauk, was trucked out to Montauk 147 East 37th Street, New York, New York construction of several new coastal and assembled. She joins the Mon Tiki, a 10016 or g [email protected] ferries to replace aging vessels. The smaller vessel certified for 49 passengers. order is likely to be placed with local Croatian shipyards.

n Victoria of Wight. – Wightlink photo.

Following a public competition, Wightlink has announced that the name for its new electric hybrid ferry, under construction in Turkey, will be Victoria of Wight. Queen Victoria had a close connection with the Isle of Wight, holidaying for decades at Osborne House on the island. The vessel was n NYC Ferry Happy Hauler in the East River. – G. Justin Zizes, Jr., photo. scheduled to launch late last year and enter service in 2018.

PowerShips W inter 2018 • 61 n Baie de Seine in Southhampton water. (See “Stena Updates”) – Andrewrabbott photo.

Stena has also purchased the Stena Updates chartered twins Stena Superfast VII a) G reek Sale to Canada rittany Ferries will charter Superfast VII and Stena Superfast VIII reece’s SeaJets has sold its Bone of Stena’s Chinese a) Superfast VIII from owners Tallink. Gsmall conventional ferry Aqua Spirit newbuildings, under construction at the As the Chinese newbuildings arrive, a) Agios Andreas II b) Mr Shoppy One to AVIC Yard in Wehai. For delivery in there is likely to be a cascade of vessel Canada’s B.C. Ferries. Built in 2000 by 2020, the LNG-powered ship will carry replacements across the Stena fleet. a local Greek shipyard, the vessel will up to 1,000 passengers. She will replace Stena has also added a fourth vessel, be renamed Northern Sea Wolf for service the 2002-built Baie de Seine a) Golfo dei the chartered 1979-built ro/ro ferry Gute along the Inside Passage. A replacement Delfini b) Dana Sirena c) Sirena Seaways, a) Gute b) Sally Sun c) Sea Wind II to its has yet to be announced. The Aqua which will be returned to her owners, booming service between Karlskrona Spirit provides a subsidized ferry lifeline DFDS Seaways. Stena has confirmed (Sweden) and Gdynia (Poland), joining connecting the smaller Greek Islands that the first two vessels in the four-ship two conventional ferries and a second with larger islands and mainland ports. order will be deployed on the Irish Sea. freight ferry. She was the only non-high-speed ferry in the SeaJets fleet. Veteran Returns to Service he veteran former Sealink TFerry Le Rif a) Galloway Princess b) Stena Galloway will return to service on the Straits of Gibraltar following an extensive refit at an Italian shipyard. Built in 1980 by Harland & Wolff in Belfast, the vessel has been idle for several years in Tangier, Morocco. Her new operators are Detroit World Logistics Maritime. Detroit is the French word for “straits,” which refers to the Straits of Gibraltar, not the city in Michigan. 

n Write Ted Blank at 1576 Grotto n SeaJets Aqua Spirit, shown here when owned by NEL in 2013, in the port of Chora on Street North, St Paul, MN 55117 Naxos, Cyclades, Greece. (See “Greek Sale to Canada”) – Olaf Tausch photo. or [email protected]

62 • Winter 2018 PowerShips sshsa Ship Yeof athe r 2008

Shipping & Climate Change ith climate change increasingly Wmaking its presence known, the worldwide shipping industry is moving to reduce its own greenhouse gas emissions. Shipping currently has the world’s fourth greatest carbon footprint. Last summer, the Montreal Port Authority diminished its carbon footprint through its recently completed shore-power project. This development allows the port’s new cruise terminal to power docked n Bay cruise on the Sabino, June 2014. (See “Historic Ferry Up & Running”) – Capt. ships by on-shore electricity. Costing 11 Manny Aschemeyer photo. million Canadian dollars, this green plan is expected to reduce greenhouse gas vessels 65 feet or longer was temporarily through her sea trials, and the ship emissions by 2,800 tons per year, and it’s implemented to prevent further whale returned to service in August. the first of its kind in Quebec. deaths. The move was also implemented Captain David Childs rang the bell to curtail shipping-induced noise pollution, to send instructions to the 74-passenger which adversely impacts marine wildlife, boat’s engineers for a short trip on the particularly whales. The western end of the Mystic River in Connecticut. gulf from the Quebec north shore to just In conjunction with other mechanical north of Prince Edward Island is affected. and system upgrades, the museum fixture Until the whales migrate from was outfitted with a new coal-fired boiler the affected area, Transport Canada, that was custom-designed so that the n MS Veendam. – Holland America photo. with help from the Canadian Coast wooden-hulled vessel satisfies modern The project was completed in two phases. Guard, has instituted a fine of up to safety and regulatory standards. The The first allowed wintering vessels access 25,000 Canadian dollars to encourage boiler powers a 75-hp, two-cylinder to shore power, while the second stage compliance. The new directive has compound steam engine. The power was aimed at cruise ships. Hydro-Québec resulted in the cancellation of many plant is original to the Sabino and was installed a new 25-kV line to power the new cruise ship calls to Canada’s smallest built by J. H. Paine & Son Co. in nearby cruise terminal’s hydro substation. province, Prince Edward Island, which Noank, Connecticut. In late July, the MS Veendam of lies just north of Nova Scotia. Other improvements included Holland America Line became the first This year has seen a great increase reframing much of the stern, replacing cruise ship to use the new system. in shipping-induced North Atlantic the keel bolts, installing new planking right whale deaths to at least 12, while and decking, and repairing other P rotecting Whales there are only an estimated 500 of these superstructure components. ith the recent spate of right whales left. Sabino was built in East Boothbay, Wwhale deaths from collisions Maine, to ferry passengers and cargo with ships in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, H istoric Ferry Up & Running between Maine towns and islands. the Canadian government has taken fter a restoration that took Acquired in 1973 by the museum, she additional steps to protect the critically Amore than two years, the Mystic became a National Historic Landmark in endangered species. Seaport Museum’s Henry B. duPont 1992. The refurbishment is expected to Beginning in August, a mandatory Preservation Shipyard successfully keep her operating for at least another 25 maximum speed of 10 knots for all brought the 1908-built Sabino steamboat to 30 years.

PowerShips W inter 2018 • 63 n RMS Segwun, a special SSHSA honoree in 2012 on her 125th anniversary, and Wenonah II at rest in their home port of Gravenhurst, Ontario. (See “Historic Ship Laid Up”) – Roddy Sergiades photo.

October 9 on Canadian Thanksgiving Day. H istoric Ships Laid Up Also temporarily sidelined for ith Canada celebrating its Canada 150 was North America’s only W150th birthday this past July 1, operating sidewheel paddle ship, the its oldest steamship, the 1887-built RMS 1910-built PS Trillium, which returned to Segwun, was temporarily laid up. An service after 450,000 Canadian dollars of inspection by Transport Canada resulted maintenance and repairs were completed in one engine being opened up. Because it this past July. The oldest ferry in the was difficult to reset the engine’s timing, Toronto Islands’ fleet, the 673-gt Trillium the Segwun was unable to sail on Canada’s underwent a three-month dry docking n Trillium shown getting new hull plates, big day. Her running mate, Wenonah II, to replace 425 square feet of her hull and May 2017. – Booledozer photo, CC0 1.0. did her best to alleviate the situation. three square feet of the bow rudder, and will begin to be retired in 2019 when John Miller, president and general install two new rudder hinges for the bow. new vessels arrive, the Toronto icon will manager of Muskoka Steamships and Three coats of paint and other aesthetic stay put, after serving previous stints Discovery Centre, which operates the upgrades were also required to keep the as an unsuccessful garbage scow and 130-year-old passenger ship, said, “The city-owned belle of the ball at her finest. as a half-sunk relic that canoeists once expertise to do this is very limited, of Ironically, even without the paddled through. course, because it is such old technology. refurbishments, the ferry, named after “It’s not our most efficient boat, it’s So we are working away, trying different the province of Ontario’s official flower, not the quickest boat, but it’s the boat that things. They will get her going, for sure.” would have remained out of service people love to see in the water,” a City of He added that resetting the engine because of the unprecedented flooding Toronto spokesperson said in an email.  timing isn’t a new problem. of the Toronto Islands. The islands Segwun is one of only three active ships only reopened to the general public the n Write Roddy Sergiades at worldwide with the RMS designation (Queen same month the 150-foot-long ferry’s 15 Brown St., Port Hope, Ontario, L1A 3C8 Mary 2 and St Helena are the others). The refurbishment was completed. Canada, or [email protected] venerable steamer’s sailing season ended Although all other Toronto ferries

64 • Winter 2018 PowerShips F eRRIES make up much of the news along the West Coast, and with a considerable amount of ferry news now taking place we’ll take an overall look at the Pacific coast’s various ferry operations this quarter. n One of three Mexican ferries built by Germany’s Meyer Werft in the early 1970s, Sematur’s Mexico 7,234gt Coromuel became Baja Ferries’ Sinaloa Star in 2004 and was sold to Vietnamese evelopments in Mexico aren’t interests in 2008. – Jim Shaw collection. Dnormally reported in this column, but Mexico’s Baja Ferries has been operations on the Gulf, where she has Caribbean under its America Cruise expanding its fleet and last year acquired replaced the 1978-built La Paz Star, since Ferries banner. This ship had earlier the Japanese-built ferry Ri Zhao Dong sold to Cypriot owners as Med Star. operated in the Gulf of California as Fang from Chinese operator Rizhao A smaller vessel, the 4,824-dwt Chihuahua Star, where it replaced the Haitong for approximately $6 million. Searoad Mersey, has been acquired from 1973-built Sinaloa Star broken up in The 1992-built vessel is now operating Australia’s SeaRoad Shipping, but it’s not 2008. The latter had been one of three alongside the 2001-built California Star yet known on which route the 1991-built German-built ferries placed in service a) Stena Forwarder on Gulf of California vessel will operate because Baja Ferries during the early 1970s by a division services as Baja Star. has been bidding on a new ferry service of Mexico’s State Railways, all later In addition, the 5,700-dwt San Jorge in Central America. transferred to the state-owned Grupo a) Flandria Seaways has been purchased The company also employs the Sematur, which went out of business in from Denmark’s DFDS for freight-only 1989-built Caribbean Fantasy in the the early 2000s. Baja Ferries, formed around that time, took over several of Sematur’s routes and currently operates services between Pichilingue, on the tip of Baja California, and the ports of Mazatlan and Topolobampo on the Mexican mainland. A second company, Aeromaritime SA de CV, operates the small ferry Santa Rosalía between the Baja California port of Santa Rosalía and the mainland port of Guaymas, while a former state route, between Cabo San Lucas and Puerto Vallarta, has been left inactive.

C alifornia

n Baja Ferries’ 24,418gt California Star, built in Italy as Stena Forwarder in 2001, alifornia has a large number of carries tourist as well as commercial traffic between the Baja peninsula and the Mexican mainland. Cpassenger-only ferries in operation – Baja Ferries photo. within San Francisco Bay and from several southern California points out

PowerShips W inter 2018 • 65 to the Channel Islands. San Pedro- based Catalina Express alone operates eight boats. There’s also a short ferry run maintained within San Diego Bay between downtown San Diego and the Coronado peninsula. The southern California services are privately owned and mainly geared to tourist traffic, but San Francisco’s Water Emergency Transportation Authority and Golden Gate Ferry services are both government agencies. The latter is part of the Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and Transportation District and provides ferry service between downtown San Francisco and the towns of Larkspur, Sausalito and Tiburon in Marin County to the north. n Seattle’s Elliott Bay Design Group has created a design for a catamaran ferry that could operate on WETA, established after the San Francisco Bay using hydrogen as fuel, but operator Red & White Fleet has elected to have a lithium- Loma Prieta earthquake of 1989, is a ion battery-electric hybrid vessel built by All American Marine. – Sandia National Laboratories photo. consolidation of a number of previously existing ferry operations, including the handle over 2.5 million passengers under construction. Over the past year Alameda/Oakland Ferry, Alameda annually. Next year a new route is it has taken delivery of the first two of a Harbor Bay Ferry and Baylink Ferry, and expected to open between San Francisco series of four Incat Crowther-designed is collectively marketed as San Francisco and Richmond, while additional services catamaran ferries being built by Vigor Bay Ferry. Its boats are operated and are being planned to Antioch, Hercules, Marine in Washington state. These serviced under a management contract Martinez and Redwood City as the WETA boats can carry 400 passengers and are with privately owned Blue & Gold Fleet, fleet is built up. propelled by a pair of 1,950-hp engines which also operates its own tour boats. that make use of selective catalytic Current WETA routes connect the New San Francisco Boats reduction technology to reduce emissions cities of San Francisco, Oakland, Alameda, ETA currently has a dozen to Tier 4 standards while achieving a Vallejo and South San Francisco, and Wferries in operation and a number speed of 27 knots. Capacity-wise they’re a large step up from the Incat-Crowther-designed 225-passenger ferries Gemini and Pisces that were introduced by the ferry service in 2011. However, they’ll be eclipsed in capacity and speed by a larger series of three 445-passenger ferries being built by the Dakota Creek yard in Washington and due to be delivered between 2018 and 2020. These boats will be powered by MTU 16V4000 engines driving Hamilton waterjets to produce a loaded speed of 34 knots. With WETA projecting that its Bay Area ridership will increase to 12 million passengers by 2025, the agency is n Built in 1941 for the Star & Crescent Boat Company, the 65-foot Silvergate continues to planning to expand its fleet to at least 30 be operated by Flagship Cruises between San Diego and Coronado on San Diego Bay. – Flagship ferries over the next 10 years and possibly Cruises photo. to as many as 44 ferries by 2035. Among other Bay Area operators,

66 • Winter 2018 PowerShips Alcatraz Cruises, which operates a placed in service. These double-ended 70-foot vessel will carry 150 passengers service to Alcatraz Island, has retro- ferries can carry up to 144 vehicles and and will be powered by a battery-diesel fitted its vessels as diesel/electric hybrids 1,500 passengers. The latest of this class, combination that will utilize two BAE that also make use of solar panels, while Suquamish, is expected to enter service HybriDrive propulsion systems driving Red and White Fleet has ordered a next year and will follow the earlier- fixed-pitch propellers. Upon delivery 600-passenger vessel from Bellingham, delivered Samish and Chimacum. next year it will operate across Sinclair Washington-based All American Marine By state mandate, all the Olympic- Inlet, between Bremerton and Port that will be a lithium-ion battery-electric class ferries have been built by Orchard, where the 1917-built Carlisle II, hybrid when delivered in 2018. contractors residing in Washington, one of the last remaining examples of a led by Vigor Industrial at Seattle Puget Sound “Mosquito Fleet” vessel, is and including more than a dozen often employed. Wai sh ngton Washington-based subcontractors. Kitsap Transit has also inaugurated ashington State Ferries, part As the new ferries enter service, older a passenger-only route cross Puget Wof the Washington State WSF units are being retired, with the Sound, between Bremerton and Seattle, Department of Transportation, is the 1958-built Klahowya now up for sale using the 118-passenger fast ferry Rich largest ferry operator in the United States while the 1959-built Tillikum may be Passage 1, which has been fitted with a and the fourth-largest in the world. It retired or held in reserve next year. WSF special wake-reducing foil. This service is operates a fleet of 22 vessels and carries traditionally designs and maintains expected to be followed by routes linking over 24 million passengers annually. its ferries for 60 years of service, but Seattle with the communities of Kingston The ferry service was established in it also suffers from a number of ferry in 2018 and Southworth in 2020 as the 1951 when the state took over a number of breakdowns each year, some of which ferry agency acquires more vessels. routes and vessels operated by The Puget may be a result of this policy. Other Puget Sound ferry operators Sound Navigation Company, better known include Pierce County, which employs as the Black Ball Line. A descendant of that O ther Puget Sound Ferries the small double-ended boats Christine company, Black Ball Ferry Line, continues esides WSF there are a number Anderson and Steilacoom II between to operate the 1959-built Coho between Port Bof other ferry operators serving Steilacoom and Anderson and Angeles, Washington, and Victoria, British routes in Puget Sound, including Kitsap Ketron islands; the Washington State Columbia. Transit, which is having a new battery- Department of Social and Human WSF has been introducing a number diesel hybrid catamaran designed by Services, which operates a ferry from of new Olympic-class ferries to its fleet Seattle-based Glosten and built by Steilacoom to nearby McNeil Island, since 2014, when the 17-knot Tokitae was Bellingham’s All American Marine. The where a state confinement facility is maintained; and Skagit County, which sshsa is having a new vehicle/passenger ferry Ship designed by Seattle’s Glosten to replace of the Ye a r its 1979-built Guemes on the run between 2013 Anacortes and Guemes Island.

Briti sh Columbia

n British Columbia, BC Ferries, Iestablished in 1960 and considered the largest passenger ferry operator in North America and the second largest in the world, operates 35 vessels serving 47 terminals, many of them on islands. Once a provincial Crown corporation, BCF has been operating as an independently managed, publicly- owned company since 2003 and remains n A link to the old Black Ball Line, the 5,366gt Coho was built by Seattle’s Puget Sound Bridge & subsidized by the Government of British Dry Dock in 1959 and re-engined with twin 2,550-hp diesels in 2004. – Jim Shaw collection. Columbia and the Government of Canada.

PowerShips W inter 2018 • 67 Shortly after its reformation, and following a financially disastrous program involving the local construction of three large high-speed ferries for 450 million Canadian dollars that were eventually sold for 19 million Canadian dollars, BCF began acquiring most of its tonnage overseas. Germany’s Flensburger shipyard delivered four new ferries starting in 2007, including three of the largest double- ended vessels in the world, while the Greek-built Northern Adventure a) Sonia was acquired on the second-hand market. More recently, BCF has taken delivery of three dual-fuel ferries from Polish builder Remontowa while acquiring another n The 15-knot Stikine is one of two 160-passenger, 30-vehicle ferries operated by Alaska’s second-hand Greek ferry, the 150-passenger Inter-Island Ferry Authority (IFA) between Prince of Wales Island and Ketchikan. Aqua Spirit, for service between Port Hardy and Bella Coola. To replace the ancient ships – Malaspina, Matanuska, Tustumena 59-year-old North Island Princess and 53-year- and Taku – remain in the AMHA fleet old Quadra Queen II, BCF has contracted today, although Taku, never lengthened Who is No. 1? Holland’s Damen Group to deliver two as the other three were, has been up C Ferries and Washington 81-meter vessels by 2020. These hybrids for sale over the past two years. In BState Ferries (WSF) claim to be will make use of a diesel/electric/battery the 1960s and 1970s four more ferries the second- and third-largest ferry power generation and propulsion system were added to the fleet: Bartlett in 1968, systems in the world, but who is the while having a capacity for 44 vehicles and Columbia and LeConte in 1974, and Aurora largest? No operator has stepped 300 passengers. While they’re being built, in 1978. forward to claim this title, but as far the 1994-built Spirit of British Columbia and During that same period, the Alaska as passenger numbers are concerned 1995-built Spirit of Vancouver Island are to be routes, which were only connected to it is most probably Turkey’s Istanbul repowered in Poland with LNG-burning Prince Rupert, British Columbia, to the Sea Bus company, which reportedly dual-fuel engines. south, were extended to Seattle. Three handles 47 million passengers decades later, and after the southern annually using a fleet of 87 vessels. Aal ska terminus of the system had been Hong Kong’s Star Ferries has been he Alaska Marine Highway shifted from Seattle to Bellingham, the handling around 26 million passengers TSystem, which operates some of 748-passenger Kennicott was completed annually, although this number is the world’s longest ferry routes, was on the Gulf Coast. She has since been falling because of tunnel construction, establish in 1963 and is considered part followed by the small shuttle ferry Lituya, while WSF moves about 24.2 million of the National Highway System and built on the lines of an offshore supply passengers annually. New York’s thus is able to receive federal funding. vessel, and the two 32-knot high-speed Staten Island Ferry, which is having AMHS traces its beginnings to catamarans Fairweather and Chenega, all three new ferries built in Florida, Chilkoot Motorship Lines, the private delivered in 2004–05. moves 23 million passengers annually operator of an ex-U.S. Navy landing Next year the Vigor shipyard and BC Ferries 20.7 million. WSF craft that connected Juneau with Haines at Ketchikan plans to deliver two and BC Ferries move many more and Skagway starting in 1948 but additional ferries, Tazlina and Hubbard, vehicles than the other three, and their which came under Alaska territorial which will carry 300 passengers and routes are longer and more extensive, government ownership in 1951. The 53 cars each. Under development although the Istanbul company now war-surplus boat was replaced by the is a ship to replace the 53-year-old serves 86 terminals.  59-passenger Chilkat in 1957 as the Tustumena, which had to be drydocked territorial government modernized the this past summer for emergency steel n Write James L. Shaw at service. replacement. If all goes to plan, the new [email protected] or 11466 SE After Alaska became a state in 1959, ferry, designed by Seattle-based Glosten, Hidalgo Ct., Clackamas, OR 97105 four new ferries were ordered and these will enter service by 2022.

68 • Winter 2018 PowerShips Pineglen Sold for Scrap

P ollution Follow-up n the winter 2017 Great Lakes Icolumn, we reported that two men aboard the integrated tug/barge Victory/ James L Kuber a) Reserve were indicted for allegedly violating the U.S. Clean Water n Pineglen on the St. Clair River in 2013. – Mark Shumaker photo. Act in conjunction with intentionally anada Steamship Lines’ Seaway-sized bulker Pineglen a) Paterson was polluting the Great Lakes. We are glad Csold for scrap during this news cycle and was scheduled to depart Montreal to report that on June 6, 2017, all of the under tow of the deep sea tug Diavlos Pride during early September. It is federal criminal charges were dismissed. believed that the vessel will be scrapped at Aliaga, Turkey. Pineglen entered service in 1985 for N. M. Paterson & Sons as Paterson. The G roup Desgagnés Continues vessel has the distinction of being the last bulker built on the Great Lakes, and the its Modernization Program last vessel built at the famed Collingwood Shipyard at Collingwood, Ontario. The n the most recent Great vessel was sold to Canada Steamship Lines in 2002, and sailed for the company ILakes news column, we reported before being retired in Montreal at the conclusion of the 2016 season. Desgagnés’ acquisition of three general cargo vessels and one tanker. Group vessels during this news cycle. Desgagnés’ was arrested in Quebec City for debt Desgagnés continues to modernize its ro/ro vessel Anna Desgagnés a) Trustkavets and Desgagnés purchased the vessel at a fleet by adding an additional vessel and departed Montreal July 13, 2017, public auction and immediately renamed disposing of two older units. wearing the name Anna on its bows and it Anna Desgagnés. The vessel was primarily Group Desgagnés purchased the general registered at Malakal Island, Palau. engaged in sailing the lower St. Lawrence cargo ship BBC Oder earlier this year and The vessel arrived at Gadani, Pakistan, River, eastern Canada and Canadian renamed the vessel Nordika Desgagnés in August 19, reportedly for demolition. Arctic, and was last operated in late 2015. June. The vessel was built at Tianjin, The vessel was built in East Germany in Amélia Desgagnés a) Soodoc, sold during China, in 2010 for Briese Schiffahrt. 1986 as Trustkavets for the Soviet Baltic the same period and also reregistered at Group Desgagnés disposed of two Shipping fleet.I n early 1996, the vessel Malakal Island, departed Montreal on July 27 for overseas shores. The small bulker was built by N. M. Paterson & Sons at Collingwood Shipyards in 1976. It spent considerable time operating in the Canadian Maritime Provinces and deep sea. During that time, it was converted to a crane ship. The vessel received the name Amélia Desgagnés when it was sold to Desgagnés Transport in June 1990. It was renamed Amélia in June 2017 after it was sold, and it departed Quebec City under its own power on July 27 for Aliaga, Turkey, where it arrived on August 18. A third unit, the 1975-built Melissa n Amélia Desgagnés in the Welland Canal on March 29, 2017. (See “Group Desgagnés Desgagnés a) Ontadoc, was sold in July 2016 Continues its Modernization Program”) – Jeff Cameron photo. and renamed Ethan, but the vessel is yet to depart our region.

PowerShips W inter 2018 • 69 Océan tugs assisted the vessel back into the becomes the largest conventional bulk C asualties channel later that day. After being towed to carrier in the Canadian domestic fleet. hile carrying its first paying Quebec for repairs, the vessel continued on Wcargo on the lakes, Groupe its voyage from Montreal to Warrenpoint, R ecords Are Meant Desgagnés’ new Damia Desgagnés grounded United Kingdom, with grain. to be Broken along the St. Lawrence Seaway. The vessel An unfortunate accident between ue to the increased water levels experienced mechanical problems during Esta Desgagnés a) Emerald Star and a 17- Dthroughout the Great Lakes, vessels the evening of June 15 and wandered foot pleasure boat on June 4 warranted are loading more cargo this summer. outside of the navigation channel near intervention by the United States Coast In early July, Great lakes Fleet’s 1,004- the Iroquois Lock and became stuck on Guard. The vessels collided on Lake St. ft Edgar B. Speer set the all-time record a sandy bottom. Group Océan’s Océan Clair, in the vicinity of Grosse Pointe, at Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, when it Georgie Bain and Océan Serge Genois freed the Michigan, and the pleasure boat operator cleared the locks with 73,875 net tons vessel two days later without reporting any fell into the water and clung to a buoy until of iron ore pellets for Gary, Indiana. In pollution or injuries. help arrived. Thankfully the pleasure boat early September its fleet mate, the 1,004- Lower Lakes Towing’s 1952-built operator was not injured in the accident. ft Edwin H. Gott, broke the Speer’s record bulker Ojibway a) Charles L. Hutchinson b) After a short time, Esta Desgagnés continued when it carried 73,940 net tons of pellets Ernest R. Breech c) Kinsman Independent d) its voyage to Oakville, Canada. from Two Harbors, Minnesota, to Gary, Voyageur Independent suffered a galley fire Indiana. The United States Army Corps on July 6 while it was laid up in Sarnia, C SL Adds Large Vessel of Engineers claimed that it would take Ontario. One firefighter was injured and to its Domestic Fleet more than 2,900 trucks to haul this load. the damage was estimated at $100,000. anada Steamship Lines With repairs complete, the vessel fit out Ctransferred its HandyMax bulk T ugs in the News and joined the fall grain rush during the carrier CSL Melbourne a) Orientor b) he articulated tug Ken Boothe second week of September. Orientor 2 from its CSL Australia Ltd. TSr. was renamed Clyde S. Van Grand River Navigation’s Calument fleet to its domestic fleet earlier this Enkevort during a small ceremony in a) William R. Roesch b) David Z. Norton c) year and relocated the vessel to eastern Cleveland, Ohio, on August 9. The tug David Z. grounded at Mission Point on Canada for operation. The nearly was built at Donjon’s shipyard in Erie, the St. Marys River during the night of 50,000-dwt vessel was renamed Ferbec in Pennsylvania, in 2011 and was mated August 9. The vessel was freed by the June and has been placed on the Havre- with the self-unloading barge Lakes Great Lakes Group’s tugs Missouri and Saint-Pierre to Sorel, Quebec, iron ore Contender the following year. The pair was Indiana on August 12 with no apparent shuttle along the St. Lawrence River. purchased by Van Enkevort Tug & Barge damage. After a survey, the vessel Ferbec was built in 2002 at Antong, of Escanaba, Michigan, earlier this year, continued its voyage from Sault Ste. China, as Orientor and was operated by and the barge was renamed Erie Trader at Marie, Ontario, to Brevort, Ontario. the Bourbon/Setaf Saget fleet as Orientor the beginning of the sailing season. Wagonborg’s general cargo vessel 2. The vessel was purchased by CSL Svitzer Canada has ended its short-lived Flevoborg lost power and grounded on the Australia Ltd. in 2010 and operated deep operations in the Montreal area. During lower St. Lawrence River near Sainte- sea as CSL Melborne after that. Upon its reorganization, the tug Svitzer Cartier Croix, Quebec, on June 21. Two Group its receiving a Canadian flag, Ferbec was sold to Group Océan. The tug spent the summer undergoing a refit at Océan’s Ile-Aux-Coudres shipyard and received the name Océan Cartier. The venture was started in April 2016 when Svitzer Nerthus and Svitzer Njal were stationed at Montreal to provide ship-docking, escort and ice-breaking services. At the time the service ended, Svitzer had four tugs stationed at Montreal. Great Lakes Group’s new harbor assist tug Cleveland entered service in mid-July. The vessel was built at Great Lakes Towing n Esta Desgagnés transiting the Welland Canal in 2015. During this news cycle, the vessel Company’s Shipyard in Cleveland, Ohio, collided with a pleasure boat on the Lake St. Clair. (See “Casualties”) – Mark Shumaker photo. and is considered the first tug built in the United States to meet the Coast Guard’s

70 • Winter 2018 PowerShips Nunalik was built in 2009, and joins Uniavut, Avataq, Qamutik and Mitiq as NEAS vessels plying the lower St. Lawrence River and Canadian arctic during summer months. F incantieri Delivers Articulated Tug & Barge incantieri Bay Shipbuilding in FSturgeon Bay, Wisconsin, delivered the articulated tug and barge unit Kirby 155-02 and Paul McLernan to Kirby Corporation of Channelview, Texas, in early August. Kirby 155-02 is a 521-ft petroleum and chemical products barge with a capacity of 155,000 barrels. Paul McLernan is a 121-ft tug with a 6,000-hp diesel engine. The pair is identical to the n CCGS Alexander Henry being towed past Algonac, Michigan, June 23, 2017. (See articulated tug and barge unit Kirby 155- “Museum Ships in the News”) – Fred Miller photo. 01 and Heath Wood delivered last fall. 

Subchapter M regulations for towing Picton, Ontario, on June 18 in hopes of n Write Mark Shumaker at vessels. The 63-foot tug, designed by the finding a brighter future with the Lakehead 1445 Ashdowne Road, Columbus, OH 43221 Netherland’s Damen Shipyard Group, is Museum Transportation Society on Lake or e-mail [email protected] the first of a new generation of harbor tugs Superior. The vessel, under tow of the tug to be introduced by Great Lakes Group. Radium Yellowknife, then Salvage Monarch, arrived at Thunder Bay on June 27. M useum Ships in the News Thunder Bay city council spent $125,000 Showcase Your appiest of birthday wishes go out to have the vessel towed north, and also Products & Services Hto the museum ship Valley Camp a) approved a resolution to develop a lease Lewis W. Hill, which turned 100 years old agreement with the Thunder Bay Port in Front of an on July 14. The 550-ft bulker was retired Authority for permanent dock space. Exclusive Audience in 1966 and turned into a living museum Alexander Henry has been looking for a NUMBER 303 • FALL 2017

T h e M Powera g a z i n e o f e n g i n e - P MIGHT, STYLE & SPLENDOR:o w e r e d V e s s e l s f r o M at Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, in 1968. permanent home since a land developer • Active Cruisers T h e s T e a M s h i P Ships h i s T o r i c a l

s o c i e T y EMPRESS o f a M e r i c a

of BRITAIN ALSO IN THIS ISSUE The vessel is currently owned by Le Sault evicted the Marine Museum of the Great Sagafjord 10 to Alaska 20 There’s Something • Collectors of About Mary 28 Kate McCue’s Journey de Sainte Marie Historical Sites and the Lakes at Kingston in 2016. The vessel was to the Bridge 40 Ship Research: The Basics Ship Ephemera 46 vessel offers visitors an opportunity to built in Port Arthur, Ontario, and entered walk the decks, experience life on the service in 1958. • Visitors & lakes and visit a museum located in its Supporters of cargo hold that contains both lifeboats New Vessel on the Maritime Museums from the ill-fated Edmund Fitzgerald. St. Lawrence River • Artwork, Ship Model Valley Camp was built at Lorain, he general cargo vessel Hemgracht Ohio, as Louis W. Hill for National Steel Ta) Beluga Fairy b) HHL Amazon was & Book Buyers Corporation. The vessel was sold to Wilson purchased by Nunavut Eastern Arctic Advertise in PowerShips Transit Corporation in 1955 and renamed Shipping this summer and was renamed The Nation’s Prestigious Ship in honor of Valley Camp Coal Company, Nunalik while at Sorel, Quebec, on August History Magazine from Steamship which provided valuable cargoes. The 1. The vessel was scheduled to sail for vessel was last operated by Republic Steel the Canadian Arctic that same week Historical Society of America Corporation, which is the livery that the with supplies for northern Canadian vessel sports today. communities. NEAS is Inuit-owned, and The homeless museum ship, Canadian its fleet offers sealift resupply operations PowerShips Coast Guard light icebreaker and buoy serving Canada’s eastern and western email: [email protected] tender CCGS Alexander Henry, departed arctic from St. Lawrence River ports.

PowerShips W inter 2018 • 71 Port Everglades Renovates Another Cruise Terminal

P earl Seas Expands Florida-to-Cuba Cruises earl Seas Cruises has expanded Pits program of cruises from Port Everglades to Cuba for 2018. The Pearl Mist operates 11-night circumnavigations of the island nation, with stops at six Cuban ports. n Independence of the Seas is seen berthed at Port Everglades Cruise Terminal 25, which is getting a $100 million makeover. – Rich Turnwald photo.

ort Everglades is investing more than $100 million for a complete Pmakeover of Cruise Terminal 25, which will continue to be a preferential berth for Royal Caribbean Cruises and Celebrity Cruises. This is part of a new, long-term agreement unanimously approved by the Broward County Board of Commissioners. The agreement extends the current commitment with Royal n Pearl Mist expanded her schedule of Cuba Caribbean through the year 2026. cruises from Port Everglades. – Pearl Seas Cruise Terminal 25, originally built in 1992, is located on the eastern Cruises photo. edge of the port, along the Intracoastal Waterway. Royal Caribbean also has The luxury ship, at 5,109 grt and only preferential berthing rights at Cruise Terminal 18, which was built in 2009 to 210 passengers, is small enough to visit accommodate Oasis of the Seas, Allure of the Seas and Harmony of the Seas. various ports that the large cruise ships cannot access, thus giving passengers a Norwegian Sun will sail from Port more immersive experience in Cuba. Canaveral each Monday on four-night Carnival Dream Limps cruises to Havana for a day and an Back to New Orleans Norwegian Sun to overnight stay, as well as a call at Key arnival Dream departed New Port Canaveral West. The three-night weekend cruises COrleans on August 6, 2017, for orwegian Cruise Line will repo- departing each Friday will call at Nassau a seven-night Western Caribbean Nsition its 79,000-ton, 1,936-passenger and Great Stirrup Cay, Bahamas. cruise, but engine propulsion problems Norwegian Sun to Port Canaveral in May developed midway through the trip. After 2018, to begin all-inclusive cruises from Carnival Paradise Begins calling at Jamaica and Grand Cayman, that port to Cuba. Before this operation Cuba Cruises from Tampa the 130,000-ton ship was forced to skip begins, the Sun will undergo a two-and-a- arnival Cruise Line hosted a its scheduled stop at Cozumel, returning half week drydock as part of “Norwegian Cbon voyage reception on June 29, instead to New Orleans for repairs. Edge,” NCL’s revitalization program. 2017, at Port Tampa Bay to mark the While this issue affected the Dream’s The ship will receive upgraded line’s inaugural cruise to Havana aboard maximum cruising speed, all other dining and entertainment facilities, Carnival Paradise a) Paradise. The event onboard systems were functioning providing 16 dining options and 12 featured Cuban music, libations and normally, and the passengers and crew bars and lounges. All guests on board the “world’s largest Cuban sandwich,” were never in any danger, according to will enjoy unlimited complimentary measuring ten feet in length. cruise line sources. All passengers were beverages included in their cruise fare as Carnival Paradise began operating given an onboard credit as compensation part of the ship’s all-inclusive program. four-night cruises to Cuba, with a day for missing a port. The mechanical issue This same program has been in place and an overnight stay in Havana. Her was resolved by technicians and Carnival aboard sister ship Norwegian Sky for the five-night cruises add a stop in either Dream was able to depart on her next past two years, with much success. Cozumel or Key West. scheduled sailing without delay.

72 • Winter 2018 PowerShips USS Independence Arrives at Brownsville Breakers he aircraft carrier USS Independence Tarrived under tow at the Port of Brownsville, Texas, on June 1, 2017, for scrapping. The 60,000-ton vessel, last of the Forrestal-class “supercarriers,” was originally commissioned in 1959, and decommissioned in 1998. Her last voyage was the 16,000-mile journey from Bremerton, Washington, down through the Straits of Magellan and up to Brownsville. Currently being dismantled by International Shipbreaking, Ltd., the carrier’s service is far from over; much of its steel is being recycled into the construction of new Navy vessels. About 19,000 tons of armored plate will go to Pennsylvania to be melted down and made into armor for a n USS Independence arrives at Brownsville, Texas for recycling, June 1st, 2017. (See “USS new aircraft carrier. Independence Arrives at Brownsville Breakers’) – Maritime Executive photo.

H urricane Harvey Disrupts Carnival Valor, Carnival Freedom, give passengers the option to disembark, Galveston Cruise Schedules Carnival Breeze and Liberty of the Seas were even though it was impossible for them to he schedules of four Galveston- impacted by the event, with a combined return to Galveston independently at that Tbased cruise ships were disrupted by total of some 20,000 passengers time since the storm lasted many days. catastrophic Hurricane Harvey in late “stranded” at sea. Carnival Breeze stayed in Cozumel August, when the port was closed for a Both Carnival Freedom and Carnival for an additional day and night before week; all four ships were unable to return Valor made a stop at New Orleans on proceeding to New Orleans for more from their cruises. August 26 to replenish supplies and to supplies and to allow passengers to disembark if they wished. Royal Caribbean’s Liberty of the Seas was A New Ship for Palm Beach too large to divert to either New Orleans or Tampa, so she sailed around Florida to PortMiami, spending August 30 there. Some 2,000 passengers out of the 4,400 on board chose to disembark at the South Florida port. While at Miami, Liberty took on $200,000 worth of supplies, including food, bottled water, towels, blankets and n Costa neoClassica has been sold to Bahamas Paradise Cruise Line to begin cruising from cleaning supplies, to take for the people of Palm Beach. – Costa Cruises photo. Texas when she returned to Galveston at ort of Palm Beach commissioners gave the green light for a multi-ship the end of the week. Pagreement with Bahamas Paradise Cruise Line, paving the way for the The four ships were finally able to addition of a second ship. The line had just purchased the Costa neoClassica a) Costa return to Galveston after it reopened to Classica to begin operations as early as April 2018. traffic on August 31. The new ship will join BPCL’s Grand Celebration a) Celebration b) Grand Celebration c) Costa Celebration in operating two-night cruises on alternating days to Freeport, n Write Rich Turnwald at Bahamas. Interestingly, the line had also purchased its Celebration from Costa in 7635 SW 99th Court, Miami, FL 33173 December 2014. or [email protected]

PowerShips W inter 2018 • 73 having a new terminal constructed. Ships C ruise Industry could then berth at the foot of Geelong’s he number of cruise visitors from central business district. Tthe United States grew by close to Voyager of the Seas will now cruise 20 percent during the last year. Almost out of Singapore because of the lack 75,000 passengers flew down under to of berthing facilities east of Sydney’s cruise primarily out of Sydney, New Harbour Bridge. South Wales. Contributing to the market Australian-based cruise company is the cheaper Australian dollar and the Aurora Expeditions will charter the P assenger/Cruise Ships fact that Australia and New Zealanders first of what could be 10 newbuild Calls May to August 2017 speak, well, a strange sort of English. small expedition cruise ships. To be arnival Spirit, Pacific Aria, Pacific Another benefit is that the countries are constructed by China Merchant Heavy CExplorer (ex. Dawn Princess), Pacific seen to be some of the safest in the world. Industries at Jiangsu, China, they will be Jewell and Sun Princess. Carnival Australia has announced 8,000 grt and the first will be delivered that it will abandon cruises out of August 2019 to undertake Antarctic P assenger Ship Cruise News Fremantle, Western Australia. It blames cruises for the 2019–20 season. ne of the oldest passenger ships, logistical problems including poor Your editor is involved with an OAstor, will return to Fremantle for a conditions in the passenger terminals. organization exploring the possibility southern hemisphere summer of cruises. Seventy cruise ship callers were of purchasing up to three second-hand The ship is now 30 years old and, being expected during this coming year’s cruise classic cruise ships. The plan is to base a small cruise ship, is still popular with season; that number has declined to 17. them out of a number of Australian ports passengers predominantly from the The loss of passenger revenue will have to visit smaller and regional centers. Western Australian region. a serious impact on Western Australian. Dawn Princess departed Sydney April Some shipping companies are seriously F erries 27 under this name for the last time. After considering withdrawing from Sydney. oncerns have been raised about a docking and some alterations, she’ll There is only one major berth at Circular Clong shifts and possible fatigue for return to Sydney as P&O’s Pacific Explorer, Quay. Royal Caribbean will home-port masters and crews of the Brisbane City cruising year-round to Australia/New at Melbourne, and Royal Caribbean Council Ferries. Company TransDev, Zealand and the Southwest Pacific. Lines will use Victoria’s capital city which operates a number of bus operations Cunard’s Queen Elizabeth will be Melbourne, where there are no air draft Australia-wide, is managing the City-Cat based in Australia from February to problems as there are at Sydney and for and cross-ferry business on behalf of the April 2019. Because of congestion for larger ships in Brisbane. Queensland authorities. An accident with a large ships berthing in Sydney, at least Victoria’s largest regional port, small cross-river ferry has caused concern. three cruises will arrive and depart from Geelong, is being considered for an Ferries aren’t necessarily taken out of Station Pier Port Melbourne. upgrade from an anchor off port to service when requested by ferry masters.

n Queen Elizabeth sailing from Melbourne in Port Phillip Bay. (See “Passenger Cruise Ship News”) – Bill Barber photo.

74 • Winter 2018 PowerShips in Western Australia and services the nearby Capital City of Perth. Specialized mineral ports, primarily exporting iron ore, such as Port Hedland in northwest Western Australia, receive much larger ships to export iron ore. Port News he Port of Townsville (North TQueensland) for the first time has a dedicated cruise ship, Pacific Eden, based for a few months during the year. The Port of Sydney is losing some locally based larger cruise liners. Because n Pacific Eden exiting Port Phillip into Bass Strait. (See “Port News”) – Bill Barber photo. of air draft problems they can only access the single Sydney Cove berth. Some In Sydney, at the famous Taronga Zoo Australia. Strait Feronia sailed to Sydney companies are switching to Melbourne, terminal, a ferry came into contact with in early July for docking. where there are no limitations on height the jetty. No passengers or crew were New Zealand’s capital of Wellington and there are three berths available at harmed in what was a minor incident. should have its port container berth Station Pier. If additional berths are Three of the fleet of new, larger, operational by September 2017. needed, especially during Australia’s inner-Sydney Harbour ferries have Following an earthquake on the famous Melbourne Cup, some cargo been delivered. Catherine Hamlin wasn’t South Island November 14, 2016, damage berths can be used to accommodate immediately placed in service since it across the Cook Strait resulted in container cruise ships. needed modifications that resulted in exchange cranes jumping off their rails. Western Port’s Crib Point could be larger rudders. Fred Hollows, the second, Some reclamation is also required on land a new import gas terminal. Much of the arrived in May. Victor Chang has now under the hardstand area. required infrastructure is in place ashore. arrived and is also in service. The venture could be operational by 2020. The ferry Lady Northcott was laid H istory The northwestern Tasmania port of up after 42 years of service. The only he Port of Fremantle in Western Burnie is being considered for further remaining ferry of this design, Lady TAustralia has just celebrated its expansion of the present container port. Herron, will have ceased operation by 120th anniversary. Fremantle’s Inner the time of this edition. The outcry from Harbour received its first ship, Sultan, T ug Talk commuters has reached a point where the on March 4, 1897. Today Fremantle vitzer Australia was successful ferries may be retained. is the largest general commercial port Sin retaining its towage contract for New Zealand/ Pacific Islands News he small Southwest Pacific Tgeneral cargo ship, Southern Phoenix, capsized just outside of Suva’s port precinct May 6. Owned by a local company, Cruz Holdings, the ship was loading when it developed a list. It was towed off the wharf to prevent structural damage within the port region. When it capsized it spilled at least ten containers into the sea. There are at least ten wrecks within Suva harbor and the calls to have them removed are growing. n Royal Australian Naval ship HMAS Arunta (FFH 151) shown docked. (See “Naval Major docking of the Cook Strait News,” page 76) – Bill Barber photo. ro-pax ferries has to be undertaken in

PowerShips W inter 2018 • 75 n Searoad Mersey has been sold to new owners in Mexico. (See “Industry”) – Bill Barber photo. the ports of Mourilyan and Cairns in drydock. At the time they were most a barometer of this island nation’s North Queensland. Svitzer is moving needed, following Cyclone Edi, they economy. While mineral, liquefied tugs to and from various locations around languished at HMA Garden Island petroleum gas and grain shipments are Australia because of fleet excesses and to Sydney. Both ships missed Operation vibrant, general cargo, including motor accommodate movement of larger vessels. Talisman Sabre, which is carried out vehicles and containers, has drastically New Damen tugs are operating in with United States capital ships. The declined. Australia’s economy rode North Western and Northern Territory vessels were partially constructed to on the sheep’s back decades ago. Now ports as newly constructed tugs arrive deck level in Spain and completed at the shipments of coal, grain and iron ore fuel from their Asian shipbuilding yards. Williamstown Dockyard in Melbourne. our economy. Two tugs that have serviced the Port Their design is based on that of the The first steel cutting for a new of Cairns have been replaced by larger Spanish Navy ship Juan Carlos 1, which Antarctica research and supply vessel bollard tugs after Svitzer retained its port seems to have similar pod problems took place in early June. The vessel will license. and has spent less time at sea than the replace the present Aurora Australis. The With new tugs arriving at North Australian ships. ceremony took place at Damen’s Galati Western Australia’s Port Hedland, one Following floods in Sri Lanka earlier Shipyards in Romania. tug has been sold to Pacific Towage this year, the Royal Australian Navy The former Searoad Mersey, renamed New Guinea and others to coal export Ship HMAS Arunta made a goodwill visit Searoad, departed Bell Bay, Tasmania, operations in Queensland. to Colombo during the second week of bound for new owners in Mexico, with July. This followed delivery of aid to Sri stops for bunkers at Auckland, New Naval News Lanka, including small boats. Zealand, and Papeete, French Polynesia. oyal Australian Navy ship The downturn of offshore tug business RHMAS Arunta detected a suspicious I ndustry in the Oceania and Australasia regions dhow in the North Indian Ocean off apanese shipping company NYK has resulted in approximately 25 percent of the coast of Africa on June 8. Using Jbeen convicted and fined 25 million offshore tugs becoming idle in the region. the warship’s helicopter and crew, Australian dollars for cartel activities in With some projects nearing they boarded the dhow and seized Australia. The cartel, involving NYK completion off Western Australia, more 260 kg of heroin. This was the third and other shipping companies, affected tugs will be required in the Timor Sea intercept by the Australian warship on vehicles shipped to Australia from major region as production comes on line.  this deployment. The illegal haul was car manufacturers. NYK pleaded guilty destroyed at sea. and agreed to cooperate with authorities. n Write William G.T. Barber Australia’s two newest and largest Unit 27 – Townsend Gardens, Landing Helicopter Docks, HMAS G eneral Shipping 148 Townsend Road, St. Albans Park, Adelaide and HMAS Canberra, have had ith 85 percent of Australia’s Geelong Victoria 3219 Australiia ongoing pod problems and have been import and export commerce W Email – [email protected] out of commission, including spells in carried by sea, shipping traffic is

76 • Winter 2018 PowerShips River paddlewheel cruise boat, American Senate Bill 89 by a vote of 85 to 12 to Duchess. She joins American Queen and allow Delta Queen to return to overnight American Empress in offering week-long river cruise service. The House of cruises from New Orleans to Memphis, Representatives still needs to pass Tennessee. American Duchess has three House Bill 619, as written, and have the decks and is equipped to carry 166 guests president sign the legislation for Delta in all-suite accommodations. American Queen to return to service. Delta Queen Duchess offers the largest suites of any may return to overnight passenger R iver Boat News overnight passenger boat on the Western service in 2018. he sidewheel Mississippi River Rivers. In 2016, 21,391 passengers TboatV Speculation M/ , built in 1995 as sailed from or arrived at the Port of New T owboats by the Numbers a casino boat, remains up for sale. Asking Orleans on Mississippi River boats. s of July 1, 2017, the current price is now $3,750,000, a reduction Work on returning the steam AW estern River towboat fleet consists from the original price of $3,950,000. paddlewheel excursion boat Julia Belle of approximately 3,800 towboats. Some This four-deck, diesel-powered boat is Swain to service has come to a stop. 60 percent of this fleet has engines of 230 feet long, 72 feet wide, with a draft Built in 1971 at Dubuque Boiler & Boat 1,799 hp or less. In the 1,800 hp-to- of 6 feet, 3 inches. It has 25,430 square Company, the boat steamed the Upper 3,799-hp fleet, Higman Barge, with 80 feet of gambling space and can hold Mississippi River until 2008, when she towboats, is the largest operator. In 1,500 people. Never used for its intended was laid up in need of boiler and engine the 3,800-hp-to-5,999-hp fleet, Ingram purpose, M/V Speculation has, since her repairs. A group of volunteers began Barge Company is the largest owner building, been in layup at either Pensacola, work to return Julia Belle Swain to service with 22 boats. Ingram Barge, with Florida, or Biloxi, Mississippi. Presently, in 2014. However, unforeseen repairs 12 boats, also owns the most boats in she is moored at Harvey, Louisiana. Her have used up all of the foundation’s the 6,000-hp-to-8,000-hp range. The chance of finding a buyer for use as a $1,800,000, and an estimated $500,000 majority of towboats smaller than 3,799 gambling boat is slim because almost all is still needed to complete repairs. hp are powered with CAT engines, boats riverboat gambling is now conducted from Donations may be sent to the Julia of 3,800 hp to 7,999 hp are powered with casinos built on the riverbank. Belle Swain Foundation, a 501(c)3 GM engines and the majority of towboats On August 13, 2017, at Port of New organization, at 620 Cass St., La Cross, with engines larger than 8,000 hp are Orleans, the American Queen Steamboat WI 54601. powered with EMD engines. Company christened its third Mississippi In April 2017, the U.S. Senate passed Keeping the Waters Clear n June 2017, with the silting up of Ithe Mississippi River’s Southwest Pass shipping channel, emergency dredging was ordered. The Army Corps of Engineers tries to maintain a 48.5-ft- deep and 750-ft-wide shipping channel from 10 miles Above Head of Passes to 18 miles Below Head of Passes, and a 600-ft- wide channel from Mile 18 BHP to Mile 22 BHP. Pressed into service to maintain these channel widths and depths were the privately-owned hopper dredges Bayport, Newport and Glen Edwards; the Corps’ hopper dredge Wheeler; and the privately- owned cutter head dredge Capt. Frank. At the same time dredging was taking place n The 1,320-hp Discovery, owned by Carlisle & Bay Enterprise, is seen on the Ohio River at the mouth of the Mississippi River, the below Cincinnati, Ohio, at Bromley, Kentucky. Built in 2014 and immediately put in harbor Lower Mississippi River at New Orleans service at Cincinnati, she is supposed to be the first new boat to be used in harbor service at was being dredged by the privately-owned Cincinnati in over 100 years. – Charles H. Bogart photo. cutter dredge W.B. Wood. The dredge has been removing sand buildup in the waters

PowerShips W inter 2018 • 77 of the Port of New Orleans. Some 2.4 million tons have been removed. Above the Port of New Orleans, the Corps dustpan dredge Jadwin is dredging at Mile 190.5 of the Lower Mississippi River and the private dustpan dredge Wallace McGeorge is working at Mile 155 of the Lower Mississippi River. The Corps’ dustpan dredge Hurley is working the Lower Mississippi River between the area being dredged by Jadwin and Wallace McGeorge. The Corps hopes to open a 50-ft-deep navigation channel from Southwest Pass to Lower Mississippi River Mile 154 (Belmont Crossing) by 2020. On the Ohio River, Amherst Madison has a contract with the Corps to deepen n Settoon Towing’s 3,000-hp Fred A Settoon is seen bound up the Ohio River near the approaches to the following locks and Mauckport, Indiana. Note she is being painted as she heads up river; a crewman can be seen on the dams: Robert C Bryd, Meldahl, Greenup, boiler deck painting the superstructure. – Charles H. Bogart photo. Belleville and Willow Island. Amherst Madison is using two towboats, two dump the Upper Mississippi River, the privately entrance to the Lower Mississippi River. scow barges and one clamshell crane to owned dredge Michael B is being employed The Tulsa Port of Catoosa, a slack- accomplish this work. The contract calls to remove 835,000 cubic yards of sand water port on the Verdigris River, for the removal of approximately 70,000 from the waters above the dam. The sand suffered a riverbank collapse during cubic feet of spoils from the approach to is pumped by pipeline five miles inland to April 2017 because of heavy rains. Some each of these locks. an old quarry for deposit. $500,000 has been spent to rebuild the The Upper Mississippi River is also The Port of Mobile is seeking funds banks. In addition, a $1 million contract experiencing shrinkage of navigation to deepen both the Mobile River and has been issued to Mid-American channels and depth of water; a 9-ft- the shipping channel from the Gulf of Dredging to restore the port’s 1.5-mile- deep navigation channel is still being Mexico to the Turning Basin. At present, long, 9-ft-deep navigation channel. maintained, but the width of the the shipping channel is 400 feet wide and channel is shrinking. The banks of the 45 feet deep. The port wishes to increase C argo Movements Upper Mississippi River are lined with the width of the shipping channel to 550 he Black Warrior-Tombigbee residential, industrial and commercial feet and its depth to 55 feet. TWaterway, which in the years before development, leaving no room to dump 2015 saw the annual movement of 3.3 spoils. The result is that tows moving Slack-Water Port Problems billion ton-miles of cargo on its waters, on the Upper Mississippi River have he Port of Helena, Arkansas, at saw in 2015, its last reporting period, been shrinking in size as the navigation TMile 652 of the Lower Mississippi commercial tonnage drop to 2.9-billion channel shrinks in width. The Upper River, consists of a 2.25-mile-long, 9-ft ton-miles. This puts the waterway below Mississippi River can no longer move deep, 300-ft-wide slack-water harbor the 3 billion ton-mile mark that’s needed the tonnage it could in 2000. In 2016, at with an additional 50 feet of berthing to ensure continual Corps funding for Lock & Dam 10 on the Upper Mississippi space and a turning basin. The annual dredging and upkeep of its locks and River, there were 2,962 commercial cost of dredging to maintain this harbor dams. This drop in ton-miles is the result lockages that moved 8,908,851 tons is $750,000. of a 10 percent drop in the movement of of commodities. The Corps estimates The Port of New Madrid, Missouri, at coal by barge. In addition, the three-year that 5,800 cubic yards of silt needs to Mile 885 of the Lower Mississippi River, average from 2013 to 2015 for commercial be dredged annually between Mile 591 is another slack-water port that must be lockage on the waterway has fallen from and Mile 608 of the Upper Mississippi dredged annually to maintain its 225-ft- more than 1,000 annual movements River for the next 50 years to maintain a wide, 9-ft-deep, 1,500-ft-long navigation to 862 movements. Yearly commercial 9-foot navigation channel. The problem channel. In 2013, when the Corps did not lockages must be at least 1,000 to ensure is finding a place to deposit the dredged do any dredging at the port, the port had that the Corps will provide 24-hour material. At Lock and Dam Number 7 on to close because of sandbar buildup at its lockage service on the waterway.

78 • Winter 2018 PowerShips be equally as bad. The barge industry, for G oods Carried the first three months of 2016, reported an n On July 31, 2017, the 6,000-hp s of August 1, 2017, grain income of $110,800,000, but during the Ardyce Randall, owned by American Amovement on the Western same period in 2017 reported an income River Transportation, was bound Waterways is running only a little ahead of only $62,700,000. Barge profits for first down river when she had an engine of 2016. Total grain moved for 2017 is quarter 2016 were $12,600,000 but only room failure and allided with the 23,748,000 tons compared to 22,731,000 $6,400,000 for the same period in 2017. Melvin Price lock gate because her tons in 2016. Soybean tonnage is showing Kirby Corporation in 2014 had 60 barges engines didn’t back down. As of this the greatest increase from 2016: 7,336,000 moving oil, but in 2017 had only 6 barges. writing, both the main and auxiliary tons compared to 6,483,000 tons. Corn locks were closed. The locks were to and wheat tonnage are only slightly higher reopen in early September 2017. than 2016, with corn movement so far in Biefsr n American Commercial Barge line has rebuilt Paul Brotzge by replacing 2017 totaling 14,793,000 tons compared to n Beginning July 12, 2017, the 14,772,000 tons in 2016. Corps placed a size restriction on her 5,600-hp engines with 6,150-hp While 2017 has seen a slight increase in tows using the Old River Lock on the engines. n the movement of coal by barge from 2016, Lower Mississippi River. Tows are now The 6,200-hp Angela K, owned by it’s still down 40 percent from its peak year. restricted to a maximum length of 1,100 SCF Bunge Marine, has been sold to Unfortunately, movement of oil by barge feet. This is in response to the failure of Niche Towing and will be operated by also hit a downturn in late 2016, with oil the lock’s gantry crane. East Side River Transportation. n Imperial River Transport, movement in the first half of 2017 down n On July 9, 2017, the 5,000-hp Eric by 40 percent from 2016. The result is a Haney, owned by Tennessee Valley operating on the Allegheny and Western River barge fleet having numerous Towing, sank at Mile 9.7 of the Upper Monongahela Rivers, has purchased the empty barges searching for cargo. In Mississippi River near Cairo, Illinois, 1,800-hp Odyssey from Genesis Marine 2015, some 251 tank barges were built, in when she took on water through her and renamed the boat Ashley Marie. n 2016 only 112 tank barges were built, and hull. Her crew of nine all escaped safely. D&S Marine Service has for 2017 it’s being projected that 50 tank The boat was salvaged on July 22 and purchased the 900-hp Capt. Claude barges will be built. Overall, 2016 is being taken to James Marine at Paducah, from South Louisiana Boat Company. n rated as the worst year in Western River Kentucky, for repairs. Campbell Transportation has barge operations, with 2017 shaping up to renamed the former 2,800-hp AEP River Transportation towboat Norman L. Snodgrass as Tommy H. n Southwest Shipyard of Houston, Texas, has delivered to Devall Towing the 1,260-hp Jackson Scott. n Halimar Shipyard of Morgan City, Louisiana, has delivered the 30-inch ABS cutter suction dredge Robert M. White to Mason Construction Company. n SCF Marine has sold the 6,200- hp Laurie S. Johnson to Western Rivers Boat Management, which renamed the boat Earl Etheridge. n Tennessee Valley Towing has purchased from American Commercial Barge Line the 6,140-hp Robert A. Knoke, the 6,140-hp Mark W. Secrease and the 5,600-hp De LaSalle. 

n Write Charles H. Bogart at n The 6,120-hp Daniel T Martin, owned by Ingram Barge, is seen upbound the Ohio River 201 Pin Oak Pl., Frankfort, KY 40601 or at Augusta, Kentucky. – Charles H. Bogart photo. [email protected]

PowerShips W inter 2018 • 79 Tugboats by David M. Boone New Arrivals ototug has finally come to the RUnited States after operating in other ports of the world for some time. Master Boat Builders in Bayou La Batre, Alabama, delivered two of three advanced Rototug tugboats to Fort Lauderdale-based Seabulk Towing in January and June. Designed by Robert Allan, the new tugs feature triangular propulsion that will deliver optimum maneuverability. The Trident is currently working in Port Everglades, with the Triton not yet assigned to a port. The third tug, as yet unnamed, was set for delivery in October. This class is equipped with three Caterpillar 3512C Tier 3 diesel engines producing 1,910 hp n (Above) Trident, the first U.S.-builtRotortug , designed by Robert Allan Ltd., has undergone at 1,600 rpm each. trials and is now in service.(See “New Tugs”) – Robert Allan Ltd. photo. (Below) Nicole Foss The Nicole Foss, the latest state-of- is Foss Maritime’s state-of-the-art Arctic-class tug. (See “New Tugs”) – Foss Maritime photo. the-art Arctic-class tug delivered to the Foss Maritime Company, was recently christened at the Foss Waterway Seaport in Tacoma, Washington. Built at the Foss Rainier Oregon shipyard, the tug is designed to operate in the extreme conditions of the far north, and she entered service during the summer. The first of the three tugs, Michele Foss, debuted in 2015, and in her first year of operation led the way in safely pioneering a new route across the North Slope while operating in extreme conditions of first-year ice almost three feet thick. The second sister, Denise Foss, has also continued to exceed expectations and has returned to the far north. Kaplan to Harley Marine Services of construction at Diversified and set for Vane Brothers’ newest tug, the New Seattle. The new tug is a sister to the delivery by the end of the year. York, was christened during a ceremony Michele Sloan and Lela Franco, already in Great Lakes Towing Company’s new June 12 at St. Johns Ship Building in service with Harley Marine. The 5,350- 2,000-hp tug Cleveland handled its first Palatka, Florida. The new tug is the sixth hp tug is named for the chief of medical harbor assist recently. This tug is the first of eight 4,200-hp Elizabeth-class tugs oncology at the Swedish Cancer Institute to be built in the United States to meet contracted by Vane with St. Johns. for his tireless dedication to cancer the new U.S. Coast Guard Subchapter Diversified Marine, in Portland, treatment and research. Another tug of M regulations for engine emissions. The Oregon, has delivered the Dr. Hank this class, the Rich Padden, is also under Cleveland is the first of ten Damen Stan

80 • Winter 2018 PowerShips C. Miller; Norfolk Tug’s Robert Burton and James William; NY State Marine Highway’s Nathan G (the former Joan McAllister); Cming o in the Buchanan Marine’s Buchanan 1, Buchanan Spring Issue of 12 and Mister T.; Donjon’s Atlantic Enterprise and Mary Alice; and the towboat Patricia. Trophies were presented to the winners PowerShips of the race in all three horsepower classes n New tug Cleveland. – The Great Lakes along with awards for the best in a spinach- Group photo. eating contest, best tattoo and deckhand Tugs 1907 ICE tugs to be built for Great line toss. Despite the inclement weather, Lakes Towing at the company’s shipyard the event was enjoyed by everyone who in Cleveland, Ohio, under license from attended. Damen in the Netherlands. Business Woes Horizon Shipbuilding of Bayou La Alcoa Combination Liners Batre recently launched the Rosemary nland and coastal oil towage is in Immediately after World War II, the McAllister for McAllister Towing of one of the most severe downturns I Aluminum Company of America (Alcoa) New York. The tug is the second of two the market has seen in the past 30 put in service three distinctive cargo- 6,800-hp, azimuth stern drive, escort and years. With this happening, several oil passenger ships, originally unfinished rescue tugs built there. The tug is named transportation companies have laid up Victory ships. Terry Tilton presents a for the wife of the company chairman, tugs and furloughed personnel. Vane detailed maritime history of Alcoa and Captain Brian A. McAllister. The first Brothers, in the midst of an aggressive these ships: Alcoa Cavalier, Alcoa tug, named Capt. Brian A. McAllister, is new tug-building program, has let more Corsair and Alcoa Clipper. already at work in the company’s New than 300 employees go. The company York fleet. has sold its tugs Brooklyn and Chesapeake America’s “Mini Liners” Fincantieri Bay Shipbuilding has to unnamed buyers and has the Tangier of the 1930s delivered the second of two AT/B units Island, Severn, Bohemia, Nanticoke and Even though the harsh Depression raged, short to Kirby Offshore Marine. The 6,000-hp Potomac tied up at its City Dock in trips along the East Coast on little luxury tug Paul McLernan and the 155,000-barrel Philadelphia. Kirby Offshore has five liners provided an ideal escape. In Lives of the barge 155-02 were built to carry tugs and barges laid up in Philadelphia, Liners, William Miller takes us aboard these petroleum and chemical cargoes in the while Andrie Transportation Group baby liners that boasted luxurious salons, domestic coastal trade. on the Great Lakes has the Rebecca Lynn wonderful food and comfortable cabins. Two new Moran tugs were christened and Barbara Andrie idle in Muskegon, in Norfolk on July 8. The Clayton W. Wisconsin. Dann Marine Towing also Plus Moran and Maxwell Paul Moran will work has five tugs without crews resting at its in the Virginia fleet. The next newbuild, dock in Chesapeake City, Maryland. T he Refurbishment of Preana Benson George Moran, was launched at This restoration story describes the effort Washburn & Doughty in East Boothbay, O ther Tug News and dedication that went into bringing the Maine, on August 16. ouchard Transportation Company magnificent 1896 steam yacht Preana, of New York has been awarded 43 B Australia’s oldest operating steam vessel, G ood Times at safety achievements by the Chamber of back to life. Tug Competition Shipping of America for operating a total he 25th Annual Great North 364 years with no lost time injuries. The Ship Research, Part 3 TRiver Tugboat Race and Competition CSA grants the Jones F. Devlin Award In the third installment of his advice on was held on September 3 with 13 tugs each year to manned merchant vessels ship research, James Shuttleworth shows participating on a cloudy, rainy Sunday in that have operated for two or more years you how information on signal flag codes, New York Harbor. The brand-new, 6,800- without incurring a lost time injury. other ship flags and funnel marks can hp Capt. Brian A. McAllister was the champ The derelict tug Powhatan, which support your article. … and More! of the day, winning the race and a trophy sank at the Samson Tug and Barge dock for best-appearing tug. The other tugs in Starrigavan Bay, Alaska, has been  were South Street Seaport’s W.O. Decker; raised and towed to Seattle for disposal. Dsson’t Mi It! Miller Launch’s Susan Miller and Catherine The tug sank in April 2017.

PowerShips W inter 2018 • 81 n W.O. Decker, looking west under the stern of the sailing ship Peking during a snowstorm. (See “South Street Seaport...”) – Jim Henderson photo.

The South Street Seaport Museum Francisco to the Port of Los Angeles/Long makes six tugs now in this fleet, along has been awarded a $200,000 Maritime Beach, replacing the tug Goliath. Goliath with the tractors Z-One and Fort Bragg, Heritage Grant from the National will join the tug Valor, Veteran’s sister, in San and the twin-screw tugs Cape Henry, Cape Park Service, in partnership with the Francisco. Goliath just completed a shipyard Cod and Bart Turecamo. U.S. Department of Transportation period having her Z-drives replaced with The Michigan, ex Susan McAllister, and Maritime Administration, for a larger drives and undergoing an upgrade of chartered to Great Lakes Towing, complete renovation of the tug W.O. her deck winches. has been sold to Morrish Wallace Decker, the last of the New York-built In August, an 8,000,000-pound, Construction, Incorporated, of wooden tugboats. A shipyard has not yet 130-ft Public Service Electric and Gas Cheboygan, Michigan, and renamed been selected for the work. Company recovery steam generator was Kristen Joelle. moved on a barge from Coyemans, New With the devastation in south Texas Big Projects York, on the upper Hudson River, to a from Hurricane Harvey, the tugboat rowley Maritime Corporation facility on the Arthur Kill in Seawaren, fleets weren’t immune from strife. Signet Ctugboats recently completed the New Jersey. The Coyemans Marine Maritime’s Signet Enterprise partially sank tow-out and installation of the Hess Oil Towing Company tugs CMT Otter, Helen in Ingleside, Texas, after being crushed Company Stampede Platform in the deep Laraway and Mister Jim provided the between two floating oil rigs. The crews water of the Gulf of Mexico. Six Crowley power on the job. of the towboats Sabine Pass and Sandy tugs worked alongside each other to Point also issued distress calls and were deliver the oversized, overweight platform, Changes airlifted to safety by the U.S. Coast tendons and other equipment from the oss Maritime has sold its tug Guard. A total of 15 were rescued during Kiewit facility in Ingleside, Texas, to a FSidney Foss to Olsen Marine in the height of the storm.  point 150 miles offshore in 3,400 feet of Ketchikan, Alaska. Her new name hasn’t water. All four of the Ocean-class tugs been disclosed. n Write David M. Boone at – Ocean Wind, Ocean Sun, Ocean Sky and The 5,100-hp tractor tug Gramma 36 Kendall Blvd., Oaklyn, NJ 08107 or Ocean Wave – were involved. Crowley has Lee T. Moran has shifted from the Miami [email protected] also shifted its tractor tug Veteran from San operation to the Philadelphia fleet. This

82 • Winter 2018 PowerShips Reviews Edited by William A. Fox n SSHSA assumes no responsibility for opinions expressed by reviewers, nor are reviews official statements of the Society itself. travelogue. His position opens doors to a powerful German navy – its island OCEAN LINER SUNSET him so that he can offer information and security and far-flung empire were, in Theodore W. Scull. Overview Press Limited insights beyond what casual travelers its view, put in danger. When Admiral (Mayes House, Vansittart Estate, Windsor SL4 might observe, thus providing a far Tirpitz convinced Kaiser Wilhelm 1SE UK), +44 1753 62 0237, overviewpress. greater insight into what occurs during II to build a strong naval force with co.uk. 2017. 128 pp., illustrated. £16. Paperback. the course of each voyage. battleships, the race was on. word of caution, lest you begin This volume of Ted Scull’s The author covers the race, step A reading and lack the time to finish recollections of nearly six decades of by step, and the start of the war, also all 13 ocean travels concentrates on the closing caused by other political factors. He chapters, era of the traditional ocean liner, the then delves into the naval strategy of off- because years between 1980 and 2016. The book shore blockade, participated in by the you won’t is well illustrated and complements primary players (leaving aside France). want to put his earlier volumes: Ocean Liner Odyssey He touches upon the use of U-boats this volume 1958–1969 and Ocean Liner Twilight to destroy shipping, the forays by the down. 1968–1979, both stunning, intimate German navy, the battle of the Dogger That’s glimpses into crossing the oceans by Banks and, of course, the battle of right – it’s ship during the decades they encompass. Jutland in more detail. really that Thanks for sharing your wonderful As the European campaign ground to enjoyable. experiences and tremendous photos. a stalemate on the continent, and after You experience the feeling that you’re Martin J. Butler the Russian treaty and the Bolshevik actually along with Ted Scull on 13 mutiny of the Russian sailors, an real ocean adventures on real liners. THE GRAND SCUTTLE: armistice was proposed by Germany. Four of these, in coastal rather than The Sinking of the German The country was in disarray, the intercontinental service, might slip Fleet at Scapa Flow in 1919 population starving, the government under the radar, but they may be the Dan van der Vat. Birlinn Limited (West almost non-existent and the German last liner services that survive into the Newington House, Newington Road, Edinburgh navy suffering its own mutiny. jet age, save for Queen Mary 2’s seasonal EH9 IQ5, UK), birlinn.co.uk, +44 (0) 131 The hectic preparation for and Atlantic crossings. 688 4371. 2016. 275 pp., illustrated. £9.99. the voyage to internment are detailed. This is the third and final volume of Paperback. While the allies (Britain, France and the the author’s trilogy describing travel on he title of this book fails to United States) couldn’t agree on what the regularly scheduled liners, which Tdescribe its actual scope. Indeed, to do with the German fleet, France offered travelers the opportunity of it covers the especially had its mind on revenge. an ocean experience in the process of prelude to Britain was secretive, never saying reaching their destinations. You can World War I where the fleet would be interned or guess the names of six of these classic and one of the what its fate would be, keeping all news liners, the famous ones; for three others major causes: from the German fleet – including you must really know your stuff; the the naval Admiral Ludwig von Reuter, its remaining four are coastal liners, which expansion commander. still survive year-round and ought not to of Germany Surprised to end up at Scapa Flow be ignored if you enjoy traveling by sea. (the Naval rather than at neutral harbors, as had That is, if you’re not in a hurry and fly Arms Race). been discussed, the Germans were kept to your destination instead. Germany was in the dark as to the peace discussions; Each voyage has its own story. You’re the accepted they were denied newspapers and radio traveling with the author, who happens European land power – the British could receivers, and their mail was censored. to be an onboard lecturer on many cope with that fact because they had After removal of the fleet’s crews (except of these voyages, so this is no dull formed alliances. But it couldn’t accept for skeleton crews), Admiral Reuter, with

PowerShips W inter 2018 • 83 the now-loyal officers and crew, prepared Cunarder’s unprecedented Southampton- Long Beach on the voyage. This book to fulfill what he felt was his obligation to-Long Beach valedictory trek, then just goes on and on – “epic” is an apt to never let a ship fall to the enemy. The you’ll find it in this volume’s 287 pages description. author covers his decision process and the punctuated with innumerable photos. To make the book even more valuable day he appeared in full dress uniform and Use it as an encyclopedia for the final trip are the many illustrations found gave the order, as well as his surrender, to research some obscure fact or just sit throughout its pages. Archival photos to the British. The entire High Seas down with it for a fascinating read. This from her halcyon days as well as current Fleet – 74 vessels, 21 capital ships and 32 book serves either purpose equally well. pictures of the Queen Mary here in Long destroyers, sank. The rest were damaged Before we look at the vast substance Beach are included, all well selected or partially sunk or grounded at night of this beautiful hardback compendium, and placed to augment the text. But under the noses of the British fleet, also at let me first go straight to the great the highlight of the illustrations are the anchor at Scapa Flow. sacrilegious faux pas that everyone who wonderful shots taken by Long Beach If there’s any criticism, of this book knows the ship will gasp over with City Photographer Tom Witherspoon, it’s that it doesn’t go into the details bugged eyes and mouth agape. On page who was onboard the ship throughout of the internment, the preparation 17 is a photo of the main lounge of the this famous last passage. These images for the scuttling or the scuttling itself. Queen Elizabeth being passed off as the totally capture the allure of the vagabond How did Reuter and his officers and main salon aboard her elder near-sister. journey, its wonder and excitement. The crew accomplish the preparation (not Deal with it and move on. The rest of this 8.5- by 6-inch format of the book renders insignificant) under the British watch? book is phenomenal, making this single some of the pictures quite small, but the What caused the ships to go down so “oops” forgettable and insignificant. quality of the publication makes them quickly? What caused the British to be Besides, the photo is an excellent, and clear and vibrant nonetheless. so secretive as to the peace negotiations seldom seen, picture of the room. True, the trip wasn’t all fun and and the expiration date that they didn’t RMS Queen Mary: The Final Voyage games. It was well known at the time that inform Reuter that the deadline had contains selected extracts from seven the sailing wouldn’t be a luxury cruise been extended? astute eyewitness source accounts, and so much as a delivery voyage. The ship On the whole, this book is a valuable all, save one, have been long out of print. was severely handicapped by a total lack contribution to the history of World Among others these include Three Stacks of air conditioning and the inability to War I from the naval side, since most and You’re Out by Velma Krauch; a special carry enough water and fuel for full- histories focus on the trench war. issue of West Magazine by Burt Prelutsky out runs between ports. These aspects, Theodore A. Ulrich attached to the December 10, 1967, too, are recorded in this book, and they edition of the Los Angeles Sunday Times; played their parts in making the trip RM S QUEEN MARY: and a compilation of press stories by unforgettable in many aspects. The Final Voyage reporter Bill Duncan, wired daily from The Queen Mary has been in Long Richard Tennant, Michael Gallagher and Miles the ship to Long Beach for publication in Beach for 50 years as of December 9, Cowsill, editors. Ferry Publications Limited (PO the Independent Press-Telegram newspaper, 2017. She made her very first sailing Box 33, Ramsey, Isle of Man IM99 4LP, British chronicling the epoch-making last over 81 years ago, and the events of Isles), +44 1624 898446, lilypublications.co.uk. voyage of the great Atlantic liner. We’re her inception, construction, operation 2017. 292 pp., illustrated. £24.95. Hardcover. also treated to spirited extracts from the and war service are legion. This new verything you wanted to know autobiography of Captain John Treasure chronicle is a magnificent and much- about the last voyage of the Queen Jones, the vessel’s last master. needed addition to the history of “the QueenMaryCoverA5PPC_050617_Layout 1 04/07/2017 09:48 Page 1 “E Mary but That amounts to over half of the Stateliest Ship now in being.” Those were afraid pages. Next we come to the appendices, words of King George V, spoken at the RMS QUEEN MARY • • MARY QUEEN RMS RMS QUEEN MARY THE FINAL VOYAGE RMS QUEEN MARY to ask” which are as priceless as the narratives. launch of the Queen Mary, are as true pretty much These contain log books, memorabilia, today as they were when pronounced at sums up manifests, information regarding the the shipyard on that occasion in 1934.

THE FINAL VOYAGE FINAL THE the content passengers, data about the buses lashed This book is a worthy adjunct to that of this to the aft main deck for delivery at Long title. Gordon Ghareeb This is the story of the Queen Mary’s final voyage to Long Beach, California. After 31 years in operation on the North Atlantic routes for Cunard, the famous liner was sold in 1967. The  Clydeside built-ship has now been a floating hotel in America longer than she was in active service. Following her sale she embarked on an epic final voyage from the UK via Cape Horn to Long Beach which is described by Captain Treasure Jones, his crew and passengers, as the monumental Beach, details of the entertainers booked Queen Mary journeyed into new waters that she had never sailed in as a commercial liner.

This book also includes a brief history of the vessel, including her part in the Second World War, and features over 200 photographs and interesting archive material and memorabilia, much of it not previously published. Edited by Richard Tennant, Michael Gallagher and Miles Cowsill. anthology. for the last trip, stores carried and n Write William A. Fox at If it has to consumed on the 39-day trek and details THE FINAL VOYAGE 112 Colonel’s Way, Williamsburg, VA 23185 £24.95 do with of each port visit. There’s even an entry or [email protected] the fabled about the Liberty Bell replica carried to

84 • Winter 2018 PowerShips by Barry Eager Heard on the Fantail n M/V Champlain a) City of Hampton arriving at Burlington, Vermont, on August 20, 1997. The ferry was built at Baltimore, Maryland, in 1930 for service across Hampton Roads in Virginia. – Barry Eager photo.

behemoths of Washington State and British Columbia, it provides an exciting moment as the bow wave builds and extends into the slip. It also provides a moment which is of maximum interest for photographs and videos of such ferries. I might add that the term “crash” The Controlled Crash is highly appropriate considering the history of dock collisions. In Seattle the ome forty years ago, on my mounting a propeller at each end, with memory of the remarkable Kalakala a) first visit to the ferries on Lake the two operating in unison. The early Peralta (which operated on Puget Sound SChamplain, I remember the direct-drive diesel vessels were powered as a single-ender) is punctuated by her captain of Champlain a) City of Hampton in a similar way. (Champlain’s original reputation for hitting and disabling describing the docking procedure large Fairbanks-Morse engine had that ferry docks when her big diesel failed for a double-ended ferry as a kind of single-shaft arrangement.) Since the to reverse. In the 1980s there were “controlled crash.” While the term was forward propeller had new to me, I knew well that it fit. the most effect when While most steamboats and ships reversed to slow or stop would carefully come up to a dock the vessel, it needed the and maneuver to proper position for most power, but there gangways to be put aboard, the double- was no way to adjust ender typically enters a fitted slip, much the power. Diesel- like putting a key in a keyhole, then tries electric power offered to adjust speed and direction to meet the the means to adjust transfer bridge gently and avoid serious the relative power to collision with the dolphins or racks. The the two screws, giving latter are designed and constructed to most power to the after absorb such collisions and to guide the prop while underway, vessel into position when wind or tide and transferring that n Ferry Issaquah starts to throw her bow wave as she enters a slip at make the landing difficult. Still, the greater power to the Vashon Island, Washington, on August 17, 2017. – Barry Eager photo. maintenance costs are often substantial. forward one when Sidewheel ferries (and steamers) entering the ferry slip. That was one of similar problems with the original digital could reverse the wheels and seemingly the reasons diesel-electric power became controls of Washington State’s present stop on a dime. With propeller-driven popular for double-enders in the 20th Issaquah-class ferries.  boats, the possibilities were less precise, century and remains so today. depending on the power available. Most The burst of water from the reversing n Write Barry Eager at old steam ferries of this sort had a single forward propeller has been a fascination Box 87, Berlin, MA 01503 engine amidships, integrated with a for me since childhood. From older or [email protected] shaft running the full length of the hull, ferries in eastern cities to the present

PowerShips W inter 2018 • 85 From the Collection by Don Leavitt Lochhead compiled his index in 1951. He must have realized the historic value of his clipping books, since he wrote an introduction intended to be read by us, the future generations of ship lovers. “Many important nautical events of the period may be found within the pages of these books,” he wrote. “More highly prized by the compiler are minor incidents which maritime histories will probably never record, such as the item about the battleship Wyoming serving as a mail boat between Boston and New York when the famous hurricane disrupted all communications between the two ports; or the SOS sent out by the collier Winding Gulf when one of her crew swallowed his bridgework. A Yarmouth, Nova Scotia, preacher complained in 1947 that the Sunday evening departure of the Boston boat was proving more of an attraction to his congregation than his sermons. These are minor incidents, to be sure, but someday these and similar items Mr. Lochhead’s will provide a little warmth, humor and Rosetta Stone interesting detail to nautical accounts which ack in prehistoric days – before SSHSA moved to often get bogged down its new headquarters in 2015 – I used to rummage in dimensions, dates and Bthrough dusty filing cabinets filled with crumbling dispositions.” newspaper clippings. It seemed that no amateur ship historian Lochhead continued, could resist clipping out ship-related articles. They dumped them “This compiler hopes into drawers and years later the piles, no, mountains, of clippings that the Index and the somehow ended up with SSHSA. Sorting through the mess Scrapbooks will prove was a job we didn’t have the heart to pass on to even the most of help to many, but he enthusiastic intern. trusts that when they So imagine the staff’s lack of glee when 200 scrapbooks describe significant filled with ship clippings emerged from long-term storage.T hat events in maritime is, until a beautifully-typed index appeared, covering the first history, they will not 100 books from 1917 to 1951. Eureka! Thousands of news forget the incident of stories were carefully indexed by ship and book number. Who the Yarmouth preacher n A small sample of the meticulously, clipped, was this dutiful compiler? and the Boston boat.” pasted, and indexed collection of 200 scrapbooks. His name was John Lochhead, a longtime SSHSA member From 1951 onward who passed away in 1990 at age 82. He grew up in Winthrop, Lochhead indexed his scrapbooks on cards rather than typing up Massachusetts, and often hung out at a neighbor’s house where a journal. Those index cards have not reemerged from storage, the captains of Cunard and Leyland Line ships would congregate but when they do, Lochhead’s last 100 scrapbooks will have the while in Boston. It was the sinking of the Lusitania in 1915, when Rosetta Stone needed to unlock their major news and warm, Lochhead was seven, that started his lifelong clipping obsession. humorous details.  His dedication intensified as an adult, so much so that his mother saved for him newspapers from 1941 to 1946 while he n Write Don Leavitt at Nautiques, was away in the Navy. Before the war he was purser onboard 255 Pleasant St., South Ryegate, VT 05069 or [email protected] Eastern Steamship liners. Afterwards he was head librarian at The Mariners’ Museum in Newport News.

86 • Winter 2018 PowerShips Captains’ Circle Members as of December 22, 2017

Commodore Mr. Richard Muller Mr. Charles T. Andrews Mr. Paul J. O'Pecko Mr. Preston B. Baker Mr. Richard Palmer Mr. Odd A. Brevik CAPT & Mrs. Roland R. Parent Mr. Alexander D. Crary Ms. Mary L. Payne Mr. John J. Crowley, Jr. CAPT Dave Pickering Mr. Donald Deckebach Mr. David L. Powers, Jr. Mr. William W. Donnell Mr. Richard Rabbett Mr. Barry W. Eager Mr. Thomas C. Ragan Mr. and Mrs. Donald W. Eberle Mr. Thomas Reed Mr. and Mrs. William Edwards Mr. Harry E. Richter Mr. and Mrs. Arthur J. Ferguson Mr. and Mrs. James W. Shuttleworth Mr. Robert J. Golden Mr. and Mrs. Stephen Smith Mr. John B. Henry CAPT Cesare Sorio Mr. and Mrs. Robert E. Hughes Mr. Kent Strobel Mr. Scott G. Huston CAPT Eric Takakjian Mr. Neil E. Jones Mr. Douglas A. Tilden Mr. Murray Kilgour CAPT and Mrs. Terry Tilton, USN (Ret.) Mr. Nicholas Langhart Mr. G. Thomas Tranter Mr. Don Leavitt Mr. Terence Turner Mr. Ralph S. McCrea CAPT Robert F. Wasson, Jr. Mr. William M. McLin & Mr. Samuel J. McKeon Mr. Peregrine White CAPT and Mrs. James J. McNamara Mr. Eric Wiberg An Exclusive Member Dr. Laurence Miller Commander Mr. Francis Galasso Mr. Carl R. Nold Category from SSHSA Mr. Joseph Bains CDR Michael Greene, USN (Ret.) Mr. Donald Pomplun The Rev. James Brandmueller Mr. and Mrs. Glenn P. Hayes Mr. Roy C. Rose s a Captains’ Circle member Mr. Stanley J. Ciaputa Mr. Francis Lazar Mr. Paul Shepard Mr. William D. Comings, Jr. CAPT Leif Lindstrom Mr. Shapleigh Smith you’ll join with peers who Mr. Patrick Dacey Mr. Laurence P. MacDonald Mr. Donn R. Spear share your interest in the CAPT Robertson Dinsmore CAPT Warren McDonald, US- Mr. Alexander Swavy history and culture of fine Mr. Steven Draper CGR, (Ret.) CAPT John S. Tucker vessels, enjoy significant benefits and Mariner Mr. Raymond H. Fredette Mr. Harry Meyer recognition, and be part of our impor- Mr. James Alexandre Mr. Mark Gathings Mr. Charles A. Miller, III Mr. Jim Antonisse Mr. John F. Gibson, III Mr. Charles W. Moorman tant mission: recording, preserving and Mr. Richard L. Barwis, IV Mr. Albert Gilder Mrs. Harry Morgan sharing maritime heritage. Mr. Jerome Batchelor Mr. Roger Gill Mr. William G. Muller Mr. and Mrs. Vincent Bellafiore Mr. Larry Glenwright Dr. and Mrs. William P. Murphy Mr. and Mrs. Charles D. Bieser Mr. Paul S. Gravenhorst Mr. Bruce Nickerson Mr. Ted Blank Mr. Robert A. Haslun Mr. Brian L. Norden Mr. Gus Bourneuf Mr. Albert R. Hinckley, Jr. Mr. Kevin O'Donnell Among the Many Benefits... Mr. H. Peirce Brawner Mr. Cyrus Hosmer III Oregon Maritime Museum • Council of American Maritime Museums Mr. Robert Brown Mr. John C. Hover II Mr. Patrick D. Ortego Mr. J.O. Busto Mr. Harold Kaplan Mr. Ronald Oswald Cards for complimentary admission to 80 Mr. David B. Butler Mr. Timothy J. Kelly Mr. Art Peabody Mr. and Mrs. Donald Caldera Mr. and Mrs. Ross Langill Mr. Richard G. Pelley maritime museums Dr. George Callard Mr. Stephen Lash Mr. Mark B. Perry Mr. John Cameron, Jr. Mr. Thomas Lavin Mr. W. Bruce Redpath • Recognition as a member of Captains’ Circle Mr. Gabriel Caprio Mr. Matthew Lawrence Mr. William S. Reid CAPT Gerard P. Carroll CAPT David Leech Mr. William M. Rosen in SSHSA’s e-newsletter, The Telegraph, Mr. Jerry Cesak Mr. H.F. Lenfest Mr. Bruce Rowe and in PowerShips magazine Mr. Charles W. Clarke Mr. Reginald Lewington Dr. Victor H. Rubino CDR Andrew O. Coggins, Jr., Ms. Susan Linda Mr. Daniel J. Santilles USN (Ret.) Mr. Adrian Loughborough Mr. John L. Schiavone • Invitations to Captains’ Circle events Mr. David Corry Mr. Joe MacArthur Mr. and Mrs. Matthew S. Schulte CAPT John M. Cox Dr. Mark P. Macina Mr. John W. Schumann Mr. Ian Danic Mr. Jeff MacKlin Mr. Bruce C. Seibel • Specially selected archival quality maritime Mr. Andres Duarte Vivas Mr. Gary Maehl Mr. Walter A. Shields prints from SSHSA’s Image Porthole Mr. Michael Dugan Mr. John Mahoney Mr. Howard Smart Mr. Andrew W. Edmonds The Rev. Armand Mantia Mr. Britton Smith Mr. Andrew Edmonds CAPT Brian McAllister Mr. Mark Snider Mr. Jonathan Ely Mr. David L. McColloch Mr. John S.W. Spofford Mr. Elmer Engman Mr. Daniel L. McCoy Mr. Alan Stover Mr. Bruce Estell Mr. Walter Lynn McLaughlin Mr. Richard Vanaria Mr. Robert Foley CAPT Ronald J. Meiczinger Mr. Stephen Weaver Call SSHSA for more information at (401) 463-3570 or visit www.sshsa.org at! ar II Aflo

e the Action of World W erienc Exp Aboard the Liberty Shipo n Jh w oW. Brn 2018 Cruises from Baltimore on the Chesapeake H H H H H H H H H H H H Saturday, June 9H H H H H H H H H H H H T he SS JOHN W. BROWN is one of the last operating Saturday, survivors from the great fleet of over 2,700 war-built Liberty Ships and the last operational troopship of World War II. The ship is a September 1 maritime museum and a memorial to the shipyard workers who built, merchant mariners who sailed, and the U.S. Navy Armed Guard who defended the Liberty ships during World War II. The John W. Brown is fully restored and maintained as close as possible to her World War II configuration. Visitors must be able to walk up steps to board the ship.

T his exciting 6 hour day cruise includes lunch, music of the 40’s, period entertainment and flybys (conditions permitting) of wartime aircraft. Tour on-board museums, crew quarters, bridge and much more. See the magnificent 140-ton triple-expansion steam engine as it powers the ship through the water.

H O derr your tickets online at: www.ssjohnwbrown.org H F orinformation call: 410-558-0164 Visit www.ssjohnwbrown.org for special pricing, group rates, gift certificates and more.

Last day to order tickets is 14 days before the cruise. Conditions and penalties apply to cancellations. Project Liberty Ship is a Baltimore based, all volunteer, nonprofit organization.