DOCSLIB.ORG

Health and Condition of Endangered Juvenile Lost River and Shortnose

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Health and Condition of Endangered Juvenile Lost River and Shortnose Health and Condition of Endangered Juvenile Lost River and Shortnose Suckers Relative to Water Quality and Fish Assemblages in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, and Clear Lake Reservoir, California Open-File Report 2015–1217 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Health and Condition of Endangered Juvenile Lost River and Shortnose Suckers Relative to Water Quality and Fish Assemblages in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, and Clear Lake Reservoir, California By Summer M. Burdick, Diane G. Elliott, Carl O. Ostberg, Carla M. Conway, Amari Dolan-Caret, Marshal S. Hoy, Kevin P. Feltz, and Kathy R. Echols Open-File Report 2015-1217 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior SALLY JEWELL, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Suzette M. Kimball, Acting Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2015 For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment—visit http://www.usgs.gov/ or call 1–888–ASK–USGS (1–888–275–8747). For an overview of USGS information products, including maps, imagery, and publications, visit http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod/. To order USGS information products, visit http://store.usgs.gov/. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this information product, for the most part, is in the public domain, it also may contain copyrighted materials as noted in the text. Permission to reproduce copyrighted items must be secured from the copyright owner. Suggested citation: Burdick, S.M., Elliott, D.G., Ostberg, C.O., Conway, C.M., Dolan-Caret, A., Hoy, M.S., Feltz, K.P., and Echols, K.R., 2015, Health and condition of endangered juvenile Lost River and shortnose suckers relative to water quality and fish assemblages in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, and Clear Lake Reservoir, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015-1217, 56 p., http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151217. ISSN 2331-1258 (online) Contents Executive Summary .................................................................................................................................................... 1 Background ................................................................................................................................................................ 2 Description of Study Area ........................................................................................................................................... 8 Methods .................................................................................................................................................................... 11 Continuous Water-Quality Monitoring ................................................................................................................... 11 Ammonia and Microcystin Sampling and Analysis ................................................................................................ 11 Fish Capture and Processing ................................................................................................................................ 13 Species Identification ............................................................................................................................................ 14 Triglyceride Analysis ............................................................................................................................................. 16 Growth and Condition Assessment ....................................................................................................................... 17 Histopathology ...................................................................................................................................................... 17 Analysis of Unbound Microcystin in Fish Tissue ................................................................................................... 18 Results ...................................................................................................................................................................... 19 Continuous Water-Quality Monitoring Data ........................................................................................................... 19 Ammonia ............................................................................................................................................................... 19 Microcystin Concentrations in Water ..................................................................................................................... 22 Fish Assemblages ................................................................................................................................................. 24 Sucker Catch Summary ........................................................................................................................................ 24 Species Identification ............................................................................................................................................ 26 Sucker Ages .......................................................................................................................................................... 28 Triglyceride Content .............................................................................................................................................. 28 Sucker Length and Apparent Growth .................................................................................................................... 31 Results of 2014 Field Examinations ...................................................................................................................... 35 Histopathology ...................................................................................................................................................... 36 Unbound Microcystin ............................................................................................................................................. 39 Discussion ................................................................................................................................................................ 43 Survival and Apparent Growth of Lost River and Shortnose Suckers ................................................................... 43 Fish Health and Condition ..................................................................................................................................... 44 Fish Assemblages ................................................................................................................................................. 48 Conclusions .............................................................................................................................................................. 49 References Cited ...................................................................................................................................................... 50 Figures Figure 1. Map of Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon ....................................................................................................... 9 Figure 2. Map of Clear Lake Reservoir (Clear Lake), California ............................................................................. 10 Figure 3. Dissolved-oxygen concentrations in Clear Lake Reservoir (U.S. Geological Survey site number 415007121102001), California, and at the lower mid-north site (U.S. Geological Survey site number 422622122004000) in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, during sucker sampling periods, 2013–14 ........................... 20 iii Figure 4. Values of pH in Clear Lake Reservoir (U.S. Geological Survey site number 415007121102001), California, and at the lower mid-north site (U.S. Geological Survey site number 422622122004000) in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, during sucker sampling periods, 2013–14 ............................................................... 21 Figure 5. Water temperature (in degrees Celsius) in Clear Lake Reservoir (U.S. Geological Survey site number 415007121102001), California, and at the lower mid-north site (U.S. Geological Survey site number 422622122004000) in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, during sucker sampling periods, 2013–2014 .......... 21 Figure 6. Un-ionized ammonia concentrations at Fish Banks and lower mid-north (U.S. Geological Survey site number 422622122004000) sites in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, and in Clear Lake Reservoir, California (U.S. Geological Survey site number 415007121102001), during sucker sampling seasons, 2013–14 .................. 22 Figure 7. Concentrations of microcystin at Fish Banks and lower mid-north (U.S. Geological Survey site number 422622122004000) sites in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, during sucker sampling seasons, 2014. ......... 23 Figure 8. Catch rates and timing of age-0 sucker captures along Fish Banks in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, 2013–14 ..................................................................................................................................................... 25 Figure 9. Catch rates and timing of sucker captures (ages combined) in Clear Lake Reservoir, California, 2013–14 .................................................................................................................................................. 26 Figure 10. Probability of genetic assignment as Lost River sucker by individual fish collected in
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Crawford Reservoir
    Crawford Reservoir FISH SURVEY AND MANAGEMENT INFORMATION Eric Gardunio, Fish Biologist Montrose Service Center General Information: Crawford Reservoir is a popular fishery that provides angling opportunity for yellow perch, channel catfish, northern pike, rainbow trout, black crappie, and largemouth bass. This reser- voir, located in Crawford State Park, covers 414 surface acres at full capacity and is open year round to an- gling. Visit the State Parks website for information on regulations, camping, and recreation: http://parks.state.co.us/Parks/Crawford Location: 2 miles south of the town of Crawford on Hwy 92. Primary Management: Warmwater Mixed Species Lake Category 602 Amenities Previous Stocking Sportfishing Notes 2019 Black Crappie Boat Ramps (2) Rainbow Trout (10”): 9,100 Good spots include the East Campgrounds (2) Largemouth Bass (2”): 30,088 shore primarily around the Showers Clear Fork boat ramp cove or Largemouth Bass (6”): 150 anywhere with brush Visitors Center Largemouth Bass (20”): 70 Good baits include small tube Restrooms Channel Catfish (7”): 1,500 jigs and worms Parking Areas 2018 Channel Catfish Picnic Shelters Rainbow Trout (10”): 12,184 Good spots include the north Largemouth Bass (2”): 30,000 side of peninsula cove and near the dam Channel Catfish (7”): 4,250 Good baits include night 2017 crawlers and cut-bait WARNING !!! Rainbow Trout (10”): 12,184 Largemouth Bass Prevent the Spread of Largemouth Bass (2”): 20,000 Good spots include the rocky Zebra Mussels and other Largemouth Bass (16”): 70 areas near the dam and flood- Aquatic Nuisance Species ed brush and vegetation in the Channel Catfish (9”): 2,000 spring and summer.
    [Show full text]
  • WISCONSIN DNR FISHERIES INFORMATION SHEET Walleye
    WISCONSIN DNR FISHERIES INFORMATION SHEET LAKE MINNESUING, DOUGLAS COUNTY 2017 The WDNR conducted a fisheries assessment of Lake Minnesuing, Douglas County from April 5 to April 13, 2017. Lake Minnesuing is a 432 acre drainage lake and has a maximum depth of 43 feet. The fishery includes panfish, largemouth bass, smallmouth bass, northern pike, and walleye. Lake Minnesuing was estimated to contain 207 adult walleye or 0.5 fish per acre. Adult Walleye Length Frequency Distribution 12 10 8 Walleye 6 Total Captured 73 Number Avg. Length (in.) 19.8 4 Length Range (in.) 12-26 2 % >14" 97% 0 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Length (Inches) Northern Pike Length Frequency Distribution 14 12 10 8 Northern Pike 6 Number Total Captured 105 4 Avg. Length (in.) 20.4 2 Length Range (in.) 14-39 0 %>26" 10% 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 Length (Inches) Bluegill Length Frequency Distribution 180 160 140 Bluegill 120 Total Captured 465 100 80 Avg. Length (in.) 4.1 Number 60 Length Range (in.) 2-9 40 % >7" 20% 20 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Length (Inches) Black Crappie Length Frequency Distribution 35 30 25 Black Crappie 20 Total Captured 84 Number 15 Avg. Length (in.) 5.5 10 Length Range (in.) 3-11 % >8" 27% 5 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Length (Inches) Other Species Species observed during this survey but not inluded in the report were brown bullhead, central mudminnow, common shiner, creek chub, largemouth bass, pumpkinseed, rock bass, white sucker, yellow bullhead, and yellow perch.
    [Show full text]
  • Literature Based Characterization of Resident Fish Entrainment-Turbine
    Draft Technical Memorandum Literature Based Characterization of Resident Fish Entrainment and Turbine-Induced Mortality Klamath Hydroelectric Project (FERC No. 2082) Prepared for PacifiCorp Prepared by CH2M HILL September 2003 Contents Introduction...................................................................................................................................1 Objectives ......................................................................................................................................1 Study Approach ............................................................................................................................2 Fish Entrainment ..............................................................................................................2 Turbine-induced Mortality .............................................................................................2 Characterization of Fish Entrainment ......................................................................................2 Magnitude of Annual Entrainment ...............................................................................9 Size Composition............................................................................................................10 Species Composition ......................................................................................................10 Seasonal and Diurnal Distribution...............................................................................15 Turbine Mortality.......................................................................................................................18
    [Show full text]
  • Feeding Tactics and Body Condition of Two Introduced Populations of Pumpkinseed Lepomis Gibbosus: Taking Advantages of Human Disturbances?
    Ecology of Freshwater Fish 2009: 18: 15–23 Ó 2008 The Authors Printed in Malaysia Æ All rights reserved Journal compilation Ó 2008 Blackwell Munksgaard ECOLOGY OF FRESHWATER FISH Feeding tactics and body condition of two introduced populations of pumpkinseed Lepomis gibbosus: taking advantages of human disturbances? Almeida D, Almodo´var A, Nicola GG, Elvira B. Feeding tactics and body D. Almeida1, A. Almodo´var1, condition of two introduced populations of pumpkinseed Lepomis G. G. Nicola2, B. Elvira1 gibbosus: taking advantages of human disturbances? 1Department of Zoology and Physical Anthropol- Ecology of Freshwater Fish 2009: 18: 15–23. Ó 2008 The Authors. ogy, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University Journal compilation Ó 2008 Blackwell Munksgaard of Madrid, Madrid, Spain, 2Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain Abstract – Feeding tactics, body condition and size structure of two populations of pumpkinseed Lepomis gibbosus from Caban˜eros National Park (Guadiana River basin, central Spain) were compared to provide insight into the ecological requirements favouring levels of success ⁄ failure in relation to human intervention. Habitat, benthic macroinvertebrates and pumpkinseed were quantified in Bullaque (regulated flow, affected by agricultural activities) and Estena (natural conditions) rivers, from May to September of 2005 and 2006. Significant differences were found in the limnological characteristics between the two rivers. Spatial and temporal Key words: invasive species; feeding tactics; prey variations in diet composition were likely related to opportunistic feeding selection; freshwater fishes and high foraging plasticity. Diet diversity was higher in Bullaque River. B. Elvira, Department of Zoology and Physical Electivity of benthic prey showed variation between sized individuals and Anthropology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense populations.
    [Show full text]
  • Influence of Invasive Hybrid Cattails on Habitat Use by Common Loons
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln U.S. National Park Service Publications and Papers National Park Service 2018 Influence of Invasive Hybrid Cattails on Habitat Use by Common Loons Spencer L. Wesche Benjamin J. O'Neal Steve K. Windels Bryce T. Olson Max Larreur See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/natlpark This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the National Park Service at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in U.S. National Park Service Publications and Papers by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Authors Spencer L. Wesche, Benjamin J. O'Neal, Steve K. Windels, Bryce T. Olson, Max Larreur, and Adam A. Ahlers Wildlife Society Bulletin 42(1):166–171; 2018; DOI: 10.1002/wsb.863 From The Field Influence of Invasive Hybrid Cattails on Habitat Use by Common Loons SPENCER L. WESCHE, Department of Biology, Franklin College, Franklin, IN 46131, USA BENJAMIN J. O’NEAL, Department of Biology, Franklin College, Franklin, IN 46131, USA STEVE K. WINDELS, National Park Service, Voyageurs National Park, International Falls, MN 56649, USA BRYCE T. OLSON, National Park Service, Voyageurs National Park, International Falls, MN 56649, USA MAX LARREUR, Department of Horticulture and Natural Resources, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA ADAM A. AHLERS,1 Department of Horticulture and Natural Resources, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA ABSTRACT An invasive hybrid cattail species, Typha  glauca (T.  glauca), is rapidly expanding across the United States and Canada.
    [Show full text]
  • Teleostei: Cyprinidae), and Its Related Congeners in Sonora, Mexico
    Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 87 (2016) 390–398 www.ib.unam.mx/revista/ Taxonomy and systematics Morphometric and meristic characterization of the endemic Desert chub Gila eremica (Teleostei: Cyprinidae), and its related congeners in Sonora, Mexico Caracterización morfométrica y merística de la carpa del desierto endémica Gila eremica (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) y sus congéneres relacionados en Sonora, México a b c Carlos A. Ballesteros-Córdova , Gorgonio Ruiz-Campos , Lloyd T. Findley , a a a,∗ José M. Grijalva-Chon , Luis E. Gutiérrez-Millán , Alejandro Varela-Romero a Departamento de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, Universidad de Sonora, Luis Donaldo Colosio s/n, entre Sahuaripa y Reforma, Col. Centro, 83000 Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico b Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, P.O. Box 233, 22800 Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico c Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C./Unidad Guaymas, Carretera al Varadero Nacional km 6.6, Col. Las Playitas, 85480 Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico Received 29 July 2015; accepted 24 November 2015 Available online 16 May 2016 Abstract The Desert chub, Gila eremica DeMarais, 1991 is a freshwater fish endemic to Northwest Mexico, being described from the Sonora, Matape and Yaqui River basins in Sonora, Mexico. The recent discovery of 2 isolated small populations from the known distribution for this taxon makes necessary an evaluation to determine their specific taxonomical identities (herein designated as G. cf. eremica). Thirty-three morphometric and 6 meristic characters were evaluated in 219 specimens of several populations of the genus Gila in Sonora, including all the known populations of G.
    [Show full text]
  • 15 Best Indiana Panfishing Lakes
    15 best Indiana panfishing lakes This information has been shared numerous places but somehow we’ve missed putting it on our own website. If you’ve been looking for a place to catch some dinner, our fisheries biologists have compiled a list of the 15 best panfishing lakes throughout Indiana. Enjoy! Northern Indiana Sylvan Lake Sylvan Lake is a 669-acre man made reservoir near Rome City. It is best known for its bluegill fishing with some reaching 9 inches. About one third of the adult bluegill population are 7 inches or larger. The best places to catch bluegill are the Cain Basin at the east end of the lake and along the 8 to 10 foot drop-offs in the western basin. Red-worms, flies, and crickets are the most effective baits. Skinner Lake Skinner Lake is a 125-acre natural lake near Albion. The lake is known for crappie fishing for both black and white crappies. Most crappies are in the 8 to 9 inch range, with some reaching 16 inches long. Don’t expect to catch lots of big crappies, but you can expect to catch plenty that are keeper-size. The best crappie fishing is in May over developing lily pads in the four corners of the lake. Live minnows and small white jigs are the most effective baits. J. C. Murphey Lake J. C. Murphey Lake is located on Willow Slough Fish and Wildlife Area in Newton County. Following this winter, there was minimal ice fishing (due to lack of ice) and the spring fishing should be phenomenal especially for bluegills.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecology of Upper Klamath Lake Shortnose and Lost River Suckers
    ECOLOGY OF UPPER KLAMATH LAKE SHORTNOSE AND LOST RIVER SUCKERS 4. The Klamath Basin sucker species complex 1999 ANNUAL REPORT (partial) SUBMITTED TO U. S. Biological Resources Division US Geological Survey 104 Nash Hall Oregon State University Corvallis, Oregon 97331-3803 & Klamath Project U. S. Bureau of Reclamation 6600 Washburn Way Klamath Falls, OR 97603 by Douglas F. ~arkle', Martin R. ~avalluzzi~,Thomas E. owli in^^ and David .Simon1 1Oregon Cooperative Research Unit 104 Nash Hall Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Oregon State University Corvallis, Oregon 97331-3803 E -mai1 : douglas.markle@,orst.edu 2Department of Biology Arizona State University Tempe, AZ 85287-1501 Phone: 480-965-1626 Fax: 480-965-2519 E -mai 1 : [email protected] July 26, 2000 There are 13 genera and 68 species of catostomids (Nelson 1994) with three genera and four species occurring in Klamath Basin (Bond 1994)- Catostomus rimiculus Gilbert and Snyder, 1898 (Klamath smallscale sucker, KSS), C. snyderi Gilbert 1898 (Klamath largescale sucker, KLS), Chasmistes brevirostris Cope, 1879 (shortnose sucker, SNS), and Deltistes luxatus (Cope, 1879) (Lost River sucker, LRS). Lost River and shortnose suckers are federally listed endangered species (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1988). The four Klamath Basin suckers are similar in overall body shape, but highly variable, and are distinguished by feeding-related structures, adult habitat and geography. The two Catostomus species have large lips, widely-spaced gillrakers, and are primarily river dwellers with C. snyderi mostly found in the upper basin and C. rimiculus in the lower basin and adjacent Rogue River. Deltistes luxatus has smaller lips, short "deltoid" Catostomus-like gillrakers, and is primariliy a lake dweller.
    [Show full text]
  • Summary Report of Freshwater Nonindigenous Aquatic Species in U.S
    Summary Report of Freshwater Nonindigenous Aquatic Species in U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Region 4—An Update April 2013 Prepared by: Pam L. Fuller, Amy J. Benson, and Matthew J. Cannister U.S. Geological Survey Southeast Ecological Science Center Gainesville, Florida Prepared for: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Southeast Region Atlanta, Georgia Cover Photos: Silver Carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix – Auburn University Giant Applesnail, Pomacea maculata – David Knott Straightedge Crayfish, Procambarus hayi – U.S. Forest Service i Table of Contents Table of Contents ...................................................................................................................................... ii List of Figures ............................................................................................................................................ v List of Tables ............................................................................................................................................ vi INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................. 1 Overview of Region 4 Introductions Since 2000 ....................................................................................... 1 Format of Species Accounts ...................................................................................................................... 2 Explanation of Maps ................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Dispersal of Larval Suckers at the Williamson River Delta, Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, 2006–09
    Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation Dispersal of Larval Suckers at the Williamson River Delta, Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, 2006–09 Scientific Investigations Report 2012–5016 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Cover: Inset: Larval sucker from Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon. (Photograph taken by Allison Estergard, Student, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 2011.) Top: Photograph taken from the air of the flooded Williamson River Delta, Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon. (Photograph taken by Charles Erdman, Fisheries Technician, Williamson River Delta Preserve, Klamath Falls, Oregon, 2008.) Bottom left: Photograph of a pop net used by The Nature Conservancy to collect larval suckers in Upper Klamath Lake and the Williamson River Delta, Oregon. (Photograph taken by Heather Hendrixson, Director, Williamson River Delta Preserve, Klamath Falls, Oregon, 2006.) Bottom middle: Photograph of a larval trawl used by Oregon State University to collect larval suckers in Upper Klamath Lake and the Williamson River Delta, Oregon. (Photograph taken by David Simon, Senior Faculty Research Assistant, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 2010.) Bottom right: Photograph of a plankton net used by the U.S. Geological Survey to collect larval suckers in Upper Klamath Lake and the Williamson River Delta, Oregon. (Photographer unknown, Klamath Falls, Oregon, 2009.) Dispersal of Larval Suckers at the Williamson River Delta, Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, 2006–09 By Tamara M. Wood, U.S. Geological Survey, Heather A. Hendrixson, The Nature Conservancy, Douglas F. Markle, Oregon State University, Charles S. Erdman, The Nature Conservancy, Summer M. Burdick, U.S. Geological Survey, Craig M. Ellsworth, U.S. Geological Survey, and Norman L.
    [Show full text]
  • LATE MIOCENE FISHES of the CACHE VALLEY MEMBER, SALT LAKE FORMATION, UTAH and IDAHO By
    LATE MIOCENE FISHES OF THE CACHE VALLEY MEMBER, SALT LAKE FORMATION, UTAH AND IDAHO by PATRICK H. MCCLELLAN AND GERALD R. SMITH MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, 208 Ann Arbor, December 17, 2020 ISSN 0076-8405 P U B L I C A T I O N S O F T H E MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN NO. 208 GERALD SMITH, Editor The publications of the Museum of Zoology, The University of Michigan, consist primarily of two series—the Miscellaneous Publications and the Occasional Papers. Both series were founded by Dr. Bryant Walker, Mr. Bradshaw H. Swales, and Dr. W. W. Newcomb. Occasionally the Museum publishes contributions outside of these series. Beginning in 1990 these are titled Special Publications and Circulars and each is sequentially numbered. All submitted manuscripts to any of the Museum’s publications receive external peer review. The Occasional Papers, begun in 1913, serve as a medium for original studies based principally upon the collections in the Museum. They are issued separately. When a sufficient number of pages has been printed to make a volume, a title page, table of contents, and an index are supplied to libraries and individuals on the mailing list for the series. The Miscellaneous Publications, initiated in 1916, include monographic studies, papers on field and museum techniques, and other contributions not within the scope of the Occasional Papers, and are published separately. Each number has a title page and, when necessary, a table of contents. A complete list of publications on Mammals, Birds, Reptiles and Amphibians, Fishes, I nsects, Mollusks, and other topics is available.
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix G. Wildlife and Plant Species at the Sacramento River National Wildlife Refuge and Vicinity (Red Bluff to Colusa)
    Appendix G.
    [Show full text]