Simmondsiaceae Basal Nyctaginaceae eudicots Petiveriaceae Phytolaccaceae Aizoaceae Eudicots Betalain Free centralplacentation Perisperm Curved embryo P-type plastids Cactaceae Caryophyllids Portulacaceae Caryophyllids Rosids Amaranthaceae ( Tricolpates Caryophyllaceae ) Polygonacee Plumbaginaceae Asterids Droseraceae Nepenthaceae Polygonaceae 43 genera; 1100 species Fagopyrum esculentum Rheum rhabarbarum Polygonaceae 43 genera; 1100 species Habit: herbaceous to woody (ours mainly herbaceous) Stem: nodes with sheathing stipule (ocrea) Leaves: simple, alternate Polygonaceae Symmetry: radial Perianth parts: 6 tepals (sometimes 5) Stamens: 6-9 (sometimes 5) Pistils: 1, compound (2-3 carpels) Ovary position: superior Fruit type: nutlet or achene Caryophyllids Simmondsiaceae Nyctaginaceae Petiveriaceae Phytolaccaceae Aizoaceae Cactaceae Portulacaceae Amaranthaceae Caryophyllaceae Polygonacee Plumbaginaceae Droseraceae Nepenthaceae P-type plastids Curved embryo Perisperm Free central placentation Betalain Carnivorous plants Caryophyllineae Betalain pigments Free central placentation Beta vulgaris (Amaranthaceae) Caryophyllineae Perisperm = derived from sporophyte tissue (not from double fertilization) Curved embryo Hermann et al., 2007 P-type plastid = organelles in sieve elements store protein instead of starch Caryophyllaceae 70 genera; 2200 species Dianthus caryophyllus Caryophyllaceae 70 genera; 2200 species Habit: herbaceous Stem: swollen nodes Leaves: simple, opposite Caryophyllaceae Symmetry: radial Perianth parts: 5 sepals, 5 petals (often clawed or bilobed) Stamens: 10 Pistils: 1, compound (2-5 carpels) Ovary position: superior Fruit type: capsule “Portulacaceae” 19 genera; 450 species Habit: herbaceous, often succulent Leaves: simple, alternate or opposite often fleshy “Portulacaceae” Symmetry: radial Perianth parts: 2 sepals, 5 petals (sometimes many) Stamens: 5 (sometimes many) Pistils: 1, compound (2-3 carpels) Ovary position: superior Fruit type: capsule “Portulacaceae” Applequist and Wallace, 2001 Portulacaceae is not monophyletic Cactaceae is derived within it Biodiversity “the variety of organisms considered at all levels, from species through genera, families, and still higher taxonomic levels and including the variety of ecosystems, which comprise both the communities of organisms within particular habitats and the physical conditions under which they live.” - E.O. Wilson Number of species Narrow endemic Scarce Common Cosmopolitan Defining rarity Endemism: to be unique to a specific geographic location. paleoendemic Amborella trichopoda Defining rarity Endemism: to be unique to a specific geographic location. neoendemic Stephanomeria malheurensis Stephanomeria exigua Defining rarity Large geographic range Small geographic range Locally Locally Locally Locally abundant abundant in abundant abundant, but everywhere exact sites regionally very restricted Sparse, but Sparse, but Sparse, but in Sparse, and everywhere widespread in several habitats very restricted exact sites locally Hackelia venusta Natural factors in rarity Sequoia sempervirens Natural factors in rarity Claytonia megarhiza Lomatium cuspidatum Natural factors in rarity Lupinus oreganus Icaricia icarioides fenderi Natural factors in rarity Human impacts 100 Habitat destruction 90 Non-native spp. 80 Pollution 70 Overharvest 60 Disease 50 Trifolium thompsonii 40 30 20 10 0 Source: Wilcove et al. (1998) BioScience 48:607-615 (data from Sidalcea oregana U.S. Federal Register, 1055 plant species). Invasive plants Invasive non-native species are those that can or have spread into native wilderness or managed ecosystems, develop self-sustaining populations, and become dominant or disruptive to those systems. Fallopia japonica Invasive plants: impacts Competition for resources Hedera helix Rubus armeniacus Invasive plants: impacts Changing ecosystems Cytisus scoparius Spartina alterniflora Bromus tectorum Invasive plants: introduction and establishment Stages of invasion Woody Plant Introductions North American n=235 Accidental Saturation 1% Agriculture Erosion Control 14% 3% Expansion Landscape Horticulture Area 82% Establishment Time “Rule of 10s” (Williamson, 1992) 10% of introduced species will become adventive 10% of adventive species will become established 10% of the established species will become invasive .