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Phd Thesis Isichei Cultural Identification and Global Mobility: Exploring the Impact of Monoculturalism and Biculturalism on Willingness to Work Internationally and Effectiveness While on International Assignments By Michael Isichei Research Supervisors: Professor David Collings Dr Joe MacDonagh A Thesis Submitted to Dublin City University Business School in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy March 2017 DECLARATION I hereby certify that this material, which I now submit for assessment on the programme of study leading to the award of Doctor of Philosophy is entirely my own work, and that I have exercised reasonable care to ensure that the work is original, and does not to the best of my knowledge breach any law of copyright, and has not been taken from the work of others save and to the extent that such work has been cited and acknowledged within the text of my work. Signed: ________________ ID No.: 12212162 Date: ________________ i Post Examination Copy with Corrections 14/06/17 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to acknowledge everyone that has positively contributed to my experience as a PhD student. I am quite fortunate to be surrounded by so many wonderful people. Though there are many people to acknowledge, I must begin by acknowledging God. I thank God for the grace He has given me to complete this PhD. There have been challenges along the way, but God has always been a very present help during these challenges. I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisor, Professor David Collings. David’s advice and support have been invaluable. I greatly appreciate that I had the opportunity to learn from such an excellent academic. What David has achieved as an academic in just over a decade is nothing short of extraordinary. Beyond his duties as my supervisor, David has been a great source of help. I appreciate the opportunity that he extended to me, while head of the HRM & OB group in the Business School, to work as a part-time lecturer. As a self-funded PhD student, the opportunity meant a lot to me. Although I wasn’t able to vacation in the Cayman’s, I was able to sustain myself financially. I’m grateful not only for the income, but also for the experience. I’m quite pleased that I was able to begin lecturing at the age of 22 and attain three years of teaching experience during the PhD programme. I thank David for all of his help. I would also like to extend my gratitude to Dr Joe MacDonagh for encouraging me to pursue a PhD and for acting as my second reader throughout the programme. I would like to thank the DCU Africa society, the African Students Association of Ireland (ASAI), and the DCU Soccer Club for making my experience as a PhD student quite unique. It was an honour to serve as the President of the DCU Africa Society. I would like to thank all of the ii Post Examination Copy with Corrections 14/06/17 committee members who served diligently during my tenure as president, and contributed to what was certainly my most enjoyable year in DCU. I would like to particularly thank Golden Ikerionwu, Sharawn Ahaotusimelane, Tosin Odekeye, Rufai Smith, Christelle Bekombo, and Trina Dzidonu. It was a pleasure working with all of you. I would like to thank David Nyaluke for giving me the opportunity to be an active member of ASAI while he was Secretary General of the association. The opportunity richly contributed to my experience as a PhD student. I would also like to thank the DCU Soccer Club and the Sports Development Service for the sports scholarships that I received while completing my PhD. The support I received, and the services that I had access to as part of the scholarship helped me to not only progress athletically, but personally. Thank you to all of the staff at DCU Business School who have supported or helped me over the last few years. I would like to thank Dr John McMackin, Professor Edel Conway, Gerry Conygham, Dr. Yseult Freeney, Rachel Keegan, Margaret Galuszynska, Jonathan Begg, Muriel Keegan, Olive Flynn, Debbie Trimble, Nichola O’Sullivan and, Clare Balfe. I would like to particularly thank Dr. Teresa Hogan and Ursula Baxter who both showed me great support and went out of their way to help me. I’ve been privileged to cross paths with a number of extremely wise individuals who are exemplars in their fields of work and in their communities. Pastor Tunde Adebayo-Oke, the Regional Pastor of the Redeemed Christian Church of God (RCCG), in Ireland, is one such individual. I would like to thank Pastor Tunde for being a mentor to me over the last few years. His gentle guidance has helped me to grow both spiritually and personally. The impact that he iii Post Examination Copy with Corrections 14/06/17 has had on my life is quite likely much greater than he can imagine. I would also like to thank Pastor Caroline Adebayo-Oke for being a great example. Indeed beside every great man, there’s an equally great woman. More broadly, I would like to thank everyone involved in youth ministry throughout RCCG in Ireland who has had a positive impact on my life. Thank you for encouraging me, and many other young adults, to strive for Godly excellence. Thank you to Temmy Sasore, Afolabi Yisa, Paul Imonopi, and Ebenezer Olajide for being a great source of encouragement. I once called them friends, but now I call them brothers. Thank you for continually praying for me and encouraging me to be all that God has created me to be. I would also like to thank Joseph Kinvi and Dayo Ojo for their unwavering support and encouragement. I would like to thank my parents, Henry and Lucy for being such great examples. The diligence that they daily exhibit encourages me and my siblings to be the very best that we can be. I thank my parents for the sacrifices that they have made, and continue to make, for their children. There will be no end to my appreciation for my parents and my gratitude towards them. I would also like to thank my siblings, Raymond, Christina, and Daniel, for their support throughout the journey. Seeing their faces at the end of a busy day put a smile on my face. Finally, I would like to thank my fiancée, Naomi, for being a constant source of encouragement. I thank her for helping me to see the bigger picture when I got lost in the minor details. I appreciate that she is always willing to help me in whatever way she can. Indeed, he that finds a wife finds a good thing. In Naomi, I have found a good thing. Thank you, Naomi, for your great support during the final stage of the PhD programme. iv Post Examination Copy with Corrections 14/06/17 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Declaration i Acknowledgment ii Table of Contents v List of Tables ix List of Figures x List of Abbreviations xi Abstract xii Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Rationale for the Research 3 1.3 Research Hypotheses and Model 7 1.4 Contributions of Research 12 1.5 Structure of Thesis 13 Chapter 2: Review of International Assignment Literature 2.1 Introduction 16 2.2 Motives for Using International Assignments 17 2.3 Selecting International Assignees 23 2.4 International Assignee Adjustment and Performance 25 2.4.1 Assignee Adjustment 25 2.4.2 Assignee Performance 29 2.5 International Assignment Costs and Return on Investment 31 v Post Examination Copy with Corrections 14/06/17 2.6 Willingness to Undertake International Assignments 34 2.6.1 Personal Factors 36 2.6.2 Family Related Factors 42 2.6.3 Career Related Factors 45 2.6.4 Organisation Support Factors 50 2.6.5 Host Country Factors 51 2.7 Conclusion 54 Chapter 3: Review of Biculturalism Literature 3.1 Introduction 55 3.2 Theoretical Background of Biculturalism 56 3.2.1 Acculturation 56 3.2.2 Biculturalism and Integration 59 3.3 Negotiating Bicultural Identities 65 3.3.1 Situational Biculturalism 67 3.3.2 Synthesized Biculturalism 71 3.4 Bicultural Identity Integration 74 3.4.1 Bicultural Identity Integration Explained 74 3.4.2 Antecedents of Bicultural Identity Integration 77 3.5 Cultural Frame Switching 83 3.5.1 Cultural Frame Switching Explained 83 3.5.2 Cultural Frame Switching 85 3.6 Outcomes of Biculturalism 92 3.6.1 Cognitive Complexity 92 vi Post Examination Copy with Corrections 14/06/17 3.6.2 Creativity 94 3.6.3 Adjustment and Adaptability 96 3.6.4 Cultural Intelligence 98 3.7 Conclusion 100 3.8 Conclusion to Literature Review 101 Chapter 4: Hypothesis Development 4.1 Biculturals as International Assignees 103 4.1.1 Hypothesis Development 109 4.2 Conclusion 139 Chapter 5: Research Methodology 5.1 Introduction 140 5.2 Research Philosophy 140 5.3 Research Design 146 5.3.1 Survey Design 147 5.3.2 Research Sample 167 5.3.3 Data Collection 168 5.4 Data Analysis Strategy 173 Chapter 6: Study 1 6.1 Introduction 184 6.2 Method 186 6.2.1 Participants and Procedures 186 vii Post Examination Copy with Corrections 14/06/17 6.2.2 Measures 189 6.3 Results 193 6.4 Discussion 206 Chapter 7: Study 2 7.1 Introduction 217 7.2 Method 219 7.2.1 Participants and Procedures 219 7.2.2 Measures 222 7.3 Results 231 7.4 Discussion 245 Chapter 8: Conclusion 8.1 Summary of Findings 263 8.2 Contributions of Research 272 8.3 Practical Implications 277 8.4 Limitations and Future Research Directions 281 8.5 Conclusion 284 Bibliography 288 Appendix A: Invitation Letters 326 Appendix B: Questionnaires for Study 1 & 2 332 Appendix C: Correlation Matrices of the Main Variables in Study 1 & 2 371 Appendix D: Output from Mediation Analysis 376 viii Post Examination Copy with Corrections 14/06/17 LIST OF TABLES Page 5.1 Comparison of Four Research Philosophies 143 6.1 Study 1 Summary of Confirmatory
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