Great Basin Naturalist

Volume 41 Number 3 Article 3

9-30-1981

Contributions to the life history of Sacramento , Archoplites interruptus, in Pyramid Lake, Nevada

Steven Vigg W. F. Sigler and Associates, Inc., Logan, Utah

Paul A. Kucera W. F. Sigler and Associates, Inc., Logan, Utah

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Recommended Citation Vigg, Steven and Kucera, Paul A. (1981) "Contributions to the life history of Sacramento perch, Archoplites interruptus, in Pyramid Lake, Nevada," Great Basin Naturalist: Vol. 41 : No. 3 , Article 3. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/gbn/vol41/iss3/3

This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Western North American Naturalist Publications at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Great Basin Naturalist by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE LIFE HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO PERCH, ARCHOPLITES INTERRUPTUS, IN PYRAMID LAKE, NEVADA

Steven Vigg^'^ and Paul A. Kucera^-'^

Abstract.— During a two-year period (1976-1977), 180 Sacramento perch {Archoplites interruptus) were sampled from Pyramid Lake, Nevada, on a monthly basis using several capture methods in all lake areas. Age and growth de- terminations of these fish were inconsistent with previous research on this species. Sacramento perch are entirely carnivorous, adults feeding primarily on tui chub (Gila bicolor). Fish accounted for 6 percent of the diet (by volume) of Sacramento perch less than 300 mm fork length, and 98 percent for those exceeding 300 mm. Amphipods, Odo- nata, and composed 6.3, 5.7, and 1.8 percent, respectively, of the stomach contents by volume for all sizes combined. Females spawned from June to August when water temperatures approached 20 C, and their gonad weight was about 6 percent of the total body weight. A sample of 20 female perch had a mean fecundity of 84,203 eggs. The mean diameter of mature eggs was 0.88 mm. Sacramento perch almost exclusively inhabit the littoral zone of Pyramid Lake. Activity, as indicated by net catches, was greatest during the warm months of May to October. Monthly catches were significantly correlated with temperature (r = 0.577, P<0.01). No short-term changes in pop- ulation abundances were observed during 1976-1977.

The Sacramento perch is the only warm 1959). The species is endemic to the S water gamefish in Pyramid Lake. Its prefer- mento-San Joaquin drainage systems of ence for warm, shallow water makes it avail- fornia (Aceituno and Nicola 1976) (Fi able to shore as well as boat fishermen during Sacramento perch probably attained the hottest months of the year, when trout present distribution during the Mic

are relatively inaccessible. Although not epoch, some 25 million years ago (f ' . abundant, the Sacramento perch supports a 1959). The occurrence of fossil Archopli limited summer fishery and is an excellent ancient Lake Idaho suggests a former h food fish. An analysis of an aboriginal fishing graphic connection between what are site in central indicated that Sac- the Snake River and Sacramento River c ramento perch was the most abundantly uti- ages (Miller and Smith 1967). lized species (51 percent of the remains) by Lockington (1879) described the Sacra- the prehistoric Native Americans (Schulz and mento perch population of the lower Sacra- Simons 1973). In 1931 Walford noted that mento and San Joaquin Rivers as being abun- the Sacramento perch was esteemed by an- dant in the late 1800s. Nevertheless, the glers. In recent years interest has been re- species was noted to be declining in its native newed in this fish both as a and as range before the turn of the century (Jordan

a candidate for the list of endangered species and Evermann 1896). After the turn of the

(Aceituno and Nicola 1976). It is currently century it was considered uncommon (Rutter classified as depleted (Miller 1972). 1908), and by the end of the 1940s it was

The Sacramento perch is the only member considered scarce, except in a few isolated lo- of the sunfish () family nat- calities (Murphy 1948, Curtis 1949). By 1955 urally distributed west of the Rocky Moun- the Sacramento perch was occupying only a

tains (Murphy 1948). It is the only living fraction of its original range in California, member of the Archoplites, a relict of being limited to 14 small and disjunct bodies an ancient fauna that probably evolved be- of water (Aceituno and Nicola 1976). The de- fore the formation of the Sierra Nevada and cline of Sacramento perch in its native habi- Rocky Mountain ranges (Miller 1946, 1958, tat has been attributed to predation, habitat

'W. F. Sigler & Associates, Inc., P.O. Box 1.350, I^gan, Utah 84322. -Present address: Bioresources Center, Desert Research Institute, Reno, Nevada 89506. 'Present address: Fish and Wildlife Department, Colville Confederated Tribes, Nespelem, Washington 99114.

278 September 1981 ViGG, Kucera: Sacramento Perch 279

CALIFORNIA NEVADA

yramid ke Clean Lake •Reno

^Scfcramento^

San Franciscol Coyofe Creek.

Pajaro River

Salinas River

Bakersfield

Fig. 1. Original distribution of Sacramento perch (after Aceituno and Nicola 1976). degradation, interspecific competition for As Sacramento perch began declining in food and space, and reduced abundance of their native range, they were introduced into native cyprinid prey (Jordan and Gilbert other waters. H. G. Parker (first fish commis- 1895, Neale 1931, Dill and Shapovalov 1939, sioner of the State of Nevada) planted Sacra- Murphy 1948, 1951, Mathews 1962, Hopkirk mento perch from the Sacramento River into 1973, Moyle et al. 1974). Aceituno and Ni- Washoe Lake in 1877 (LaRivers 1962). The cola (1976) discuss these relationships in de- species was subsequently distributed to other tail and suggest that competition from in- waters of Nevada, including Pyramid and troduced exotic centrachids is a probable Walker Lakes. By 1897 a relatively large cause of the demise of Sacramento perch in population of Sacramento perch had appar- California. ently been established in Pyramid Lake, 280 Great Basin Naturalist Vol. 41, No. 3

first annulus forma- because Fish Commissioner G. T. Mills re- ramento perch at time of ported a commercial Indian fishery for the tion during this study (137-244 mm) is com- species (LaRivers 1962). Aceituno and Nicola parable to the length reported at the second or third annulus of Sacramento perch sam- (1976) summarized efforts to reestablish Sac- ramento perch in California waters. They pled from Pyramid Lake by Johnson (1958) and from Walker Lake noted that nearly all the waters where Sacra- and Mathews (1962) annual growth in- mento perch now exist in California are arti- by Allan (1958). The mean crements (in length) of Sacramento perch ficial introductions, i.e., the species is vir- collected in Mathews were, tually nonexistent in its original range. 1959 by (1962) however, much greater than those calculated

during this study. If, however, our 1976-1977 Age and Growth data are adjusted to make the length at first (males) or first second annuli (fe Age data, in conjimction with length and annulus and weight measurements, comprise an important males) equal to that of Mathews (1962), then the subsequent annual growth increments are aspect of fisheries biology because it provides information on stock composition, age at more comparable between the two time peri- (Table Such an adjustment, partition- maturity, life span, mortality, growth, and ods 2). ing out the length at first annulus into the production (Tesch 1971). This information is relevant to ecological relationships of a fish proportion determined by Mathews (1962), is arbitrary, it possible explana- species living in various habitats. The most but suggests first an- frequently used method of age determination tions of the ambiguous results: (1) the nulus may be obscured or not laid down the in a temperate region is the measurement interpreted and interpretation of growth zones on the first year, (2) a true annulus was as mark and disregarded, and pre- hard parts of fishes, particularly, scales. The a check (3) interpreted actual check marks classic aging techniques used in this study vious workers were not definitive for Sacramento perch. as true annuli. Annual growth increments of 104 Sacra- Annulus formation is probably a function mento perch taken from Pyramid Lake dur- of food availability and temperature in Pyra- are ing 1976-1977 exhibited a different pattern mid Lake. Sacramento perch spawned the than had been previously reported for the late in the year in Pyramid Lake due to of the water species from Pyramid Lake and other waters relatively slow warming (Mathews 1962). Following scale formation (Table 1). The back-calculated length of Sac-

Table 1. Comparison of Sacramento perch growth from different CaUfornia and Nevada waters.

Calculated mean fork length (mm) at each annulus

Locality

California Lake Greenhaven 84 (Mathews 1962) Lake Almanor (Mathews 1962) Lake Anza (Mathews 1962) King Fish Lake (Mathews 1962) Clear Lake (Murphy 1948)

Nevada Walker Lake (Allan 1958) Pyramid Lake (Johnson 1958) Pyramid Lake (Mathews 1962) Pyramid Lake (This study) September 1981 ViGG, Kucera: Sacramento Perch 281

Table 2. Annual growth increments of Sacramento perch sampled from Pyramid Lake during 1959 and 1976-1977. 282 Great Basin Naturalist Vol. 41, No. 3 length. The specimens were captured in- empty stomachs (28.6 percent) were seen shore, on the bottom at depths of 0-15 in from May through August, and may have various lake areas during all seasons. The 12 been due to regurgitation.

Table 4. Average length (mm), weight (g), and condition factors of female and male Sacramento perch collected in Pyramid Lake, Nevada, from 1975 to 1977.

Length September 1981 ViGG, Kucera: Sacramento Perch 283

Food items in the Sacramento perch stom- fish in the total food volume of Sacramento achs were separated into six categories: fish, perch from the two groups is even more Odonata, Chironomidae, Amphipoda, algae, striking. Fish amounted to only 6 percent of and digested matter. Fish had been eaten by the volume for Sacramento perch less than 65.6 percent of the Sacramento perch whose 300 mm in length, but 98 percent for those stomachs contained food and accounted for exceeding 300 mm. Moyle et al. (1974) and nearly 86 percent of the total volume of Mathews (1962) noted a transition from in- stomach contents (Table 5). Johnson (1958) vertebrates to fish in the diet of Sacramento

reported that 49 of 54 (90 percent) of the perch at a much smaller size, i.e., Sacramento Pyramid Lake Sacramento perch containing perch over 90 mm in fork length sampled food in their stomachs had eaten fish. In during July 1961 from Pyramid Lake con- Walker Lake, Allan (1958) determined that tained over 90 percent fish, by weight, in 110 of 164 (67 percent) of the Sacramento their stomach contents. This discrepancy may perch containing food in their stomachs had be partially explained by depth of habitat eaten fish. This piscivorous nature of Sacra- sampled. Fish in this study were captured in mento perch has been well documented gill nets up to a depth of 15 m. Mathews (Neale 1931, Murphy 1948, Jonez 1955, (1962) primarily used minnow seines (also LaRivers 1962, Mathews 1962, Sigler and rotenone and angling), which restricted sam- Miller 1963). pling to relatively shallow areas where small During this study, all fish identified from forage fish are more available for predation. stomachs of Sacramento perch were tui Odonata comprised nearly 42 percent of chubs. Johnson (1958) also found Sacramento the benthic invertebrates in stomachs of Sac- perch from Pyramid Lake to predominantly ramento perch. They accounted for 5.7 per- contain tui chub minnows 25-127 mm in cent of total Sacramento perch food and had length, and Allan (1958) stated that all identi- been eaten by 13.3 percent of the specimens fiable fish from stomachs of Sacramento examined. Odonata are relatively abundant in perch in Walker Lake were tui chubs 38-178 the tufa and rock areas of Pyramid Lake in- mm in length. Moyle et al. (1974) and habited by adult Sacramento perch. Chirono- Mathews (1962) found tui chubs, Tahoe suck- midae had been eaten by 9 of 30 Sacramento ers, and other Sacramento perch in the stom- perch examined and composed 1.8 percent of achs of Sacramento perch from Pyramid the total volume. As Sigler and Miller (1963) Lake. observed, Sacramento perch of all sizes feed The proportion of fish in the diet increases on Chironomodae. Chironomidae were con- as the size of the Sacramento perch increases sumed throughout the year but in the largest (Table 6). Only 3 of 11 Sacramento perch volumes during May, June, and July. Amphi- 203-292 mm in length had eaten fish, where- poda had been eaten by 20 percent of the as 17 of 19 perch measuring over 300 mm Sacramento perch (mostly small fish) and ac- had fish in their stomachs. The percentage of counted for 6.3 percent of the total volume

Table 5. Stomach contents of 30 Sacramento perch (203-376 mm fork length) from Pyramid Lake, Nevada, dur- ing 1976. 284 Great Basin Naturalist Vol. 41, No. 3 of food. Mathews (1962) also observed that the preferred food of Sacramento perch large small (49-77 mm) Sacramento perch fed enough to consume fish. The highest Sacra- heavily on amphipods (71.7 percent of the mento perch predation on fish occurred dur- diet), and larger Sacramento perch depended ing May-August when adult tui chubs were much less on benthic invertebrates (6.3 per- inshore spawning and young-of-the-year tui cent of the diet), of which odonata were the chubs were present in high numbers. Math- most important constituent. ews (1962) examined 216 Sacramento perch The feeding behavior of Sacramento perch from Lake Anza, California, and showed the in Pyramid Lake is not known in detail. highest occurrence of predation on fish to oc- Moyle et al. (1974) concluded from stomach cur from May-September. analyses that Sacramento perch fed primarily by picking invertebrates off the bottom sub- Reproduction strate or by capturing organisms in midwater. LaRivers (1962) characterized Sacramento Sacramento perch ripen and in vari- perch as "lurkers," hiding in rocky crevices, ous bodies of water at temperatures ranging apparently in wait for passing prey. In Pyra- from 20.0 to 23.9 C (Murphy 1948, Mathews mid Lake, the convoluted habitat of tufa for- 1962, 1965, McCarraher and Gregory 1970, mations, combined with huge schools of tui Imler et al. 1975, Aceituno and Vanicek chubs in shallow water, would make the lurk- 1976). In Pyramid Lake, Sacramento perch ing method of predation efficient for any pis- spawn from June through August, beginning civorous fish. when water temperatures approach 20 C. Sacramento perch can be categorized as a Collection of young-of-the-year perch in late stenophagous species, i.e., they subsist on a July and August 1976, when water temper- limited variety of foods. Sacramento perch atures were 21.1 to 22.2 C, further delineated are entirely carnivorous, becoming almost to- Sacramento perch's spawning season in Pyra- tally piscivorous when they attain a large mid Lake. The highest net catch rate of adult enough size. Their macroinvertebrate prey Sacramento perch in spawning condition was are restricted to benthic species that cohabit observed at the delta early in August; rela- in shallow rocky areas. The great abundance tively large numbers of postlarval Sacra- and availability of all sizes of tui chubs in- mento perch were seined in this area by the shore during the summer months make them end of the month. Female Sacramento perch

Table 6. Percentage of total volume and frequency of occurrence of food items consumed by Sacramento perch in relation to size. Perch were captured from January through December 1976 from Pyramid Lake, Nevada, with bot- tom-set horizontal gill nets. September 1981 ViGG, Kucera: Sacramento Perch 285 spawn when their gonad weight is about 6 of fry to maturity (McCarraher and Gregory percent of the total body weight. In 1976, 1970). Sacramento perch successfully repro- this GSI was reached during July and August. duced in saline Colorado ponds ranging from Shallow littoral areas with substrates of 1,000-19,000 mg/1 TDS, with total alka- gravel, boulders, algae, and/ or rooted aquatic linity less than 400 mg/1 (Imler et al. 1975). plants are characteristic spawning habitats of It is generally conceded, however, the alka- Sacramento perch (Murphy 1948, Mathews linity (carbonates-bicarbonates) and not salt

1965, McCarraher and Gregory 1970). Spaw- (NaCl) is the TDS constituent harmful to fish ners are generally paired, and they exhibit in- (Beatty 1959, Mitchum 1960). creasingly aggressive behavior that culmi- Alkalinity may also directly affect the re- nates in egg deposition in which both fish are productive potential of adult Sacramento often vertically positioned with the vents perch and is probably the mechanism that close together (Murphy 1948). The eggs are eliminated this species from Walker Lake. formed in long adhesive strings laid con- Walker Lake's now extinct Sacramento perch spicuously over a discrete area of substrate reached their limit of "alkalinity" tolerance about 0.5 m in diameter. Unlike other cen- when they could no longer reproduce in the trarchids, Sacramento perch exhibit little if early 1950s, when the total alkalinity was ap- any nest-building behavior (McCarraher and proximately 2,500 mg/1 as HCO3 (Cooper Gregory 1970). After completion of spawn- 1978). Natural reproduction did not occur in ing, the male may (Mathews 1965) or may Nebraska hatchery ponds unless the total al- not (Miller 1948) display nest-guarding ter- kalinity was less than 2,000 mg/1 over the ritoriality for several days. Presence or ab- summer months (McCarraher and Gregory sence of this protective behavior would cer- 1970). Several of the adult females sampled tainly affect reproductive success. Scuba during 1976-1977 in Pyramid Lake exhibited diving observations indicate that Sacramento hardened ovaries; concurrent alkalinity levels perch exhibit nest-guarding territoriality in were in excess of 1,400 mg/1. This condition Pyramid Lake. certainly impairs reproductive success. If the Although actual spawning of Sacramento proportion of sexually viable females in the perch in Pyramid Lake was not observed population were decreased in Pyramid Lake during this study, tufa formations probably by increasing concentrations of alkalinity, the provide suitable spawning substrate. Net Sacramento perch would eventually be elimi- catches of young-of-the-year Sacramento nated from the lake. perch in the vicinity of the pinnacles and the Sacramento perch from Pyramid Lake usu- delta attest to successful reproduction in ally mature sexually at a mean length of 227 these areas. The abundant wind-blown tum- mm. Sexually mature males range in mean bleweed in Pyramid Lake may also provide length from 160-295 mm, and females at spawning substrate; this plant was utilized by 213-327 mm. Decreasing numbers of male Sacramento perch in White Lake, South Da- Sacramento perch at larger sizes have been kota (McCarraher and Gregory 1970). noted by other workers. Mathews (1962) Natural recruitment of Sacramento perch stated that creel census data from Pyramid in Pramid Lake has apparently resulted in Lake revealed that about six females per maintenance of a stable population since the male were taken and that the ratio of older fish was first introduced in the late 1800s. fish was imbalanced in favor of females. In The delta area may be an important nursery research on Lake Anza, Mathews (1962) also area for Sacramento perch, because the larg- found that all age group V and VI perch est catch of postlarval juveniles was taken in were females. Survival of females to older this area. Eggs and young probably have age groups maintains a higher reproductive higher survival rates in the vicinity of potential while altering the sex ratios toward Truckee River inflow due to reduced total the female. dissolved solids (TDS) levels. Fry and finger- Sacramento perch exhibit high fecundities, ling Sacramento perch are less tolerant of as do most members of the family Centrar- high TDS than adults, and apparently a mor- chidae. During 1976-1977, a sample of 20 fe- tality threshold greatly reduces the survival male Sacramento perch from Pyramid Lake 286 Great Basin Naturalist Vol. 41, No. 3

Table 7. Comparison of mean fecundities of Sacra- mento perch from Pyramid Lake, 1959-1961 and 1976-1977. September 1981 ViGG, Kucera: Sacramento Perch 287

None were captured at depths greater than 23 m nor in offshore (Hmnetic) waters at any depth. The Httoral zone (0-15 m) of Pyramid Lake provides only about 11 percent of its surface area and about 1.27 percent of the to- tal volume. LaRivers (1962) notes the sedentary nature of Sacramento perch and their association with rocky habitats and crevices. Recent ob- servations by divers confirm the observation that these fish congregate around rocky points, breakwaters, and tufa caves. Our quantitative net samples indicate that the greatest numbers of Sacramento perch were taken in areas of tufa substrate. The favored habitat of this fish seems to be areas of exten- sive tufa development, e.g., the Pyramid and vicinity. Hells Kitchen, the Pinnacles, and Pelican Point. There was no apparent short-term change in abundance of Sacramento perch during 1976 and 1977. The mean catch effort of 177 standardized (18 hr) gill net sets during 1976 (0.29 fish/net) was not significantly different from that of 172 comparable net sets during 1977 (0.33 fish/net) (P = 0.77, F = 0.09). Due to high within-season variation, no sig- 288 Great Basin Naturalist Vol. 41, No. 3 removed or in highly alkaline lakes that sup- Department of Interior, Bureau of Indian Af- port only a naturally reproducing minnow fairs. Mr. Roy Whaley was responsible for species (McCarraher and Gregory 1970). Of the collection and analysis of the food habits all waters inhabited by Sacramento perch. research and Denise Robertson was respon-

Pyramid Lake's environment is most con- sible for age and growth. Dr. William F. Sig- ducive to longevity and maximum growth ler was the directive influence behind the fish (Aceituno and Vanicek 1976). The alkaline life history research on Pyramid Lake. waters of Pyramid Lake result in a low spe- cies diversity. Mathews (1962) attributed the large size attained by Sacramento perch in Literature Cited Pyramid Lake to their highly piscivorous diet. The huge forage base of tui chubs in Aceituno, M. E., and S. Nicola. 1976. Distribution and status of the Sacramento perch, Archoplites inter- Pyramid Lake is crucial. Because the alka- ruptus (Girard), in Cahfornia. Cahfomia Fish and linity of Pyramid Lake limits the diversity of Game 62(4): 246-254. its fish species, and the Sacramento perch is Aceituno, M. E., and C. D. Vanicek. 1976. Life history the lake's only warm-water piscivore, it holds of the Sacramento perch, Archoplites interruptus (Girard), in California. California Fish and a stable niche with little interspecific Game 62(l):5-20. competition. Allan, R. C. 1958. Fisheries management report— Walk- The fact that the Sacramento perch popu- er Lake. Lakes Pyramid, Walker, and Tahoe in- lation apparently did not greatly increase and vestigations. July 1, 1954, to June .30, 1958. become a dominant predator when the Pyra- Dingle-Johnson Project FAF-4-R. Nevada Fish and Game Dept. 30 -I- appendices. mid Lake Lahontan cutthroat trout became pp. Ayres, W. O. 1854. Descriptions on Sebastes ruber, Se- extinct in the late 1930s indicates that the bastes ruber var. parvus, Sebastes variabilis, and population does not have a great capacity to Centrarchus maculosus. Pacific 3(46): 182. increase in numbers and biomass, and that Beatty, D. B. 1959. An experimental study of the tox- these two game species do not severely com- icity of sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride, and sodium sulfate to rainbow trout. Unpublished pete in Pyramid Lake. thesis. L'niv. of Wyoming. 69 pp. 1978. Contributions to the life history of Cooper, J. J. Summary and Conclusions the Lahanton tui chub, Gila bicolor obesa (Gi- rard), in Walker Lake Nevada. Unpublished At present, Sacramento perch and Lahon- thesis, Univ. of Nevada, Reno. 89 pp. Curtis, B. 1949. The warm-water game fishes of Califor- tan cutthroat trout are the only species pro- nia. California Fish and Game 35(4);25.5-274. viding a sport fishery in Lake. Pyramid Dill, W. A., and L. Shapovalov. 1939. California fresh- When the Sacramento perch was introduced water fishes and their possible use for aquarium into Pyramid Lake in the late 1800s, it filled purposes. California Fish and Game 25(4): 313-324. an ecological niche that was previously void. Girard, C. 1854. Description of new fishes collected by Due to differential spatial and temporal dis- Dr. A. L. Heermann, naturalist attached to the tribution patterns, and the huge production survey of the Pacific Railroad Route, under potential of their common food source (tui Lieut! R. S. Williamson, USA. Proc. Acad. Nat. chubs), the Sacramento perch population Sci. Phila. 7:129-140. HiLE, R. 1941. Age and growth or rock bass (Ambloplites does not constitute dangerous competition repestris Rafinesque) in Nebesh Lake, Wisconsin. for cutthroat trout in terms of Lahontan Trans. Wisconsin .\cad. Sci. .\rts Lett. space and energy. Sacramento perch is a 33:189-337. D. 1973. Endemism in fishes of the Clear unique, relict fish that enjoys the precarious HoPKiRK, J. Univ. of Cali- status of a depleted species. Lake region of central California. fornia Press, Berkeley. 135 pp. Imler, R. L., D. T. Weber, and O. L. Fyock. 1975. Sur- Acknowledgments vival, reproduction, age growth, and food habits of Sacramento perch, Archoplites interruptus (Gi- The Pyramid Lake Paiute Indian Tribe rard), in Colorado. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. was instrumental in initiating the ecological 104(2):232-236. Johnson, V. K. 1958. Fisheries management report- research effort on Pyramid Lake. The Pyra- Pyramid Lake. Lakes Pyramid, Walker, and mid Lake Ecological study was conducted by Tahoe investigations. July 1, 1954, to June 30, W. F. Sigler & Associates, Inc. under con- 1958. Dingle-Johnson Project FAF-4-R. Nevada

tract (#H50C 14209487) to the United States Fish and Game Dept. 47 pp. -I- appendices. September 1981 ViGG, Kucera: Sacramento Perch 289

JoNEZ, A. 1955. Life history of Sacramento perch. An- 1972. Threatened freshwater fishes of the United nual completion report. Proj. FAF-4-R. Nevada States. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 101(2):239-252. Fish and Game Comm. 2 pp. Miller, R. R., and G. R. Smith. 1967. New fossil fishes Jordan, D. S., and B. W. Evermann. 1896. Fishes of from Plio-Pleistocene Lake, Idaho. Occ. Papers North and Middle America. Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus. Museum Zool., Univ. of Michigan 654:1-23. 47(1): 1-1240. MiTCHUM, D. L. 1960. An experimental study of the tox- Jordan, D. S., and C. H. Gilbert. 1895. List of fishes icity of calcium carbonate, calcium sulphate, inhabiting Clear Lake, California. Bull. U.S. Fish magnesium carbonate, and magnesium sulphate Comm. 14:139-140. to rainbow trout. Unpublished thesis. Univ. of KiMSEY, B., AND L. O. FisK. 1960. Keys to the fresh- J. Wyoming. 59 pp. water and anadromous fishes of California. Cali- MoYLE, P. B., S. B. Mathews, and N. Bonderson. 1974. fornia Fish and Game. 46(4):453-479. Feeding habits of the Sacramento perch, Arch- LaRivers, I. 1962. Fishes and fisheries of Nevada. Ne- oplites interruptus. Trans. \m. Fish. Soc. vada State Fish and Game Comm. 782 pp. 103(2):399-402. LeCren, E. D. 1958. Observations on the growth of Murphy, G. I. 1948. A contribution to the life history of perch (Perca fluviatilis L.) over twenty-two years the Sacramento perch, Archoplites interruptus, in with special reference to the effects of temper- Clear Lake, Lake County, California. California in ature and changes population density. J. Anim. Ecol. 27:287-3.34. Fish and Game 34(3):93-100. LocKiNGTON, W. N. 1879. Report upon the food fishes of 1951. The fishery of Clear Lake, Lake County, Cali- San Francisco. California Dept. Fish and Game fornia. California Fish and Game 37(4):439-484. Biennial Rep., 1878-1879. 63 pp. Neale, G. 1931. Sacramento perch. California Fish and Mathews, S. B. 1962. The ecologv of the Sacramento Game 17(4):409-411. perch, Archoplites interrnptus, from selected Rltter, C. 1908. The fishes of the Sacramento-San areas of California and Nevada. Unpublished Joaquin basin, with a study of their distribution thesis, Univ. of California, Berkeley. 93 pp. and variation. U.S. Bur. Fish Bull. 27:103-152. 1965. Reproductive behavior of the Sacramento ScHULZ, P. D., AND D. D. Simons. 1973. Fish species di- interruptus. perch, Archoplites Copeia versity in a prehistoric central California Indian (2):224-228. midden. California Fish and Game. 59(2): McCarraher, D. B., and R. W. Gregory. 1970. Adapt- 107-113. ability and current status of introductions of Sac- Tesch, F. W. 1971. Age and growth. Pages 98-130 in ramento perch, Archoplites interruptus, in North W. E. Ricker, ed. Methods for assessment of fish America. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 99(4): 700-707. production in fresh waters. IBP Handbook No. 3. Miller, R. R. 1946. The need for ichthyological surveys Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford and of the major rivers of western North America. Edinburgh. Sci. 104(2710):517-519. VanOosten, 1944. Factors affecting the growth of 1959. Origin and affinities of the freshwater fish J. Wildl. fauna of western North America. Zoogeography fish. Trans. Ninth N. .Am. Conf. 9:187-222. 9:177-183. 1961. Man and the changing fish fauna of the Walford, L. a. 1931. Handbook of common com- American Southwest. Michigan Acad. Sci., Arts, mercial and game fishes of California. California Letters 46:388. Dept. Fish and Game. Fish. Bull. (28): 1-183.