Caryophyllids

Eudicots (Tricolpates) Basal

Rosids Asterids

Caryophyllids Simmondsiaceae Nyctaginaceae Petiveriaceae Aizoaceae Cactaceae Portulacaceae Amaranthaceae Caryophyllaceae Polygonacee Plumbaginaceae Droseraceae Nepenthaceae

P-type plastids Curved embryo Perisperm Free central placentation Betalain Polygonaceae

43 genera; 1100

Fagopyrum esculentum Rheum rhabarbarum

Polygonaceae

43 genera; 1100 species

Habit:

herbaceous to woody (ours mainly herbaceous)

Stem:

nodes with sheathing stipule (ocrea)

Leaves:

simple, alternate

Polygonaceae

Symmetry: radial

Perianth parts:

6 tepals (sometimes 5)

Stamens:

6-9 (sometimes 5)

Pistils: 1, compound (2-3 carpels) Ovary position: superior

Fruit type: nutlet or achene

Caryophyllids Simmondsiaceae Nyctaginaceae Petiveriaceae Phytolaccaceae Aizoaceae Cactaceae Portulacaceae Amaranthaceae Caryophyllaceae Polygonacee Plumbaginaceae Droseraceae Nepenthaceae

P-type plastids Curved embryo Perisperm Free central placentation Betalain Carnivorous

Caryophyllineae

Betalain pigments Free central placentation

Beta vulgaris (Amaranthaceae) Caryophyllineae

Perisperm = derived from sporophyte tissue (not from double fertilization) Curved embryo

Hermann et al., 2007

P-type plastid = organelles in sieve elements store protein instead of starch

Caryophyllaceae

70 genera; 2200 species

Dianthus caryophyllus Caryophyllaceae

70 genera; 2200 species

Habit: herbaceous

Stem:

swollen nodes

Leaves:

simple, opposite

Caryophyllaceae

Symmetry:

radial

Perianth parts: 5 sepals, 5 petals (often clawed or bilobed) Stamens:

10

Pistils: 1, compound (2-5 carpels) Ovary position: superior

Fruit type: capsule

“Portulacaceae”

19 genera; 450 species

Habit: herbaceous, often succulent

Leaves:

simple, alternate or opposite

often fleshy

“Portulacaceae”

Symmetry: radial

Perianth parts: 2 sepals, 5 petals (sometimes many) Stamens:

5 (sometimes many)

Pistils: 1, compound (2-3 carpels) Ovary position: superior

Fruit type: capsule

“Portulacaceae”

Applequist and Wallace, 2001 Portulacaceae is not monophyletic

Cactaceae is derived within it

Biodiversity

“the variety of organisms considered at all levels, from species through genera, families, and still higher taxonomic levels and including the variety of ecosystems, which comprise both the communities of organisms within particular habitats and the physical conditions under which they live.” - E.O. Wilson Number of species

Narrow endemic Scarce Common Cosmopolitan Defining rarity

Endemism: to be unique to a specific geographic location. paleoendemic

Amborella trichopoda

Defining rarity

Endemism: to be unique to a specific geographic location. neoendemic

Stephanomeria malheurensis

Stephanomeria exigua Defining rarity

Large geographic range Small geographic range

Locally Locally Locally Locally abundant abundant in abundant abundant, but everywhere exact sites regionally very restricted

Sparse, but Sparse, but Sparse, but in Sparse, and everywhere widespread in several habitats very restricted exact sites locally

Hackelia venusta

Natural factors in rarity

Sequoia sempervirens Natural factors in rarity

Claytonia megarhiza

Lomatium cuspidatum

Natural factors in rarity

Lupinus oreganus Icaricia icarioides fenderi Natural factors in rarity

Human impacts

100 Habitat destruction 90 Non-native spp. 80 Pollution 70 Overharvest

60 Disease

50 Trifolium thompsonii 40

30

20

10

0 Source: Wilcove et al. (1998) BioScience 48:607-615 (data from Sidalcea oregana U.S. Federal Register, 1055 species). Invasive plants

Invasive non-native species are those that can or have spread into native wilderness or managed ecosystems, develop self-sustaining populations, and become dominant or disruptive to those systems.

Fallopia japonica

Invasive plants: impacts

Competition for resources

Hedera helix Rubus armeniacus Invasive plants: impacts

Changing ecosystems

Cytisus scoparius Spartina alterniflora Bromus tectorum

Invasive plants: introduction and establishment

Stages of invasion Woody Plant Introductions North American n=235

Accidental Saturation 1% Agriculture Erosion Control 14%

3% Expansion

Landscape Horticulture Area

82% Establishment

Time

“Rule of 10s” (Williamson, 1992) 10% of introduced species will become adventive 10% of adventive species will become established 10% of the established species will become invasive